Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Wikipedia page

Marine Biological Laboratory
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Marine Biological Laboratory
Mbl.logo.lowres.jpg
In this view of the Marine Biological Laboratory campus, the viewer stands behind rowboats resting on the grassy edge of the harbor. In the harbor, which lies in the midground, small white yachts and colorful speedboats are moored.
Established
1888
Research type
Pure and applied research

Field of research
 biology, ecology, climate change, physiology, neuroscience, Sensory systems, microbiology, microbial ecology, genomics, aquaculture, tissue engineering, regeneration, informatics, biodiversity informatics
Director
Joan V. Ruderman

Deputy Director of Research and Programs
 Jonathan Gitlin
Address
7 MBL Street
Location
Woods Hole, Massachusetts,
United States
41°31′34.40″N 70°40′22.40″WCoordinates: 41°31′34.40″N 70°40′22.40″W

Zip code
 02543-1015
Nickname
MBL
Website
www.mbl.edu
The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is an international center for research and education in biology, biomedicine and ecology. Founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1888, the MBL is a private, nonprofit institution and an affiliate of the University of Chicago.


Contents  [hide]
1 Introduction
2 History
3 Research 3.1 Cell, developmental, and reproductive biology
3.2 Regenerative biology and medicine
3.3 Neuroscience, neurobiology, and sensory physiology
3.4 Ecosystems science
3.5 Comparative genomics, molecular evolution, and microbial ecology
3.6 Biodiversity informatics
4 References
5 External links

