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Shaun Ellis (wolf researcher)
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Shaun Ellis

Born
England
Occupation
Animal researcher
Years active
1967–present
Known for
Research of wolves
Partner(s)
Isla Fishburn
Children
5
Shaun Ellis is an English animal researcher who is notable for living among wolves, and for adopting a pack of abandoned North American timber wolf pups. He is the founder of Wolf Pack Management and is involved in a number of research projects in Poland and at Yellowstone National Park in the United States.[1]
He has worked with wolves since 1990, and before that he studied the red fox in the UK, and then coyote in Canada.[2]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Books
4 Television appearances 4.1 The Wolfman
4.2 Martin Clunes: A Man and His Dogs
4.3 Living With the Wolfman
4.4 Mr and Mrs Wolf
4.5 Stan Lee's Superhuman
4.6 The Lion Man: One World African Safari
5 Criticism
6 Personal life
7 Bibliography
8 References
9 External links

Early life[edit]
Brought up deep in the countryside in the small picturesque village of Great Massingham, which is near King's Lynn Norfolk, he began observing wild animals at a young age, learning to use his sense of smell and sound to find his way at night when studying foxes and badgers.[3]
Ellis first trained to be a gamekeeper, but left the job when the Head gamekeeper found out that Ellis was feeding rather than culling foxes.[4] He then joined and served with the Royal Marines.[5]
After he left the Marines he contacted a Native American biologist, Levi Holt, and from their meeting he was able to spend several months living at the Wolf Education and Research Center on Nez Perce tribal lands in northern Idaho, United States as a volunteer in a project studying wolves at the foot of the Rocky Mountains.[3] They taught him how to observe wolves,[4] and he was able to get into a pack of wolves and live among them. He recorded wild wolf howls and gradually learned to identify individual pack members and began to realise that wolves are highly intelligent and instinctive individuals that show trust and balance within their pack's social structure.[3][4]
Career[edit]
He was the founder and head of Wolf Pack Management at Combe Martin Wildlife Park in North Devon where he worked with 17 captive wolves, which included four pups born on 19 May 2008.[1][6] There were originally six wolves at the park which he rescued from private ownership. He also used to regularly give educational talks about wolves.[7]
In 2005 Ellis spent 18 months living in captivity at Combe Martin Wildlife Park with three abandoned wolf pups - Yana, Tamaska and Matsi, educating them to be wild wolves and becoming the pack's alpha male.[1][5]
Ellis also claims, in The Man Who Lives with Wolves, to have spent two years living as a member of a wild wolf pack in Idaho - although this claim does not appear to have peer-reviewed support.
Ellis has spent much of his adult life studying and living with wolves and has learned to communicate with them through scent and sound.[5] He used to live directly outside the wolf enclosure at Combe Martin Wildlife Park, so that he could be in close proximity to the wolves at all times.[8]
The research projects Ellis is involved with in Poland and Yellowstone National Park in the United States have the goal of developing humane methods to discourage wolves from entering areas of potential conflict with humans.[3]
Ellis has stated that he would like to see wild wolves eventually reintroduced into England, where they last lived in the 17th century when the last wolves were killed (see Wolves in the British Isles).[8] Ellis has said about wolves, "Although many people refer to wolves as savage killers, I’ve come to know and love them as family."[9]
During the summer of 2011 Ellis relocated along with his wolves and his new wife, conservation biologist Dr Isla Fishburn, to "The Wolf Centre" (www.thewolfcentre.co.uk). The centre is located at the seaside end of Combe Martin at Newberry Farm, Woodlands. It provides Ellis with his own dedicated base of operations from which to continue his work with the wolves. The Wolf Centre is not open to the general public, however it does offer a range of experiences and encounters to the public including meet and greet sessions with Ellis and his wolf hybrids, and courses covering dog behaviour, instruction and training.
Books[edit]
Ellis has written five books about wolves: The Wolf Talk (2003), Spirit of the Wolf (2006), The Man Who Lives with Wolves (with Penny Junor, 2009) Living With Wolves (2010) and The Wolf Within: How I Learned To Talk Dog (2011). In 2004 BBC South West nominated Ellis as a "Local Champion" in South West England, a campaign that aims to highlight the work of people who are not always publicly recognised.[7] He was featured on BBC Radio 4 on 2 May 2005 in a programme A Life with Wolves.[7]
Television appearances[edit]
The Wolfman[edit]
Ellis was the subject of a documentary, The Wolfman which first aired on Five in the UK as The Wolfman on 18 May 2007,[5] and has also been shown on the National Geographic Channel in the United States, where it was titled A Man Among Wolves. The documentary shows how, by carefully mimicking wolf behaviour, Ellis was able to raise the three wolf cubs to maturity. It also shows how his expertise brought him to the attention of a Polish farmer, whose livestock had suffered wolf attacks. Since wolves are a protected species in Poland the farmer hoped that Ellis might be able to find some non-violent way to deter the marauding pack. Ellis travelled to Poland to study the local pack, bringing with him audio recordings of wolf howls.
Ellis believed that if the local wolves heard howls coming from the farm they would believe another pack had already claimed it as their territory, and keep clear to avoid a conflict. In order for this to work Ellis had to determine the size of the pack and play back recordings of a similar-sized pack. Initial results were encouraging and in the first few weeks after the farmer began playing the recordings the farm suffered no further attacks. The documentary then shows Ellis returning to Devon, where he attempted to reintegrate himself with the three wolves. In his absence the wolves had established a new hierarchy, and though they recognised Ellis and welcomed him back he was now the pack's omega, relegated to a peace-keeping role between the new alpha and beta males.
Martin Clunes: A Man and His Dogs[edit]
Ellis featured in the first episode of Martin Clunes: A Man and His Dogs, a two-part documentary that aired on ITV on 24 August 2008 in which Clunes explores the canine world, and visited Ellis in Devon as part of an attempt to discover what binds wolves with pet dogs, with Ellis revealing that a lot of dog behaviour which is interpreted as human, is inherited from the wolf's hierarchical pack instincts. Filmed in January 2008, Clunes joined Ellis with the pack at Combe Martin.[10][11]
Living With the Wolfman[edit]
Living with the Wolfman is an eight-part documentary about Ellis which aired in the United States on Animal Planet in October and November 2008. It is also due to be shown in the UK on Five. The documentary follows Ellis as he lives with the wolf pack at Combe Martin and his relationship with his partner, Helen and their life in Devon. It also shows how Ellis integrated his girlfriend into the pack.[8][12]
Mr and Mrs Wolf[edit]
In February 2009, Five screened a follow-up two part documentary, Mr and Mrs Wolf which focused on his attempts to get partner Helen Jeffs adopted as a member by the wolf pack at Combe Martin, as a new "wolf nanny" for the pregnant alpha female, Cheyenne. The programme aired on 17 and 24 February.[13][14]
Stan Lee's Superhuman[edit]
He has also appeared on the US History Channels show Stan Lee's Superhuman, which documents real-life superheros from around the world.
The Lion Man: One World African Safari[edit]
In fifth episode of the first season of TV show "The Lion Man: African Safari",Craig Busch, an experienced self-taught "wild cat trainer" pays a visit to Shaun Ellis.
Criticism[edit]
Ellis, along with his program Man among Wolves, has been criticized by the International Wolf Center for its perceived sensationalism. Nancy Gibson, a wolf biologist who'd studied under L. David Mech, wrote the following in regards to Ellis's methods:
“ I have raised far more captive wolves than the "Man Among Wolves," Shaun Ellis... Rearing 10-day-old pups into adulthood takes a trained group of individuals, just like a pack. When humans take a break from the wolves, others need to be present for consistent care that includes feeding, immunizations and critical handling to limit time under the care of a veterinarian. Ellis did a disservice to the longtime experience of wolf caregivers, if, in fact, he was the sole caregiver, as implied. ”
Criticism was also leveled at his attempts to teach wolves how to howl and hunt, which Gibson asserted comes naturally to them.[15] David Mech himself stated "Mr. Ellis is neither a scientist nor an expert on the natural behavior of wolves."[16] Denise Taylor, the executive director of the UK Wolf Conservation Trust, dismissed Ellis's methodology as part of "the macho-driven pursuits of the seemingly burgeoning number of TV presenters who think it is acceptable to drag what are perceived to be scary and highly dangerous creatures from their habitats, and wrestle with them and dominate them".[17]
Personal life[edit]
Ellis has five children from previous relationships.[5] He lives with his wife Dr Isla Fishburn and together they run The Wolf Centre at the seaside end of Combe Martin.
Bibliography[edit]
The Wolf Talk. Rainbow Publishing. 2003. ISBN 1-899057-03-X.
Spirit of the Wolf Talk. Parragon. 2006. ASIN B000R0HZ1U.
The Man Who Lives with Wolves. HarperCollins. 2009. ISBN 978-0-00-732716-4.
Wolf Within: How I Learned to Talk Dog. Harper. 2011. ISBN 978-0-00-732717-1.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c "A Man Among Wolves - Shaun Ellis Biography". National Geographic Channel. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
2.Jump up ^ "How long have you been a Wolf Behaviourist?". Wolfpack Management. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Shaun Ellis - The Man who Lives with Wolves". Speakers Corner. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c "Meet the Pack". Animal Planet. October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e McGarry, Lisa (9 May 2007). "The Wolfman: 10 Things You Didn’t Know About Shaun Ellis". Unreality Primetime. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
6.Jump up ^ Cowen, Linda (14 June 2008). "Shaun & The Wolves - Sunday 24th August". Wolfpack Management. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c "The Call of the Wild". bbc.co.uk. 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
8.^ Jump up to: a b c "Backgrounder for Living with the Wolfman". Animal Planet. October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
9.Jump up ^ "Wolfman". Aqua Vita Films. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
10.Jump up ^ "Canine conundrum". UK TV Guide. 24 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
11.Jump up ^ Cowen, Linda (17 August 2008). "Shaun & The Wolves - Sunday 24th August". Wolfpack Management. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
12.Jump up ^ ""Wolf Man" Shaun Ellis Joins The Pack". The Early Show (CBS News). 15 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
13.Jump up ^ "Mr & Mrs Wolfman". Five. 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
14.Jump up ^ Cowen, Linda (10 February 2009). "Mr & Mrs Wolf". Wolfpack Management. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
15.Jump up ^ Nancy Gibson, "Sensational Geographic", International Wolf, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring 2008).
16.Jump up ^ King, B.J. (19 April 2012). "Why Are Wolf Scientists Howling At Jodi Picoult?" NPR.
17.Jump up ^ Denise Taylor (summer 2007), "Humans are not wolves!", WolfPrint, issue 31
External links[edit]
Living with the Wolfman at the Animal Planet website
Combe Martin Wildlife & Dinosaur Park website



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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Bald eagle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from American Eagle)
Jump to: navigation, search

"American Eagle" redirects here. For other uses, see American Eagle (disambiguation) and Bald Eagle (disambiguation).
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Bald eagle
2010-bald-eagle-kodiak.jpg
An adult bald eagle at Alaska's Kodiak Island in July 2010.
Conservation status


Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Haliaeetus
Species: H. leucocephalus
Binomial name
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Subspecies

H. l. leucocephalus – Southern bald eagle
H. l. washingtoniensis – Northern bald eagle

Distribution H. leucocephalus.png
Bald eagle range
  Breeding resident
  Breeding summer visitor
  Winter visitor
  On migration only
Star: accidental records
Synonyms

Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766

The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, from Greek hali- = sea, aiētos = eagle, leuco- = white, cephalos = head) is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known sub-species and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Its range includes most of Canada and Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and northern Mexico. It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply and old-growth trees for nesting.
The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder which subsists mainly on fish, which it swoops down and snatches from the water with its talons. It builds the largest nest of any North American bird and the largest tree nests ever recorded for any animal species, up to 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) wide, and 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) in weight.[2] Sexual maturity is attained at the age of four to five years.
Bald eagles are not actually bald; the name derives from an older meaning of "white headed". The adult is mainly brown with a white head and tail. The sexes are identical in plumage, but females are about 25 percent larger than males. The beak is large and hooked. The plumage of the immature is brown.
The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States of America. The bald eagle appears on its Seal. In the late 20th century it was on the brink of extirpation in the continental United States. Populations recovered and the species was removed from the U.S. federal government's list of endangered species on July 12, 1995 and transferred to the list of threatened species. It was removed from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in the Lower 48 States on June 28, 2007.


