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Pussy Galore
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This article is about the James Bond villainess. For the band, see Pussy Galore (band).



[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




This article possibly contains original research.  (January 2013)




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Pussy Galore
Character from the James Bond series
Pussy Galore by Honor Blackman.jpg
Affiliation
Auric Goldfinger (film)
The Cement Mixers (novel)
Portrayed by
Honor Blackman
Role
Bond girl / Henchwoman
Pussy Galore is a fictional character in the Ian Fleming James Bond novel Goldfinger and the later film by the same name. In the film, she is played by Honor Blackman. As with many of Ian Fleming's creations, the name is a double entendre—pussy being a slang term for cat or for vagina.
Blanche Blackwell, a Jamaican of Anglo-Jewish descent, is thought to have been the love of Fleming's later life and his model for Pussy Galore.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Appearances 1.1 Novel
1.2 Film
2 Reception and cultural impact
3 References
4 Bibliography

Appearances[edit]
Novel[edit]
In the novel, Pussy Galore is the only woman in the United States known to be running an organised crime gang. Initially trapeze artists, her group of performing catwomen, "Pussy Galore and her Abrocats", is unsuccessful, and so the women train as cat burglars instead.
Her group evolves into an all-lesbian organisation, based in Harlem, known as the Cement Mixers. In the novel, she has black hair, pale skin, and (according to Bond) the only violet eyes that Bond has ever seen. She is in her thirties, her voice low and attractive. Pussy tells Bond that she became a lesbian after she was sexually abused by her uncle at the age of 12.
Auric Goldfinger enlists the help of Pussy and her Cement Mixers to carry out "Operation Grand Slam", a scheme to kill all the soldiers guarding Fort Knox by poisoning their water supply with a water-borne nerve agent (GB, also called sarin), and then to use a stolen nuclear weapon to blow open the U.S. Bullion Depository there and steal one billion dollars in gold bullion from it.[2] Goldfinger chooses the Cement Mixers because he needs a group of women to impersonate the nurses in fake emergency medical teams he plans to send into the poison-stricken Fort Knox.
In the film they are known as Pussy Galore and her Flying Circus a squadron of all women pilots who fly over Fort Knox releasing the Delta 9 nerve gas to kill all the Army personnel. (Bond convinced Pussy to switch the canisters so instead of releasing nerve gas they released a harmless aerosol with the troops pretending to be knocked out.)
After Bond and Felix Leiter foil "Grand Slam", Galore runs into Bond while impersonating a stewardess on Goldfinger's hijacked escape flight to the Soviet Union (which carries his remaining fortune in gold). Bond, having previously been drugged by a fake vaccination, has been kidnapped and transported onto the plane to join Goldfinger, who is determined to kill him at last.
However, Bond punctures one of the airplane's windows with a knife (causing Goldfinger's henchman Oddjob to be blown out and plunge to his death), then tackles Goldfinger, and, in the ensuing struggle, kills him. Bond then forces the crew of the airplane to reverse course. When the gold-heavy craft runs out of fuel, and the crew must ditch it in the ocean, Bond and Pussy are the only ones who manage to escape onto a life raft. It is hinted at the end of the novel that Pussy is sent to prison, as she says to Bond, "Will you write to me in Sing Sing?"
Her original band of Amazonian catwomen appear as characters in the film, but as small-aircraft pilots rather than trapeze artists.
Film[edit]
Concerned about censors, the film's producers considered changing her name to "Kitty Galore", but decided to keep the original name after the British newspapers began to refer to the actress who was preparing for the role, Honor Blackman, as "Pussy" in the lead-up to production. Blackman is the oldest actress so far to have played a Bond Girl. She and Diana Rigg are the only two Bond girls who have been older than the actor playing opposite them as Bond. During the filming of Goldfinger, Blackman was 39 years old; Sean Connery was only 34. During the filming of On Her Majesty's Secret Service Rigg, 31, played opposite the then 30-year-old George Lazenby.
Pussy is first seen when Bond wakes up in Goldfinger's private jet, having been knocked out with a tranquiliser gun by a Goldfinger henchman. He is lying on a couch when he regains consciousness, and since the first thing he sees when he opens his eyes is her stunning blonde-framed visage leaning over him, the dialog runs as follows:

James Bond: Who are you?
 Pussy Galore: My name is Pussy Galore.
 James Bond: I must be dreaming.[3]
She then asserts that the nature of her employment for Goldfinger is that she's "a damn good pilot", clearly intending to suggest that there is no relationship of a more intimate nature between them, and tells Bond, "You can turn off the charm. I'm immune."[4] She is the leader of Pussy Galore's Flying Circus, a group of women aviators connected with Goldfinger's "Operation Grand Slam" (played in certain scenes by stuntmen in blonde wigs). In a later scene, Pussy uses judo to attack Bond after she catches him eavesdropping on Goldfinger's plan, and turns him over to Goldfinger.
However, Bond eventually sleeps with the previously "immune" Pussy in a controversial scene that has been described as rape.[5] She then secretly turns against Goldfinger; she alerts the Central Intelligence Agency to her employer's scheme, and they help her replace the deadly nerve gas that Goldfinger is planning have her aviators spray over Fort Knox with a different, harmless substance (the soldiers below appear to die, but are actually faking).
Having foiled Goldfinger's plan, Bond boards the President's private plane to travel to the White House. Goldfinger, now a fugitive millionaire, forces Pussy to participate in hijacking the plane in order to force the pilot to fly him to Cuba. However, Bond defeats Goldfinger, who is blown out the window at high altitude, thus suffering what, in the novel, had been Oddjob's fate. Bond then saves Pussy from the crashing plane: they both bail out (this is shown only on radar), land safely in an unidentified tropical region, and make love under their parachute.
During an interview for the documentary Bond Girls Are Forever, Honor Blackman commented that, when she was playing the role of Pussy, she knew her character had been written as a lesbian in the novel. She also said she had played the role as if she had been abused in the past.
Reception and cultural impact[edit]
[icon] This section requires expansion. (September 2012)
Pussy ranked second in a poll of favourite Bond Girls by Entertainment Weekly in 2007, beaten only by Ursula Andress' character Honey Rider.[6] Yahoo! Movies had her name included in the 2012 list of the best Bond girl names, calling it "The most famous Bond Girl name, and also the rudest - US censors almost cut it from Goldfinger."
The 1997 parody film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery features a character named Alotta Fagina in an apparent reference to Galore (and perhaps also to the many other double-entendre named Bond girls, such as Octopussy and Holly Goodhead.)[7]
The Rolex GMT-Master reference 6542 is nicknamed "Pussy Galore" due to the fact the movie character wears this particular watch.[8]
Her name is also the inspiration for a character, Pussy LaGore, in the Carmageddon video game series.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Thomson, Ian (6 June 2008). "Devil May Care, by Sebastian Faulks, writing as Ian Fleming; For Your Eyes Only, by Ben Macintyre". The Independent. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
2.Jump up ^ Goldfinger, chapters 17 & 18
3.Jump up ^ "Goldfinger (film) – Wikiquote". En.wikiquote.org. 12 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
4.Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000345 /quotes
5.Jump up ^ Marche, Stephen (1 November 2012). "Why I Hate James Bond". Esquire. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
6.Jump up ^ "Countdown! The 10 best Bond girls | James Bond | Movie Commentary | DVD | Entertainment Weekly". Ew.com. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
7.Jump up ^ Lindner 2009, p. 76.
8.Jump up ^ GMT Master History, Rolex GMT-Master, GMT-Master, Rolex. "GMT Master History". GMT Master History. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Lindner, Christoph (2009). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5.


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Goldfinger (film)
Fictional aviators
Fictional lesbians
Fictional characters introduced in 1959
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Fictional gangsters
Bond girls











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Pussy Galore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the James Bond villainess. For the band, see Pussy Galore (band).



[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




This article possibly contains original research.  (January 2013)




This article needs additional citations for verification.  (July 2012)



Pussy Galore
Character from the James Bond series
Pussy Galore by Honor Blackman.jpg
Affiliation
Auric Goldfinger (film)
The Cement Mixers (novel)
Portrayed by
Honor Blackman
Role
Bond girl / Henchwoman
Pussy Galore is a fictional character in the Ian Fleming James Bond novel Goldfinger and the later film by the same name. In the film, she is played by Honor Blackman. As with many of Ian Fleming's creations, the name is a double entendre—pussy being a slang term for cat or for vagina.
Blanche Blackwell, a Jamaican of Anglo-Jewish descent, is thought to have been the love of Fleming's later life and his model for Pussy Galore.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Appearances 1.1 Novel
1.2 Film
2 Reception and cultural impact
3 References
4 Bibliography

Appearances[edit]
Novel[edit]
In the novel, Pussy Galore is the only woman in the United States known to be running an organised crime gang. Initially trapeze artists, her group of performing catwomen, "Pussy Galore and her Abrocats", is unsuccessful, and so the women train as cat burglars instead.
Her group evolves into an all-lesbian organisation, based in Harlem, known as the Cement Mixers. In the novel, she has black hair, pale skin, and (according to Bond) the only violet eyes that Bond has ever seen. She is in her thirties, her voice low and attractive. Pussy tells Bond that she became a lesbian after she was sexually abused by her uncle at the age of 12.
Auric Goldfinger enlists the help of Pussy and her Cement Mixers to carry out "Operation Grand Slam", a scheme to kill all the soldiers guarding Fort Knox by poisoning their water supply with a water-borne nerve agent (GB, also called sarin), and then to use a stolen nuclear weapon to blow open the U.S. Bullion Depository there and steal one billion dollars in gold bullion from it.[2] Goldfinger chooses the Cement Mixers because he needs a group of women to impersonate the nurses in fake emergency medical teams he plans to send into the poison-stricken Fort Knox.
In the film they are known as Pussy Galore and her Flying Circus a squadron of all women pilots who fly over Fort Knox releasing the Delta 9 nerve gas to kill all the Army personnel. (Bond convinced Pussy to switch the canisters so instead of releasing nerve gas they released a harmless aerosol with the troops pretending to be knocked out.)
After Bond and Felix Leiter foil "Grand Slam", Galore runs into Bond while impersonating a stewardess on Goldfinger's hijacked escape flight to the Soviet Union (which carries his remaining fortune in gold). Bond, having previously been drugged by a fake vaccination, has been kidnapped and transported onto the plane to join Goldfinger, who is determined to kill him at last.
However, Bond punctures one of the airplane's windows with a knife (causing Goldfinger's henchman Oddjob to be blown out and plunge to his death), then tackles Goldfinger, and, in the ensuing struggle, kills him. Bond then forces the crew of the airplane to reverse course. When the gold-heavy craft runs out of fuel, and the crew must ditch it in the ocean, Bond and Pussy are the only ones who manage to escape onto a life raft. It is hinted at the end of the novel that Pussy is sent to prison, as she says to Bond, "Will you write to me in Sing Sing?"
Her original band of Amazonian catwomen appear as characters in the film, but as small-aircraft pilots rather than trapeze artists.
Film[edit]
Concerned about censors, the film's producers considered changing her name to "Kitty Galore", but decided to keep the original name after the British newspapers began to refer to the actress who was preparing for the role, Honor Blackman, as "Pussy" in the lead-up to production. Blackman is the oldest actress so far to have played a Bond Girl. She and Diana Rigg are the only two Bond girls who have been older than the actor playing opposite them as Bond. During the filming of Goldfinger, Blackman was 39 years old; Sean Connery was only 34. During the filming of On Her Majesty's Secret Service Rigg, 31, played opposite the then 30-year-old George Lazenby.
Pussy is first seen when Bond wakes up in Goldfinger's private jet, having been knocked out with a tranquiliser gun by a Goldfinger henchman. He is lying on a couch when he regains consciousness, and since the first thing he sees when he opens his eyes is her stunning blonde-framed visage leaning over him, the dialog runs as follows:

James Bond: Who are you?
 Pussy Galore: My name is Pussy Galore.
 James Bond: I must be dreaming.[3]
She then asserts that the nature of her employment for Goldfinger is that she's "a damn good pilot", clearly intending to suggest that there is no relationship of a more intimate nature between them, and tells Bond, "You can turn off the charm. I'm immune."[4] She is the leader of Pussy Galore's Flying Circus, a group of women aviators connected with Goldfinger's "Operation Grand Slam" (played in certain scenes by stuntmen in blonde wigs). In a later scene, Pussy uses judo to attack Bond after she catches him eavesdropping on Goldfinger's plan, and turns him over to Goldfinger.
However, Bond eventually sleeps with the previously "immune" Pussy in a controversial scene that has been described as rape.[5] She then secretly turns against Goldfinger; she alerts the Central Intelligence Agency to her employer's scheme, and they help her replace the deadly nerve gas that Goldfinger is planning have her aviators spray over Fort Knox with a different, harmless substance (the soldiers below appear to die, but are actually faking).
Having foiled Goldfinger's plan, Bond boards the President's private plane to travel to the White House. Goldfinger, now a fugitive millionaire, forces Pussy to participate in hijacking the plane in order to force the pilot to fly him to Cuba. However, Bond defeats Goldfinger, who is blown out the window at high altitude, thus suffering what, in the novel, had been Oddjob's fate. Bond then saves Pussy from the crashing plane: they both bail out (this is shown only on radar), land safely in an unidentified tropical region, and make love under their parachute.
During an interview for the documentary Bond Girls Are Forever, Honor Blackman commented that, when she was playing the role of Pussy, she knew her character had been written as a lesbian in the novel. She also said she had played the role as if she had been abused in the past.
Reception and cultural impact[edit]
[icon] This section requires expansion. (September 2012)
Pussy ranked second in a poll of favourite Bond Girls by Entertainment Weekly in 2007, beaten only by Ursula Andress' character Honey Rider.[6] Yahoo! Movies had her name included in the 2012 list of the best Bond girl names, calling it "The most famous Bond Girl name, and also the rudest - US censors almost cut it from Goldfinger."
The 1997 parody film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery features a character named Alotta Fagina in an apparent reference to Galore (and perhaps also to the many other double-entendre named Bond girls, such as Octopussy and Holly Goodhead.)[7]
The Rolex GMT-Master reference 6542 is nicknamed "Pussy Galore" due to the fact the movie character wears this particular watch.[8]
Her name is also the inspiration for a character, Pussy LaGore, in the Carmageddon video game series.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Thomson, Ian (6 June 2008). "Devil May Care, by Sebastian Faulks, writing as Ian Fleming; For Your Eyes Only, by Ben Macintyre". The Independent. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
2.Jump up ^ Goldfinger, chapters 17 & 18
3.Jump up ^ "Goldfinger (film) – Wikiquote". En.wikiquote.org. 12 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
4.Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000345 /quotes
5.Jump up ^ Marche, Stephen (1 November 2012). "Why I Hate James Bond". Esquire. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
6.Jump up ^ "Countdown! The 10 best Bond girls | James Bond | Movie Commentary | DVD | Entertainment Weekly". Ew.com. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
7.Jump up ^ Lindner 2009, p. 76.
8.Jump up ^ GMT Master History, Rolex GMT-Master, GMT-Master, Rolex. "GMT Master History". GMT Master History. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Lindner, Christoph (2009). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5.


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
James Bond characters









































































































 


Categories: James Bond characters
Goldfinger (film)
Fictional aviators
Fictional lesbians
Fictional characters introduced in 1959
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Fictional gangsters
Bond girls











Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Upload file
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This page was last modified on 25 August 2014 at 13:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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James Bond (literary character)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

"007" redirects here. For other uses, see 007 (disambiguation).
This article is about James Bond, the literary character. For character development in films, see James Bond filmography. For an overview of the spy series in general, see James Bond. For the books, see List of James Bond novels and stories. For the film series, see James Bond in film.
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James Bond
James Bond, 007 character
Fleming007impression.jpg
Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the Daily Express comic strip artists.

First appearance
Casino Royale, 1953 novel
Last appearance
Solo, 2013 novel
Created by
Ian Fleming
Information

Gender
Male
Occupation
00 Agent
Title
Commander (Royal Naval Reserve)
Family
Andrew Bond (father)
 Monique Delacroix Bond (mother)
Spouse(s)
Teresa di Vicenzo (widowed)
Harriett Horner (invalid)
Significant other(s)
Kissy Suzuki
Children
James Suzuki Bond (son with Kissy)
Relatives
Charmian Bond (aunt)
 Max Bond (uncle)
Nationality
British
Royal Navy Commander James Bond, CMG, RNVR, is a fictional character created by British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. He is the protagonist of the James Bond series of novels, films, comics and video games. Fleming wrote twelve Bond novels and two short story collections before his death, although the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously.
The Bond character is a Secret Service agent, code number 007, residing in London but active internationally. Bond was a composite character who was based on a number of commandos whom Fleming knew during his service in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, to whom Fleming added his own style and a number of his own tastes; Bond's name was appropriated from American ornithologist James Bond. Bond has a number of character traits which run throughout the books, including an enjoyment of cars, a love of food and drink, and an average intake of sixty custom-made cigarettes a day.
Since Fleming's death in 1964, there have been other authorised writers of Bond material, including John Gardner, who wrote fourteen novels and two novelizations and Raymond Benson, who wrote six novels, three novelizations and three short stories. There have also been three authors who wrote one book each, Kingsley Amis (writing as Robert Markham), Sebastian Faulks and Jeffery Deaver. Additionally a series of novels based on Bond's youth—Young Bond—was written by Charlie Higson.
As spin-offs from the literary works, there was a television adaptation of the first novel, Casino Royale, in which Bond was played as an American agent. A comic strip series also ran in the Daily Express newspaper. There have been 25 Bond films; seven actors have played Bond in these films.


Contents  [hide]
1 Fleming's concept of Bond 1.1 Inspiration for the character
1.2 Origins of the name
1.3 Looks
1.4 Background
1.5 Tastes and style



1.6 Attitudes
1.7 Personal life
1.8 Abilities
2 Continuation Bond works 2.1 John Gardner
2.2 Raymond Benson
2.3 Others
3 Young Bond
4 Adaptations
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Fleming's concept of Bond[edit]
The central figure in Ian Fleming's work was the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the "Secret Service". Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander.



James Bond is the culmination of an important but much-maligned tradition in English literature. As a boy, Fleming devoured the Bulldog Drummond tales of Lieutenant Colonel Herman Cyril McNeile (aka "Sapper") and the Richard Hannay stories of John Buchan. His genius was to repackage these antiquated adventures to fit the fashion of postwar Britain ... In Bond, he created a Bulldog Drummond for the jet age.
William Cook in the New Statesman[1]
During World War II, Ian Fleming had mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel.[2] It was not until 1952, however, shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, that Fleming began to write Casino Royale, to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.[3] Fleming started writing on his first book, Casino Royale, at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February 1952, typing out 2,000 words in the morning, directly from his own experiences and imagination.[4] He finished work on the script in just over a month,[5] completing it on 18 March 1952.[6] Describing the work as his "dreadful oafish opus",[7] Fleming showed it to an ex-girlfriend, Clare Blanchard, who advised him not to publish it at all, but that if he did so, it should be under another name.[8] Fleming went on to write a total of twelve Bond novels and two short story collections; he died on the morning of 12 August 1964.[9] The last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—were published posthumously.[10]
Inspiration for the character[edit]
See also: Inspirations for James Bond
Fleming based his creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".[11] Among those types were his brother, Peter, whom Fleming worshipped[11] and who had been involved in behind the lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.[12]
Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, a skiing spy whom Fleming had met in Kitzbühel in the 1930s, Patrick Dalzel-Job, who served with distinction in 30 AU during the war, and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale, station head of MI6 in Paris, who wore cufflinks and handmade suits and was chauffeured around Paris in a Rolls-Royce.[11][13] Sir Fitzroy Maclean was another figure mentioned as a possibility, based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans, as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov.[14]
Origins of the name[edit]



James Bond, Ornithologist; provider of Bond's name
Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies; Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".[15]



When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard.
Ian Fleming, The New Yorker, 21 April 1962[16]
On another occasion Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."[17] After Fleming met the ornithologist and his wife, he described them as "a charming couple who are amused by the whole joke".[18] In the first draft of Casino Royale he decided to use the name James Secretan as Bond's cover name while on missions.[19]
Bond's number—007—was assigned by Fleming in reference to one of British naval intelligence's key achievements of World War I: the breaking of the German diplomatic code.[20] One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075,[21] and which was one of the factors that led to the US entering the war.
Looks[edit]



 Fleming compares Bond's appearance to Hoagy Carmichael.
Facially, Bond resembles the composer, singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael. In Casino Royale Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."[22] Others, such as journalist Ben Macintyre, identify aspects of Fleming's own looks in his description of Bond.[23] General references in the novels describe Bond as having "dark, rather cruel good looks".[24]
In the novels (notably From Russia, with Love), Bond's physical description has generally been consistent: slim build; a three-inch long, thin vertical scar on his right cheek; blue-grey eyes; a "cruel" mouth; short, black hair, a comma of which falls on his forehead. Physically he is described as 183 centimetres (6 feet) in height and 76 kilograms (167 lb) in weight.[24] After Casino Royale, Bond also had the faint scar of the Russian cyrillic letter "Ш" (SH) (for Shpion: "Spy") on the back of one of his hands, carved by a SMERSH agent.[25]
Background[edit]
In Ian Fleming's stories, James Bond is in his mid-to-late thirties, but does not age.[26] In Moonraker, he admits to being eight years shy of mandatory retirement age from the 00 section—45—which would mean he was 37 at the time.[27] Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, gives him a birth date of 11 November 1920,[28] while a study by Bond scholar John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.[29] According to Griswold, the Fleming novels take place between around May 1951,[30] to February 1964, by which time Bond was aged 42.[31]



If the quality of these books, or their degree of veracity, had been any higher, the author would certainly have been prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act. It is a measure of the disdain in which these fictions are held at the Ministry, that action has not yet—I emphasize the qualification—been taken against the author and publisher of these high-flown and romanticized caricatures of episodes in the career of a outstanding public servant.
You Only Live Twice, Chapter 21: Obit:[32]



Coat of arms of the Bond Family
It was not until the third- and second-last novels that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background, using a visit to the College of Arms and a fictional obituary, purportedly from The Times.[33] The books were written during then after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.[34] The novel reveals Bond is the son of a Scottish father, Andrew Bond, of Glencoe, and a Swiss mother, Monique Delacroix, of the Canton de Vaud.[35] The young James Bond spends much of his early life abroad, becoming multilingual in German and French because of his father's work as a Vickers armaments company representative. Bond is orphaned at the age of 11 when his parents are killed in a mountain climbing accident in the Aiguilles Rouges near Chamonix.[36]



Eton College: Bond's alma mater for two halves.
After the death of his parents, Bond goes to live with his aunt, Miss Charmian Bond, in the village of Pett Bottom, where he completes his early education. Later, he briefly attends Eton College at "12 or thereabouts", but is removed after two halves because of girl trouble with a maid.[33] After being sent down from Eton, Bond was sent to Fettes College in Scotland, his father's school.[35] On his first visit to Paris at the age of 16, Bond loses his virginity, later reminiscing about the event in "From a View to a Kill".[37] Fleming used his own upbringing for his creation, with Bond alluding to briefly attending the University of Geneva,[38] (as did Fleming) before being taught to ski in Kitzbühel (as was Fleming) by Hannes Oberhauser, who is later killed in "Octopussy".[39][37]
In 1941 Bond joins a branch of what was to become the Ministry of Defence and becomes a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserves, ending the war as a commander. Bond applies to M for a position within the "Secret Service", part of the Civil Service, and rises to the rank of principal officer.[40]
At the start of Fleming's first book, Casino Royale, Bond is already a 00 agent, having been given the position after killing two enemy agents, a Japanese spy on the thirty-sixth floor of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City and a Norwegian double agent who had betrayed two British agents; it is suggested by Bond scholar John Griswold that these were part of Bond's wartime service with Special Operations Executive, a British World War II covert military organisation.[41] In 1954, according to the Soviet file on him in From Russia, With Love, Bond is made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.[40]
Tastes and style[edit]
Beverages[edit]
Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that, "within the first few pages [of Casino Royale] Ian had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits.[42] The full details of Bond's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after Vesper Lynd.