Introduction[edit]
The MBL has approximately 300 year-round employees, about half of which are scientists and scientific support staff. They are joined each year by more than 300 visiting scientists, summer staff, and research associates from hundreds of institutions around the world, who conduct research in the Whitman Center for Visiting Research (MBL Facts).
During the summer, young scientists come to the MBL to attend the laboratory's graduate-level courses, including Neurobiology, Microbial Diversity, Frontiers in Reproduction, and Biology of Parasitism. Some of these courses (Physiology, Embryology, and Neural Systems and Behavior [formerly called Invertebrate Zoology]) have been offered for more than a century (MBL Facts).
The MBL's three main resident research centers are The Ecosystems Center, The Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, and the Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering. Other resident programs include Cellular Dynamics and Sensory Physiology and Behavior (MBL Facts).
The MBL and Brown University share a research and educational affiliation, The Brown-MBL Partnership includes a Ph.D.-awarding Graduate Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences. Other MBL programs train postgraduates, undergraduates, science teachers, historians, and science journalists. Throughout the year, the MBL is the site for research and planning conferences organized by professional scientific groups (MBL Facts).
The MBL shares a library, the MBLWHOI Library, with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The MBLWHOI Library holds print and electronic collections in the biological, biomedical, ecological, and oceanographic sciences, and houses a growing archival collection, including photograph and videos from the MBL's 120-year history. The library also conducts digitization and informatics projects (MBL Facts).
The MBL's president and director is Joan V. Ruderman, Ph.D., whose work includes study of molecular mechanisms that regulate cell division (MBL Facts).
History[edit]
The Marine Biological Laboratory grew from the vision of several Bostonians and Spencer Fullerton Baird, the country's first Fish Commissioner. Baird had set up a United States Fish Commission research station in Woods Hole in 1882, and had ambitions to expand it into a major laboratory. He invited Alpheus Hyatt to move his marine biology laboratory and school which he had founded at the Norwood-Hyatt House in Annisquam, Massachusetts to Woods Hole. Inspired by Harvard biologist Louis Agassiz's short-lived summer school of natural history on Penikese Island, off the coast of Woods Hole, Hyatt accepted the offer. With $10,000 raised by the Woman's Education Association of Boston and the Boston Society of Natural History, land was purchased, a building was erected, and the MBL was incorporated with Hyatt as the first president of the board of trustees. The Fish Commission supplied crucial support, including marine organisms and running sea water (Maienschein, 1989).
Charles Otis Whitman, an embryologist, was retained as the first director of the MBL. Whitman, who believed “other things being equal, the investigator is always the best instructor,” emphasized the need to combine research and education at the new laboratory. The MBL's first summer course provided a six-week introduction to invertebrate zoology; facilities for visiting summer investigators were also offered (Marine Biological Laboratory, 1888).
The MBL Library was established in 1889, with scientist and future MBL trustee Cornelia Clapp serving as librarian. In 1899, the MBL began publishing The Biological Bulletin, a scientific journal that is still edited at the MBL (Maienschein, 1989).
The MBL formally affiliated with the University of Chicago on July 1, 2013. In order to further scientific research and education, the affiliation builds on historical ties with the university, as MBL was led by University of Chicago faculty members in its first four decades (MBL Facts). The president of the university chairs the MBL trustee's board and with their advice appoints its members.[1]
Research[edit]
Cell, developmental, and reproductive biology[edit]
Cell, developmental, and reproductive biology have been a central part of the MBL's programs since the 1890s. Important discoveries in these fields at the MBL reach back to 1899, when Jacques Loeb demonstrated artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchin eggs; to 1905, when Edwin Grant Conklin first identified egg cytoplasmic regions that are programmed to form certain tissues or organs; to 1916, when Frank Rattray Lillie identified circulating hormones that influence sexual differentiation (Lillie, 1944). In the MBL's first two decades, cytologists Edmund Beecher Wilson, Nettie Stevens and others made connections between the chromosomes and Mendelian heredity, while Wilson's colleague at both the MBL and Columbia University, Thomas Hunt Morgan, launched the field of experimental genetics (Pauly, 2000:158). Keith R. Porter, considered by many to be a founder of modern cell biology due to his pioneering work on the fine structure of cells, including the discovery of microtubules, carried out research at the MBL starting in 1937 and directed the laboratory from 1975-77 (Barlow et al., 1993: 95-115).
The MBL has long been a center for the world's experts in cell division. Resident Distinguished Scientist Shinya Inoué's innovations in polarized light microscopy and video imaging since the 1950s have been instrumental in clarifying the cellular events of mitosis, including his discovery of the spindle fibers. In the early 1980s, Tim Hunt, Joan Ruderman and others at the MBL identified the first of a class of proteins that regulate the cycle of cell division (cyclin). Hunt was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2001 for this work (Hunt, 2004). In 1984, Ron Vale, Michael Sheetz, and others discovered kinesin, a motor protein involved in mitosis and other cellular processes, during summer MBL research. Vale, Sheetz, and James Spudich received the 2012 Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research for their discoveries related to molecular motors. In 1991 Israeli scientist Avram Hershko began coming to the MBL to study the role that the protein ubiquitin plays in cell division. In 2004, Hershko won a Nobel Prize for his work to establish the basic mechanism of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
The MBL is also a proving ground for new technologies in microscopy and imaging. The availability of cutting-edge imaging instrumentation in the MBL's discovery-based courses puts faculty and students at the forefront of experimentation. MBL Distinguished Scientist Osamu Shimomura, who joined the MBL in 1983, was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the early 1960s, which led to the development of revolutionary techniques for imaging live cells and their components.
A large portion of the leading developmental biologists in the United States, both historically and today, have participated in the MBL's Embryology Course as directors, lecturers or students. One draw is the Woods Hole location and the availability of marine organisms, particularly the sea urchin, that are ideal for embryological analysis because they shed nearly transparent eggs which are fertilized and develop externally. In the first decades after the course was founded in 1893, its faculty pioneered research directions that remain central today, including the study of cytoplasmic localization in eggs; embryonic cell lineage (important in modern stem cell research); and evolutionary developmental biology (today called ‘evo devo'). Some of the distinguished embryologists who have directed the course are Charles Otis Whitman (1893–1895); Frank Rattray Lillie (1896–1903); Viktor Hamburger (1942–45); James Ebert (1962–66); Eric H. Davidson (1972–74; 1988–96); and Rudolf Raff (1980–82) (see Davidson, 1993). The course continues to be a premier training ground for developmental biologists and is currently co-directed by Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado and Richard Behringer (2012-2016).
Regenerative biology and medicine[edit]
In 2010, the MBL established the Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, where researchers study the ability of marine and other animals to spontaneously regenerate damaged or aging body parts. An understanding of tissue and organ regeneration in lower animals holds promise for translation to treatments for human conditions, including spinal cord injury, diabetes, organ failure, and degenerative neural diseases such as Alzheimer's. A cornerstone of the Bell Center is a national resource for research on the frog, Xenopus, which is a major animal model used in U.S. biomedical research. The National Xenopus Resource at the MBL is funded by the National Institutes of Health (MBL Facts).
Neuroscience, neurobiology, and sensory physiology[edit]