Contents  [hide]
1 Description
2 Taxonomy
3 Range
4 Habitat
5 Behavior 5.1 Diet and feeding
5.2 Reproduction
5.3 Longevity and mortality
6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Population decline and recovery
6.2 In captivity
7 Cultural significance 7.1 Role in Native American culture
7.2 National bird of the United States
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading 10.1 Identification
11 External links 11.1 Video links


Description
The plumage of an adult bald eagle is evenly dark brown with a white head and tail. The tail is moderately long and slightly wedge-shaped. Males and females are identical in plumage coloration, but sexual dimorphism is evident in the species, in that females are 25% larger than males.[2] The beak, feet and irises are bright yellow. The legs are feather-free, and the toes are short and powerful with large talons. The highly developed talon of the hind toe is used to pierce the vital areas of prey while it is held immobile by the front toes.[3] The beak is large and hooked, with a yellow cere.[4] The adult bald eagle is unmistakable in its native range. The closely related African fish eagle (H. vocifer) (from far outside the bald eagle's range) also has a brown body, white head and tail, but differs from the bald in having a white chest and black tip to the bill.[5]
The plumage of the immature is a dark brown overlaid with messy white streaking until the fifth (rarely fourth, very rarely third) year, when it reaches sexual maturity.[2][3] Immature bald eagles are distinguishable from the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the only other very large, non-vulturine bird in North America, in that the former has a larger, more protruding head with a larger beak, straighter edged wings which are held flat (not slightly raised) and with a stiffer wing beat and feathers which do not completely cover the legs. When seen well, the golden eagle is distinctive in plumage with a more solid warm brown color than an immature bald eagle, with a reddish-golden patch to its nape and (in immature birds) a highly contrasting set of white squares on the wing.[6] Another distinguishing feature of the immature bald eagle over the mature bird is its black, yellow-tipped beak; the mature eagle has a fully yellow beak.
The bald eagle has sometimes been considered the largest true raptor (accipitrid) in North America. The only larger species of raptor-like bird is the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), a New World vulture which today is not generally considered a taxonomic ally of true accipitrids.[7] However, the golden eagle, averaging 4.18 kg (9.2 lb) and 63 cm (25 in) in wing chord length in its American race (A. c. canadensis), is merely 455 g (1.003 lb) lighter in mean body mass and exceeds the bald eagle in mean wing chord length by around 3 cm (1.2 in).[5][8] Additionally, the bald eagle's close cousins, the relatively longer-winged but shorter-tailed white-tailed eagle and the overall larger Steller's sea eagle (H. pelagicus), may, rarely, wander to coastal Alaska from Asia.[5]





Bald eagle







A recording of a bald eagle at Yellowstone National Park

Problems playing this file? See media help.
The bald eagle has a body length of 70–102 cm (28–40 in). Typical wingspan is between 1.8 and 2.3 m (5.9 and 7.5 ft) and mass is normally between 3 and 6.3 kg (6.6 and 13.9 lb).[5] Females are about 25% larger than males, averaging 5.6 kg (12 lb), and against the males' average weight of 4.1 kg (9.0 lb).[2][9][10][11] The size of the bird varies by location and generally corresponds with Bergmann's rule, since the species increases in size further away from the Equator and the tropics. The smallest specimens are those from Florida, where mature males may weigh as little as 2.3 kg (5.1 lb) and have a wingspan of 1.68 m (5.5 ft)[citation needed]. Similarly small, eagles from South Carolina average 3.27 kg (7.2 lb) in mass and 1.88 m (6.2 ft) in wingspan.[12] The largest eagles are from Alaska, where large females may weigh up to 7.5 kg (17 lb) and span 2.44 m (8.0 ft) across the wings.[4][13] A survey of adult weights in Alaska showed that females weighed on average 6.3 kg (14 lb) and males weighed 4.3 kg (9.5 lb).[14] Among standard linear measurements, the wing chord is 51.5–69 cm (20.3–27.2 in), the tail is 23–37 cm (9.1–14.6 in) long, and the tarsus is 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in).[5][15] The culmen reportedly ranges from 3 to 7.5 cm (1.2 to 3.0 in), while the measurement from the gape to the tip of the bill is 7–9 cm (2.8–3.5 in).[15][16]
The call consists of weak staccato, chirping whistles, kleek kik ik ik ik, somewhat similar in cadence to a gull's call. The calls of young birds tend to be more harsh and shrill than those of adults.[5][6]
Taxonomy
The bald eagle placed in the genus Haliaeetus (sea eagles) which gets both its common and specific scientific names from the distinctive appearance of the adult's head. Bald in the English name is derived from the word piebald, and refers to the white head and tail feathers and their contrast with the darker body.[17] The scientific name is derived from Haliaeetus, New Latin for "sea eagle" (from the Ancient Greek haliaetos), and leucocephalus, Latinized Ancient Greek for "white head," from λευκος leukos ("white") and κεφαλη kephale ("head").[18][19]
The bald eagle was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae, under the name Falco leucocephalus.[20]
There are two recognized subspecies of bald eagle:[2][21]
H. l. leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) is the nominate subspecies. It is separated from H. l. washingtoniensis at approximately latitude 38° N, or roughly the latitude of San Francisco.[22][not in citation given] It is found in the southern United States and Baja California.[23]
H. l. washingtoniensis (Audubon, 1827), synonym H. l. alascanus Townsend, 1897, the northern subspecies, is larger than southern nominate leucocephalus .It is found in the northern United States, Canada and Alaska.[2][23] This subspecies reaches further south than latitude 38° N on the Atlantic Coast, where they occur in the Cape Hatteras area.[22]
The bald eagle forms a species pair with the Eurasian white-tailed eagle. This species pair consists of a white-headed and a tan-headed species of roughly equal size; the white-tailed eagle also has overall somewhat paler brown body plumage. The two species fill the same ecological niche in their respective ranges. The pair diverged from other sea eagles at the beginning of the Early Miocene (c. 10 Ma BP) at the latest, but possibly as early as the Early/Middle Oligocene, 28 Ma BP, if the most ancient fossil record is correctly assigned to this genus.[24] The two species probably diverged in the North Pacific, as the white-tailed eagle spread westwards into Eurasia and the bald eagle spread eastwards into North America.[25][not in citation given]
Range
The bald eagle's natural range covers most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. It is the only sea eagle endemic to North America. Occupying varied habitats from the bayous of Louisiana to the Sonoran Desert and the eastern deciduous forests of Quebec and New England, northern birds are migratory, while southern birds are resident, remaining on their breeding territory all year. At minimum population, in the 1950s, it was largely restricted to Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, northern and eastern Canada, and Florida.[26] Today, they are much more common (almost attaining their peak numbers pre-colonization in North America), and nest in every continental state and province in the United States and Canada.[27]
Bald Eagles will also congregate in certain locations in winter. From November until February, one to two thousand birds winter in Squamish, British Columbia, about halfway between Vancouver and Whistler. The birds primarily gather along the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, attracted by the salmon spawning in the area.[28]
It has occurred as a vagrant twice in Ireland; a juvenile was shot illegally in Fermanagh on January 11, 1973 (misidentified at first as a white-tailed eagle), and an exhausted juvenile was captured in Kerry on November 15, 1987.[29]
Habitat



 Juvenile with salmon, Katmai National Park
The bald eagle occurs during its breeding season in virtually any kind of American wetland habitat such as seacoasts, rivers, large lakes or marshes or other large bodies of open water with an abundance of fish. Studies have shown a preference for bodies of water with a circumference greater than 11 km (7 mi), and lakes with an area greater than 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are optimal for breeding bald eagles.[30]
The bald eagle typically requires old-growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for perching, roosting, and nesting. Tree species reportedly is less important to the eagle pair than the tree's height, composition and location.[31] Perhaps of paramount importance for this species is an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding the body of water. Selected trees must have good visibility, be over 20 m (66 ft) tall, an open structure, and proximity to prey. If nesting trees are in standing water such as in a mangrove swamp, the nest can be located fairly low, at as low 6 m (20 ft) above the ground.[32] In a more typical tree standing on dry ground, nests may be located from 16 to 38 m (52 to 125 ft) in height. In Chesapeake Bay, nesting trees averaged 82 cm (32 in) in diameter and 28 m (92 ft) in total height, while in Florida, the average nesting tree stands 23 m (75 ft) high and is 23 cm (9.1 in) in diameter.[33][34] Trees used for nesting in the Greater Yellowstone area average 27 m (89 ft) high.[35] Trees or forest used for nesting should have a canopy cover of no more than 60%, and no less than 20%, and be in close proximity to water.[30] Most nests have been found within 200 m (660 ft) of open water. The greatest distance from open water recorded for a bald eagle nest was over 3 km (1.9 mi), in Florida.[7]
Bald eagle nests are often very large in order to compensate for size of the birds. The largest recorded nest was found in Florida in 1963, and was measured at nearly 10 feet wide and 20 feet deep.[36]
In Florida, nesting habitats often consist of mangrove swamps, the shorelines of lakes and rivers, pinelands, seasonally flooded flatwoods, hardwood swamps, and open prairies and pastureland with scattered tall trees. Favored nesting trees in Florida are slash pines (Pinus elliottii), longleaf pines (P. palustris), loblolly pines (P. taeda) and cypress trees, but for the southern coastal areas where mangroves are usually used.[32] In Wyoming, groves of mature cottonwoods or tall pines found along streams and rivers are typical bald eagle nesting habitats. Wyoming eagles may inhabit habitat types ranging from large, old-growth stands of ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) to narrow strips of riparian trees surrounded by rangeland.[7] In Southeast Alaska, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) provided 78% of the nesting trees used by eagles, followed by hemlocks (Tsuga) at 20%.[31] Increasingly, eagles nest in man-made reservoirs stocked with fish.[32]



 With freshly caught fish in Kodiak
The bald eagle is usually quite sensitive to human activity while nesting, and is found most commonly in areas with minimal human disturbance. It chooses sites more than 1.2 km (0.75 mi) from low-density human disturbance and more than 1.8 km (1.1 mi) from medium- to high-density human disturbance.[30] However, bald eagles will occasionally venture into large estuaries or secluded groves within major cities, such as Hardtack Island on the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon or John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which are surrounded by a great quantity of human activity.[37][38] Even more contrary to the usual sensitivity to disturbance, a family of bald eagles moved to the Harlem neighborhood in New York City in 2010.[39]
While wintering, bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance sensitive. They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters with plentiful prey and (in Northern climes) partially unfrozen waters. Alternately, non-breeding or wintering bald eagles, particularly in areas with a lack of human disturbance, spend their time in various upland, terrestrial habitats sometimes quite far away from waterways. In the northern half of North America (especially the interior portion), this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible. Upland wintering habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium-sized mammals, such as prairies, meadows or tundra, or open forests with regular carrion access.[7][31]
Behavior



 Head details
The bald eagle is a powerful flier, and soars on thermal convection currents. It reaches speeds of 56–70 km/h (35–43 mph) when gliding and flapping, and about 48 km/h (30 mph) while carrying fish.[40] Its dive speed is between 120–160 km/h (75–99 mph), though it seldom dives vertically.[41] It is partially migratory, depending on location. If its territory has access to open water, it remains there year-round, but if the body of water freezes during the winter, making it impossible to obtain food, it migrates to the south or to the coast. A number of populations are subject to post-breeding dispersal, mainly in juveniles; Florida eagles, for example, will disperse northwards in the summer.[42] The bald eagle selects migration routes which take advantage of thermals, updrafts, and food resources. During migration, it may ascend in a thermal and then glide down, or may ascend in updrafts created by the wind against a cliff or other terrain. Migration generally takes place during the daytime, usually between the local hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., when thermals are produced by the sun.[3]
Diet and feeding