'A dry martini,' he said. 'One. In a deep champagne goblet.'
'Oui, monsieur.'
'Just a moment. Three measures of Gordon's, one of vodka, half a measure of Kina Lillet. Shake it very well until it's ice-cold, then add a large thin slice of lemon peel. Got it?'
'Certainly monsieur.' The barman seemed pleased with the idea.
'Gosh, that's certainly a drink,' said Leiter.
Bond laughed. 'When I'm ... er ... concentrating,' he explained, 'I never have more than one drink before dinner. But I do like that one to be large and very strong and very cold, and very well-made. I hate small portions of anything, particularly when they taste bad. This drink's my own invention. I'm going to patent it when I think of a good name.'
Casino Royale, Chapter 7: Rouge et Noir[43]
Bond's drinking habits run throughout the series of books. During the course of On Her Majesty's Secret Service alone, Bond consumes forty-six drinks: Pouilly-Fuissé, Riquewihr and Marsala wines, most of a bottle of Algerian wine, some 1953 Château Mouton Rothschild claret, along with Taittinger and Krug champagnes and Babycham; for whiskies he consumes three bourbon and waters, half a pint of I.W. Harper bourbon, Jack Daniel's whiskey, two double bourbons on the rocks, two whisky and sodas, two neat scotches and one glass of neat whisky; vodka consumption totalled four vodka and tonics and three double vodka martinis; other sprits included two double brandies with ginger ale, a flask of Enzian Schnaps and a double gin: he also washed this down with four steins of German beer.[44][45] Bond's alcohol intake does not seem to affect his performance.[46]
For his non-alcoholic drinks Bond eschews tea, calling it "mud" and blaming it for the downfall of the British Empire. He instead prefers to drink coffee.[47]
Cuisine[edit]
When in England and not on a mission, Bond dines as simply as Fleming did on dishes such as grilled sole, oeufs en cocotte and cold roast beef with potato salad.[48] When on a mission, however, Bond eats more extravagantly.[49] This was partly because in 1953, when Casino Royale was published, many items of food were still rationed in the UK,[1] and Bond was "the ideal antidote to Britain's postwar austerity, rationing and the looming premonition of lost power".[50] This extravagance was more noteworthy with his contemporary readers for Bond eating exotic, local foods when abroad,[51] at a time when most of his readership did not travel abroad.[52]
On 1 April 1958 Fleming wrote to The Manchester Guardian in defence of his work, referring to that paper's review of Dr. No.[17] While referring to Bond's food and wine consumption as "gimmickery", Fleming bemoaned that "it has become an unfortunate trade-mark. I myself abhor Wine-and-Foodmanship. My own favourite food is scrambled eggs."[17] Fleming was so keen on scrambled eggs that he used his short story, "007 in New York" to provide his favourite recipe for the dish: in the story, this came from the housekeeper of his friend Ivar Bryce, May, who gave her name to Bond's own housekeeper.[53] Academic Edward Biddulph observed that Fleming fully described seventy meals within the book series and that while a number of these had items in common—such as scrambled eggs and steaks—each meal was different from the others.[54]
Smoking[edit]
Bond is a heavy smoker, at one point smoking 70 cigarettes a day.[55] Bond has his cigarettes custom-made by Morland of Grosvenor Street, mixing Balkan and Turkish tobacco and having a higher nicotine content than normal; the cigarettes have three gold bands on the filter.[56] Bond carried his cigarettes in a wide gunmetal cigarette case which carried fifty; he also used a black oxidised Ronson lighter.[57] The cigarettes were the same as Fleming's, who had been buying his at Morland since the 1930s; the three gold bands on the filter were added during the war to mirror his naval Commander's rank.[56] On average, Bond smokes sixty cigarettes a day, although he cut back to around twenty five a day after his visit to a health farm in Thunderball:[57] Fleming himself smoked up to 80 cigarettes a day.[58]
Drugs[edit]
Bond occasionally supplements his alcohol consumption with the use of other drugs, for both functional and recreational reasons: Moonraker sees Bond consume a quantity of the amphetamine benzedrine accompanied by champagne, before his bridge game with Sir Hugo Drax (also consuming a carafe of vintage Riga vodka and a vodka martini);[59] he also uses the drug for stimulation on missions, such as swimming across Shark Bay in Live and Let Die,[60] or remaining awake and alert when threatened in the Dreamy Pines Motor Court in The Spy Who Loved Me.[61]
Attitudes[edit]
According to academic Jeremy Black, Bond is written as a complex character, even though he was also often the voice of Fleming's prejudices.[62] The output of the prejudices, combined with the tales of Bond's actions, led journalist Yuri Zhukov to write an article in 1965 for the Soviet daily newspaper Pravda, describing Bond's values:



James Bond lives in a nightmarish world where laws are written at the point of a gun, where coercion and rape are considered valour and murder is a funny trick ... Bond's job is to guard the interests of the property class, and he is no better than the youths Hitler boasted he would bring up like wild beasts to be able to kill without thinking.
Yuri Zhukov, Pravda, 30 September 1965.[63]
Black does not consider Bond to be the unthinking wild beast Zhukov writes about, however.[63] From Russia, with Love sees Bond watching Kerim Bey shoot the Bulgarian killer Krilencu and Bond observing that he had never killed anyone in cold blood.[64] In "The Living Daylights" Bond deliberately misses his target, realising the sniper he has been sent to kill is a beautiful female cello player.[65] Bond settles this in his mind by thinking that "It wasn't exactly murder. Pretty near it, though."[66] Goldfinger opens with Bond thinking through the experience of killing a Mexican assassin days earlier.[67] He is philosophical about it:



It was part of his profession to kill people. He had never liked doing it and when he had to kill he did it as well as he knew how and forgot about it. As a secret agent who held the rare double-O prefix—the licence to kill in the Secret Service—it was his duty to be as cool about death as a surgeon. If it happened, it happened. Regret was unprofessional—worse, it was a death-watch beetle in the soul.
Goldfinger, Chapter 1: Reflections in a Double Bourbon[68]
Another general attitude and prejudice of Fleming's that Bond gives voice to includes his approach to homosexuality. While Fleming had a number of gay friends, including Noël Coward and his editor, William Plomer, he said that his books were "written for warm-blooded heterosexuals".[69] His attitude went further, with Bond opining that homosexuals were "a herd of unhappy sexual misfits – barren and full of frustrations, the women wanting to dominate and the men to be nannied", adding that "he was sorry for them, but he had no time for them."[70]
Personal life[edit]
Bond lives in a flat off the King's Road in Chelsea. His flat is looked after by an elderly Scottish housekeeper named May. May's name was taken from May Maxwell, the housekeeper of Fleming's close friend, the American Ivar Bryce.[53] In 1955 Bond earned around £2,000 a year net (£45,783 in 2014 pounds[71]), although when on assignment he worked on an unlimited expense account.[61] Much of Fleming's own daily routine while working at The Sunday Times was woven into the Bond stories[72] and he summarised it at the beginning of Moonraker:



... elastic office hours from around ten to six; lunch, generally in the canteen; evenings spent playing cards in the company of a few close friends, or at Crockford's; or making love, with rather cold passion, to one of three similarly disposed married women; weekends playing golf for high stakes at one of the clubs near London.
Moonraker, Chapter 1: Secret paper-work[73]
Only once in the series does Fleming install a partner for Bond in his flat, with the arrival of Tiffany Case, following Bond's mission to the US in Diamonds Are Forever. By the start of the following book, From Russia, With Love, Case had left to marry an American.[61] Bond was married only once, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, to Teresa "Tracy" di Vicenzo, but their marriage ends tragically when she is killed on their wedding day by Ernst Stavro Blofeld.[74]
In the penultimate novel of the series, You Only Live Twice, Bond suffers from amnesia and has a relationship with an Ama diving girl, Kissy Suzuki. As a result of the relationship Kissy becomes pregnant, although she does not reveal this to Bond before he leaves the island.[75]
Abilities[edit]



 The Walther PPK, given to Bond in Dr. No, is the most famous of Bond's handguns
From Casino Royale to From Russia, with Love Bond's preferred weapon is a .25 ACP Beretta automatic pistol carried in a light-weight chamois leather holster.[76] However Fleming was contacted by a Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, who criticised Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond[77] and suggested a Walther PPK 7.65mm instead.[78] Fleming used the suggestion in Dr. No, also taking advice that it should be used with the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster.[79] By way of thanks, the Secret Service Armourer who gives Bond his gun was given the name Major Boothroyd, and is introduced by M as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".[78]



I wish to point out that a man in James Bond's position would never consider using a .25 Beretta. It's really a lady's gun - and not a very nice lady at that! Dare I suggest that Bond should be armed with a .38 or a nine millimetre - let's say a German Walther PPK? That's far more appropriate.
Geoffrey Boothroyd, letter to Ian Fleming, 1956[80]
Kingsley Amis, in The James Bond Dossier, noted that although Bond is a very good shot and the best in the Secret Service, he is still beaten by the instructor, something that added realism to Bond's character.[81] Amis identified a number of skills where Bond is very good, but is still beatable by others. These included skiing, hand-to-hand combat, underwater swimming and golf.[82] Driving was also an ability Amis identified where Bond was good, but others were better;[82] one of those who is a better driver than Bond is Sir Hugo Drax, who causes Bond to write off his battleship-grey supercharged Bentley 4½ Litre.[83] Bond subsequently drives a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he uses in the remaining books of the series,[84] although he is issued an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device during the course of Goldfinger.[84]
Continuation Bond works[edit]
John Gardner[edit]



 The Saab 900 Turbo: Bond's car of the 1980s
In 1981 writer John Gardner was approached by the Fleming estate and asked to write a continuation novel for Bond.[85] Although he initially almost turned the series down,[86] Gardner subsequently wrote fourteen original novels and two novelizations of the films between Licence Renewed in 1981[87] and COLD in 1996.[88] With the influence of the American publishers, Putnam's, the Gardner novels showed an increase in the number of Americanisms used in the book, such as a waiter wearing "pants", rather than trousers, in The Man from Barbarossa.[85] James Harker, writing in The Guardian, considered that the Gardner books were "dogged by silliness",[85] giving examples of Scorpius, where much of the action is set in Chippenham, and Win, Lose or Die, where "Bond gets chummy with an unconvincing Maggie Thatcher".[85] Ill health forced Gardner to retire from writing the Bond novels in 1996.[89]
Gardner stated that he wanted "to bring Mr Bond into the 1980s",[90] although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.[40] Even though Gardner kept the ages the same, he made Bond grey at the temples as a nod to the passing of the years.[91] Other 1980s effects also took place, with Bond smoking low-tar cigarettes[92] and becoming increasingly health conscious.[93]
The return of Bond in 1981 saw media reports on the more politically correct Bond and his choice of car—a Saab 900 Turbo;[89] Gardner later put him in a Bentley Mulsanne Turbo.[94] Gardner also updated Bond's firearm: under Gardner, Bond is initially issued with the Browning 9mm before changing to a Heckler & Koch VP70 and then a Heckler & Koch P7.[40] Bond is also revealed to have taken part in the 1982 Falklands War.[95] Gardner updated Fleming's characters and used contemporary political leaders in his novels; he also used the high-tech apparatus of Q Branch from the films,[96] although Jeremy Black observed that Bond is more reliant on technology than his own individual abilities.[97] Gardner's series linked Bond to the Fleming novels rather than the film incarnations and referred to events covered in the Fleming stories.[98]
Raymond Benson[edit]
Following the retirement of John Gardner, Raymond Benson took over as Bond author in 1996; as the first American author of Bond it was a controversial choice.[99] Benson had previously written the non-fiction The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984.[100] Benson's first work was a short story, "Blast From the Past", published in 1997.[101] By the time he moved on to other projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelizations and three short stories.[102] His final Bond work was The Man with the Red Tattoo, published in 2002.[103]



In Bond novels and their ilk, the plot must threaten not only our hero but civilization as we know it. The icing on the cake is using exotic locales that "normal people" only fantasize about visiting, and slipping in essential dollops of sex and violence to build interest.
Raymond Benson[104]
Benson followed Gardner's pattern of setting Bond in the contemporary timeframe of the 1990s[105] and, according to Jeremy Black, had more echoes of Fleming's style than John Gardner,[106] he also changed Bond's gun back to the Walther PPK,[101] put him behind the wheel of a Jaguar XK8[94] and made him swear more.[107] James Harker noted that "whilst Fleming's Bond had been an Express reader; Benson's is positively red top. He's the first to have group sex ... and the first to visit a prostitute",[85] whilst Black notes an increased level of crudity lacking in either Fleming or Gardner.[106]
Others[edit]
Kingsley Amis
 In 1967, four years after Fleming's death, his literary executors, Glidrose Productions, approached Kingsley Amis and offered him £10,000 (£158,366 in 2014 pounds[71]) to write the first continuation Bond novel.[85] The result was Colonel Sun published in 1968 under the pen-name Robert Markham.[108] Journalist James Harker noted that although the book was not literary, it was stylish.[85] Raymond Benson noted that Bond's character and events from previous novels were all maintained in Colonel Sun,[109] saying "he is the same darkly handsome man first introduced in Casino Royale.[110]
Sebastian Faulks
 After Gardner and Benson had followed Amis, there was a gap of six years until Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the one hundredth anniversary of Ian Fleming's birth.[111] The book—entitled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.[112]
Faulks ignored the timeframe established by Gardner and Benson and instead reverted to that used by Fleming and Amis, basing his novel in the 1960s;[105] he also managed to use a number of the cultural touchstones of the sixties in the book.[113] Faulks was true to Bond's original character and background too, and provided "a Flemingesque hero"[105] who drove a battleship grey 1967 T-series Bentley.[94]
Jeffery Deaver
 On 26 May 2011, American writer Jeffery Deaver, commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications, released Carte Blanche.[114] Deaver restarted the chronology of Bond, separate from the timelines of any of the previous authors, by stating he was born in 1980;[115] the novel also saw Bond in a post-9/11 agency, independent of either MI5 or MI6.[116]