The MBL's contributions to neuroscience and sensory physiology are significant, fostered today by more than 65 visiting investigators and resident researchers in these fields, as well as nine graduate- and post-graduate level courses. The MBL has been a magnet for the discipline since L.W. Williams in 1910 discovered, and John Zachary Young in 1936 rediscovered, the squid giant axon, a nerve fiber that is 20 times larger in diameter than the largest human axon. Young brought this locally abundant, ideal experimental system to the attention of his MBL colleague KS Cole, who in 1938 used it to record the resistance changes underlying the action potential, which provided evidence that ions flowing across the axonal membrane generate this electrical impulse. In 1938, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin came to the MBL to learn about the squid giant axon from Cole. After World War II, Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley, working in Plymouth, England and using the voltage clamp technique developed by Cole, laid the basis for the modern understanding of electrical activity in the nervous system by measuring quantitatively the flow of ions across the axonal membrane. Hodgkin and Huxley received the Nobel Prize in 1963 for their description of the ionic basis of nerve conduction (Barlow et al., 1993: 151-172). Following on Hodgkin and Huxley's work, in the 1960s and 1970s Clay Armstrong and other MBL researchers described a number of the properties of the ion channels that allow sodium and potassium ions to carry electrical current across the cell membrane and Rodolfo Llinas described the transmission properties at the squid giant synapse (Llinas 1999). The “scientific career” of the “Woods Hole squid,” Doryteuthis (formerly Loligo) pealeii, continues today, with studies on axonal transport, the squid giant synapse, squid genomics, and the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.
Other marine organisms draw neuroscientists and neurobiologists to the MBL each summer, where a history of research into sensory physiology and behavior has been established. Haldan Keffer Hartline, an MBL summer investigator in the 1920s and early 1930s, uncovered several basic mechanisms of photoreceptor function through his studies on the horseshoe crab. Hartline shared the 1967 Nobel Prize with summer MBL colleague George Wald, who described the molecular basis of photoreception by showing that the light-sensitive visual pigment molecules consist of a slightly modified form of vitamin A coupled to a protein. Another long-term summer investigator, Stephen W. Kuffler, is credited with “founding” the science of neurobiology in the mid-1960s at Harvard Medical School and he also initiated instruction in neurobiology at the MBL (Barlow et al., 1993:175-234; 203-234). Albert Szent-Györgyi (Nobel Laureate in 1937) conducted research at the MBL from 1947 to 1986, most significantly on the biochemical nature of muscular contraction. In the 1950s and 1960s, Frederik Bang and Jack Levin at the MBL discovered that the blood of the horseshoe crab clotted when exposed to bacterial endotoxins even in vanishingly small amounts. From this basic research, a reagent, Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL), was developed that can detect minute amounts of bacterial toxins. The LAL test has resulted in dramatic improvement in the quality of drugs and biological products for intravenous injection.
In 2012, the MBL established a resident research program in sensory biology, the Program in Sensory Physiology & Behavior. The program has a special focus on research into vision, hearing, and balance.
Ecosystems science[edit]
Ecosystems research became a year-round commitment at the MBL in 1962 with the founding of the Systematics-Ecology program, under the direction of Melbourne R. Carriker. In 1975, the MBL's Ecosystems Center was established, with George Woodwell as director. The original research focus was on the global carbon cycle, an emphasis maintained today. The Ecosystems Center has a year-round staff of more than 40 scientists who study a variety of ecosystems and their responses to human activities and environmental changes. The center is located in Woods Hole yet has a global reach, with active research sites in the Arctic tundra; in forest, coastal and marine sites in New England, Sweden and Brazil; and on the Antarctic Peninsula. The Ecosystems Center is home to two of the 26 U.S. Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites: Toolik Lake, Alaska; and Plum Island, Massachusetts. Scientists in the Ecosystems Center study the effects of forest clearance and land-use change on atmospheric chemistry, watershed processes and coastal ecology, the global-scale anthropogenic enrichment of the nitrogen cycle, and ecosystem responses to global warming. The Ecosystems Center is directed by Christopher Neill, whose studies the impact of land-use changes on ecosystems. The Center's immediate past director is Hugh Ducklow, a biological oceanographer. Former directors of the Center who are still active on the scientific staff are Jerry Melillo, who studies the biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems, and John Hobbie, a microbial ecologist. The Ecosystems Center is founded on a vision of collaborative, interdisciplinary science; shared lab facilities and instrumentation; and a long-term, large-scale, systems-wide view of ecosystem processes.
Comparative genomics, molecular evolution, and microbial ecology[edit]
The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution was founded at the MBL in 1997. By comparing diverse genomes, scientists at the center are elucidating the evolutionary relationships of biological systems, and describing genes and genomes of biomedical and environmental significance. Microorganisms found in a wide range of ecosystems, including the human microbiome, are studied. Mitchell Sogin, the Bay Paul Center's founder and director, founded two courses at the MBL: the Workshop in Molecular Evolution; and Strategies and Techniques for Analyzing Microbial Population Structures. In 2003-2004, Sogin launched the International Census of Marine Microbes, a global effort to describe the biodiversity of marine micro-organisms. Early results from this census in 2006 revealed some 10 to 100 times more types of marine microbes than expected, and the vast majority are previously unknown, low-abundance microorganisms now called the “rare biosphere.” Other Bay Paul Center projects are focused on microbes that live in extreme environments, from hydrothermal vents to highly acidic ecosystems, which may lead to a better understanding of life that could exist on other planets. Activities at the Bay Paul Center are supported by advanced DNA sequencing and other genomics equipment at the center's Keck Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics Facility.
Biodiversity informatics[edit]
The MBL is a founding partner institution in the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL), a global initiative to electronically document all 1.8 million named species on Earth. The EOL's Biodiversity Informatics Group, based at the MBL, is developing the software infrastructure for the EOL. Also, the MBLWHOI Library is a member of the Biodiversity Heritage Library consortium, which is providing content to the EOL by digitizing thousands of books and other publications on natural history and the biological sciences.
References[edit]
Barlow, Robert B., John E. Dowling, and Gerald Weissmann, eds.The Biological Century: Friday Evening Talks at the Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole: The Marine Biological Laboratory, 1993. ISBN 0-674-07403-3
Davidson, Eric (1993). “Introduction,” Embryology Course Centennial, Marine Biological Laboratory, 1893-1993. Pamphlet, MBLWHOI Library Archives.
Hunt, Tim (2004) “The Discovery of Cyclin (I).” Cell, Vol. S116, S63-S64.
Kenney, Diana E. and Borisy, Gary G. (2009) Thomas Hunt Morgan at the Marine Biological Laboratory: Naturalist and Experimentalist. Genetics 181: 841-846.
Lillie, Frank R.The Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. Chicago: University Press, 1944. Reprinted in Biological Bulletin (1988) 174 (suppl.).
Llinas, Rodolfo. The Squid Giant Synapse: A Model for Chemical Transmission. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-511652-6
Maienschein, Jane. One Hundred Years Exploring Life, 1888-1988: The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0- 86720-120-7
Marine Biological Laboratory, First Annual Report, 1888. (Since 1909, the Annual Report of the MBL has been published in The Biological Bulletin.)
"MBL Facts": http://www.mbl.edu/mbl-facts/
Pauly, Philip. Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-504244-1
Pauly, Philip. Biologists and the Promise of American Life. Princeton, NJ: University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-691-04977-7
Rainger, Ronald, Keith R. Benson and Jane Maienschein, eds. The American Development of Biology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8122-8092-X
1.Jump up ^ http://www.mbl.edu/uc-affiliation/2013/11/27/university-of-chicago-president-robert-j-zimmer-to-serve-as-chairman-of-marine-biological-laboratory-board-of-trustees-2/
External links[edit]
Marine Biological Laboratory
Nobel Laureates Associated with the MBL
MBLWHOI Library
Woods Hole Scientific Community Publications
The Biological Bulletin
Ron Vale's talk: "Looking for Myosin and Finding Kinesin"
MBL Visiting Faculty speak about their experiences: "Summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory"
MBL Ecosystems Center
United States Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network
Josephine Bay Paul Center
International Census of Marine Microbes
Encyclopedia of Life
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Brown University