 Bald eagle feeding on catfish and other various fishes. Painted by John James Audubon.
The bald eagle is an opportunistic carnivore with the capacity to predate a great variety of prey. Throughout their range, fish often comprise the majority of the eagle's diet.[43] In 20 food habit studies across the species' range, fish comprised 56% of the diet of nesting eagles, birds 28%, mammals 14% and other prey 2%.[44] In Southeast Alaska, fish comprise approximately 66% of the year-around diet of bald eagles and 78% of the prey brought to the nest by the parents.[45] Eagles living in the Columbia River Estuary in Oregon were found to rely on fish for 90% of their dietary intake.[46] In the Pacific Northwest, spawning trout and salmon provide most of the bald eagles' diet from late summer throughout fall.[47] Southeast Alaskan eagles largely predate pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch) and, more locally, sockeye salmon (O. nerka), with chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), due to their large size (12 to 18 kg (26 to 40 lb) average adult size) probably being taken only as carrion.[45] Also important in the estuaries and shallow coastlines of southern Alaska are Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus).[45] In Oregon's Columbia River Estuary, the most significant prey species were largescale suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus) (17.3% of the prey selected there), American shad (Alosa sapidissima; 13%) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio; 10.8%).[46] Eagles living in the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland were found to subsist largely on American gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), threadfin shad (D. petenense) and white bass (Morone chrysops).[48] Floridian eagles have been reported to predate catfish, mostly prevalently the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and any species in the Ictalurus genus as well as mullet, trout, needlefish, and eels.[7][32][49] Wintering eagles on the Platte River in Nebraska preyed mainly on American gizzard shads and common carp.[50] From observation in the Columbia River, 58% of the fish were caught directly by the predating eagle, 24% were scavenged as carcasses and 18% were pirated away from other animals.[46]
Even eagles living in relatively arid regions still typically rely primarily on fish as prey. In Sonora, Mexico and Arizona, 77% and over 73%, respectively, of prey remains at the nests were from fish, largely various catfish and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Prey fish targeted by bald eagles are often quite large. When experimenters offered fish of different sizes in the breeding season around Lake Britton in California, fish measuring 34 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) were taken 71.8% of the time by parent eagles while fish measuring 23 to 27.5 cm (9.1 to 10.8 in) were chosen only 25% of the time.[51] At nests around Lake Superior, the remains of fish (mostly suckers) were found to average 35.4 cm (13.9 in) in total length.[52] In the Columbia River estuary, most predated by eagles were estimated to measure between 30 and 60 cm (12 and 24 in) in length, and carp flown with (laboriously) were up to 86 cm (34 in) in length.[46]
Benthic fishes such as catfish are usually consumed after they die and float to the surface, though while temporarily swimming in the open may be more vulnerable to predation than most fish since their eyes focus downwards.[48] Bald eagles also regularly exploit water turbines which produce battered, stunned or dead fish easily consumed.[53] Predators who leave behind scraps of dead fish that they kill, such as brown bears (Ursus arctos), gray wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), may be habitually followed in order to scavenge the kills secondarily.[45] Once North Pacific salmon die off after spawning, usually local bald eagles eat salmon carcasses almost exclusively. Eagles in Washington need to consume 489 g (1.078 lb) of fish each day for survival, with adults generally consuming more than juveniles and thus reducing potential energy deficiency and increasing survival during winter.[44]
Behind fish, the next most significant prey base for bald eagles are other waterbirds. The contribution of such birds to the eagle's diet is variable, depending on the quantity and availability of fish near the water's surface. Waterbirds can seasonally comprise from 7% to 80% of the prey selection for eagles in certain localities.[46][54] Exceptionally, in the Greater Yellowstone area, birds were eaten as regularly as fish year-around, with both prey groups comprising 43% of the studied dietary intake.[35] Preferred avian prey includes grebes, alcids, ducks, gulls, coots, herons, egrets, and geese.[55] Bird species most preferred as prey by eagles tend to be medium-sized, such as western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American coots (Fulica americana) as such prey is relatively easy for the much larger eagles to catch and fly with.[7][46] American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) are the favored avian prey species for eagles living around Lake Superior.[52] Larger waterbirds are occasionally predated as well, with wintering emperor geese (Chen canagica) and snow geese (C. caerulescens), which gather in large groups, sometimes becoming regular prey.[15][56] Other large waterbirds hunted at least occasionally by bald eagles have included common loons (Gavis immer),[57] great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus),[58] sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis),[59] great blue herons (Ardea herodias),[44] Canada geese (Branta canadensis),[48] brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis),[32] and fledging American white pelicans (P. erythrorhynchos).[60] Colony nesting seabirds, such as alcids, storm petrels, cormorants, northern gannets (Morus bassanus), terns and gulls, may be especially vulnerable to predation. Due to easy accessibility and lack of formidable nest defense by such species, bald eagles are capable of predating such seabirds at all ages, from eggs to mature adults, and can effectively cull large portions of a colony.[61]
Along some portions of the North Pacific coastline, bald eagles which had historically predated mainly kelp-dwelling fish and supplementally sea otter (Enhydra lutris) pups are now preying mainly on seabird colonies since both the fish (possibly due to overfishing) and otters (cause unknown) have had precipitious population declines, causing concern for seabird conservation.[62] Because of this more extensive predation, some biologist have expressed concern that murres are heading for a "conservation collision" due to heavy eagle predation.[61] Eagles have been confirmed to attack nocturnally active, burrow-nesting seabird species such as storm petrels and shearwaters by digging out their burrows and feeding on all animals they find inside.[63] If a bald eagle flies close by, waterbirds will often fly away en masse, though in other cases they may seemingly ignore a perched eagle. If the said birds are on a colony, this exposed their unprotected eggs and nestlings to scavengers such as gulls.[61] Bird prey may occasionally be attacked in flight, with prey up to the size of Canada geese attacked and killed in mid-air.[55] Unprecedented photographs of a bald eagle unsuccessfully attempting to predate a much larger adult trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) in mid-flight were taken recently.[64] While adults often actively predate waterbirds, congregated wintering waterfowl are frequently exploited for carcasses to scavenge by immature eagles in harsh winter weather.[65] Bald eagles have been recorded as killing other raptors on occasion. In some cases, these may be attacks of competition or kleptoparasitism on rival species but ended with the consumption of the victim. Raptorial birds reported to have be hunted by these eagles have included large adults of species such as great horned owls (Bubo virginianus),[66] red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis),[67] ospreys (Pandion haliaetus)[68] and black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura).[69]
Mammalian prey includes rabbits, hares, ground squirrels, raccoons (Procyon lotor), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), beavers (Castor canadensis), and deer fawns. Newborn, dead, sickly or already injured mammals are often targeted. However, more formidable prey such as adult raccoons and sub-adult beavers are sometimes attacked. In the Chesapeake Bay area, bald eagles are reportedly the main natural predators of raccoons.[70][71] Where available, seal colonies can provide much food. On Protection Island, Washington, commonly feed on harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) afterbirths, still-borns and sickly seal pups.[72] On San Juan Island in Washington, introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mainly those killed by auto accidents, comprise nearly 60% of the dietary intake of eagles.[73] In landlocked areas of North America, wintering bald eagles may become habitual predators of medium-sized mammals that occur in colonies or local concentrations, such prairie dogs (Cynomys) and jackrabbits (Lepus).[7][74] Together with the golden eagle, bald eagles are occasionally accused of predating livestock, especially sheep (Ovis aries). There are a handful of proven cases of lamb predation, some of specimens weighing up to 11 kg (24 lb), by bald eagles but they are much less likely to attack a healthy lamb than a golden eagle and both species prefer native, wild prey and are unlikely to cause any extensive determent to human livelihoods.[75] There is one case of a bald eagle killing and feeding on an adult, pregnant ewe (then joined in eating the kill by at least 3 other eagles), which, weighing on average over 60 kg (130 lb), is much larger than any other known prey taken by this species.[76]
Supplemental prey are readily taken given the opportunity. In some areas reptiles may become regular prey, especially warm areas such as Florida where reptile diversity is high. Turtles are perhaps the most regularly hunted type of reptile.[7] In coastal New Jersey, 14 of 20 studied eagle nests included remains of turtles. The main species found were common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) and juvenile common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). In these New Jersey nests, mainly subadult and small adults were taken, ranging in carapace length from 9.2 to 17.1 cm (3.6 to 6.7 in).[77] Snakes are also taken occasionally, especially partially aquatic ones, as are amphibians and crustaceans (largely crayfish and crabs).[32][46]
To hunt fish, the eagle swoops down over the water and snatches the fish out of the water with its talons. They eat by holding the fish in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other. Eagles have structures on their toes called spicules that allow them to grasp fish. Osprey also have this adaptation.[40] Bald eagles have powerful talons and have been recorded flying with a 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawn.[78] This feat is the record for the heaviest load carrying ever verified for a flying bird.[79] It has been estimated that the gripping power (pounds by square inch) of the bald eagle is ten times greater than that of a human.[80] Bald eagles can fly with fish at least equal to their own weight, but if the fish is too heavy to lift, the eagle may be dragged into the water. It may swim to safety, but some eagles drown or succumb to hypothermia. Many sources claim that bald eagles, like all large eagles, cannot normally take flight carrying prey more than half of their own weight unless aided by favorable wind conditions.[32][56] On numerous occasions, when large prey such as mature salmon or geese are attacked, eagles have been seen to make contact and then drag the prey in a strenuously labored, low flight over the water to a bank, where they then finish off and dismember the prey.[15] When food is abundant, an eagle can gorge itself by storing up to 1 kg (2.2 lb) of food in a pouch in the throat called a crop. Gorging allows the bird to fast for several days if food becomes unavailable.[32] Occasionally, bald eagles may hunt cooperatively when confronting prey, especially relatively large prey such as jackrabbits or herons, with one bird distracting potential prey, while the other comes behind it in order to ambush it.[4][81][82] While hunting waterfowl, bald eagles repeatedly fly at a target and cause it to dive repeatedly, hoping to exhaust the victim so it can be caught (white-tailed eagles have been recorded hunting waterfowl in the same way). When hunting concentrated prey, a successful catch which often results in the hunting eagle being pursued by other eagles and needing to find an isolated perch for consumption if it is able to carry it away successfully.[15]
Unlike some other eagle species, bald eagles rarely take on evasive or dangerous prey on their own. The species mainly target prey which is much smaller than themselves, with most live fish caught weighing 1 to 3 kg (2.2 to 6.6 lb) and most waterbirds predated weighing 0.2 to 2.7 kg (0.44 to 5.95 lb).[45][56][83] They attain much their food as carrion or via a practice known as kleptoparasitism, where they steal prey away from other predators. Due to their dietary habits, bald eagles are frequently viewed in a negative light by humans.[7] Thanks to their superior foraging ability and experience, adults are generally more likely to hunt live prey than immature eagles, which often obtain their food from scavenging.[84][85] They are not very selective about the condition or origin, whether provided by humans, other animals, auto accidents or natural causes, of a carcass's presence, but will avoid eating carrion where disturbances from humans are a regular occurrence. They will scavenge carcasses up to the size of whales, though carcasses of ungulates and large fish are seemingly preferred.[15] Bald eagles also may sometimes feed on subsistence scavenged or stolen from campsites and picnics, as well as garbage dumps (dump usage is habitual mainly in Alaska).[86]
When competing for food, eagles will usually dominate other fish-eaters and scavengers, aggressively displacing mammals such as coyotes (Canis latrans) and foxes, and birds such as corvids, gulls, vultures and other raptors.[86] Occasionally, coyotes, bobcats (Lynx rufus) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) can displace eagles from carrion, usually less confident immature birds, as has been recorded in Maine.[87] Bald eagles are less active, bold predators than golden eagles and get relatively more of their food as carrion and from kleptoparasitism (although it is now generally thought that golden eagles eat more carrion than was previously assumed).[8] However, the two species are roughly equal in size, aggressiveness and physical strength and so competitions can go either way. Neither species is known to be dominant, and the outcome depends on the size and disposition of the individual eagles involved.[15] The bald eagle is thought to be much more numerous in North America than the golden eagle, with the bald species estimated to number at least 150,000 individuals, about twice as many golden eagles there are estimated to live in North America.[8][27] Due to this, bald eagles often outnumber golden eagles at attractive food sources.[8] Despite the potential for contention between these animals, in New Jersey during winter, a golden eagle and numerous bald eagles were observed to hunt snow geese alongside each other without conflict.[88] Similarly, both eagle species have been recorded, via video-monitoring, to feed on gut pills and carcasses of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in remote forest clearings in the eastern Appalachian Mountains without apparent conflict.[8] Many bald eagles are habitual kleptoparasites, especially in winters when fish are harder to come by. They have been recorded stealing fish from other predators such as ospreys, herons and even otters.[15][89] They have also been recorded opportunistically pirating birds from peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), prairie dogs from ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) and even jackrabbits from golden eagles.[90][91] When they approach scavengers like dogs, gulls or vultures at carrion sites, they often aggressively attack them and try to force them to disgorge their food.[32] Healthy adult bald eagles are not preyed on in the wild and are thus considered apex predators.[92]
Reproduction
Bald eagles are sexually mature at four or five years of age. When they are old enough to breed, they often return to the area where they were born. It is thought that bald eagles mate for life. However, if one member of a pair dies or disappears, the other will choose a new mate. A pair which has repeatedly failed in breeding attempts may split and look for new mates.[93] Bald eagle courtship involves elaborate, spectacular calls and flight displays. The flight includes swoops, chases, and cartwheels, in which they fly high, lock talons, and free fall, separating just before hitting the ground.[44][94] Usually, a territory defended by a mature pair will be 1 to 2 km (0.62 to 1.24 mi) of waterside habitat.[7]



 Mating
Compared to most other raptors which mostly nest in April or May, bald eagles are early breeders: nest building or reinforcing is often by mid-February, egg laying is often late February (sometimes during deep snow in the North), and incubation is usually mid-March and early May. Eggs hatch from mid April to early May, and the young fledge late June to early July.[7] The nest is the largest of any bird in North America; it is used repeatedly over many years and with new material added each year may eventually be as large as 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across and weigh 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons);[2] one nest in Florida was found to be 6.1 m (20 ft) deep, 2.9 meters (9.5 ft) across, and to weigh 3 short tons (2.7 metric tons).[95] This nest is on record as the largest tree nest ever recorded for any animal.[96] Usually nests are used for under five years or so, as they either collapse in storms or break the branches supporting them by their sheer weight. However, one nest in the Midwest was occupied continuously for at least 34 years.[32] The nest is built out of branches, usually in large trees found near water. When breeding where there are no trees, the bald eagle will nest on the ground, as has been recorded largely in areas largely isolated from terrestrial predators, such as Amchitka Island in Alaska.[86] In Sonora, Mexico, eagles have been observed nesting on top of Hecho catcuses (Pachycereus pectinaboriginum).[97] Nests located on cliffs and rock pinnacles have been reported historically in California, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah, but currently are only verified to occur only in Alaska and Arizona.[7] The eggs average about 73 mm (2.9 in) long, ranging from 58 to 85 mm (2.3 to 3.3 in), and have a breadth of 54 mm (2.1 in), ranging from 47 to 63 cm (19 to 25 in).[40][44] Eggs in Alaska averaged 130 g (4.6 oz) in mass, while in Saskatchewan they averaged 114.4 g (4.04 oz).[98][99] As with their ultimate body size, egg size tends to increase further away from the Equator.[44] Eagles produce between one and three eggs per year, two being typical. Rarely, four eggs have been found in nests but these may be exceptional cases of polygyny.[100] Eagles in captivity have been capable of producing up to seven eggs.[101] it is rare for all three chicks to successfully reach the fledging stage. The oldest chick often bear the advantage of larger size and louder voice, which tends to draw the parents attention towards them.[7] Occasionally, as is recorded in many large raptorial birds, the oldest sibling sometimes attacks and kills their younger sibling(s), especially early in the nesting period when their sizes are most different.[7] However, nearly half of known bald eagle produce two fledgings species (more rarely three), unlike in some other "eagle" species such as some in the Aquila genus, in which a second fledging is typically observed in less than 20% of nests despite two eggs being typically laid.[14] Both the male and female take turns incubating the eggs, but the female does most of the incubation. The parent not incubating will hunt for food or look for nesting material during this stage. For the first two to three weeks of the nestling period at least one adult is at the nest almost 100% of the time. After five to six weeks, the attendance of parents usually drops off considerably (with the parents often perching in trees nearby).[7] A young eaglet can gain up to 170 g (6.0 oz) a day, the fastest growth rate of any North American bird.[32] The young eaglets pick up and manipulate sticks, play tug of war with each other, practice holding things in their talons, and stretch and flap their wings. By eight weeks, the eaglets are strong enough to flap their wings, lift their feet off the nest platform, and rise up in the air.[32] The young fledge at anywhere from 8 to 14 weeks of age, though will remain close to the nest and attended to by their parents for a further 6 weeks. Juvenile eagles first start dispersing away from their parents about 8 weeks after they fledge. Variability in departure date related to effects of sex and hatching order on growth and development.[99] For the next four years, immature eagles wander widely in search of food until they attain adult plumage and are eligible to reproduce.[102]
Longevity and mortality