The films didn't influence me at all and nor did the continuation novels. I wanted to get back to the original Bond who's dark and edgy, has quite a sense of irony and humour and is extremely patriotic and willing to sacrifice himself for Queen and country. He is extremely loyal but he has this dark pall over him because he's a hired killer - and he wrestles with that. I've always found him to be quite a representative of the modern era.
Jeffery Deaver[117]
Whilst the chronology changed, Deaver included a number of elements from the Fleming novels, including Bond's tastes for food and wine, his gadgets and "the rather preposterous names of some of the female characters."[115]
William Boyd
 On 11 April 2012, the Fleming estate announced that William Boyd would write the next Bond novel titled Solo, due for release in the autumn of 2013; the publishers will be Jonathan Cape. Boyd has stated that the book would take place in 1969.[118]
Young Bond[edit]
Main article: Young Bond
In 2005 author and comedian Charlie Higson released SilverFin, the first of five novels and one short story in the life of a young James Bond;[119] his final work was the short story "A Hard Man to Kill", released as part of the non-fiction work, Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier, the companion book to the Young Bond series.[120] Young Bond is set in the 1930s, which would fit the chronology with that of Fleming.[121]



I deliberately steered clear of anything post Fleming. My books are designed to fit in with what Fleming wrote and nothing else. I also didn't want to be influenced by any of the other books ... for now my Bible is Fleming.
Charlie Higson[122]
Higson stated that he was instructed by the Fleming estate to ignore all other interpretations of Bond, except the original Fleming version.[123] As the background to Bond's childhood, Higson used Bond's obituary in You Only Live Twice as well as his own and Fleming's childhoods.[124] In forming the early Bond character, Higson created the origins of some of Bond's character traits, including his love of cars and fine wine.[123]
Adaptations[edit]



John McLusky's rendition of James Bond.
Adaptations of Bond started early in Fleming's writings, with CBS paying him $1,000[125] ($8,782 in 2014 dollars[126]) to adapt his first novel, Casino Royale, into a one-hour television adventure;[127] this was broadcast on 21 October 1954.[128] The Bond character, played by Barry Nelson, was changed to "Card Sense" Jimmy Bond, an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence".[129]
In 1957 the Daily Express newspaper adapted Fleming's stories into comic strip format.[130] In order to help the artists, Fleming commissioned a sketch to show how he saw Bond; illustrator John McLusky considered Fleming's version too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.[131]
In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No, featuring Sean Connery as 007.[132] Connery was the first of seven actors to play Bond on the cinema screen, six of whom appeared in the Eon series of films. As well as looking different, each of the actors has interpreted the role of Bond in a different way.[133]
See also[edit]
List of James Bond vehicles
Outline of James Bond
References[edit]
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115.^ Jump up to: a b Hickman, Angela (25 June 2011). "In others' words; Many iconic literary characters outlive their creators, presenting a unique challenge to the next authors in line". National Post. p. WP4.
116.Jump up ^ "Jeffery Deaver". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
117.Jump up ^ Stephenson, Hannah (28 May 2011). "The mantle of James Bond has been passed to thriller writer Jeffery Deaver". Norwich Evening News.
118.Jump up ^ "William Boyd takes James Bond back to 1960s in new 007 novel". BBC News (London). BBC. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
119.Jump up ^ "Charlie Higson". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
120.Jump up ^ "Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier". Puffin Books: Charlie Higson. Penguin Books. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
121.Jump up ^ "Young Bond books". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
122.Jump up ^ Cox, John. "The Charlie Higson CBn Interview". CommanderBond.net. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
123.^ Jump up to: a b Turner, Janice (31 December 2005). "Man and boy". The Times. p. 14.
124.Jump up ^ Malvern, Jack. "Shaken and stirred: the traumatic boyhood of James Bond". The Times. p. 26.
125.Jump up ^ Black 2005, p. 14.
126.Jump up ^ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
127.Jump up ^ Lindner 2009, p. 14.
128.Jump up ^ Britton 2004, p. 30.
129.Jump up ^ Benson 1988, p. 11.
130.Jump up ^ Jütting 2007, p. 6.
131.Jump up ^ Simpson 2002, p. 21.
132.Jump up ^ Sutton, Mike. "Dr. No (1962)". Screenonline. British Film Institute. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
133.Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 23.
Bibliography[edit]
Amis, Kingsley (1966). The James Bond Dossier. London: Pan Books.
Bennett, Tony; Woollacott, Janet (2003). "The Moments of Bond". In Lindner, Christoph. The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5.
Benson, Raymond (1988). The James Bond Bedside Companion. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85283-233-9.
Black, Jeremy (2005). The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6240-9.
Britton, Wesley Alan (2004). Spy television (2 ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98163-1.
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo (1985). Holy Smoke. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-015432-5.
Caplen, Robert (2010). Shaken & Stirred: The Feminism of James Bond. Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4535-1282-1.
Chancellor, Henry (2005). James Bond: The Man and His World. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6815-2.
Comentale, Edward P; Watt, Stephen; Willman, Skip (2005). Ian Fleming & James Bond: the cultural politics of 007. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21743-1.
Cork, John; Stutz, Collin (2007). James Bond Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4053-3427-3.
Fleming, Ian (2006a). Casino Royale. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-14-102830-9.
Fleming, Ian (2006b). You Only Live Twice. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-14-102826-2.
Fleming, Ian (2006c). Moonraker. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-14-102833-0.
Fleming, Ian (2006d). Goldfinger. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-14-102831-6.
Fleming, Ian (2006e). Octopussy and The Living Daylights. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-14-102834-7.
Griswold, John (2006). Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4259-3100-1.
Jütting, Kerstin (2007). "Grow Up, 007!" - James Bond Over the Decades: Formula Vs. Innovation. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-85372-9.
Lindner, Christoph (2009). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6541-5.
Lycett, Andrew (1996). Ian Fleming. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-85799-783-5.
Macintyre, Ben (2008). For Your Eyes Only. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7475-9527-4.
Pearson, John (2008). James Bond: The Authorised Biography. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-950292-0.
Simpson, Paul (2002). The Rough Guide to James Bond. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-142-5.
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Bond (character).
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: James Bond
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James Bond filmography
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This article is about the character of James Bond as portrayed in the film series. For the character as portrayed in literature, see James Bond (literary character).
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James Bond
'James Bond' character
Dr No trailer.jpg
The gun barrel sequence from the Eon Productions film Dr. No

First appearance
Dr. No, 1962 film
Last appearance
Skyfall, 2012 film
Created by
Ian Fleming
Portrayed by
Sean Connery (1962–1971; 1983)
David Niven (1967)
George Lazenby (1969)
Roger Moore (1973–1985)
Timothy Dalton (1987–1989)
Pierce Brosnan (1995–2002)
Daniel Craig (2006–present)
Information

Gender
Male
Occupation
00 Agent
Title
Commander (Royal Navy)
Spouse(s)
Teresa di Vicenzo (widowed)
Nationality
British
Commander James Bond, CMG, RN—code number 007—is a fictional character created by the British journalist and novelist Ian Fleming in 1952. The character appeared in a series of twelve novels and two short story collections written by Fleming and a number of continuation novels and spin-off works after Fleming's death in 1964. Seven actors have played Bond in 25 films.
Fleming portrayed Bond as a tall, athletic, handsome secret agent in his thirties or forties; he has several vices including drinking, smoking, gambling, automobiles and women. He is an exceptional marksman, and skilled in unarmed combat, skiing, swimming and golf. While Bond kills without hesitation or regret, he usually kills only when carrying out orders, while acting in self-defence and occasionally as revenge.
American actor Barry Nelson was the first to portray Bond on screen, in a 1954 television adaptation, "Casino Royale". In 1961 Eon Productions began work on Dr. No, an adaptation of the novel of the same name. The result was a film that began a series of 23 films that celebrated their fiftieth anniversary in 2012. After considering the likes of 'refined' English actors such as Cary Grant and David Niven, the producers cast Sean Connery as Bond in the film. Fleming was appalled at the selection of the uncouth, 31-year-old Scottish actor, considering him to be the antithesis of his character. However, Connery's physical prowess and sexual magnetism in the role came to be closely identified with the character, with Fleming ultimately changing his view on Connery and incorporating aspects of his portrayal into the books.
Following Connery's portrayal, David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig have assumed the role in twenty-five feature film productions. These screen versions have retained many traits from Fleming's depiction, although some of Bond's less fashionable attitudes have been dropped, such as racism, homophobia, retaining the services of a maid, and in the more recent films, smoking. Despite playing the same character, there have been notable differences among the portrayals. Daniel Craig is the incumbent Bond in the long-running Eon series, and played the part for a third time in the latest film, Skyfall, released in late 2012.


Contents  [hide]
1 Fleming's literary characterisation
2 Films 2.1 Sean Connery: 1962–67, 71 & 83
2.2 David Niven: 1967
2.3 George Lazenby: 1969
2.4 Roger Moore: 1973–85
2.5 Timothy Dalton: 1986–94
2.6 Pierce Brosnan: 1995–2004
2.7 Daniel Craig: 2005–present
3 Notes and references
4 Bibliography
5 External links

Fleming's literary characterisation[edit]
See also: James Bond (literary character)
A Secret Service agent, Bond was a composite based on a number of commandos whom author Ian Fleming had known during his service in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, to whom he added his own style and a number of his own tastes. Fleming appropriated the name from American ornithologist James Bond. Bond's code number 007 comes from one of British naval intelligence's key achievements of World War I: the breaking of the German diplomatic code.[1] One of the German documents cracked and read by the British was the Zimmermann Telegram, which was coded 0075,[2] and which was one of the factors that led the US entering the war. Subsequently if material was graded 00 it meant it was highly classified. Fleming later told a journalist, "When I was at the Admiralty ... all the top-secret signals had the double-0 prefix ... and I decided to borrow it for Bond".[1]
Although James Bond is in his mid-to-late thirties, he does not age in Fleming's stories.[3] Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that, "within the first few pages [of Casino Royale] Ian had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits:[4] Bond's penchant for alcohol runs throughout the series of books[5] and he smokes up to 70 cigarettes a day.[6][a]
Fleming decided to underplay Bond's character, observing that "Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure".[9] On another occasion, he reinforced his point, saying, "When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument".[10]
Films[edit]
Sean Connery: 1962–67, 71 & 83[edit]
Sean Connery was the first actor to portray Bond on film, taking on the role in the 1962 film Dr. No. An amateur bodybuilder, he had come to the attention of the Bond film producers after several appearances in British films from the late 1950s.[11] At a muscular 6'2", Fleming originally disapproved of his casting as James Bond, believing him to be an overgrown stuntman who lacked the finesse and elegance to play James Bond; he envisaged a suave actor, such as David Niven playing the role.[12] Producer Albert R. Broccoli—known to all as Cubby—disagreed with Fleming's view, later commenting that "I wanted a ballsy guy ... put a bit of veneer over that tough Scottish hide and you've got Fleming's Bond instead of all the mincing poofs we had applying for the job".[13] Eon's choice of Connery was also based on his looks and sex appeal,[14] an appeal that would later be echoed by Honor Blackman who said, after appearing with Connery in Goldfinger, "He was exceedingly handsome, virile and sexy and that really was the tenor of what the script was always trying to display".[15] After Connery was chosen, director Terence Young took the actor to his tailor and hairdresser,[16] and introduced him to the high life, restaurants, casinos and women of London. In the words of Bond writer Raymond Benson, Young educated the actor "in the ways of being dapper, witty, and above all, cool".[17]
Connery's interpretation of the character differed considerably from Fleming's, being more promiscuous and cold-blooded than the literary version.[18] Connery described Bond as "a complete sensualist—senses highly tuned, awake to everything, quite amoral. I particularly like him because he thrives on conflict".[19] Academic James Chapman observed that for Dr. No, Connery's interpretation of the character, although not complete, showed the actor "should be credited with having established a new style of performance: a British screen hero in the manner of an American leading man".[20] In his second film, From Russia with Love, Connery looked less nervous and edgy; he gave "a relaxed, wry performance of subtle wit and style".[21] Pfeiffer and Worrall noted that Connery "personified James Bond with such perfection that even Ian Fleming ... admitted that it was difficult imagining anyone else in the part";[22][b] Academic Jeremy Black agreed and declared that "Connery made the role his own and created the Bond audience for the cinema".[26] Black also observed that Connery gave the character a "spare, pared-down character ... [with] inner bleakness along with the style".[26] Connery played Bond with "the right mix of cool charisma, violence and arrogance ... against which all others are judged".[27] Raymond Benson perceived that Connery "embodies a ruggedness and an intense screen presence this transcends any preconceived notions about the character".[28] Benson also noted that Bond was witty, but contains "an assured toughness that epitomises the machismo male".[28] Roger Moore agreed with Black and Benson, commenting that "Sean was Bond. He created Bond. He embodied Bond and because of Sean, Bond became an instantly recognisable character the world over—he was rough, tough, mean and witty ... he was a bloody good 007".[29] However, despite his charm and virility, Connery was characteristically laconic in his delivery.[30][31] Christopher Bray says of him that "in his single-minded, laconic, mocking, self-sufficient vanity, Connery's Bond was the epitome of sixties consumer culture".[32]
Interviewed by Oriana Fallaci in 1965, Connery identified where he had altered the character for the films, saying "I said to the producers that the character had one defect, there was no humor about him; to get him accepted, they'd have to let me play him tongue-in-cheek, so people could laugh. They agreed, and there you are: today Bond is accepted to such an extent that even philosophers take the trouble to analyze him, even intellectuals enjoy defending him or attacking him. And even while they're laughing at him, people take him terribly seriously".[33] Connery went on to add that "Bond is important: this invincible superman that every man would like to copy, that every woman would like to conquer, this dream we all have of survival. And then one can't help liking him".[33] After the pressures of five films in six years, Connery left the role after the 1967 film You Only Live Twice saying, "It became a terrible pressure, like living in a goldfish bowl ... that was part of the reason I wanted to be finished with Bond. Also I had become completely identified with it, and it became very wearing and very boring".[34]
After a hiatus of one film—On Her Majesty's Secret Service, in which George Lazenby played Bond—Connery returned to the role for Diamonds Are Forever after David Picker, the head of United Artists, made it clear that Connery was to be enticed back to the role and that money was no object. When approached about resuming the role of Bond, Connery demanded—and received—a fee of £1.25 million (£23 million in 2014 pounds),[35] 12.5% of the gross profits[36] and, as a further enticement, United Artists offered to back two films of his choice.[37][c] His performance received mixed reviews, with Raymond Benson considering that Connery "looks weary and bored ... he is overweight, slow-moving, and doesn't seem to be trying to create a credible character".[39] Despite that, Benson considers that Connery, "still radiates more screen presence than Roger Moore or George Lazenby".[39] On the other hand Pauline Kael said "Connery's James Bond is less lecherous than before and less foppish—and he's better this way".[40]
In the early 1980s producer Jack Schwartzman moved ahead with a non-Eon Bond film, following the controversy over the 1961 novel Thunderball[41] and the subsequent long legal battle;[42] the result was Never Say Never Again. Connery accepted an offer to play Bond once more, asking for (and receiving) a fee of $3 million ($7 million in 2014 dollars),[43] a percentage of the profits, as well as casting, director and script approval.[44] The script has several references to Bond's advancing years—playing on Connery being 52 at the time of filming.[44][45] David Robinson, reviewing the film for The Times considered that, "Connery ... is back, looking hardly a day older or thicker, and still outclassing every other exponent of the role, in the goodnatured throwaway with which he parries all the sex and violence on the way".[46] In 2003 Bond, as portrayed by Connery, was selected as the third-greatest hero in cinema history by the American Film Institute.[47]
Featured in:

Year
Film
Salary $ (millions)[48]


1962
Dr. No 0.1
1963
From Russia with Love 0.3
1964
Goldfinger 0.5
1965
Thunderball 0.8
1967
You Only Live Twice 0.8 + 25% net merch royalty
1971
Diamonds Are Forever 1.2 + 12.5% of gross
1983
Never Say Never Again (Non-Eon film) 3.0 + unknown % of profits[44]

David Niven: 1967[edit]



David Niven, in the 1967 film Casino Royale
When Sean Connery had been cast in November 1961,[49] David Niven had been Fleming's choice for the role as the actor reflected his image of the character.[12] In 1965 producer Charles Feldman signed Niven to play Sir James Bond for Casino Royale, a film not made by Eon Productions. Connery and Peter Sellers had both turned down the role.[50][51] Niven was 56 when he played Bond[52] and his characterisation was that of an elderly man who had won the Victoria Cross at the Siege of Mafeking, had a daughter by his lover, the spy Mata Hari, played Claude Debussy on the piano, ate royal jelly and cultivated black roses.[53][54] Like Fleming's original version, Niven's Bond also drove a vintage Bentley.[55] The concept of Bond is that once Niven's Bond retired, his name and 007 designation was passed to another agent to keep the legend alive; James Chapman notes that the implication was that the "other Bond" was that played by Connery.[55]
Chapman considered the concept of an elderly Bond to be an interesting one, with Bond referring to Connery's Bond as a "sexual acrobat who leaves a trail of beautiful dead women behind like blown roses".[55] In line with the literary Bond, Niven's character drives a vintage Bentley, rather than the Aston Martin favoured by Connery.[55] Bond scholar Steven Jay Rubin thought Niven perfectly cast as the retired Bond, and saw him as "a throw-back to the hell-for-leather adventure heroes" of the character, which paralleled Niven's own life and career.[56] Barnes and Hearn describe this as a "perfectly fair interpretation", given the way Niven approached the role,[57] while Raymond Benson thinks casting Niven was "intelligent".[58] Jeremy Black questioned the use of Niven in the role, observing that he did not seem to be a killer, and did not have the "disconcerting edge" that Connery had.[12]
Featured in:

Year
Film
Salary $ (millions)[48]


1967
Casino Royale (Non-Eon film) u/k

George Lazenby: 1969[edit]

Grey haired man in red check shirt, sitting at a table on which his hands are resting.

George Lazenby at the November 2008 Big Apple Con in Manhattan
With the departure of Connery after You Only Live Twice, Broccoli and director Peter R. Hunt chose Australian George Lazenby to play the role of Bond. He first came to their attention after seeing him in a Fry's Chocolate Cream advertisement.[59] Lazenby dressed the part by sporting several sartorial Bond elements such as a Rolex Submariner wristwatch and a Savile Row suit (ordered, but uncollected, by Connery), and going to Connery's barber at the Dorchester Hotel.[60] Lazenby consolidated his claim during a screen test, when he accidentally punched a professional wrestler, who was acting as stunt coordinator, in the face, impressing Broccoli with his ability to display aggression.[61] Lazenby never signed a contract, with negotiations dragging on during production,[62] and he was subsequently convinced by his agent Ronan O'Rahilly that the secret agent would be archaic in the liberated 1970s; as a result he left the role before the release of On Her Majesty's Secret Service in 1969.[59] For his performance as Bond, Lazenby was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor at the 27th Golden Globe Awards.[63]
Critical opinion was split about Lazenby; he has been considered to have been the worst Bond,[64] and has variously been described as "laconic and humourless",[18] "a little stiff"[65] and "annoying and smug".[66] Derek Malcolm of The Guardian was dismissive of Lazenby's performance, saying that he "is not a good actor and though I never thought Sean Connery was all that stylish either, there are moments when one yearns for a little of his louche panache".[67] The New York Times critic AH Weiler also weighed in against Lazenby, saying that "Lazenby, if not a spurious Bond, is merely a casual, pleasant, satisfactory replacement".[68] Pauline Kael called Lazenby "quite a dull fellow" in her otherwise positive review in The New Yorker.[69] However, Peter R. Hunt, director of On Her Majesty's Secret Service, stated that Lazenby should have undertaken more films in the role, saying "he would have made a very credible Bond and been very good indeed".[70]
Smith and Lavington consider that Lazenby "had chosen to play Bond the same way as Sean Connery had, with perhaps more humility and humanity";[71] they went on to say that "Lazenby's inexperience rarely shows" in the film, and that "he invariably rises to the occasion".[72] Alexander Walker in the London Evening Standard said that, "The truth is that George Lazenby is almost as good a James Bond as the man referred to in his film as 'the other fellow'. Lazenby's voice is more suave than sexy-sinister and he could pass for the other fellow's twin on the shady side of the casino. Bond is now definitely all set for the Seventies".[73] Judith Crist of New York Magazine commented that, "This time around there's less suavity and a no-nonsense muscularity and maleness to the role via the handsome Mr. Lazenby".[74] Feminist film critic Molly Haskell wrote an approving review in the Village Voice: "Lazenby ... seems more comfortable in a wet tuxedo than a dry martini, more at ease as a donnish genealogist than reading (or playing) Playboy, and who actually dares to think that one woman who is his equal is better than a thousand part-time playmates".[75]
James Chapman considers that Lazenby looks the part of Bond, identifying his athleticism and "arrogant swagger", which "convey the snobbery of the character".[76] Chapman also distinguished a more vulnerable and human characterisation in Bond—feeling exhausted and falling in love—as opposed to the "heroic superman" of Connery.[76] Brian Fairbanks noted that "OHMSS gives us a James Bond capable of vulnerability, a man who can show fear and is not immune to heartbreak. Lazenby is that man, and his performance is superb".[77] Ben Macintyre also observed that of all the Bonds, Lazenby's characterisation was closest to that of Fleming's original character.[18]
Featured in:

Year
Film
Salary $ (millions)[48]


1969
On Her Majesty's Secret Service 0.1

Roger Moore: 1973–85[edit]



Roger Moore in 1973, photographed by Allan Warren.
After Diamonds Are Forever, Broccoli and Saltzman tried to convince Sean Connery to return as Bond, but he declined.[78] After considering Jeremy Brett, Michael Billington and Julian Glover,[79][80] the two producers finally turned to Roger Moore, who they had previously discussed for On Her Majesty's Secret Service, but who had been unavailable, and he was ultimately cast to play Bond in Live and Let Die.[61][81] At the time Moore was an established television actor, known for his performances as Simon Templar in The Saint and Lord Brett Sinclair in The Persuaders!: in both of which he played a "charming, debonair, international playboy".[82] When playing Bond, Moore tried not to imitate either Connery or his previous roles, and screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz fitted the screenplay around Moore's persona by giving more comedy scenes and a light-hearted feel to Bond,[78] an approach that led Raymond Benson to describe Moore's Bond as "a rather smarmy, eyebrow-raising international playboy who never seemed to get hurt".[83]
Film writer Andrew Spicer considered Roger Moore to be the most elegant and mannerly of the Bonds, with the voice and style of an English debonair country gentleman.[84] Benson agreed, stating that Moore was, "too nice and well-mannered to be a James Bond of any real substance",[23] while Doug Pratt said that "the writers worked out an amenable personality for Roger Moore and found a breezy balance between comedy and action".[85] To make Moore's character appear tougher, a Smith and Wesson .44 Magnum — which at the time was associated with the macho image of the Clint Eastwood character, Dirty Harry — was chosen for Moore to use in Live and Let Die rather than Bond's usual choice of Walther PPK.[86]
Spicer says "Roger Moore re-created Bond as an old-style debonair hero, more polished and sophisticated than Connery's incarnation, using the mocking insouciance he had perfected in his role as Simon Templar ... Moore's humour was a throwaway, and certainly in the later films, verged on self-parody. It was an essential strand in the increasingly tongue-in-cheek direction of the series which became more light-hearted, knowing and playfully intertextual".[84] Chapman noted that Moore was the most comedic of the Bonds, with a more light-hearted approach to playing the character with a mocking wit and innuendo.[82] Additionally, Moore's one-liners were delivered in a way to suggest that the violence inherent in the films was a joke, as opposed to Connery's, which was used to mitigate the violence.[87] Moore explained his approach to the humour by saying "to me, the Bond situations are so ridiculous ... I mean, this man is supposed to be a spy, and yet everybody knows he's a spy ... it's outrageous. So you have to treat the humour outrageously as well".[88]
Pauline Kael was a fairly vocal critic of Moore's, dismissing him as an "iceberg" in The Man with the Golden Gun. In reviewing For Your Eyes Only, she wrote "Roger Moore is Bond again, and his idea of Bond's imperturbable cool is the same as playing dead". Reviewing Moonraker, she wrote "Roger Moore is dutiful and passive as Bond; his clothes are neatly pressed and he shows up for work, like an office manager who is turning into dead wood but hanging on to collect his pension". Only in The Spy Who Loved Me, one of Kael's favourite Bond films, did she praise him describing him as self-effacing: "Moore gets the chance to look scared—an emotion that suits him and makes him more likable".[69]
A number of Moore's personal preferences were transferred into his characterisation of Bond: his taste for Cuban cigars and his wearing of safari suits were assigned to the character.[89] Moore's use for cigars in his early films put him in contrast to the cigarette-smoking Connery, Lazenby and Dalton.[90] By the time of Moore's fifth film, For Your Eyes Only, released in 1981, his characterisation had come to represent an old-fashioned character, in contrast to the fashionability Connery had brought to the role in the 1960s.[91]
In 1985 Moore appeared in his seventh and final film, A View to a Kill; he was 57 (he appeared alongside co-star Tanya Roberts, who was 30).[92] Critics focussed on Moore's age:[93] The Washington Post said "Moore isn't just long in the tooth – he's got tusks, and what looks like an eye job has given him the pie-eyed blankness of a zombie. He's not believable anymore in the action sequences, even less so in the romantic scenes".[94] When he was cast for the film, Moore recalled that he felt "a bit long in the tooth",[95] and in December 2007 admitted that he "was only about four hundred years too old for the part".[96] Like Connery, Moore appeared as Bond in seven films; by the time he retired in 1985, he was the oldest actor to play 007 in the Eon series,[97] and his Bond films had earned over $1 billion at the box office.[98]
Featured in:

Year
Film
Salary $ (millions)[48]


1973
Live and Let Die u/k
1974
The Man with the Golden Gun u/k
1977
The Spy Who Loved Me u/k
1979
Moonraker u/k
1981
For Your Eyes Only u/k
1983
Octopussy 4.0
1985
A View to a Kill 5.0

Timothy Dalton: 1986–94[edit]
With the retirement of Roger Moore in 1985, a search for a new actor to play Bond took place that saw a number of actors, including Sam Neill,[99] Pierce Brosnan[100] and Timothy Dalton audition for the role in 1986. Bond co-producer Michael G. Wilson, director John Glen, Dana and Barbara Broccoli "were impressed with Sam Neill and very much wanted to use him", although Bond producer Albert R. Broccoli was not sold on the actor.[101] Dalton and Brosnan were both considered by Eon,[102][103] but after Brosnan was eventually ruled out by his Remington Steele contract,[100] Dalton was appointed in August 1986[104] on a salary of $5.2 million.[36] When he was either 24 or 25 years old Dalton had discussed playing Bond with Broccoli, but decided he was too young to accept the role, thinking Bond should be played between 35 and 40 years old.[102] In preparing for the role, Dalton, a green-eyed, dark haired, slender, 6'2" classically trained Shakespearean actor,[105] was keen to portray the character as accurately as possible, reading up extensively on the books before his role in The Living Daylights (1987). [106]



Timothy Dalton played Bond twice, in 1987 and 1989
Dalton's Bond was a serious one: dark, cold, emotional stern, ruthless, showing little humour, and focused as a killer with little time for fun and indulgence.[18][107] Dalton's interpretation of the character came from his "desire to see a darker Bond",[108] one that was "less of a womaniser, tougher and closer to the darker character Ian Fleming wrote about".[108] James Chapman also considered Dalton to be closer to Fleming's Bond than the previous actors, writing that Dalton was "clearly less comfortable ... with the witty asides and one-liners ... so he becomes something closer to the Bond of the books, who rarely develops a sense of humour".[109] When reviewing Licence to Kill, Iain Johnstone of The Sunday Times disagreed, declaring that "any vestiges of the gentleman spy ... by Ian Fleming" have now gone;[110] he went on to say that "this character is remarkably close both in deed and action to the eponymous hero of the new Batman film".[110]
Not all viewers were taken with Dalton. Jay Scott of The Globe and Mail was entirely dismissive. "The new Bond has been widely described in feature stories as a throwback to the Ian Fleming original (studying the Fleming novels, Dalton was pleased to discover that Bond was a human being, he says), and that may be true, if the Fleming original lacked charm, sex appeal and wit. Timothy Dalton's Bond is a serious bloke who swallows his words and approaches his job with responsibility and humanity, and eschews promiscuity – Dirtless Harry. You get the feeling that on his off nights, he might curl up with the Reader's Digest and catch an episode of Moonlighting – he'd try to memorize the jokes – before nodding off under the influence of Ovaltine. The British reviews of The Living Daylights have been laudatory, perhaps because this Bond is the most British of all, if British is to be understood as a synonym for reserved".[111]
Raymond Benson noted that Dalton "purposely played Bond as a ruthless and serious man with very little of the wit displayed by Connery, Lazenby or Moore",[112] and considered him to be "the most accurate and literal interpretation of the role ... ever seen on screen".[113] His character also reflected a degree of moral ambiguity; in Licence to Kill, for instance, he becomes a rogue agent,[84] while Dalton himself saw the character as a "man, not a superhuman; a man who is beset with moral confusions and apathies and uncertainties, and who is often very frightened and nervous and tense".[113] Smith and Lavington observed that during Dalton's portrayal in Licence to Kill, Bond appeared "self-absorbed ... reckless, brutal, prone to nervous laughter and ... probably insane, or at least seriously disturbed.[114] In the light of Licence to Kill, one academic, Martin Willis, referred to Dalton's Bond as a "muscular vigilante".[115] Steven Jay Rubin noted that Dalton's films had "a hard-edged reality and some unflinching violent episodes that were better suited to Dalton's more realistic approach to the character".[116] Rubin considered Dalton's portrayal to be "Fleming's Bond ... the suffering Bond".[117] In contrast to the previous incarnations of the character, Smith and Lavington identified Dalton's humour as "brooding rather than flippant";[118] combined with his heavy smoking, they considered him "an effective leading man".[118]
Dalton's films did not perform as well at the box office as most of the previous films. Commentators such as Screen International considered the Bond series had run its course in the age of series such as Indiana Jones and Lethal Weapon.[119] Edward P. Comentale observed that "Dalton, for all his occasional flat northern vowels, was probably too much the stage actor to be convincing as an action hero in the age of Willis, Schwarzenegger and Stallone".[120] After just two films—The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill—litigation ensued over the licensing of the Bond catalogue, delaying what would have been Dalton's third film by several years. His six-year contract expired in 1993 and he left the series in 1994.[121]
                     
Featured in:

Year
Film
Salary $ (millions)[48]


1987
The Living Daylights 3.0
1989
Licence to Kill 5.0

Pierce Brosnan: 1995–2004[edit]

Smiling man with short, tousled hair, wearing white shirt open at collar, and black jacket.

Pierce Brosnan at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival
After Timothy Dalton retired from the Bond role in 1994, Eon turned to the actor they had considered after A View to a Kill: Pierce Brosnan.[100] He was offered a three-film contract, with an option on a fourth;[122] his salary for his first film, GoldenEye, was $4 million, which rose to $16.5 million for his fourth and final outing, Die Another Day.[36] Brosnan had first met Broccoli on the set of For Your Eyes Only, when Brosnan's wife, Cassandra Harris, was appearing in the film as Countess Lisl von Schlaf, and the couple lunched with Broccoli during filming.[79] Brosnan went on to play a criminal-turned-private investigator in Remington Steele in the 1980s,[97] where he captured some of the traits of previous Bonds in playing the role: like Moore, he exemplified a high degree of suaveness, elegance, charm and wit,[18][123][124] but displayed a masculinity and grittiness on occasion reminiscent of Connery's Bond, both successfully "combine the character's Englishness with a classless internationalism that is highly knowing".[125] Andrew Spicer says that "Brosnan's frame carries the 'Armani look' with its refined understated Englishness, to perfection. His lithe, sinuous athleticism is well suited to the fast-paced action and state-of-the-art gadgetry that retains the series' core appeal".[125] James Chapman also considered Brosnan's appearance striking, saying the actor had "old-fashioned, darkly handsome matinee idol looks".[126]
With Brosnan, the Bond writers knew that because of the political correctness of the times, he could not be as overtly sexual and dominant over women as Connery's Bond, and was denounced by M in Goldeneye to be a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur, a relic of the Cold War".[125] Brosnan was seen by many as the quintessential James Bond in appearance and manner; displaying an air of coolness, elegance and a grace which made him believable as an international playboy, if not purely as an assassin. John G. Stackhouse for instance argues that it is preposterous that any man as strikingly handsome as Brosnan and Connery could be a secret agent, saying, "When Sean Connery or Pierce Brosnan enters a room, everyone notices. Thus it is ridiculous to suppose that James Bond, looking like that, could be a secret agent for longer than about two seconds".[127]
Brosnan's Bond was introduced in Goldeneye; James Chapman argues that the film works his portrayal of Bond into the history of the others in the series through the post-credits sequence use of the Aston Martin DB5, previously seen in Goldfinger and Thunderball, "thus immediately evoking the memory of [Sean] Connery".[128] Brosnan's characterisation of Bond was seen by Jeremy Black as being "closer to the Fleming novels than Moore ... yet he is also lighter and less intense than Dalton".[129] Black also commented that the shift in character in the first three films reflected changing social opinions, with Bond not smoking.[130] Brosnan was clear he wanted to change Bond's smoking habit, saying "I don't give a damn about everyone's perception of the character: I think smoking causes cancer therefore he doesn't smoke",[122] although he did smoke a Cuban cigar in Die Another Day.[131] Brosnan continued with the use of humour prevalent with other portrayals,[132] and provided a "mix of action and danger threaded through with the right amount of wit and humour";[133] Smith and Lavington saw the humour largely as puns that were "flippant, but not crass".[134]
After four films in the role, Brosnan stated he wished to do one final Bond film. Although plans were made for a film to be released in 2004, negotiations stalled and Brosnan announced his intention to leave in July 2004.[135]
Featured in:

Year
Film
Salary $ (millions)[48]


1995
GoldenEye 4.0
1997
Tomorrow Never Dies 8.2
1999
The World Is Not Enough 12.4
2002
Die Another Day 16.5

Daniel Craig: 2005–present[edit]



Daniel Craig at the French premiere of Skyfall in October 2012.
On 14 October 2005 Eon Productions, Sony Pictures Entertainment and MGM announced at a press conference in London that Daniel Craig would be the sixth actor to portray Bond in the Eon series (although seventh film Bond overall).[136] A tuxedo-clad Craig arrived via a Royal Navy speedboat.[137] Craig had based his acceptance of the role on the strength of the script for the first film, Casino Royale; he later recalled that "once I sat down and read the story, I just thought that I wanted to tell [it] ... I'm a big Bond fan, and I love what he represents".[138] Significant controversy followed the decision, with some critics and fans expressing doubt the producers had made the right choice. Throughout the entire production period, Internet campaigns such as danielcraigisnotbond.com expressed their dissatisfaction and threatened to boycott the film in protest.[139] Craig, unlike previous actors, was not considered by the protesters to fit the tall, dark, handsome and charismatic image of Bond to which viewers had been accustomed.[140] Many disparagingly called him "James Blonde", believing the 5'10" blond-haired blue-eyed rugged Craig to be far fitting from the traditional tall, dark and suave actors who had earlier portrayed him. The Daily Mirror ran a front page news story critical of Craig, with the headline, The Name's Bland – James Bland.[141]
Craig first played Bond in the 2006 film Casino Royale, an adaptation of Fleming's novel of the same name and a reboot of the Eon series,[142] which saw Bond earn his 00 status.[143] Despite the negative press on his appointment, Craig was widely praised by critics and former Bonds after the release of Casino Royale, believing him to have been the first actor to truly nail Fleming's character in the book: Todd McCarthy, reviewing the film for Variety, considered that "Craig comes closer to the author's original conception of this exceptionally long-lived male fantasy figure than anyone since early Sean Connery",[144] and he went on to say that "Craig once and for all claims the character as his own",[144] while Steven Spielberg called Craig "the perfect 21st-century Bond".[145] Paul Arendt, writing for the BBC, agreed, observing that "Daniel Craig is not a good Bond. He's a great Bond. Specifically, he is 007 as conceived by Ian Fleming—a professional killing machine, a charming, cold-hearted patriot with a taste for luxury. Craig is the first actor to really nail 007's defining characteristic: he's an absolute swine".[146] James Chapman commented on the realism and violence in the film noting that Bond is seen to seriously bleed for the first time in the series; Chapman also identified a number of violent scenes which make Casino Royale notable in the series.[147] In 2012 Skyfall was released: it was Craig's third outing as 007. Reviewing the film, Philip French, writing in The Observer, considered that Craig managed to "get out of the shadow of Connery",[148] while the New Statesman thought that he had "relaxed into Bond without losing any steeliness".[149]
Featured in:

Year
Film
Salary $ (millions)[48]