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Scripps Institution of Oceanography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search



 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)
Coordinates: 32.865437°N 117.253626°W



 La Jolla Shores


 Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (sometimes referred to as SIO, Scripps Oceanography, or Scripps) in San Diego, California, founded in 1903, is one of the oldest and largest centers for ocean and Earth science research, public service, undergraduate and graduate training in the world. Hundreds of ocean and Earth scientists conduct research with the aid of oceanographic research vessels and shorebased laboratories. Its Old Scripps Building is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. Scripps is a department of the University of California, San Diego. The public explorations center of the institution is the Birch Aquarium at Scripps. Since becoming part of the University of California in 1912, the institution has expanded its scope to include studies of the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of Earth.
Dr. Margaret Leinen took office as Vice Chancellor for Marine Sciences, Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Dean of the Graduate School of Marine Sciences on Oct. 1, 2013.[1]
Scripps publishes explorations now, an e-magazine of ocean and earth science.


Contents  [hide]
1 Mission statement
2 Research programs
3 Organizational Structure
4 History
5 Research vessels
6 Birch Aquarium at Scripps
7 Notable faculty members (past and present)
8 Notable alumni
9 Popular culture
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

Mission statement[edit]
"To seek, teach, and communicate scientific understanding of the oceans, atmosphere, Earth, and other planets for the benefit of society and the environment."[2]
Research programs[edit]



 Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at sea
The institution's research programs encompass biological, physical, chemical, geological, and geophysical studies of the oceans and earth. Scripps also studies the interaction of the oceans with both the atmospheric climate and environmental concerns on terra firma. Related to this research, Scripps offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. (see https://scripps.ucsd.edu/education for more information.)
Today, the Scripps staff of 1,300 includes approximately 100 faculty, 300 other scientists and some 240 graduate students, with an annual budget of more than $180 million.[3]
The institution operates a fleet of four oceanographic research vessels and the research platform R/P FLIP (FLoating Instrument Platform) for oceanographic research. A fifth ship, R/V Sally Ride (named for the late astronaut and former UC San Diego professor), is scheduled to be launched in 2015.[4]
The Integrated Research Themes [5] encompassing the work done by Scripps researchers are:
Biodiversity and Conservation
California Environment
Earth and Planetary Chemistry
Earth Through Space and Time
Energy and the Environment
Environment and Human Health
Global Change
Global Environmental Monitoring
Hazards
Ice and Climate
Instruments and Innovation
Interfaces
Marine Life
Modeling, Theory, and Computing
Sound and Light in the Sea
Waves and Circulation
Organizational Structure[edit]
Scripps Oceanography is divided into three research sections, each with its own subdivisions:[6]
Biology Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine (CMBB)
Integrative Oceanography Division (IOD)
Marine Biology Research Division (MBRD)
Earth Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP)
Geosciences Research Division (GRD)
Oceans & Atmosphere Climate, Atmospheric Science & Physical Oceanography (CASPO)
Marine Physical Laboratory (MPL)

History[edit]
Scripps Institution of Oceanography was founded in 1903 as the Marine Biological Association of San Diego, an independent biological research laboratory, by University of California Zoology professor William Emerson Ritter, with support from local philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps and later her brother E. W. Scripps. They fully funded Scripps for the first several years. Scripps began institutional life in the boathouse of the Hotel del Coronado located on San Diego Bay. It re-located in 1905 to the La Jolla area on the head above La Jolla Cove, and finally in 1907 to its present location.
In 1912 Scripps became part of the University of California and was renamed the "Scripps Institution for Biological Research." The name was changed to Scripps Institution of Oceanography in October 1925.[7] During the 1960s, led by Scripps Institution of Oceanography director Roger Revelle, it formed the nucleus for the creation of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) on a bluff overlooking Scripps Institution.
The Old Scripps Building, designed by Irving Gill, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982.[8][9] Architect Barton Myers designed the current Scripps Building.
Research vessels[edit]



 Scripps research vessel Roger Revelle
Scripps owns and operates several research vessels and platforms:[10]
R/P FLIP
R/V Roger Revelle
R/V Melville
R/V New Horizon
R/V Robert Gordon Sproul
R/V Sally Ride (Operational 2015)
Previous vessels larger than 50 ft (15 m)1906 - R/V Loma
1907 - 1917 R/V Alexander Agassiz
1918 - 1918 R/V Ellen Browning
1925 - 1936 R/V Scripps
1937 - 1955 R/V E. W. Scripps
1955 - 1965 R/V Stranger (Operated as USS Jasper from 1941 to 1947 for the UC Division of War Research)
1947 - 1956 R/V Crest
1947 - 1969 R/V Horizon
1948 - 1965 R/V Paolina-T
1951 - 1965 R/V Spencer F.Baird
1955 - 1969 T-441
1956 - 1962 R/V Orca
1959 - 1963 R/V Hugh M. Smith
1959 - 1970 R/V Argo (Official Navy name was Snatch)
1962 - 1976 R/V Alexander Agassiz
1962–present R/P FLIP
1962 - 1974 R/V Oconostota (The Oconostota was known as "The Rolling O" because of its unpleasant motion.)
1965 - 1980 R/V Alpha Helix (Transferred to University of Alaska, Fairbanks in 1980 (UAF sold vessel in 2007 to Stabbert Maritime)
1965 - ???? R/V Ellen B. Scripps
1966 - 1992 R/V Thomas Washington (Transferred to Chile and renamed Vidal Gormaz in 1992 (still operating in 2010)
1969–present R/V Melville (AGOR-14)
1973 - ???? R/V Gianna
1973 - ???? R/V Dolphin (Dolphin is now at the San Diego Maritime Museum)
1978–present R/V New Horizon
1984–present R/V Robert Gordon Sproul
1995–present R/V Roger Revelle
Birch Aquarium at Scripps[edit]
Main article: Birch Aquarium at Scripps