 Newly fledged juvenile
The average lifespan of bald eagles in the wild is around 20 years, with the oldest confirmed one having been 28 years of age.[4] In captivity, they often live somewhat longer. In one instance, a captive individual in New York lived for nearly 50 years. As with size, the average lifespan of an eagle population appears to be influenced by its location and access to prey.[103] As they are no longer heavily persecuted, adult mortality is quite low. In one study of Florida eagles, adult bald eagles reportedly had 100% annual survival rate.[8] In Prince William Sound in Alaska, adults had an annual survival rate of 88% even after the Exxon Valdez oil spill adversely effected eagles in the area.[104] Of 1,428 individuals from across the range necropsied by National Wildlife Health Center from 1963 to 1984, 329 (23%) eagles died from trauma, primarily impact with wires and vehicles; 309 (22%) died from gunshot; 158 (11%) died from poisoning; 130 (9%) died from electrocution; 68 (5%) died from trapping; 110 (8%) from emaciation; and 31 (2%) from disease; cause of death was undetermined in 293 (20%) of cases.[105] In this study, 68% of mortality was human-caused.[105] Today eagle-shooting is believed to be considerably reduced due to the species protected status.[106] In one case, an adult eagle investigating a peregrine falcon nest for prey items sustained a concussion from a swooping parent Peregrine, and ultimately died days later from it.[107] An early natural history video depicts a cougar (Puma concolor) ambushing and killing an immature bald eagle feeding at a rabbit carcass is viewable online although this film may have been staged.[108]
Most non-human-related mortality involves nestlings or eggs. Around 50% of eagles survive their first year.[102] However, in the Chesapeake Bay area, 100% of 39 radio-tagged nestlings survived to their first year.[109] Occasionally, nestling or egg fatalities are due to nest collapses, starvation, sibling aggression or inclement weather. Another significant cause of egg and nestling mortality is predation. These have been verified to be predated by large gulls, corvids (including ravens, crows and magpies), Wolverines (Gulo gulo), hawks, owls, eagles, bobcats (Lynx rufus), American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons.[98][110][111][112][113][114][115] If food access is low, parental attendance at the nest may be lower because both parents may have to forage thus resulting in less protection.[14] Nestlings are usually exempt from predation by terrestrial carnivores that are poor tree-climbers, but Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) occasionally snatched nestlings from ground nests on Amchitka Island in Alaska before they were extirpated from the island.[86] The bald eagle will defend its nest fiercely from all comers and has even repelled attacks from bears, having been recorded knocking a black bear out of a tree when the latter tried to climb a tree holding nestlings.[116]
Relationship with humans
Population decline and recovery
Once a common sight in much of the continent, the bald eagle was severely affected in the mid-20th century by a variety of factors, among them the thinning of egg shells attributed to use of the pesticide DDT.[117] Bald eagles, like many birds of prey, were especially affected by DDT due to biomagnification. DDT itself was not lethal to the adult bird, but it interfered with the bird's calcium metabolism, making the bird either sterile or unable to lay healthy eggs. Female eagles laid eggs that were too brittle to withstand the weight of a brooding adult, making it nearly impossible for the eggs to hatch.[26] It is estimated that in the early 18th century, the bald eagle population was 300,000–500,000,[118] but by the 1950s there were only 412 nesting pairs in the 48 contiguous states of the US. Other factors in bald eagle population reductions were a widespread loss of suitable habitat, as well as both legal and illegal shooting. In 1930 a New York City ornithologist wrote that in the state of Alaska in the previous 12 years approximately 70,000 bald eagles had been shot. Many of the hunters killed the bald eagles under the long-held beliefs that bald eagles grabbed young lambs and even children with their talons, yet the birds were innocent of most of these alleged acts of predation (lamb predation is rare, human predation is thought to be non-existent).[119] Later illegal shooting was described as "the leading cause of direct mortality in both adult and immature bald eagles," according to a 1978 report in the Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. In 1984, the National Wildlife Federation listed hunting, power-line electrocution, and collisions in flight as the leading causes of eagle deaths. Bald eagles have also been killed by oil, lead, and mercury pollution, and by human and predator intrusion at nests.[120]
The species was first protected in the U.S. and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty, later extended to all of North America. The 1940 bald eagle Protection Act in the U.S., which protected the bald eagle and the golden eagle, prohibited commercial trapping and killing of the birds. The bald eagle was declared an endangered species in the U.S. in 1967, and amendments to the 1940 act between 1962 and 1972 further restricted commercial uses and increased penalties for violators. Perhaps most significant in the species' recovery, in 1972, DDT was banned from usage in the United States.[121] DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989, though its use had been highly restricted since the late 1970s.[122]



 First-year
With regulations in place and DDT banned, the eagle population rebounded. The bald eagle can be found in growing concentrations throughout the United States and Canada, particularly near large bodies of water. In the early 1980s, the estimated total population was 100,000 individuals, with 110,000–115,000 by 1992;[2] the U.S. state with the largest resident population is Alaska, with about 40,000–50,000, with the next highest population the Canadian province of British Columbia with 20,000–30,000 in 1992.[2] Obtaining a precise count of bald eagles population is extremely difficult. The most recent data submitted by individual states was in 2006, when 9789 breeding pairs were reported.[123] For some time, the stronghold breeding population of bald eagles in the lower 48 states was in Florida, where over a thousand pairs have held on while populations in other states were significantly reduced by DDT use. Today, the contiguous state with the largest number of breeding pairs of eagles is Minnesota with an estimated 1,312 pairs, surpassing Florida's most recent count of 1,166 pairs. 23, or nearly half, of the 48 contiguous states now have at least 100 breeding pairs of bald eagles.[27]
The bald eagle was officially removed from the U.S. federal government's list of endangered species on July 12, 1995, by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, when it was reclassified from "Endangered" to "Threatened." On July 6, 1999, a proposal was initiated "To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife." It was de-listed on June 28, 2007.[124] It has also been assigned a risk level of Least Concern category on the IUCN Red List.[1] In the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill of 1989 an estimated 247 were killed in Prince William Sound, though the local population returned to its pre-spill level by 1995.[4]
In captivity
Permits are required to keep bald eagles in captivity in the United States. Permits are primarily issued to public educational institutions, and the eagles which they show are permanently injured individuals which cannot be released to the wild. The facilities where eagles are kept must be equipped with adequate caging and facilities, as well as workers experienced in the handling and care of eagles. Bald eagles cannot legally be kept for falconry in the United States. As a rule, the bald eagle is a poor choice for public shows, being timid, prone to becoming highly stressed, and unpredictable in nature. Native American tribes can obtain a "Native American Religious Use" permit to keep non-releasable eagles as well. They use their naturally molted feathers for religious and cultural ceremonies. The bald eagle can be long-lived in captivity if well cared for, but does not breed well even under the best conditions.[125] In Canada, a license is required to keep bald eagles for falconry.[126]
Cultural significance



 In Skagit Valley, Washington, United States
The bald eagle is important in various Native American cultures and, as the national bird of the United States, is prominent in seals and logos, coinage, postage stamps, and other items relating to the U.S. federal government.
Role in Native American culture
The bald eagle is a sacred bird in some North American cultures, and its feathers, like those of the golden eagle, are central to many religious and spiritual customs among Native Americans. Eagles are considered spiritual messengers between gods and humans by some cultures.[127] Many pow wow dancers use the eagle claw as part of their regalia as well. Eagle feathers are often used in traditional ceremonies, particularly in the construction of regalia worn and as a part of fans, bustles and head dresses. The Lakota, for instance, give an eagle feather as a symbol of honor to person who achieves a task. In modern times, it may be given on an event such as a graduation from college.[128] The Pawnee considered eagles as symbols of fertility because their nests are built high off the ground and because they fiercely protect their young. The Kwakwaka'wakw scattered eagle down to welcome important guests.[129] The Choctaw explained that the bald eagle, who has direct contact with the upper world of the sun, is a symbol of peace.[130]



 Staff at the National Eagle Repository processing a bald eagle.
During the Sun Dance, which is practiced by many Plains Indian tribes, the eagle is represented in several ways. The eagle nest is represented by the fork of the lodge where the dance is held. A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the course of the dance. Also during the dance, a medicine man may direct his fan, which is made of eagle feathers, to people who seek to be healed. The medicine man touches the fan to the center pole and then to the patient, in order to transmit power from the pole to the patient. The fan is then held up toward the sky, so that the eagle may carry the prayers for the sick to the Creator.[131]
Current eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain or possess bald or golden eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use. The constitutionality of these laws has been questioned by Native American groups on the basis that it violates the First Amendment by affecting ability to practice their religion freely.[132][133]
The National Eagle Repository, a division of the FWS, exists as a means to receive, process, and store bald and golden eagles which are found dead, and to distribute the eagles, their parts and feathers, to federally recognized Native American tribes for use in religious ceremonies.[134]
National bird of the United States



Seal of the President of the United States
The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America.[135] The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the Continental Congress adopted the still-current design for the Great Seal of the United States including a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and a 13-leaf olive branch with its talons.[136][137][138]
The bald eagle appears on most official seals of the U.S. government, including the presidential seal, the presidential flag, and in the logos of many U.S. federal agencies. Between 1916 and 1945, the presidential flag (but not the seal) showed an eagle facing to its left (the viewer's right), which gave rise to the urban legend that the flag is changed to have the eagle face towards the olive branch in peace, and towards the arrows in wartime.[139]
Contrary to popular legend, there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), rather than the bald eagle, as a symbol of the United States. However, in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris, criticizing the Society of the Cincinnati, he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle's behavior. In the letter Franklin states:[4]

For my own part. I wish the bald eagle had not been chosen the representative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral character. He does not get his living honestly ... besides he is a rank coward: The little king bird not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district.
Franklin opposed the creation of the Society because he viewed it, with its hereditary membership, as a noble order unwelcome in the newly independent Republic, contrary to the ideals of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, for whom the Society was named; his reference to the two kinds of birds is interpreted as a satirical comparison between the Society of the Cincinnati and Cincinnatus.[140]