2006
Casino Royale 3.4
2008
Quantum of Solace 8.9
2012
Skyfall 17[150]

Notes and references[edit]
Notes
a.Jump up ^ The cigarettes Bond smoked were the same as Fleming's, who had been buying his at Morland of Grosvenor Street since the 1930s; the three gold bands on the filter were added during the war to mirror his naval Commander's rank.[7] Fleming himself smoked up to 80 cigarettes a day.[8]
b.Jump up ^ Fleming later adapted the background of the literary character in You Only Live Twice to have a Scottish heritage,[23][24] although Fleming himself was part Scottish. Correspondence dating back to 1960 shows that Fleming contacted a Scottish nobleman to help research Bond's family history, in particular seeking a Scottish Bond line.[25]
c.Jump up ^ After both sides agreed to the deal, Connery used the fee to establish the Scottish International Education Trust, where Scottish artists could apply for funding without having to leave their country to pursue their careers. Since John Gavin, who had been signed to play Bond, was no longer required, Broccoli insisted that he be paid in full. The first film made under Connery's deal was The Offence directed by his friend Sidney Lumet. The second was to be an adaptation of Macbeth by William Shakespeare using only Scottish actors and in which Connery himself would play the title role. This project was abandoned because another production of Macbeth (the Roman Polanski version) was already in production.[38]
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4.Jump up ^ Lycett 1996, p. 257.
5.Jump up ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 90.
6.Jump up ^ Cabrera Infante 1985, p. 212.
7.Jump up ^ Chancellor 2005, p. 70.
8.Jump up ^ Burns, John F (19 May 2008). "Remembering Fleming, Ian Fleming". London: The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
9.Jump up ^ Fleming, Ian (5 April 1958). ""The Exclusive Bond" Mr. Fleming on his hero". The Manchester Guardian (Manchester). p. 4.
10.Jump up ^ Hellman, Geoffrey T. (21 April 1962). "Bond's Creator". Talk of the Town. New York: The New Yorker. p. 32. Retrieved 12 September 2012. (subscription required)
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66.Jump up ^ Murphy, K (23 February 2002). "Eye spy with my little eye, something not beginning with Sean". The Australian (Surrey Hills, NSW). p. 25.
67.Jump up ^ Malcolm, Derek (16 December 1969). "Off the peg Bond". The Guardian (London). p. 8.
68.Jump up ^ Weiler, AH (19 December 1969). "Screen: New James Bond". The New York Times (New York). p. 68.
69.^ Jump up to: a b Kael 1985.
70.Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 27.
71.Jump up ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 117.
72.Jump up ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 102.
73.Jump up ^ Walker, Alexander (16 December 1969). "Review". Evening Standard (London). p. 36.
74.Jump up ^ Crist, Judith (12 January 1970). "Movies – Hello, Barbra – After a Fashion". New York (New York): 14.
75.Jump up ^ Haskell, Molly (25 December 1969). The Village Voice (New York). p. 12.
76.^ Jump up to: a b Chapman 2009, p. 115.
77.Jump up ^ Fairbanks 2005, p. 258.
78.^ Jump up to: a b Inside Live and Let Die (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. 2000.
79.^ Jump up to: a b Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 137.
80.Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 105.
81.Jump up ^ Bond 1973: The Lost Documentary (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment. 2000.
82.^ Jump up to: a b Chapman 2009, p. 124.
83.Jump up ^ Yeffeth 2006, p. 9.
84.^ Jump up to: a b c Spicer 2003, p. 185.
85.Jump up ^ Pratt 2005, p. 1140.
86.Jump up ^ Spicer 2003, p. 129.
87.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, pp. 124–125.
88.Jump up ^ Life Magazine 2012, p. 61.
89.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 125.
90.Jump up ^ Life Magazine 2012, p. 118.
91.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, pp. 170–171.
92.Jump up ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 206.
93.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 194.
94.Jump up ^ The Washington Post. June 1985.
95.Jump up ^ Moore 2008, p. 255.
96.Jump up ^ Pahwa, Kiran (1 May 2008). "Roger Moore admits stretching Bond stint too long". Top News. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
97.^ Jump up to: a b Life Magazine 2012, p. 55.
98.Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 29.
99.Jump up ^ Michael G. Wilson (2000). Inside The Living Daylights (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.
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101.Jump up ^ Broccoli 1998, p. 281.
102.^ Jump up to: a b Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 30.
103.Jump up ^ Paterson 2012, p. 64.
104.Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001, p. 170.
105.Jump up ^ Paterson 2012, p. 59.
106.Jump up ^ Rubin 2003, pp. 98–99.
107.Jump up ^ Simpson 2002, p. 141.
108.^ Jump up to: a b Moore 2012, p. 160.
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110.^ Jump up to: a b Johnstone, Iain (18 June 1989). "Bond flies in like a bat out of hell; Arts". The Sunday Times (London). p. C7.
111.Jump up ^ Scott, Jay (3 August 1987). "The Living Daylights: Dalton serves up lethargic James Bond. A licence to bore?". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). p. C.7.
112.Jump up ^ Yeffeth 2006, p. 10.
113.^ Jump up to: a b Benson 1988, p. 259.
114.Jump up ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 225.
115.Jump up ^ Lindner 2009, p. 169.
116.Jump up ^ Rubin 2003, p. 97.
117.Jump up ^ Rubin 2003, p. 99.
118.^ Jump up to: a b Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 213.
119.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 211.
120.Jump up ^ Comentale, Watt & Willman 2005, p. 139.
121.Jump up ^ Moore 2012, pp. 161–2.
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123.Jump up ^ Mizejewski 2004, p. 75.
124.Jump up ^ Charles et al. 2011, p. 147.
125.^ Jump up to: a b c Spicer 2003, p. 186.
126.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 214.
127.Jump up ^ Stackhouse 2008, p. 320.
128.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 220.
129.Jump up ^ Black 2005, p. 160.
130.Jump up ^ Black 2005, p. 161.
131.Jump up ^ Everett 2012, p. 214.
132.Jump up ^ Jütting 2007, p. 50.
133.Jump up ^ Simpson 2002, p. 42.
134.Jump up ^ Smith & Lavington 2002, p. 242.
135.Jump up ^ Moore 2012, p. 165.
136.Jump up ^ "Daniel Craig confirmed as 006th screen Bond". The Guardian (London). 14 October 2005. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
137.Jump up ^ Baracaia, Alexa (14 October 2005). "Meet the new James Bond ... very shaken and stirred". Evening Standard (London). p. 3.
138.Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007, p. 35.
139.Jump up ^ LaPorte, Nicole (27 November 2006). "Auds grow fond of 'short,' 'blond' Bond". Variety (Los Angeles). p. 3.
140.Jump up ^ La Monica, Paul R. (6 November 2006). "Blond, James Blond". CNN. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
141.Jump up ^ Cummins, Fiona (15 October 2005). "The Name's Bland.. James Bland". Daily Mirror (London). Archived from the original on 14 April 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
142.Jump up ^ Robey, Tim (12 January 2011). "Sam Mendes may have problems directing new James Bond movie". The Daily Telegraph (London).
143.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 242.
144.^ Jump up to: a b McCarthy, Todd (13 November 2006). "The Bond supremacy". Variety (Los Angeles). p. 44.
145.Jump up ^ Bouzereau 2006, p. 148.
146.Jump up ^ Arendt, Paul (17 November 2006). "Casino Royale (2006)". BBC Online. BBC. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
147.Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 245.
148.Jump up ^ French, Philip (28 October 2012). "Skyfall – review". The Observer (London). p. 32.
149.Jump up ^ Gilbey, Ryan (29 October 2012). "Skyfall—review". New Statesman (London). ISSN 1364-7431.
150.Jump up ^ Brooks, Richard (18 November 2012). "Craig in £31m deal to film two more Bonds". The Sunday Times (London). pp. 4–5.
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Pratt, Doug (2005). Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!. New York: Harbor Electronic Publishing. ISBN 978-1-932916-01-0.
Pfeiffer, Lee; Worrall, Dave (1998). The essential Bond. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7522-2477-0.
Rubin, Steven Jay (2003). The Complete James Bond Movie Encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-141246-8.
Simpson, Paul (2002). The Rough Guide to James Bond. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-142-5.
Smith, Jim; Lavington, Stephen (2002). Bond Films. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0709-4.
Spicer, Andrew (3 October 2003). Typical Men: The Representation of Masculinity in Popular British Cinema. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-931-8.
Stackhouse, John G. (2008). Making the Best of It: Following Christ in the Real World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988392-9.
Walker, Alexander (1981). Peter Sellers. Littlehampton: Littlehampton Book Services. ISBN 978-0-297-77965-0.
Yeffeth, Glenn, ed. (2006). James Bond in the 21st century: why we still need 007. Dallas: BenBella Books. ISBN 978-1-933771-02-1.
External links[edit]
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James Bond filmography at the Internet Movie Database


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James Bond
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This article is about the spy series in general. For other uses, see James Bond (disambiguation).
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James Bond
Fleming007impression.jpg
Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the Daily Express comic strip artists.

First appearance
Casino Royale, 1953 novel
Last appearance
Solo, 2013 novel
Created by
Ian Fleming
Portrayed by
George Baker Pierce Brosnan
Christopher Cazenove
Daniel Craig
Sean Connery
Timothy Dalton
Bob Holness
Michael Jayston
George Lazenby
Roger Moore
Barry Nelson
David Niven
Toby Stephens

The James Bond series focuses on a fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, seven other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver and William Boyd.[1] Additionally, Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.
The fictional British Secret Service agent has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games and film. The films are the longest continually running and the second-highest grossing film series to date, which started in 1962 with Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as Bond. As of 2014, there have been twenty-three films in the Eon Productions series. The most recent Bond film, Skyfall (2012), stars Daniel Craig in his third portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent productions of Bond films: Casino Royale (a 1967 spoof) and Never Say Never Again (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, Thunderball).
The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and one win. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his girls, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch.


Contents  [hide]
1 Publication history 1.1 Creation and inspiration
1.2 Novels and related works 1.2.1 Ian Fleming novels
1.2.2 Post-Fleming novels
1.2.3 Young Bond
1.2.4 The Moneypenny Diaries

2 Adaptations 2.1 Television
2.2 Radio
2.3 Comics medium
2.4 Films 2.4.1 The Eon Productions films
2.4.2 Non-Eon films
2.4.3 Music
2.5 Video games
3 Guns, vehicles and gadgets 3.1 Guns
3.2 Vehicles
3.3 Gadgets
4 Cultural impact 4.1 Merchandising
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links

Publication history
Creation and inspiration
Main articles: James Bond (literary character) and Inspirations for James Bond
As the central figure for his works, Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond, an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander.
Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".[2] Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.[3] Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale.[2]
The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".[4] He further explained that:

When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, (James Bond) is the dullest name I ever heard.
—Ian Fleming, The New Yorker, 21 April 1962[5]
On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."[6]



Hoagy Carmichael—Fleming's view of James Bond.
Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself[7] and in Casino Royale, Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."[7]
Fleming also endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs and using the same brand of toiletries.[8] Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,[9] with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his espionage career and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.[2]
It was not until the penultimate novel, You Only Live Twice, that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.[10] In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in The Times, Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of Glencoe, Scotland, and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.[11] Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920,[12] while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.[13]
Novels and related works
Main article: List of James Bond novels and short stories
Ian Fleming novels



Goldeneye, in Jamaica, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels.[14]
Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author[15] and had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories."[2] On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica,[16] where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.[17] He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.[18]
After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale, Fleming showed the manuscript to his friend (and later editor) William Plomer to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.[17] Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books – The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights – published posthumously.[19] All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.
1953 Casino Royale[20]
1954 Live and Let Die[21]
1955 Moonraker[22]
1956 Diamonds Are Forever[23]
1957 From Russia, with Love[24]
1958 Dr. No[25]
1959 Goldfinger[26]
 1960 For Your Eyes Only[27] (short stories)
1961 Thunderball[28]
1962 The Spy Who Loved Me[29]
1963 On Her Majesty's Secret Service[30]
1964 You Only Live Twice[31]
1965 The Man with the Golden Gun[32]
1966 Octopussy and The Living Daylights[33] (short stories)

Post-Fleming novels
After Fleming's death a continuation novel, Colonel Sun, was written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham) and published in 1968.[34] Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work The James Bond Dossier.[35] Although novelizations of two of the Eon Productions Bond films appeared in print, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me and James Bond and Moonraker, both written by screenwriter Christopher Wood,[36] the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981, thriller writer John Gardner picked up the series with Licence Renewed.[37] Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote – Licence to Kill and GoldenEye – were novelizations of Eon Productions films of the same name. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.[38] In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.[39]
1981 Licence Renewed[40]
1982 For Special Services[41]
1983 Icebreaker[42]
1984 Role of Honour[43]
1986 Nobody Lives for Ever[44]
1987 No Deals, Mr. Bond[45]
1988 Scorpius[46]
1989 Win, Lose or Die[47]
 1989 Licence to Kill[36] (novelization)
1990 Brokenclaw[48]
1991 The Man from Barbarossa[49]
1992 Death is Forever[50]
1993 Never Send Flowers[51]
1994 SeaFire[52]
1995 GoldenEye[36] (novelization)
1996 COLD[53]

In 1996 American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984.[54] By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelizations and three short stories.[55]
1997 "Blast From the Past"[56] (short story)
1997 Zero Minus Ten[57]
1997 Tomorrow Never Dies[36] (novelization)
1998 The Facts of Death[58]
1999 "Midsummer Night's Doom"[59] (short story)
1999 "Live at Five"[60] (short story)
 1999 The World Is Not Enough[36] (novelization)
1999 High Time to Kill[61]
2000 DoubleShot[62]
2001 Never Dream of Dying[63]
2002 The Man with the Red Tattoo[64]
2002 Die Another Day[36] (novelization)