 Birch Aquarium at Scripps, with the Village of La Jolla in the background
The Birch Aquarium at Scripps, the public explorations center of the institution, features a Hall of Fishes with more than 60 tanks of Pacific fishes and invertebrates from the cold waters of the Pacific Northwest to the tropical waters of Mexico and the Caribbean, a 13,000-gallon Shark Reef exhibit, interactive tide pools and several educational exhibits.[11]
Notable faculty members (past and present)[edit]
Duncan Agnew
Farooq Azam
George Backus
Ernest Baldwin
Douglas Bartlett
Andrew Benson
Hugh Bradner
Edward Brinton
Theodore Holmes Bullock
Ralph J. Cicerone
Robert W. Corell
Charles S. Cox
Harmon Craig
Paul J. Crutzen
Paul K. Dayton
Edward DeLong
Robert S. Dietz
Seibert Q. Duntley
Carl Eckart
Jim T. Enright
David Epel
Edward A. Frieman
Robert Garrels
Freeman Gilbert
Edward D. Goldberg
Joel Hedgpeth
Walter Heiligenberg
Sam Hinton
Carl Hubbs
Douglas Inman
John Dove Isaacs
Jeremy Jackson
Martin W. Johnson
Thomas H. Jordan (former)
Charles David Keeling
Ralph Keeling
Charles Kennel
Nancy Knowlton
Ralph A. Lewin
Edwin P. Martz
Henry William Menard
Mario J. Molina
John W. Miles
B. Greg Mitchell
Walter Munk
Jerome Namias
William Nierenberg
Pearn P. Niiler
Stewart Nozette
Veerabhadran Ramanathan
Roger Revelle
William Emerson Ritter
Dean Roemmich
Enric Sala
Hans Suess
Francis Parker Shepard
Cornelius Cole Smith, Jr.
Richard Somerville
Fred Spiess
George Sugihara
Harald Sverdrup
Lynne Talley
Warren White
Klaus Wyrtki
Victor Vacquier Sr. and son
Benjamin Elazari Volcani
Notable alumni[edit]
Tanya Atwater
Thomas Elliot Bowman III
Edward Brinton
Stephen E. Calvert
Aiden M. Christiansen
Jack Corliss
John M. Edmond
Kenneth Farley
Susan M. Gaines
Eric Giddens
Susan Hough
Ancel Keys
Megan McArthur
James J. McCarthy
Marcia McNutt
Jessica Meir
Walter Munk
Wheeler J. North
Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara
Colm Ó hEocha
George Perry
Brinke Stevens
Christopher Stott
Brian Tucker
Popular culture[edit]
In 2008, Scripps Institution of Oceanography was the subject of a category on the TV game show Jeopardy!.[12] Scripps has been a story element in numerous fictional works.[13]
See also[edit]
Array Network Facility
The Scripps Research Institute, a neighboring, but completely independent medical research institute.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, a similar research facility on the east coast of the USA.
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, a private, non-profit oceanographic research center in Moss Landing, California.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Scripps Welcomes Margaret Leinen as Director
2.Jump up ^ Mission and Quick Facts, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
3.Jump up ^ 2011-2012 Annual Report
4.Jump up ^ Navy Names New Scripps Research Vessel to Honor the Legacy of Space Explorer and UC San Diego Professor Sally Ride
5.Jump up ^ https://scripps.ucsd.edu/research/integrated-themes
6.Jump up ^ https://scripps.ucsd.edu/research/research-sections
7.Jump up ^ Scripps history.
8.Jump up ^ "Old Scripps Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
9.Jump up ^ James H. Charleton (February 12, 1982). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Scripps, George H., Memorial Marine Biological Laboratory / Old Scripps Building (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-22. and Accompanying 10 or so photos, exterior and interior, from 1977, 1980, and undated PDF (2.83 MB)
10.Jump up ^ SIO Timeline, from SIO Archives, UCSD online collection. Shor, E., Scripps in the 1950s: A Decade of Bluewater Oceanography, Journal of San Diego History, v29:4, 1983. Shor, E., SIO: Probing the oceans 1936-1976, Tofua Press, San Diego, 1978.
11.Jump up ^ Birch Aquarium Fact Sheet
12.Jump up ^ :: explorations magazine : Scripps Oceanography, UC SAN DIEGO : Around the Pier ::
13.Jump up ^ Scripps Institution of Oceanography in Fiction. Peter Brueggeman. SIO Library, 2001
Further reading[edit]
Scripps Institution of Oceanography; First Fifty Years Helen Raitt and Beatrice Moulton. Los Angeles : W. Ritchie Press, 1967.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography : Probing the Oceans, 1936 to 1976 Elizabeth Noble Shor. San Diego, Calif. : Tofua Press, 1978.
The Keeling Curve Turns 50
External links[edit]
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
explorations E-Magazine
Support Scripps
Birch Aquarium at Scripps
"How Scripps Institution Came To San Diego", The Journal of San Diego History 27:3 (Summer 1981) by Elizabeth N. Shor