See also

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List of national birds
References
1.^ Jump up to: a b BirdLife International (2012). "Haliaeetus leucocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ISBN 84-87334-15-6.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c Harris. "Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus". University of Michigan Museum of Geology. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.
6.^ Jump up to: a b Sibley, D. (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. National Audubon Society ISBN 0-679-45122-6 p. 127
7.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Travsky, A. & Beauvais, G. "Species Assessment for Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in Wyoming" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior- Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
8.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jeff Watson (23 August 2010). The Golden Eagle. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-1420-9. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
9.Jump up ^ Bird, D.M. (2004). The Bird Almanac: A Guide to Essential Facts and Figures of the World's Birds. Ontario: Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55297-925-3.
10.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Facts and Information". Eagles.org. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
11.Jump up ^ Dunning, Jr., J.B., ed. (1993). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, Ann Arbor.
12.Jump up ^ Murphy, T. & Hope, C. "Bald Eagles in South Carolina" (PDF). Department of Natural Resources of South Carolina. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
13.Jump up ^ "ARKive- Bald Eagle video, photos and facts". ARKive.org- Images of Life on Earth. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World by Leslie Brown & Dean Amadon. The Wellfleet Press (1986), ISBN 978-1-55521-472-2.
15.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bald Eagle. Birds of North America Online. Bna.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-24.
16.Jump up ^ Schempf, P. R (1997). "Bald eagle longevity record from Southeastern Alaska". Journal of Field Ornithology 68 (1): 150–51.
17.Jump up ^ Dudley, Karen (1998). Bald Eagles. Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 0-8172-4571-5.
18.Jump up ^ Joshua Dietz. "What's in a Name". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
19.Jump up ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
20.Jump up ^ (Latin) Linnaeus, Carolus (1766). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
21.Jump up ^ "Haliaeetus leucocephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
22.^ Jump up to: a b "Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus". The Pacific Wildlife Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
23.^ Jump up to: a b Brown, N. L. "Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus". Endangered Species Recovery Program. Archived from the original on 2006-09-12. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
24.Jump up ^ Wink, M (1996). "A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus Haliaeetus) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24 (7–8): 783–791. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(97)81217-3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
25.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Habitat". Bald-Eagles.info. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
26.^ Jump up to: a b Bull J, Farrand, J Jr (1987). Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 468–9. ISBN 0-394-41405-5.
27.^ Jump up to: a b c Population report. Biologicaldiversity.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-24.
28.Jump up ^ Hope Rutledge. "Where to View Bald Eagles". Retrieved 2007-08-20.
29.Jump up ^ Bald Eagle Lands Exhausted in Ireland, Associated Press, 15 December 1987.
30.^ Jump up to: a b c "Wildlife Species: Haliaeetus leucocephalus". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
31.^ Jump up to: a b c Suring, L. "Habitat Relationships of Bald Eagles in Alaska" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
32.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "The Bald Eagle in Florida" (PDF). Florida Power & Light Company. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
33.Jump up ^ Andrew, J. M. and Mosher, J. A. (1982). "Bald Eagle nest site selection and nesting habitat in Maryland". J. Wildlife Management 46 (2): 382–390. doi:10.2307/3808650. JSTOR 3808650.
34.Jump up ^ Wood, P. B., Edwards, T. C. and Collopy, M. W. (1989). "Characteristics of Bald Eagle nesting habitat in Florida". J. Wildlife Management 53 (2): 441–449. doi:10.2307/3801148. JSTOR 3801148.
35.^ Jump up to: a b Swenson, J. E., Alt, K. L. and Eng, R. L. (1986). "Ecology of Bald Eagles in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem". Wildlife Monogram 95: 3–46. JSTOR 3830668.
36.Jump up ^ "Largest bird's nest". Guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
37.Jump up ^ "Ross Island FAQ". Willamette Riverkeeper website. Willamette Riverkeeper. 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
38.Jump up ^ "Bald eagles make nest in Heinz Wildlife Refuge". Delaware Daily Times website. Delaware Daily Times. 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
39.Jump up ^ Carlson, Jen (2010-02-05). "Bald Eagle Spotted Near Fairway". Gothamist. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
40.^ Jump up to: a b c Terres, John K. (1980). The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Knopf. pp. 477, 644–646. ISBN 0-394-46651-9.
41.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Facts and Information". Eagles.org. 2007-06-28. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
42.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle: Life History and Habitat". myfwc.com. 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
43.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Fact Sheet, Lincoln Park Zoo". Lpzoo.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
44.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Stalmaster, M. V.; Gessaman, J. A. (1984). "Ecological energetics and foraging behavior of overwintering Bald Eagles". Ecological Monographs 54 (4): 407–428. doi:10.2307/1942594. JSTOR 1942594.
45.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Armstrong, R. "The Importance of Fish to Bald Eagles in Southeast Alaska: A Review" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
46.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Waston, J., Garrett, M. & Anthony, R. "Foraging Ecology of Bald Eagles in the Columbia River Estuary" (PDF). Oregon State University. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
47.Jump up ^ Daum, David W. "Bald Eagle". Alaska Department of Fish & Game. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
48.^ Jump up to: a b c Mersmann, T. J. (1989). "Foraging ecology of Bald Eagles on the northern Chesapeake Bay with an examination of techniques used in the study of Bald Eagle food habits". Master's Thesis (Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ).
49.Jump up ^ Broley, C. L. (1947). "Migration and nesting of Florida bald eagles". Wilson Bulletin 59: 3–20. JSTOR 4157540.
50.Jump up ^ Stalmaster, M. V.; Plettner, R. G. (1992). "Diets and foraging effectiveness of Bald Eagles during extreme winter weather in Nebraska". Journal of Wildlife Management 56 (2): 355–367. doi:10.2307/3808835. JSTOR 3808835.
51.Jump up ^ Jenkins, J. & Jackman, R. (1994). "Field Experiments in Prey Selection by Resident Bald Eagles in the Breeding and Non-Breeding Season". Journal of Field Ornithology 65 (4): 441–446. JSTOR 20065848.
52.^ Jump up to: a b Kozie, K. D.; Anderson, R. K. (1991). "Productivity, diet, and environmental contaminants in Bald Eagles nesting near the Wisconsin shoreline of Lake Superior". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1007/BF01065326. PMID 1996910.
53.Jump up ^ Delong, D. C., Jr. (1990). "Effects of food on Bald Eagle distribution and abundance on the northern Chesapeake Bay: an experimental approach". Master's Thesis (Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ).
54.Jump up ^ Brisbin, Jr., I. Lehr; Mowbray, Thomas B.; Poole, A.; Gill, F. (2002). "American Coot (Fulica americana)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.697a. ISSN 1061-5466.
55.^ Jump up to: a b Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.
56.^ Jump up to: a b c Gill Jr., R. & Kincheloe, K. (1993). "Are Bald Eagles Important Predators of Emperor Geese?" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research 27 (1): 34–36.
57.Jump up ^ Vlietstra, L. S. and Paruk, J. A. (1997). "Predation attempts on incubating Common Loons, Gavia immer, and the significance of shoreline nesting". Canadian Field Naturalist 111: 654–655.
58.Jump up ^ Good, T.P. "Great Black-backed Gull- Behavior- Birds of North America Online". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
59.Jump up ^ Wood, P., Nesbitt, S. & Steffer, A. (1993). "Bald Eagles Prey on Sandhill Cranes in Florida". Journal of Raptor Research 27 (3): 164–165.
60.Jump up ^ Evans, R. M. and F. L. Knopf. 1993. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). In: A. Poole and F. Gill, (eds.), The Birds of North America, No. 57. Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington D.C.: The American Ornithologists Union.
61.^ Jump up to: a b c Henderson, B. "Murres and Bald Eagles in a 'Conservation Collision'". Coastwatch- Oregon Shores. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
62.Jump up ^ "Decline In Alaskan Sea Otters Affects Bald Eagles' Diet". Science Daily. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
63.Jump up ^ DeGange, Anthony R. and Nelson, Jay W. (1982). "Bald Eagle Predation on Nocturnal Seabirds". Journal of Field Ornithology 53 (4): 407–409. JSTOR 4512766. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
64.Jump up ^ Bald Eagle attacking a Trumpter Swan. Utahbirds.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
65.Jump up ^ Griffin, C. R., T. S. Baskett, and R. D. Sparrowe. 1982. Ecology of Bald Eagles wintering near a waterfowl concentration. Rep. no. 247. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Washington, D.C.
66.Jump up ^ News | Ohs & Mclane. Ohsmclane.wpengine.com (2012-06-07). Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
67.Jump up ^ Watson, J., Davison, M. & Leschner, L. (1993). "Bald Eagles rear Red-tailed Hawks". Journal of Raptor Research 27 (2): 126–127.
68.Jump up ^ MacDonald, J. (1994). "Bald Eagle attacks adult Osprey". Journal of Raptor Research 28 (2): 122.
69.Jump up ^ Coleman, J. and Fraser, J. (1986). "Predation on Black and Turkey Vultures". The Wilson Bulletin 98 (4): 600–601.
70.Jump up ^ "Birds of North America Online". Bna.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
71.Jump up ^ "Beaver". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology, Fairfax County Public School. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
72.Jump up ^ Hayward, J., Galusha, J. & Henson, S. (2010). "Foraging-Related Activity of Bald Eagles at a Washington Seabird Colony and Seal Rookery" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research 44: 19. doi:10.3356/JRR-08-107.1.
73.Jump up ^ Retfalvi, L. (1970). "Food of nesting Bald Eagles on San Juan Islan, Washington". Condor 72 (3): 358–361. doi:10.2307/1366014. JSTOR 1366014.
74.Jump up ^ Jones, S. "Populations and Prey Selection Wintering Raptors in Boulder, Colorado". Boulder County Nature Association. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
75.Jump up ^ O'Gara, B. "Bald and Golden Eagles damage management and predation control". Cooperative Extension Division Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
76.Jump up ^ McEneaney, T. & Jenkins, M. (1983). "Bald Eagle predation on Domestic Sheep". The Wilson Bulletin 95 (4): 694–695.
77.Jump up ^ "Predation on Northern Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) by Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) along the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay Coasts of New Jersey" (PDF). The Wetlands Institute. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
78.Jump up ^ "Birds of prey — Diet & Eating Habits". Seaworld.org. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
79.Jump up ^ "Amazing Bird Records". Trails.com. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
80.Jump up ^ "Gripping Strength of an Eagle – Understanding psi 101". Hawkquest. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
81.Jump up ^ Edwards, C. C. 1969. Winter behavior and population dynamics of American eagles in Utah. Phd Thesis. Brigham Young University. Provo, UT.
82.Jump up ^ Folk, M. J. (1992). "Cooperative hunting of avian prey by a pair of Bald Eagles". Florida Field Naturalist 20: 110–112.
83.Jump up ^ Newsome, S. D.; Collins, P. W.; Rick, T. C.; Guthrie, D. A.; Erlandson, J. M.; Fogel, M. L. (2010). "Pleistocene to historic shifts in bald eagle diets on the Channel Islands, California". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (20): 9246–9251. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.9246N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913011107. JSTOR 25681578. PMC 2889061. PMID 20439737.
84.Jump up ^ Todd, C. S., Young, L. S., Owen, R. B. and Gramlich, F. J. (1982). "Food habits of Bald Eagles in Maine". J. Wildlife Management 46 (3): 636–645. doi:10.2307/3808554. JSTOR 3808554.
85.Jump up ^ Harmata, A. R. 1984. Bald Eagles of the San Luis valley, Colorado: their winter ecology and spring migration. Phd Thesis. Montana State University. Bozeman.
86.^ Jump up to: a b c d Sherrod, S. K., White, C. M. and Williamson, F. S. L. (1976). "Biology of the Bald Eagle on Amchitka Island, Alaska". Living Bird 15: 145–182.
87.Jump up ^ McCollough, M. A., Todd, C. S. and Owen, R. B., Jr. (1994). "Supplemental feeding program for wintering Bald Eagles in Maine". Wildlife Society Bulletin 22 (2): 147–154. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(96)83230-7. JSTOR 3783240.
88.Jump up ^ School of Birding Workshops. Njaudubon.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
89.Jump up ^ Watt, J., Krausse, B. and Tinker, T. M. (1995). "Bald Eagle kleptoparasitizing sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska". Condor 87 (2): 588–590. doi:10.2307/1369047. JSTOR 1369047.
90.Jump up ^ Jorde, D.G. (1998). "Kleptoparasitism by Bald Eagles wintering in South-Central Nebraska". Journal of Field Ornithology 59 (2): 183–188.
91.Jump up ^ Dick Dekker, Marinde Out, Miechel Tabak and Ronald Ydenberg (2012). "The Effect of Kleptoparasitic Bald Eagles and Gyrfalcons on the Kill Rate of Peregrine Falcons Hunting Dunlins Wintering in British Columbia". Condor 114 (2): 290–294. doi:10.1525/cond.2012.110110. JSTOR 10.1525/cond.2012.110110.
92.Jump up ^ "San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Bald Eagle". Sandiegozoo.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
93.Jump up ^ R.F. Stocek. "Bald Eagle". Canadian Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
94.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)". Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
95.Jump up ^ Erickson, L. (2007). "Bald Eagle, About Bald Eagle Nests". Journey North.
96.Jump up ^ Amazing Bird Records. Trails.com (2010-07-27). Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
97.Jump up ^ Brown, B. T., Warren, P. L. and Anderson, L. S. (1987). "First Bald Eagle nesting record from Sonora, Mexico". Wilson Bulletin 99: 279–280.
98.^ Jump up to: a b Hensel, R. J. and Troyer, W. A. (1964). "Nesting studies of the Bald Eagle in Alaska". Condor 66 (4): 282–286. doi:10.2307/1365287. JSTOR 1365287.
99.^ Jump up to: a b Bortolotti, G. R. (1984). "Physical development of nestling Bald Eagles with emphasis on the timing of growth events". Wilson Bulletin 96: 524–542. JSTOR 4161989.
100.Jump up ^ Bent, A. C. 1937. Life histories of North American birds of prey, Part 1. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 167.
101.Jump up ^ Gilbert, S., Tomassoni, P. and Kramer, P. A. (1981). "History of captive management and breeding of Bald Eagles". Int. Zoo Yearbook 21: 101–109. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1981.tb01959.x.
102.^ Jump up to: a b "Habits and Habitats of Bald Eagles". Drexel University. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
103.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Fact Sheet". Southern Ontario Bald Eagle Monitoring Project. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
104.Jump up ^ Bowman, T. D., Schempf, P. F. and Bernatowicz, J. A. (1995). "Bald Eagle survival and populations dynamics in Alaska after the Exxon Valdez oil spill". Journal of Wildlife Management 59 (2): 317–324. doi:10.2307/3808945. JSTOR 3808945.
105.^ Jump up to: a b Wood, P. B., D. A. Buehler, and M. A. Byrd. 1990. Raptor status report-Bald Eagle. Pages 13–21 in Proceedings of the southeast raptor management symposium and workshop. (Giron Pendleton, B., Ed.) National Wildlife Federation Washington, D.C.
106.Jump up ^ Fraser, J. D. (1985). "The impact of human activities on Bald Eagle populations-a review". pp. 68–84 in The Bald Eagle in Canada. (Gerrard, J. M. and T. M. Ingram, Eds.) White Horse Plains Publishers Headingley, Manitoba.
107.Jump up ^ "Cornell University". Bna.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
108.Jump up ^ "Cougar vs Eagle". YouTube.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
109.Jump up ^ Buehler, D. A., Fraser, J. D., Seegar, J. K. D., Therres, G. D. and Byrd, M. A. (1991). "Survival rates and population dynamics of Bald Eagles on Chesapeake Bay". J. Wildlife Management 55 (4): 608–613. doi:10.2307/3809506. JSTOR 3809506.
110.Jump up ^ Sprunt, A. and Ligas, F. J. (1964). "Excerpts from convention addresses on the 1963 Bald Eagle report". Audubon 66: 45–47.
111.Jump up ^ Mckelvey, R. W. and Smith, D. W. (1979). "A black bear in a Bald Eagle nest". Murrelet 60: 106.
112.Jump up ^ Nash, C.; Pruett-Jones, M.; Allen, G. T. (1980). "The San Juan Islands Bald Eagle nesting survey". In Knight, R. L.; Allen, G. T.; Stalmaster, M. V. et al. Proceedings of Washington Bald Eagle symposium. Seattle, WA: The Nature Conservancy. pp. 105–115.
113.Jump up ^ Gerrard, J. M. and Bortolotti, G. R. (1988). The Bald Eagle: haunts and habits of a wilderness monarch. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C.
114.Jump up ^ Mabie, D. W.; Todd, M. T.; Reid, D. H. (1994). "Dispersal of Bald Eagles fledged in Texas". J. Raptor Res 28 (4): 213–219.
115.Jump up ^ Doyle, F. I. (1995). "Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, and Northern Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis, nests apparently preyed upon by a wolverine(s), Gulo gulo, in the southwestern Yukon Territory". Canadian Field-Naturalist 109: 115–116.
116.Jump up ^ Bald Eagle attacks Black bear again at Redoubt Bay on YouTube
117.Jump up ^ Brown, Leslie (1976). Birds of Prey: Their biology and ecology. Hamlyn. p. 226. ISBN 0-600-31306-9.
118.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Facts and Information". American eagle foundation. Archived from the original on December 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
119.Jump up ^ "American Bald Eagle Is Near Extinction." Popular Science Monthly, March 1930, p. 62.
120.Jump up ^ Milloy, Steven (2006-07-06). "Bald Eagle". Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
121.Jump up ^ EPA press release (1972-12-31). "DDT Ban Takes Effect". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
122.Jump up ^ Barrera, Jorge (2005-07-04). "Agent Orange has left deadly legacy Fight continues to ban pesticides and herbicides across Canada". Archived from the original on 2008-01-24. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
123.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs 1963 to 2006". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. March 18, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
124.Jump up ^ "Bald Eagle Soars Off Endangered Species List". U.S. Department of the Interior. 2007-06-28. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
125.Jump up ^ Maestrelli, John R. (March 1975). "Breeding Bald Eagles in Captivity". The Wilson Bulletin 87 (I): 45–53.
126.Jump up ^ Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1997. Ministry of Attorney General. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
127.Jump up ^ Julie Collier. "The Sacred Messengers". Mashantucket Pequot Museum. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
128.Jump up ^ Melmer, David (2007-06-11). "Bald eagles may come off threatened list". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on September 24, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
129.Jump up ^ Brown, Steven C; Averill, Lloyd J. "Sun Dogs and Eagle Down". University of Washington Press. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
130.Jump up ^ O'Brien, Greg (2005) [2002, 2005]. "Power Derived from the Outside World". Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830. University of Nebraska Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-8032-8622-8.
131.Jump up ^ Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood. "The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance". University of Washington Press. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
132.Jump up ^ DeMeo, Antonia M. (1995). "Access to Eagles and Eagle Parts: Environmental Protection v. Native American Free Exercise of Religion". Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 22 (3): 771–813. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
133.Jump up ^ Boradiansky, Tina S. (1990). "Conflicting Values: The Religious Killing of Federally Protected Wildlife". University of New Mexico School of Law. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
134.Jump up ^ "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement / Native Americans and Alaskan Natives - National Eagle Repository". Retrieved 10 March 2014.
135.Jump up ^ Lawrence, E.A. (1990). "Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture". The Journal of American Culture 13 (1): 63–69. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x.
136.Jump up ^ "Original Design of the Great Seal of the United States (1782)". National Archives. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
137.Jump up ^ The official description was in text only; no diagram was included. Text of the Act.
138.Jump up ^ 4 U.S.C. § 41; The Bald Eagle on the Great Seal. greatseal.com
139.Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara and Mikkelson, David P. "A Turn of the Head". snopes.com. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
140.Jump up ^ "American Heraldry Society | MMM / The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey". Americanheraldry.org. 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
Further reading
Beans, Bruce E. (1996). Eagle's Plume: The Struggle to Preserve the Life and Haunts of America's Bald Eagle. New York, NY: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80696-7. OCLC 35029744.
Gerrard, Jonathan M.; Bortolotti, Gary R. (1988). The Bald Eagle: Haunts and Habits of a Wilderness Monarch. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-451-2. OCLC 16801779.
Isaacson, Philip M. (1975). The American Eagle (1st ed.). Boston, MA: New York Graphic Society. ISBN 0-8212-0612-5. OCLC 1366058.
Knight, Richard L.; Gutzwiller, Kevin J. (1995). Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence through Management and Research. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-257-7. OCLC 30893485.
Laycock, George (1973). Autumn of the Eagle. New York. NY: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-13413-6. OCLC 754345.
Petersen, Shannon (2002). Acting for Endangered Species: The Statutory Ark. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1172-X. OCLC 48477567.
Spencer, Donald A. (1976). Wintering of the Migrant Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States. Washington, DC: National Agricultural Chemicals Association. OCLC 2985418.
Stalmaster, Mark V. (1987). The Bald Eagle. New York, NY: Universe Books. ISBN 0-87663-491-9. OCLC 15014825.
Temple, Stanley A. (1978). Endangered Birds: Management Techniques for Preserving Threatened Species. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-07520-6. OCLC 3750666.
Identification
Grant, Peter J. (1988) The Co. Kerry Bald Eagle Twitching 1(12): 379–80 – describes plumage differences between Bald Eagle and White-tailed Eagle in juveniles
External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haliaeetus leucocephalus.
 Wikispecies has information related to: Bald Eagle
The National Eagle Center
American Bald Eagle Foundation
American Bald Eagle Information
Bald Eagle Bird Sound
Video links
Bald Eagle videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
Bald Eagle photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Photo Field Guide on Flickr
100+ Bald Eagles
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Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species
Haliaeetus
Eagles
Birds of Canada
Birds of the United States
Birds of Mexico
Birds of Belize
Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
National symbols of the United States
Animals described in 1766