After a gap of six years, Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Ian Fleming's birth.[65] The book—titled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.[66] American writer Jeffery Deaver was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce Carte Blanche, which was published on 26 May 2011.[67] The book updated Bond into a post-9/11 agent, independent of MI5 or MI6.[68] On 26 September 2013 Solo, written by William Boyd, was published, set in 1969.[69]
Young Bond
Main article: Young Bond
The Young Bond series of novels was started by Charlie Higson[70] and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published.[71] The first Young Bond novel, SilverFin was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by Puffin Books.[72] In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that Stephen Cole would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.[73]
2005 SilverFin[74]
2006 Blood Fever[75]
2007 Double or Die[76]
2007 Hurricane Gold[77]
2008 By Royal Command[78] & SilverFin[79] (graphic novel)
2009 "A Hard Man to Kill"[80] (short story)

The Moneypenny Diaries
The Moneypenny Diaries are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny, M's personal secretary. The novels are penned by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor".[81] The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled Guardian Angel, was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK.[82] A second volume, subtitled Secret Servant was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by John Murray.[83] A third volume, subtitled Final Fling was released on 1 May 2008.[84]
2005 The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel[85]
2006 Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries[86]
2008 The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling[87]

Adaptations
Television
In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 ($8,782 in 2014 dollars[88]) to adapt his novel Casino Royale into a one-hour television adventure as part of its Climax! series.[89] The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as "Card Sense" James 'Jimmy' Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre.[90] The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Felix Leiter—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed "Clarence Leiter".[91]
In 1973 a BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters (e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam—and Diamonds Are Forever.[92] In 1991 a TV cartoon series James Bond Jr. was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, also called James Bond.[93]
Radio
In 1956, the novel Moonraker was adapted for broadcast on South African radio, with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond.[94] According to The Independent, "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".[95]
The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990, You Only Live Twice was adapted into a 90 minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011.[96] On 24 May 2008, BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr. No. The actor Toby Stephens, who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day, played Bond, while Dr. No was played by David Suchet.[97] Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010, BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond.[98] Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' Die Another Day co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis.[99] In 2012 the novel From Russia, with Love was dramatized for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.[100] In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt.[101]
Comics medium
Main articles: James Bond (comic strip) and James Bond comic books



 John McLusky's rendition of James Bond.
In 1957, the Daily Express approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication.[102] After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.[103] To aid the Daily Express in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, John McLusky, however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.[104] The first strip, Casino Royale was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958[105] and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.[106]
Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun; the works were written by Henry Gammidge or Jim Lawrence with Yaroslav Horak replacing McClusky as artist in 1966.[105] After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the Daily Express and Sunday Express until May 1977.[104]
Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of Dr. No's release in October 1962, a comic book adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the Classics Illustrated anthology series.[107] It was later reprinted in the United States by DC Comics as part of its Showcase anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).[108][107]
With the release of the 1981 film For Your Eyes Only, Marvel Comics published a two-issue comic book adaptation of the film.[109][110] When Octopussy was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic;[107] Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for Licence to Kill, although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used.[111] New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, Eclipse Comics and Dark Horse Comics.[107][110]
Films
Main article: James Bond in film
The Eon Productions films
In 1962 Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No, featuring Sean Connery as 007.[112] Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice,[113] which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service.[114] Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was tempted back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.[115]
In 1973, Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for Live and Let Die and played Bond a further six times over twelve years before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,[116] Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in GoldenEye, released in 1995; he remained in the role for a total of four films, before leaving in 2002. In 2006, Daniel Craig was given the role of Bond for Casino Royale, which rebooted the series.[117] The twenty-third Eon produced film, Skyfall, was released on 26 October 2012.[118] The series has grossed just over $6 billion to date, making it the second-highest-grossing film series (behind Harry Potter),[119] and the single most successful adjusted for inflation.[120]

Title
Year
Actor
Director
Dr. No 1962 Sean Connery Terence Young
From Russia with Love 1963
Goldfinger 1964 Guy Hamilton
Thunderball 1965 Terence Young
You Only Live Twice 1967 Lewis Gilbert
On Her Majesty's Secret Service 1969 George Lazenby Peter R. Hunt
Diamonds Are Forever 1971 Sean Connery Guy Hamilton
Live and Let Die 1973 Roger Moore
The Man with the Golden Gun 1974
The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Lewis Gilbert
Moonraker 1979
For Your Eyes Only 1981 John Glen
Octopussy 1983
A View to a Kill 1985
The Living Daylights 1987 Timothy Dalton
Licence to Kill 1989
GoldenEye 1995 Pierce Brosnan Martin Campbell
Tomorrow Never Dies 1997 Roger Spottiswoode
The World Is Not Enough 1999 Michael Apted
Die Another Day 2002 Lee Tamahori
Casino Royale 2006 Daniel Craig Martin Campbell
Quantum of Solace 2008 Marc Forster
Skyfall 2012 Sam Mendes
Non-Eon films
In 1967, Casino Royale was adapted into a parody Bond film starring David Niven as Sir James Bond and Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd. David Niven had been Ian Fleming's preference for the part of James Bond.[121] The result of a court case in the High Court in London in 1963 allowed Kevin McClory to produce a remake of Thunderball titled Never Say Never Again in 1983.[122] The film, starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997 the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,[122] which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to Never Say Never Again from Schwartzman's company Taliafilm.[123] Eon now currently (as of 2014) holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.[122][124]

Title
Year
Actor
Director
Casino Royale 1967 David Niven Ken Hughes
John Huston
Joseph McGrath
Robert Parrish
Val Guest
Richard Talmadge
Never Say Never Again 1983 Sean Connery Irvin Kershner
Music
Main article: James Bond music
“ ... cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. ”
—David Arnold, on the "James Bond Theme"[125]

The "James Bond Theme" was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.[126] In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from the The Sunday Times newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.[127] The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes."[125] Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films[128] and had an uncredited contribution to Dr. No with his arrangement of the Bond Theme.[125]
A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers.[129] Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die",[130] Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better",[131] Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only"[132] and Adele's "Skyfall".[133] Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach's score included "The Look of Love", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song.[134]
Video games
Main article: James Bond (games)
In 1983, the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, the Atari 5200, the Atari 800, the Commodore 64 and the ColecoVision.[135] Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997, the first-person shooter video game GoldenEye 007 was developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64, based on the 1995 Pierce Brosnan film GoldenEye.[136] The game received very positive reviews,[137] won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in 1998[138] and sold over eight million copies worldwide,[139][140] grossing $250 million.[141]
In 1999, Electronic Arts acquired the licence and released Tomorrow Never Dies on 16 December 1999.[142] In October 2000, they released The World Is Not Enough[143] for the Nintendo 64[144] followed by 007 Racing for the PlayStation on 21 November 2000.[145] In 2003, the company released James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing,[146] which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum, Judi Dench and John Cleese, amongst others.[147] In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of 007: From Russia with Love,[148] which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.[148] In 2006 Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film Casino Royale: the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was removed from EA to Activision.[149] Activision subsequently released the 007: Quantum of Solace game on 31 October 2008, based on the film of the same name.[150]
A new version of GoldenEye 007 featuring Daniel Craig was released exclusively for the Nintendo Wii and a handheld version for the Nintendo DS in November 2010.[151] A year later another new version was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 under the title GoldenEye 007: Reloaded.[152][153] In October 2012 007 Legends was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.[154]
Guns, vehicles and gadgets
Main articles: List of James Bond firearms, List of James Bond vehicles and List of James Bond gadgets



 The Walther PPK is the most famous of Bond's handguns
Guns
For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a Beretta 418[155] until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,[156] calling it "a lady's gun – and not a very nice lady at that!"[157] Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his Beretta for a Walther PPK 7.65mm and this exchange of arms made it to Dr. No.[158] Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains.[159] In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and, in Dr. No, M introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".[158] Bond also used a variety of rifles, including the Savage Model 99 in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester .308 target rifle in "The Living Daylights".[155] Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the Colt Detective Special and a long-barrelled Colt .45 Army Special.[155]
The first Bond film, Dr. No, saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,[160] which the film Bond used in eighteen films.[161] In Tomorrow Never Dies and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the Walther P99 semi-automatic pistol.[161]



 An Aston Martin DB5 as seen in Goldfinger.
Vehicles
In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey Bentley 4½ Litre with an Amherst Villiers supercharger.[162] After Bond's car was written off by Hugo Drax in Moonraker, Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he used in the remaining books of the series.[163] During Goldfinger, Bond was issued with an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.[163]
The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the Aston Martin V8 Vantage,[164] during the 1980s, the V12 Vanquish[164] and DBS[165] during the 2000s, as well as the Lotus Esprit;[166] the BMW Z3,[167] BMW 750iL[167] and the BMW Z8.[167] He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a Citroën 2CV to a Routemaster Bus, amongst others.[168]
Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in Goldfinger;[169] it later featured in Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, Casino Royale and Skyfall.[170][171] The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2,090,000 to an unnamed European collector.[172]
Gadgets

Small, one man, open-cockpit helicopter on a lawn about the size of a car next to it, with a man sitting in it.

 The Little Nellie autogyro with its creator and pilot, Ken Wallis
Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped attaché case in From Russia with Love, although this situation changed dramatically with the films.[173] However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films Dr. No and From Russia with Love had an effect on the novel The Man with the Golden Gun, through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.[174]
For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series.[175] Dr. No provided no spy-related gadgets, but a Geiger counter was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in From Russia with Love, which he described as "a classic 007 product".[176] The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.[177]



If it hadn't been for Q Branch, you'd have been dead long ago!
Q, to Bond, Licence to Kill
Davey noted that "Bond's gizmos follow the zeitgeist more closely than any other ... nuance in the films"[176] as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films.[176] It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the Little Nellie autogyro,[178] a jet pack[179] and the exploding attaché case,[180] the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices,[176] including Scaramanga's golden gun,[181] Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoes,[182] Oddjob's steel-rimmed bowler hat[183] and Blofeld's communication devices in his agents' vanity case.[176]
Cultural impact
See also: James Bond parodies
Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of Dr. No in 1962,[184] with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on its popularity and success.[185] The first parody was the 1964 film Carry On Spying showing the villain Dr. Crow being overcome by agents who included James Bind (Charles Hawtry) and Daphne Honeybutt (Barbara Windsor).[186] One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the Harry Palmer series, whose first film, The Ipcress File was released in 1965. The eponymous hero of the series was what academic Jeremy Packer called an "anti-Bond",[187] or what Christoph Lindner calls "the thinking man's Bond".[188] The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer Ken Adam, editor Peter R. Hunt and composer John Barry.[189] The four "Matt Helm" films starring Dean Martin were released between 1966 and 1969,[190] the "Flint" series starring James Coburn provided two films in 1966 and 1969,[191] whilst The Man from U.N.C.L.E. also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.[128] More recently, the Austin Powers series by writer, producer and comedian Mike Myers[192] and other parodies such as the 2003 film Johnny English[193] have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.
Following the release of the film Dr. No in 1962, the line "Bond ... James Bond", became a catch phrase that entered the lexicon of Western popular culture: writers Cork and Scivally said of the introduction in Dr. No that the "signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever".[194] In 2001 it was voted as the "best-loved one-liner in cinema" by British cinema goers[195] and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the American Film Institute as part of their 100 Years Series.[196] The 2005 American Film Institute's '100 Years' series also recognised the character of James Bond himself in the film as the third greatest film hero.[197] He was also placed at number eleven on a similar list by Empire.[198] Premiere also listed Bond as the fifth greatest movie character of all time.[199]
The twenty-three James Bond films produced by Eon Productions, which have grossed $4,910,000,000 in box office returns alone,[200] have made the series one of the highest-grossing ever. It is estimated that since Dr. No, a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film.[201] The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they "form the backbone of the industry".[202]
Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the NBC series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.,[203] which was described as the "first network television imitation" of Bond,[204] largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character the name Napoleon Solo.[205] Other 1960s television imitations of Bond included I Spy,[191] and Get Smart.[206]
By 2012, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics as Queen Elizabeth II's escort.[207]
Merchandising
Throughout the life of the film series, there have been a number of tie-in products released.[208] The first James Bond fragrance was launched in the UK on 19 September 2012 under the name "James Bond 007".[209]
See also

Portal icon James Bond portal
Main article: Outline of James Bond
Bibliography of James Bond
9007 James Bond Asteroid named after the character
Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet
Shaken, not stirred
The Battle for Bond
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External links
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: James Bond
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Bond.
Official James Bond website
Ian Fleming Publications website
Young Bond Official Website
Pinewood Studios Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage website
James Bond at the Internet Movie Database


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Categories: James Bond
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This page was last modified on 7 July 2014 at 02:57.
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