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Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
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The service mark of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute depicting a Gulper eel.
The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) is a private, non-profit oceanographic research center in Moss Landing, California. MBARI was founded in 1987 by David Packard, and is primarily funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Christopher Scholin serves as the institute's president and chief executive officer, managing a work force of approximately 220 scientists, engineers, and operations and administrative staff.
At MBARI, scientists and engineers work together to develop new tools and methods for studying the ocean. Long-term funding from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation allows the institute to take on studies that traditional granting institutions may be reluctant to sponsor. Part of David Packard's charge for MBARI was to "Take risks. Ask big questions. Don't be afraid to make mistakes; if you don't make mistakes, you're not reaching far enough."
MBARI's campus in Moss Landing is located near the center of Monterey Bay, at the head of the Monterey Canyon. Monterey Bay is one of the most biologically diverse bodies of waters in the world, and the underlying submarine canyon is one of the deepest underwater canyons along the continental United States. With this 4,000-meter-deep submarine canyon only a few ship-hours from their base of operations, institute scientists enjoy an advantageous proximity to this natural, deep-sea "laboratory".
MBARI is not open to the general public, but it has an open house once a year. Although MBARI is a sister institution to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the two organizations have entirely separate management and funding.


Contents  [hide]
1 Mission
2 Research
3 Research vessels
4 Underwater vehicles
5 Notable achievements
6 References
7 External links

Mission[edit]

"The mission of MBARI is to achieve and maintain a position as a world center for advanced research and education in ocean science and technology, and to do so through the development of better instruments, systems, and methods for scientific research in the deep waters of the ocean. MBARI emphasizes the peer relationship between engineers and scientists as a basic principle of its operation. All of the activities of MBARI must be characterized by excellence, innovation, and vision." —David Packard
Research[edit]
MBARI's scientists, engineers, and support staff collaborate on a wide range of cutting-edge marine research projects enabled by innovative technology. MBARI's current efforts span the interdisciplinary fields of ocean science, including marine biology, geology, chemistry, and biological oceanography. MBARI also develops new oceanographic research tools and techniques, as well as technology related to ocean observatories.
Much of MBARI's research focuses on the development and use of robotic vehicles and other automated methods for gathering information in the ocean. These tools provide a unique view of ocean life and physical phenomena.
Research vessels[edit]



 Research vessel Western Flyer at MBARI Pier
MBARI's flagship research vessel is the R/V Western Flyer, a 35.6-meter (117-foot) small water-plane area twin hull (SWATH) ship deploying the remotely operated underwater vehicle, ROV Doc Ricketts, through a moon pool in the center of the ship. The Western Flyer has supported ROV dives along much of the west coast of North America, from the Gulf of California to Vancouver Island, as well as around the Hawaiian islands.
In December 2011, MBARI retired the R/V Point Lobos after 23 years of service. In 2012, MBARI will also be retiring the R/V Zephyr, which has served as a launch platform for MBARI's autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). These two boats will be replaced by a single, larger boat, the Rachel Carson, which MBARI purchased in the summer of 2011, and which is expected to be operational in 2012. Rachel Carson will be able to launch both ROVs and AUVs, as well as conduct multi-day expeditions.
Underwater vehicles[edit]
MBARI has been a pioneer in the development and scientific use of two types of underwater robots—remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). ROVs are robotic submersibles that are connected through a very long tether to a ship at the sea surface. They are controlled by pilots and researchers on board the surface ship. AUVs are robotic submersibles that are programmed at the sea surface and then released to collect data autonomously, with little or no human intervention.
MBARI's ROV Doc Ricketts is a four kilometer depth-rated vehicle, named after the pioneering marine ecologist Ed Ricketts. ROV Doc Ricketts has been deployed from the R/V Western Flyer since 2009, when it replaced ROV Tiburon, which had been deployed from the R/V Western Flyer since 1997.