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Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh
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Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh

Directed by
Harun Rahman
 Lara Ariffin
Produced by
Lara Ariffin
 Lina Teoh
 Sabrina Chen-Louie
 Effa Desa
Written by
Kathryn Pasternak
Starring
Michelle Yeoh
Music by
Farul Farid
Cinematography
Brad Dillon, Harun Rahman, Wong Chin Hor
Edited by
Daniel Sheire
Production
   company
Novista
Release date(s)
December 9, 2009

Running time
50 minutes
Country
Malaysia
Language
English
Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh is a 2009 documentary film made by National Geographic in cooperation with FINAS (National Film Development Corporation Malaysia).[1] The film is notable for showing how the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre (also known as Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary) in Sabah is fighting for the survival and well-being of each ape. The film was broadcast internationally and presented at the Eco-Knights Film Festival 2011 [2]


Contents  [hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Accolades
3 References
4 External links

Synopsis[edit]
In the documentary, Michelle Yeoh visits her adopted orangutan in her home country Malaysia[3] and studies for three weeks[4] what is done to sustain the long-term population of this endangered species. Guided by Dr Cecilia Boklin, Yeoh takes part in all activities; she is filmed nurturing an orphaned suckling orangutan.[5]
Accolades[edit]
Best Natural History or Wildlife Programme or Docu-drama, Asian Television Awards 2010
Best Environmental/Tourism Documentary, Malaysian Documentary Awards 2010 [6]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh". Retrieved 2011-12-15.
2.Jump up ^ "Among the Great Apes: Datuk Michelle Yeoh visits the Sepilok Rehabilitation Centre to get up close and personal with her adopted orang utan". Retrieved 2011-12-15.
3.Jump up ^ "Malaysian superstar Michelle Yeoh returns home to Malaysia to see her adopted Orangutan for the first time". Retrieved 2011-12-15.
4.Jump up ^ "Michelle joined the film crew and workers at the Sepilok Rehabilitation Centre for three weeks". Retrieved 2011-12-15.
5.Jump up ^ ""It was an amazing experience," Yeoh enthused. "It’s impossible not to fall in love with them". Retrieved 2011-12-15.
6.Jump up ^ "the best wildlife documentary at the 2010 Asian Television Awards and best wildlife film at the 2010 Malaysia Documentary Film Festival". Retrieved 2011-12-15.
External links[edit]
FINAS homepage on Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh
Orang Utan Outreach on Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh
 


Categories: 2009 films
Animal welfare
2000s documentary films
Documentary television films
Documentary films about nature
Films shot in Malaysia
English-language films




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Built for the Kill
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Built for the Kill

Genre
Nature documentary
Narrated by
Mathew Morgan
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
31
Production

Running time
48 mins (each episode)
Broadcast

Original channel
National Geographic Channel
Original run
2001 – 2004
Built for the Kill is a nature series made by Granada Wild for the National Geographic Channel. It was made from 2001–2004, with a total of 31 episodes. Each episode runs for approximately 48 minutes including the credits and opening titles. Episodes of Built For The Kill cover a topic or habitat for predatory animals, such as "Coral Reef" or "Packs". If the episode is the name of a Habitat (Coral Reef), the episode will feature predators from that environment. If the episode's name is something like "Jaws" or "Packs", it will feature predators who utilize the name of the episode. Built For The Kill uses a graphical approach to catch the audiences attention, often showing inner workings of the predatory animals (e.g. showing a snake's "Jacobson Organ" inside its mouth) by using diagrams. Some effects seen are used to show the audience what they can't really see, but is there (such as the electricity coming from an Electric Ray or the sound waves used in Echo Location). This graphical approach to a nature documentary makes Built for the Kill very interesting to watch.
Built for the Kill's classic opening was a montage of creatures featured in the first 7 episodes (Desert, Coral Reef, Rainforest, Grassland, Miniature, Swamp and Ocean) with a catchy theme song. This opening was changed further into the series to one that shows the National Geographic logo in various parts. The theme song stayed the same however.
In 2011 National Geographic Channel resurrect the show with four new episodes. However, the four episodes were presented with a slightly different style than the original. The following four episodes are (lion, great white shark, polar bear, and crocodile) and is expected to be continued.


Contents  [hide]
1 Episodes (not in order)
2 DVD releases
3 Related National Geographic programs
4 External links

Episodes (not in order)[edit]
01. Desert
02. Coral Reef
03. Rainforest
04. Grassland
05. Miniature
06. Swamp
07. Ocean
08. Cold
09. Night
10. Island
11. Forest
12. Hidden
13. Ambush
14. River
15. Birds Of Prey
16. Jaws
17. Packs
18. Shark
19. Cat
20. Killer Canines
21. Snake
22. Speed
23. Claws
24. Poison
25. Macro Gladiators
26. Stealth Killers
27. Unlikely Carnivores
28. Chase
29. Undersea Deception
30. Cold Blooded
31. Flying Insects
DVD releases[edit]
(2005, Europe, 2 Discs)
01 Claws
 02 Killer Canines
 03 Jaws
 04 Packs
 05 Speed
Collection 1 (2009, Australia, 4 Discs)
Built for the kill collection 1 dvd cover.jpg
01 Desert
 02 Coral Reef
 03 Rainforest
 04 Grassland
 05 Miniature
 06 Swamp
 07 Ocean
 08 Cold
 09 Night
 10 Island
Collection 2 (2010, Australia, 4 Discs)
Built for the kill collection 2 dvd cover.jpg
01 Forest
 02 River
 03 Hidden
 04 Chase
 05 Poison
 06 Ambush
 07 Birds of Prey
 08 Cat
 09 Shark
 10 Snake
Related National Geographic programs[edit]
Dangerous Encounters
Battle at Kruger
External links[edit]
http://natgeotv.com/uk/built-for-the-kill
http://www.locatetv.com/tv/built-for-the-kill
Built for the Kill at the Internet Movie Database
 


Categories: Films about animals
National Geographic Channel programs
Television series about animals


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Cesar Millan's Leader of the Pack
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Cesar Millan's Leader of the Pack

Genre
Documentary
Format
Reality
Starring
Cesar Millan
Country of origin
United States
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
12
Production

Executive producer(s)
Gregory Vanger
 Jenny Apostol
Producer(s)
Leo Lavazza
 Marcela Campos
Running time
40 to 43 minutes
 (excluding commercials)
Production company(s)
POWWOW Media Partners
Broadcast

Original channel
Nat Geo Wild
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original run
January 5, 2013 – March 26, 2013
External links
Website
Cesar Millan's Leader of the Pack is an American documentary television series on the Nat Geo Wild. The series premiered on January 5, 2013.


Contents  [hide]
1 Premise
2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 (2012)
3 References

Premise[edit]
The series follows Cesar Millan as he helps gives sheltered dogs new homes and takes place at Millan's newest Dog Psychology Center located in Miraflores, Spain. Candidate individuals and families compete against each other to demonstrate that they can offer each dog a matching and balanced home. One of the candidates wins the contest each episode and is given the dog.[1][2]
Episodes[edit]

Season
Episodes
Season Premiere
Season Finale
 1 12 January 5, 2013 March 26, 2013
Season 1 (2012)[edit]

No.
Title
Original air date

1
"Jet Power" January 5, 2013
2
"Love At First Bite" January 12, 2013
3
"When Harry met Cesar" January 19, 2013
4
"Miles To Go" January 26, 2013
5
"A Friend for Amigo" February 9, 2013
6
"Rosie's Thorn" February 16, 2013
7
"Once Bitten" February 19, 2013
8
"Mambo Madness" February 26, 2013
9
"Dora's Dilemma" March 5, 2013
10
"Too Much Mojo" March 12, 2013
11
"Turbo Charged" March 19, 2013
12
"Saving Sophia" March 26, 2013
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Cesar Millan Searches the Globe for Dog Lovers Who Have What It Takes to Be the "Leader of the Pack"". thefutoncritic. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
2.Jump up ^ "New Leader of the Pack TV Show with Cesar Millan". Cesar's Way. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
 


Categories: 2010s American television series
2013 American television series debuts
American documentary television series
English-language television programming




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Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr is a television program hosted by Brady Barr on Nat Geo WILD, National Geographic Channel's sister network.
Episodes[edit]
The largest crocodile ever caught by me Record-holder dr. Brady in India Brady in India-2 Snakebot Crocsuit In Mexico In carriebean Hippo suit In Australia-1,2,3,4 In South-east Asia-1,2 In Central America-1,2,3 The largest snake at Lake Tana In Africa-1,2,3,4,5



External links[edit]
Official site on Nat Geo WILD
TV Series on imdb.com
 


Categories: Documentary television series


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Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan
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Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan

Format
Reality
Starring
Cesar Millan
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English, Spanish, Chinese
No. of seasons
8
No. of episodes
131
Production

Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
MPH Entertainment, Inc.
 Mobile Video Productions, Inc.
Broadcast

Original channel
National Geographic Channel (2004–2011)
Nat Geo Wild (2011–2012)
Original run
September 13, 2004 – September 15, 2012
External links
Website
Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan was a reality television series that featured Cesar Millan's work with problem dogs. In the United States, the program aired exclusively on the Nat Geo Wild channel. The series finale aired on September 15, 2012.
Episodes of "Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan" featured guests' problem dogs, introduced through documentary-style footage and an interview with the owners. Millan offered suggestions on how the owners could become their pet's "pack leader," consistent with the theory that dogs are pack animals. He used behavior modification techniques and the philosophy that exercise, discipline, and affection are required "in that order" for dogs to be healthy and balanced.[1]
The series premiered on September 13, 2004 on the National Geographic Channel in half-hour episodes and in 2005 was expanded to one hour and moved to prime time. In 2011, the series aired its seventh season broadcast in more than eighty countries worldwide.[2] Produced by Sheila Emery and Kay Sumner in association with MPH Entertainment, Inc. the program has an estimated audience of 11 million American viewers per week.[3] A number of entertainment-industry professionals have appeared on the program, including Virginia Madsen and Jada Pinkett Smith.
In June 2014, Litton Entertainment announced a family-oriented revival/spinoff of the show, Dog Whisperer: Family Edition, which will air on The CW Saturday mornings beginning in October 2014 as part of Litton's One Magnificent Morning block.[4]


Contents  [hide]
1 Program format
2 History
3 Daddy
4 Celebrity appearances
5 Production crew
6 Criticism
7 Ratings
8 Awards
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Program format[edit]
The Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan is a documentary-style reality television program centering on animal behaviorist Cesar Millan[5] as he works to rehabilitate dogs with behavior problems ranging from excessive barking, to behaviors that could leave the owners little choice but to medicate or euthanize their dogs if not corrected.[6][7]
Millan said in a number of interviews that the program is not a guide to training, but a demonstration of his rehabilitation techniques.[5][7][8] Each episode begins with the statement, "Do not attempt the techniques you are about to see without consulting a professional"[9] and repeats warnings that viewers should not attempt the behavior modification techniques at home.[1]
Viewers are introduced to the difficult dogs, and their owners, through home-movie style footage of their dogs engaging in the behavior its owners find problematic. A voice-over describes the situation briefly; the owners tell their story, and Millan arrives. Program publicity states that Millan does not review the "audition" videos of the dogs and has no advance knowledge of the situation unless the dog's behavior makes it a potential danger to Millan and the crew.[10] Millan conducts an interview as the owners describe the issues at hand. Millan then usually offers suggestions on how the owners may alter their own habits to become a "pack leader" for their pet. He goes on to demonstrate behavior modification techniques with the dog and shows his expertise at establishing dominance over the troubled canine. Millan frequently brings one or more of his own dogs to a training session, which Millan describes as transferring another dog's "balanced energy." Sometimes, the dog is taken to his Dog Psychology Center where it stays with Millan's own dogs for days or weeks.[11] Each episode ends with a demonstration of the dog's altered behavior and the astonished pleasure of the owner.
Episodes feature the owners and families whose dogs are being rehabilitated. In inviting submissions, the producers look for a wide variety of dog problems, including unusual phobias, obsessions, fearful behavior, aggression, or any other unique situations that Cesar could help transform. They ask owners for anything interesting or funny about their dog, and request a short video showing three instances of the problem behavior. Occasionally the program calls for particular types of dogs for themed episodes, such as "spoiled rotten" dogs for Beverly Hills Divas.[12]
On occasion Dog Whisperer is taken 'on the road' with episodes recorded in U.S. cities other than Los Angeles, and from the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.[13]
History[edit]
The Dog Whisperer chronicles the work of Cesar Millan, a Mexican American with a facility for rehabilitating dogs with problematic behavior.[5] Millan spent his childhood in the city of Culiacan in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. However, his favorite place was his grandfather's ranch where he was captivated by the wild dogs on the property.[14][15] He spent so much time with the dogs that locals called him el perrero meaning "the dog boy." His fascination with dogs extended to television, and his favorite programs featured highly trained dogs such as Lassie.[14]
By his teens, Millan had decided that he wanted to be a Hollywood animal trainer, and he moved to Los Angeles, where he worked for a dog grooming store and then for a limousine company.[14] He ran a dog training business from a van before opening the Dog Psychology Center in South Los Angeles, where he focused on rehabilitating especially aggressive dogs.[16] His expertise with dogs was publicized primarily by word of mouth and Millan soon developed a clientele that included entertainment-industry professionals. Millan's first mention in the national mainstream media came in People magazine in December 2002 in an article describing his work with action-film director Ridley Scott's Jack Russell Terriers.[14]
Millan is a self-taught dog trainer who established a reputation for working with aggressive breeds and hard to handle cases at a San Diego dog groomers,[17][18][19][20] subsequently developing a celebrity clientele.
In 2002, after he was profiled in a newspaper article, Millan received offers from a number of producers, and chose to work with Sheila Emery and Kay Sumner. They teamed with MPH Entertainment, Inc., which had been involved in successful reality-based cable shows, to produce a pilot. The producers had preliminary talks with Animal Planet, but the Network would not commit beyond a single pilot episode.[21] The National Geographic Channel expressed interest in the program, ordering 26 half-hour episodes, on the proviso that MPH provide the required deficit financing.[3] Under this agreement MPH and Emery/Sumner retained the copyright to the show.[3] The channel retains control of television distribution in the United States and Canada.[3] MPH and Emery/Sumner control worldwide home video and foreign sales and share that revenue with the channel, allowing them to create and market various video collections.[22] The name of the program was similar to Paul Owens' 1999 book The Dog Whisperer. Owens, a positive trainer, has distanced himself from the program and now calls himself "the original dog whisperer".[23]
The show premiered in 2004, gradually gaining audience attention, by word of mouth.[3] For the first season, the series wasn't positioned in prime time and the channel did little to promote the show.[3] However, in Season 2 it was expanded to an hour and moved to a prime time slot.[3] In 2009 the National Geographic Channel agreed with Fox to syndicate the series in the Fall of 2010, bringing it to a channel with exposure to approximately 50 million of the USA's 120 million households.[3] A journalist for The Times questioned Cesar Millan on his motivation for producing the program, and quoted him as responding, "The goal that God and I have together is the whole world transformed through a dog."[24]
In 2006, former publicist Makeda Smith[25] filed a copyright infringement suit which stated that in 2001, she and her partner branded Millan as "The Dog Whisperer" by conceiving, producing and directing what they say was a pilot named "The Dog Whisperer", featuring Tichina Arnold.[26] The $5,000,000 lawsuit was settled out of court.[26]
The program is broadcast in more than eighty countries worldwide where it is alternatively known as Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan, Dog Whisperer, or The Dog Whisperer.[2] At the debut of the sixth season of the Dog Whisperer, a New York Times article estimated an audience of 11 million American viewers each week.[3] In 2011 the program aired its seventh season, and all repeats and future new episodes were moved to Nat Geo WILD. Ten new episodes are currently being broadcast on Nat Geo WILD on Saturdays at 8pm ET. The new season will have more themed episodes, such as "home wrecker" dogs on Valentine's Day.[27]
Nat Geo WILD announced the ninth and final season of Dog Whisperer will be aired starting in July 2012; Millan will then star in the 12-part series Leader of the Pack slated for airing in early 2013.[28]
Daddy[edit]
Main article: Daddy (dog)
Daddy was an American Pit Bull Terrier integral to Millan's work and the show.[29] Daddy was originally owned by rapper Redman.[30] Daddy became known for his calm temperament, tolerance for smaller dogs, and capacity for empathy.[30] Millan employed Daddy's temperament to rehabilitate dogs, train dog owners, and serve as a role model for a breed often associated with aggressiveness. Daddy appeared frequently in episodes of the Dog Whisperer,[31] with Millan referring to him as his right-hand man.[32] According to Millan, Daddy "never made a mistake — never, never. He's never displayed aggression or any other negative behavior. He's just always helped me."[33] In 2009, Millan added "I have never had a dog like Daddy. I've been astounded by his intuition, consoled by his affection, and awed by his silent empathy."[34]
Celebrity appearances[edit]
Jada Pinkett Smith, who helped Millan achieve his goal of having a television show,[3] participated in the program's 100th episode[35][36] along with other celebrity guests including Patti LaBelle,[37] Virginia Madsen,[38] Ed McMahon[39] and Daisy Fuentes[40][41] — all having worked with Millan on earlier episodes with their dogs.

[show]Celebrity  Appearances
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
Production crew[edit]
The writers of Dog Whisperer, Jim Milio and Melissa Jo Peltier, write that they put on their "writer-producer hats to focus, restructure, and help create a theme for the segment." This is followed by the "shaping of the show itself,' writing the narrations, wraps, teasers, tags, and bumpers. They went on to say that "this is all for a show where absolutely nothing in the field (save Cesar's arrivals to the dog owner's front doors) is fabricated...what we like to call the last "real" Reality show on television."[42]
Executive producers for MPH Entertainment are Jim Milio, Melissa Jo Peltier, and Mark Hufnail. Sheila Possner-Emery and Kay Bachman-Sumner are producers. For National Geographic Channel, the executive producer is Char Serwa. Nicholas Bunker is associate producer, Christina Lublin coordinating producer and SueAnn Fincke series producer. The series is directed by SueAnn Fincke and Jim Milio. Cinematographers are Bryan Duggan and Christopher Komives. Thirty-six other crew members are involved in location management, sound recording, camera operation, music, editing, and production assistance.[43]
Criticism[edit]
In February 2006, an article in the New York Times quoted Dr. Nicholas Dodman, director of the Animal Behavior Clinic at Tufts University's Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, said that his college had "written to National Geographic Channel and told them they have put dog training back 20 years".[44] A New York Times August 2006 op-ed by Mark Derr, an author noted for his publications on dogs, criticized Dog Whisperer for its reliance on a "simplistic view of the dog's social structure". According to Derr, Millan's methodology "flies in the face of what professional animal behaviorists — either trained and certified veterinarians or ethologists — have learned about normal and abnormal behavior in dogs".[45]
Also in 2006, the American Humane Association (AHA) requested that the National Geographic Channel stop airing the program,[46] saying that training tactics shown on Dog Whisperer were inhumane, outdated and improper.[47] By November 2009, Millan had invited the American Humane Association to the set of Dog Whisperer, at which time, according to Millan, "they changed their state of mind about what is cruel".[48] The association announced in February 2010 that despite "sharp differences of view in the past" and some lingering areas of disagreement, they shared many areas of interest with Millan.[49]
Debra Horwitz, president of the American College of Veterinary Behaviorists, said that the major benefits of The Dog Whisperer are that it makes owners aware that they are not alone in the problems they have with their pets, and that it provides good advice on the need for dogs to exercise and have rules. But, Horwitz adds, the show also has the major drawback of attributing behavior problems to dominance when the dog may be misbehaving because it is fearful or anxious.[50] Pet columnist Steve Dale said in a July 2010 newspaper column that while he believed Millan was "blessed with an amazingly intuitive understanding of dog behavior," some of the methods shown on the program, particularly those related to dominance, were inappropriate and not substantiated by science.[51]
Dr. Sophia Yin, a veterinarian, researcher and animal behaviorist, has written articles and spoken about Cesar Milan's television show and methods, calling Cesar Milan's methods "based on the erroneous understanding of dominance and the need to use force or coercions as the first-line of training for all problems."[52]
Ratings[edit]
The Dog Whisperer premiered in 2004 as a half-hour program but subsequently became first in the National Geographic channel ratings and was expanded to a prime-time, one hour format.[8] In 2007, the network renewed its most popular series to that date with an unprecedented 35 episodes in which Milan travelled the show to US cities like New York and Miami.[10] In 2008, the show in its 100th episode had grown from an estimated 100,000 households per episodes per household estimated 1,000,000 people per episode.[53] By 2010 Dog Whisperer had been the National Geographic's top rated series for six years.[54]
Awards[edit]
In 2005 and again in 2007, Millan was awarded the Michael Landon Award for Inspiration to Youth Through Television.[55] The show received Emmy nominations for Outstanding Reality Program in both 2006 and 2007, though it did not take the award on either occasion.[56][57]
In 2008, Dog Whisperer won TV Best Variety or Reality Show at the 23rd Annual Imagen Foundation Awards, and also won the People's Choice Award for Favorite Animal Show that same year.[58] Dog Whisperer again won the People's Choice Awards in the category of Favorite Animal Show in 2010.[59][60]
The Humane Society of the United States Genesis Award Committee presented Millan with a 2008 Special Commendation for his work in rehabilitating animals. In 2010, the show was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs but did not take the award.
See also[edit]
It's Me or the Dog
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, John (May 16, 2009). "All heel for Cesar". The Age (Australia). Retrieved September 8, 2011.
2.^ Jump up to: a b Oldenburg, Ann (July 27, 2006). "Pack is back: A week of 'Whisperer'". USA Today. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Wallace, Amy (October 10, 2009). "Whispering to Rottweilers, and to C.E.O.’s". The New York Times (USA). Retrieved September 8, 2011.
4.Jump up ^ "The CW Sets 5-Hour Saturday Morning Block". Deadline.com. June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Asthana, Anushka (March 19, 2006). "This week we want to know all about Cesar Millan". The Guardian (London). Retrieved September 8, 2011.
6.Jump up ^ "Dog Whisperer: show overview". TV.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
7.^ Jump up to: a b Eftimiades, Maria (January 2007). "Canine Controversy". People 67 (3): 105–6. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
8.^ Jump up to: a b Flaim, Denise (May 23, 2006). "Bad doggie medicine? ; Veterinarians bark at the way 'Dog Whisperer' dispenses 'tough love'". Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Ill). p. 1. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
9.Jump up ^ "Dog Whisperer: Cesar Down Under". Hulu.com. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
10.^ Jump up to: a b Idelson, Karen (October 11, 2008). "Masters make case at 'Dog' auditions". Variety. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
11.Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (May 23, 2006). "A "Whisperer" Howl of Triumph, From the Curb Up". The New York Times (New York). Retrieved September 8, 2011.
12.Jump up ^ "Show Submissions". Cesar's Way. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
13.Jump up ^ "Cesar: on the road this week". Cesar's Way. Cesarsway.com. Retrieved 1 1 September 2011.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Cesar Millan Biography". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
15.Jump up ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (May 22, 2006). "What the Dog Saw: Cesar Millan and the movements of mastery". New Yorker. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
16.Jump up ^ "Biography of Cesar Millan". All-American Speakers. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
17.Jump up ^ "October 20, 2008 Immigrant of the Day: Cesar Millan (Mexico)". The Law Professors Blog. "Millan gained a reputation as someone who could work easily with the most difficult and aggressive dogs. Millan's next job was washing limousines, work that had been offered to him by one of the San Diego clients. Millan changed his career goal from that of being a Hollywood dog trainer to rehabilitating troubled dogs and he started his own business, the Pacific Point Canine Academy"
18.Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (May 23, 2006). "From the 'Dog Whisperer,' a Howl of Triumph". The New York Times. "Mr. Millan, 36, started by working in the early 1990's in a San Diego dog-grooming studio, where he gained a reputation for working well with the hard-to-handle cases. Through word of mouth, his ability to calm even the fiercest creatures spread north to Los Angeles."
19.Jump up ^ "Cesar Millan Announces The Dog Whisperer Tour for UK". Zimbio.com. "Prior to The Dog Whisperer series, Cesar Millan had focused on rehabilitating especially aggressive dogs and had operated the Dog Psychology Center in South Los Angeles (2002–2008)"
20.Jump up ^ "All heel for Cesar". TheAGE.com.au, John Patterson, May 16, 2009. "He worked all the crappy jobs that besmirch the American Dream, until he got work as a dog groomer. His almost Zen-like demeanor with the most difficult of dogs soon caught the attention of, among others, actor Jada Pinkett ("before the Smith", Millan adds) and opened up a circle of her friends and co-celebs."
21.Jump up ^ Milio, Jim; Melissa Jo Peltier and Mark Hufnail (March 15, 2006). "Dog Whisperer Real Reality TV". HighDef Magazine.
22.Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (May 23, 2006). "From the 'Dog Whisperer,' a Howl of Triumph". The New York Times (USA).
23.Jump up ^ Sternberg, Andy (October 19, 2006). "The Original Dog Whisperer". USC Annenberg Radio News.
24.Jump up ^ Whipple, Tom (March 1, 2010). "Enter the Dog Whisperer, with Stern Words for Our Dogs". The Times (London).
25.Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg (July 28, 2005). "Pack is back: A week of 'Whisperer'". USAToday.com.
26.^ Jump up to: a b N.A. (May 1, 2006). "Famed Dog Whisperer Cesar Millan Sued For Five Million". WKTV News Online (Utica, New York).
27.Jump up ^ "Nat Geo Wild Announces New Episodes of Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan". TheFutonCritic.com. March 11, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
28.Jump up ^ "The Final Season of Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan". Retrieved July 26, 2012.
29.Jump up ^ Jasen, Lee (April 27, 2008). "Top dawgs: Smart shopping for a trainer can lead to well-behaved pets". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). Retrieved August 1, 2010.
30.^ Jump up to: a b "Daddy". Cesar's Way. Cesarsway.com. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
31.Jump up ^ Johnston, Lauren (February 23, 2010). "'Dog Whisperer' Cesar Millan's pit bull sidekick Daddy dies at age 16". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
32.Jump up ^ "In Memoriam: Daddy the Pit Bull". Cesar's Way. Cesarsway.com. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
33.Jump up ^ "Daddy: The Early Years". Cesar's Way. Cesarsway.com. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
34.Jump up ^ Sung, Helena (October 23, 2009). "'Dog Whisperer' Cesar Millan and His Pit Bull, Daddy". Paw Nation. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
35.Jump up ^ Oh, Eunice (October 8, 2009), "5 Things You Didn't Know about Cesar Millan", People Pets, retrieved March 22, 2010
36.Jump up ^ Sutton, Larry (July 25, 2011). "Jada Pinkett Smith Takes the Lead". Cesar's Way. Cesarsway.com. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
37.Jump up ^ Dog Whisperer, Season 1, Episode 15
38.Jump up ^ Dog Whisperer, Season 3, Episode ?
39.Jump up ^ Dog Whisperer Season 4, Episode 6
40.Jump up ^ Dog Whisperer, Season 1, Episode 6
41.Jump up ^ McDonough, Kevin (September 19, 2008). "Tune in Tonight: Reformed canines salute their 'Whisperer'". Reading Eagle Arts & Entertainment. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
42.Jump up ^ Milio, Jim; Peltier, Melissa Jo (March 2010). "Does Reality Still Bite?". Written By: The Magazine of the American Writers' Guild, West.
43.Jump up ^ "Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
44.Jump up ^ "C'mon, Pooch, Get With the Program". The New York Times, Anna Bahney, February 23, 2006. February 23, 2006. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
45.Jump up ^ Derr, Mark (August 31, 2006). "Pack of Lies". New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
46.Jump up ^ Blauvelt, R (2006). Dog Whisperer Training Approach More Harmful Than Helpful (PDF) 23 (3). SpokAnimal C.A.R.E. pp. 1–2.
47.Jump up ^ Torgerson, DVM, MBA, Bill (September 6, 2006). "'Dog Whisperer' Training Approach More Harmful Than Helpful". AHA Press Release. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
48.Jump up ^ "Cesar Millan talks about UK tour". BBC, November 27, 2009. November 27, 2009.
49.Jump up ^ American Humane Association (February 12, 2010). "American Humane Association Convenes Humane Dog Training Symposium". Retrieved March 24, 2010.
50.Jump up ^ Yin, Sophia (December 2007), "Clinical Report: Dealing with outdated behavior recommendations", Veterinary Forum 24 (12)
51.Jump up ^ Dale, Steve (July 14, 2010). "Dog Whisperer Has His Good, and Bad Points". Tribune Media Service. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
52.Jump up ^ "The Dominance Controversy".
53.Jump up ^ Wood, Deborah (September 19, 2008). "100 episodes later, "Dog Whisperer" still leading the pack". Seattle Times. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
54.Jump up ^ PR Newswire (October 4, 2010), "New One-Hour Drama, and One-Hour Reality Series Featuring ATF Being Simultaneously Readied for Cable Nets", Sys-Con Media, retrieved September 3, 2011
55.Jump up ^ Young Artists Awards.org.
56.Jump up ^ Associated Press (July 7, 2006), "Complete list of Emmy nominations", Pittsburg Post Gazette
57.Jump up ^ Bruno, Mike (July 18, 2007). "Emmy Nominees: The Class of 2007". Entertainment Weekly.
58.Jump up ^ Witzeman, Jeff (January 25, 2010), "Cesar Millan: Changing The World One Dog Owner At A Time", The Huffington Post
59.Jump up ^ RT Staff (January 6, 2010). "Awards Tour: 2010 People's Choice Awards Winners!". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
60.Jump up ^ Full List of People's Choice Awards 2010 Winners - The Hollywood Gossip
External links[edit]
Dog Whisperer official website
Cesar Millan official website
Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan at the Internet Movie Database
IMDb Episode List
 