 ROV Ventana on board of the MBARI research vessel Point Lobos
ROV Ventana is a 1.8 km depth-rated vehicle. It was built for the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute by International Submarine Engineering according to specifications developed by David Packard and the original core group of scientists and engineers at MBARI. The vehicle was delivered in 1988 with a standard suite of instruments and cameras. Data collection sensors, a high definition camera, and animal collection devices have been added over the course of more than 3,600 dives.
In addition to ROVs, MBARI has also developed untethered undersea robots called autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). MBARI's Dorado-class AUVs are 53.3 centimeters (21 inches) in diameter and can be as short as 2.4 meters (8 feet) or as long as 6.4 meters (21 feet), depending on the mission. Dorado-class AUVs currently operational at MBARI include the upper-water-column AUV, the seafloor mapping AUV, and the imaging AUV. The core vehicle elements are deep-rated (the mapping AUV is 6,000 meters rated) and have been operated as long as 20 hours.
MBARI's Tethys AUV, also called the long-range AUV, is a new AUV designed to operate over longer ranges. Tethys is 30.5 cm (12 inches) in diameter, 230 cm (7.5 feet) long, and weighs 120 kg. Tethys provides capabilities falling between existing propeller driven AUVs, which typically have endurances on the order of a day, and buoyancy-driven vehicles (gliders) that can operate for many months. In October 2011, Tethys spent 24 days at sea traveling nearly 1,800 km.
Notable achievements[edit]
Frequent forays with remotely operated vehicles to the deep Monterey Canyon have enabled MBARI researchers to discover new animal species on a regular basis, and to begin to understand their significance in the ecology of the deep sea. MBARI biologists have made major contributions to research methods and the understanding of the quantity and diversity of life in the ocean.
Some of the more notable species first described by MBARI researchers include Stellamedusa ventana (bumpy jelly), Tiburonia granrojo (big red), Chaetopterus pugaporcinus (pigbutt worm), and the Osedax species of bone-eating worms.[1] In situ studies of midwater animals utilizing ROVs enabled MBARI scientist Bruce Robison to be the first to directly observe bioluminescent behavior in its natural setting and then describe how the animals use the light they produce. Robison was also the first to observe the transparent head of the barreleye fish Macropinna microstoma.[2]
In 2008, MBARI deployed the Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS)—the first deep-sea cabled observatory offshore of the continental United States. MARS enables researchers to hook up a variety of scientific instruments such as earthquake monitors and low-light video cameras and leave them on the deep seafloor for extended periods of time. Funded in 2002 by a grant from the National Science Foundation, the MARS Observatory was developed through a collaborative effort by MBARI, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, L-3 MariPro, and Alcatel-Lucent.
MBARI researchers have also made pioneering developments in the area of microbial oceanography. MBARI Postdoctoral Fellow Oded Beja and Scientist Edward DeLong were the first to discover a gene in several species of bacteria responsible for production of the protein rhodopsin, previously unheard of in the domain Bacteria. First developments in several areas of metagenomics have also been made at MBARI. DeLong was among the first to use metagenomics in the ocean and MBARI Scientist Alexandra Worden led the development of eukaryotic targeted metagenomics, which allows specific eukaryotic cells to be selected from natural samples and partial genomes from those uncultured cells then sequenced, assembled and analyzed.
In 2001, MBARI scientists and engineers detected the onset and development of a harmful algal bloom (HAB) using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP)—an undersea, robotic DNA laboratory. Using the ESP, researchers are able to conduct molecular biological analyses remotely, in real-time, over a sustained period, and with interactive capability. The ESP provides in situ collection and analysis of water samples, such as the analysis of the genetic material of marine microorganisms in seawater.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ G. W. Rouse, S. K. Goffredi, and R. C. Vrijenhoek (2004). "Osedax: Bone-Eating Marine Worms with Dwarf Males". Science 305 (5684): 668–671. doi:10.1126/science.1098650. PMID 15286372.
2.Jump up ^ "Discoveries of deep-sea biomass and biodiversity using an ROV". Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Retrieved 4/12/2012.
External links[edit]
www.mbari.org – Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
Coordinates: 36.80221°N 121.78803°W
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.
 


Categories: Oceanographic institutions
Buildings and structures in Monterey County, California
Monterey Bay Aquarium






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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution logo.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI, acronym pronounced /ˈhuːi/ HOO-ee) is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of all aspects of marine science and engineering and to the education of marine researchers. Established in 1930, it is the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the U.S., with staff and students numbering about 1,000. The Institution is organized into six departments,[1] four ocean institutes—ocean life, coastal ocean, ocean and climate change, deep ocean exploration[2]—the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research, and a marine policy center. Its shore-based facilities are located in the village of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States and a mile and a half away on the Quissett Campus. The bulk of the Institution's funding comes from grants and contracts from the National Science Foundation and other government agencies, augmented by foundations and private donations.
WHOI scientists, engineers, and students collaborate to develop theories, test ideas, build seagoing instruments, and collect data in diverse marine environments. Working in all the world’s oceans, their research agenda includes: geological activity deep within the earth; plant, animal, and microbial populations and their interactions in the ocean; coastal erosion; ocean circulation; ocean pollution; and global climate change.
Ships operated by WHOI carry research scientists throughout the world’s oceans. The WHOI fleet includes two large research vessels (Atlantis, Knorr), the coastal craft Tioga, small research craft such as the dive-operation work boat Echo, the deep-diving human-occupied submersible Alvin, the tethered, remotely operated vehicle Jason/Medea, and autonomous underwater vehicles such as the REMUS and SeaBED. A new ship, Neil Armstrong is under construction and is scheduled to be completed in 2014. The RV Neil Armstrong will also replace the R/V Knorr, which has been used by WHOI since 1970.
WHOI offers graduate and post-graduate studies in marine science. There are several fellowship and trainee-ship programs, and graduate degrees are awarded through a joint program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) or by the Institution itself.[3] WHOI also offers other outreach programs and informal public education through its Exhibit Center and summer tours. The Institution has a volunteer program and a membership program, WHOI Associates.


Contents  [hide]
1 Mission
2 History
3 Research vessels
4 Small boat fleet
5 Underwater vehicles
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links

Mission[edit]
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is dedicated to research and education to advance understanding of the ocean and its interaction with the Earth system, and to communicating this understanding for the benefit of society.
History[edit]



R/V Atlantis, the first research vessel operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
In 1927, a National Academy of Sciences committee concluded that it was time to "consider the share of the United States of America in a worldwide program of oceanographic research." The committee's recommendation for establishing a permanent independent research laboratory on the East Coast to "prosecute oceanography in all its branches" led to the founding in 1930 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.[4]
A $2.5 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation supported the summer work of a dozen scientists, construction of a laboratory building and commissioning of a research vessel, the 142-foot (43 m) ketch Atlantis, whose profile still forms the Institution's logo.[4]
WHOI grew substantially to support significant defense-related research during World War II, and later began a steady growth in staff, research fleet, and scientific stature. Over the years, WHOI scientists have made seminal discoveries about the ocean that have contributed to improving US commerce, health, national security, and quality of life.
In 1977 the institute appointed the influential oceanographer John Steele as director, and he served until his retirement in 1989.[5]
On 1 September 1985, a joint French-American expedition led by Jean-Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution identified the location of the wreck of the RMS Titanic which sank off the coast of Newfoundland 15 April 1912.
In February 2008, Dr. Susan K. Avery became the new president and director of the institution. Avery, an atmospheric physicist, is the ninth director in WHOI's 77-year history, and the first woman to hold the position.
On 3 April 2011, within a week of resuming of the search operation for Air France Flight 447, a team led by WHOI, operating full ocean depth autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) owned by the Waitt Institute discovered, by means of sidescan sonar, a large portion of debris field from flight AF447.[6]
Research vessels[edit]
WHOI operates several research vessels, owned by the United States Navy, the National Science Foundation, or the Institution:
R/V Knorr (AGOR-15) - 279 feet long
R/V Atlantis (AGOR-25) - 274 feet long, mothership of the Alvin submarine
R/V Tioga (WHOI-owned) - 60 feet long
RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) (under construction) - 238 feet long
Small boat fleet[edit]
WHOI also operates many small boats, used in inland harbors, ponds, rivers, and coastal bays. All are owned by the Institution itself.
Motorboat Echo - 29 feet long (mainly used as a work boat to support dive operations, also the newest small research craft at WHOI)
Motorboat Mytilus - 24 feet long (mainly used in water too shallow for larger craft and is a versatile coastal research boat)
Motorboat Calanus - 21 feet long (mainly used in local water bodies such as Great Harbor, Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay)
Motorboat Limulus - 13 feet long (mainly used to shuttle equipment to larger craft and as a work platform for near-shore research tasks)
Rowboat Orzrus - 12 feet long (mainly used in harbors and ponds where motor craft are not permitted)
Underwater vehicles[edit]
WHOI also has developed numerous underwater autonomous and remotely operated vehicles for research:
dsv-2 ALVIN – the most famous of their equipment, a human-occupied vehicle.
Deepsea Challenger – human-occupied vehicle designed, field-tested, and later donated to the WHOI by Canadian film director James Cameron [7]
Jason – a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV).
Sentry – an autonomous underwater vehicle and successor to ABE
Nereus (HROV, a type of Remotely Operated Vehicle) – A hybrid autonomous underwater vehicle; lost on 5/10/14 while exploring the Kermadec Trench.[8]
Remus – Remote Environment Monitoring UnitS, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV).
SeaBED – an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle optimized for high-resolution seafloor imaging.
Spray Glider - a remotely operated vehicle, used to collect data about the salinity, temperature, etc. about an area
Slocum Glider - another remotely operated vehicle, with functions similar to the functions of the Spray Glider
CAMPER - a towed vehicle used to collect samples from the seabed of the Arctic Ocean
Seasoar - a submarine towed by a ship
TowCam - a submarine with cameras that is towed by a ship along the ocean floor to take photographs
Video Plankton Recorder - a submarine with microscopic camera systems, towed along by a ship to take videos of plankton
ABE – Autonomous Benthic Explorer, another Autonomous Underwater Vehicle.
See also[edit]

Portal icon Massachusetts portal
Portal icon Nautical portal
52-Hertz whale
Liquid Jungle Lab, a tropical research station in Pacific Panama operated by WHOI
Marine Biological Laboratory, a neighboring but administratively unrelated institution in Woods Hole
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, a similar research facility associated with the University of California, San Diego and located in La Jolla, California
The Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, a smaller oceanographic facility located at Rutgers University in New Jersey
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Departments, Centers, and Labs". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
2.Jump up ^ "Ocean Institutes". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
3.Jump up ^ "Ensuring the future of ocean science". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
4.^ Jump up to: a b "History and Legacy". whoi.edu. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
5.Jump up ^ "John Steele - obituary". The Telegraph. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
6.Jump up ^ In search of Air France Flight 447 Lawrence D. Stone Institute of Operations Research and the Management Sciences 2011
7.Jump up ^ "James Cameron Partners With WHOI". National Geographic. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
8.Jump up ^ "Robotic Deep-sea Vehicle Lost on Dive to 6-Mile Depth". WHOI. May 10, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
External links[edit]
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole Scientific Community Publications
Woods Hole buildings, aerial photo of
Oceanus Magazine, The Magazine that Explores the Oceans in Depth
MIT/WHOI Joint Program
Project Oceanology


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Ships and vehicles of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution


Ships:
RV Knorr ·
 RV Oceanus ·
 RV Atlantis (sailboat) ·
 RV Atlantis II ·
 RV Atlantis (AGOR-25) ·
 RV Tioga
 

DSV:
DSV Alvin
 

ROVs:
ROV Jason ·
 ROV Jason Jr. ·
 ROV Medea ·
 ROV Nereus ·
 ROV ANGUS ·
 ROV Argo ·
 ROV Hugo
 

AUV:
ABE ·
 Sentry ·
 REMUS
 

List of research vessels of the United States


Coordinates: 41°31′28.26″N 70°40′15.50″W
 


Categories: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Research institutes in the United States
Independent research institutes
Oceanographic institutions
Universities and colleges in Massachusetts
New England Association of Schools and Colleges
Education in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Universities and colleges in Barnstable County, Massachusetts




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