Categories: National Geographic Channel programs
Television series about animals
Dog training and behavior
Dogs in popular culture
Dog-related professions and professionals
American reality television series
2004 American television series debuts
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
English-language television programming
2012 American television series endings






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In the Womb
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In the Womb
In the womb dvd.jpg
DVD cover art

Also known as
Life Before Birth (UK special)
Genre
Documentary
Science
Nature
Created by
Toby Macdonald
Country of origin
United Kingdom
 United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
7
Production

Running time
90 minutes
Broadcast

Original channel
National Geographic Channel
Original airing
March 6, 2005
External links
Website
In the Womb is a documentary television special miniseries that was premiered on March 6, 2005, on the National Geographic Channel. Originally beginning as a special about human pregnancy (titled Life Before Birth in the UK), the program features the development of embryos in the uterus of various animal species. The show makes extensive use of computer-generated imagery to recreate the real stages of the process.


Contents  [hide]
1 Episodes
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

Episodes[edit]
Currently, 7 episodes have been broadcast.

#
Title
Original air date

1
"In the Womb" March 6, 2005
Features the human embryo.
2
"Animals in the Womb" December 10, 2006
Features the development of embryos of a dolphin, elephant and dog.
3
"In the Womb: Multiples" January 14, 2007
Features the development of multiple human embryos.
4
"In the Womb: Identical Twins" December 12, 2008
Features the development of identical twins.
5
"In the Womb: Dogs" January 4, 2009
Features the developments of a mastiff, golden retriever, Chihuahua, and wolf.
6
"In the Womb: Cats" January 4, 2009
Features the developments of a domestic cat and lion.
7
"In the Womb: Extreme Animals" May 10, 2009
Features the developments of a lemon shark, emperor penguin, red kangaroo and parasitic wasp.
See also[edit]
List of programs broadcast by National Geographic Channel
References[edit]
Life Before Birth (2005) at the Internet Movie Database
Animals in the Womb (2006) at the Internet Movie Database
In the Womb: Multiples (2007) at the Internet Movie Database
External links[edit]
Official website



Stub icon This article about a scientific documentary work for radio, television or the internet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


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American documentary television series
Science documentary stubs









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Monkey Thieves
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 (January 2011)



Monkey Thieves
बंदर चोर
Macaque India 4.jpg
Rhesus Macaques of India

External links
Website
Monkey Thieves (Hindi: बंदर चोर), also known as Rebel Monkeys, is a documentary series produced by National Geographic, examining the habits and social interactions of Rhesus Macaques in the city of Jaipur, in northwestern India. Monkey Thieves follows a family of urban macaques within Jaipur's 'Pink City' and all the drama that comes from living close to humans. The series tells the story of the "Galta Gang", a sixty-strong troop that lives in the Galta Temple, a beautiful Hindu temple on the outskirts of Jaipur. This enduring and entertaining bunch live in luxury because worshipers believe they personify Hanuman, the cherished 'Monkey God' who banished evil in the Indian epic Ramayana. Defending their prized home from invaders including neighboring langur monkeys and other troops of macaques, as well as exploring Jaipur in search of food and adventure, keeps this remarkable troop in action.


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Galta Gang 2.1 Tarak
2.2 Rani
2.3 Zamir
2.4 Kamal
2.5 Binita
2.6 Esha
2.7 Anoop
2.8 Kavi
2.9 Teejay
2.10 Bipin
2.11 Yash
2.12 Tito
2.13 Devdin
3 Other featured macaques 3.1 Fang
3.2 Vasu
4 Episode listing 4.1 Season 1 4.1.1 Episode 1: Apartment Job
4.1.2 Episode 2: Fang's Market
4.1.3 Episode 3: The Monkey Catcher
4.1.4 Episode 4: Taxi Raid
4.1.5 Episode 5: Skid Row
4.1.6 Episode 6: Monsoon Showdown
4.1.7 Episode 7: One Bad Apple
4.1.8 Episode 8: Return of the Rebel
4.1.9 Episode 9: The Great Escape
4.1.10 Episode 10: Trading Places
4.1.11 Episode 11: Rising Forces
4.1.12 Episode 12: Heroes & Villains
4.1.13 Episode 13: A New Dawn
4.2 Season 2 4.2.1 Episode 1: Divided We Stand
4.2.2 Episode 2: Hard Times
4.2.3 Episode 3: Searching For Sanctuary
4.2.4 Episode 4: Urban Exile
4.2.5 Episode 5: Street Life
4.2.6 Episode 6: Home Hunters
4.2.7 Episode 7: Beggars Banquet
4.2.8 Episode 8: Cops and Robbers
4.2.9 Episode 9: Missing In Action
4.2.10 Episode 10: Drug Raid
4.2.11 Episode 11: Colour and Calamity
4.2.12 Episode 12: An Unlikely Hero
4.2.13 Episode 13: Deliverance

5 References
6 External links

Plot[edit]




Langurs in Jaipur
Each episode starts with an introduction of the Galta Gang, a very successful troop of rhesus macaques that live in the Galta Temple within the city of Jaipur, northwestern India. Led by alpha male Tarak and his mate Rani, the troop prizes and defends their precious temple home. It's a privileged lifestyle, dining on food items handed over by worshipers visiting the temple as an offering of respect to Hanuman (the 'Monkey God' of India) and a continuous supply of water in pools fed by underground springs. It seems like paradise, but there is dissension in the ranks. Zamir, though the largest and most powerful male in the troop, is yet to be the leader and has ambitions of his own. He wants the crown for himself, and he is not afraid to use any means necessary to seize the top job. In order to gain the support he needs among lower-ranking members, the devious primate needs to show he can feed the family. But his raids on kitchens, cars and homes soon get him a reputation as the biggest monkey burglar in all of Jaipur. Zamir is eventually ousted from the troop and spends months wandering the busy city streets on his own. Eventually he joins another troop, and in no time he's up to his old tricks. But before he can even put his plans in action, the alpha of his new gang is trapped by the city's monkey catcher along with many of his top lieutenants, and Zamir suddenly finds himself in charge. When the annual Monsoon rains fail to appear as scheduled, a drought threatens the desert city's food supply and Jaipur's human population has no surplus resources to divert to the Galta Gang. Fewer people willing to hand out food to the macaques at the temple means empty bellies, forcing Tarak to leave their precious temple home unguarded as he leads his family into the city in search of feeding opportunities. Their ambitious neighbors the langur monkeys try to steal ownership of the ancient temple but the Galta Gang returns, launching into battle and forcing the langurs to flee. Life for the Galta Gang is full of surprises. Zamir and his new troop launch a takeover bid for the temple but the Galta Gang holds them off as well. Zamir is eventually captured by the city's 'Monkey Catcher' and relocated 70 miles away. Tarak, the long-term alpha male of the Galta Gang, dies from wounds he sustains during the battle with Zamir's troop. Rani, the queen of the troop, also disappears, turning up days later with her newest baby at her breast. With their king gone and Zamir no longer a threat, Kamal, Tarak's second in command, takes over leadership of the Galta Gang.
Season two of the series rejoins the Galta Gang several months after the death of Tarak. Kamal, the new alpha male, does not have the skills necessary to lead the troop. But there's an even greater concern. The Galta Gang's population has reached over 80 members. Macaque troops usually undergo a process known as fission when their number approach this level. Lower-class members including featured teenagers Bipin, Yash and Tito, plus as many as 40 others, splinter away from the main group of ruling elite including queen Rani, alpha Kamal and the other upper-class members. The splinter troop splits off under the rule of a new leading pair, alpha male Devdin and queen Chaia, establishing residence in the city after finding themselves unable to rejoin the Galta Gang. Zamir, the ex-Galta Gang rebel who has been living in the wild since he was relocated by the 'monkey catcher', finds his way back to Jaipur, searching for his original family, the Galta Gang. The Galta Gang lose their temple home to a troop of Langur monkeys and are forced to find a new territory in the city. Zamir continues his mission to find Rani and his old troop, but instead he runs into the new splinter troop. Rani and the Galta Gang struggle to establish a territory, and during a run-in with the monkey catcher, Rani's youngest offspring Teejay goes missing. New alpha male Kamal cannot live up to his role as leader and the troop becomes unstable. Little Teejay, Rani's lost son, tries to find his missing family but instead winds up back at the Galta Temple, where he discovers a new group of primates have taken up residence, the Langur monkeys. Hungry and alone, Teejey climbs a high tension power pylon and suffers an electric shock similar to the one Kavi experienced in the first season. He is taken to the same animal rescue charity hospital, 'Help in Suffering' where he receives emergency medical treatment, but he dies from his wounds. The rest of the Galta Gang scrapes a meager living in the streets of Jaipur where they eventually run into the splinter troop, who cause them to flee in fear. Zamir eventually locates Rani and the Galta Gang, but instead of launching an attack, he leads the troop to find food. Eventually he even leads them back to the Galta Temple, where under his leadership they are able to evict the langur monkeys and take back residence of their temple home. Zamir, once the biggest villain of the troop, is now the alpha male of the Galta Gang. With Rani at his side he is finally lord and master of the Galta Temple.
Galta Gang[edit]
The following macaques were featured in the show and only these were observed and mentioned as members of the Galta Gang.
Tarak[edit]
At the beginning of the show, we are introduced to Tarak, the 10 year old alpha male of the Galta Gang, a troop of rhesus macaques who live in the Galta Temple situated within the Pink City of Jaipur, northwestern India. With the support of his partner Rani (the alpha female), Tarak has led the troop for over three years. He has fathered the majority of the troop youngsters including his latest offspring with Rani, Esha. Although secure in his position, one of Tarak's biggest concerns is disposal and his devious subordinate Zamir has his eye on the top job. Tarak continues to try and maintain control over his troop while Zamir proves his good attributes of being a leader with his food finding skills. Fortunately Tarak knows that Zamir is more powerful than he is and that he his out his game with Zamir and knows that Zamir will eventually defeat him and take command of the galta gang. Rani gives Tarak the alpha female gives tarak support of the troop and her sisterhood. During a drought season, Tarak leads the Galta Gang into the city where they undertake burglary in stealing food from people's households, a far cry from the luxury they are used to at the Galta Temple where food is just handed over to them. With Tarak's success in leading the troop to find food means the guarantee of survival of the troop and its youngsters. Unfortunately during one foray, some of troop are trapped by the 'monkey catcher' and relocated, Tarak's troop with half the number of individuals originally in the Galta troop. As drought hits, the burden on Tarak's shoulders increases and at any sign of weakness is a sign for Zamir to try a take over bid. With Zamir's eventual ousting by the Galta Gang females, Tarak becomes a lot more at ease and his leadership over the troop secures, so much so that he was able lead his troop into fitting off a troop of langur monkeys from the neighbouring forest. Zamir returns with his own troop and launches a take over bid for ownership of the temple, and during the fight Tarak gets injured and disappears, along with his heavily pregnant queen Rani. The rest of his troop manage to see off Zamir's troop under the leadership of his second in command, Kamal. Tarak and Rani remain missing for a day or so until finally Tarak is found to have died from his wounds, leaving his troop under Kamal, his trusted right-hand man. Rani re-appears with her new baby, Tarak's last offspring with Rani, Teejay.
Rani[edit]
As the alpha female of the Galta Gang, Rani is the queen of the troop and she and her sisterhood are the core of the Galta Gang. At the start of the show, Rani has a new baby, Esha and she and other nursing mothers begin to admire Zamir's food-finding skills, though they continue to support Tarak as the alpha male. Zamir launched an attack on various members of the troop and attacked Rani, which led to the Galta Gang sisterhood defending their queen and ousting Zamir. Through the hardships of the dry season, Rani and Tarak lead the troop through the city to find food and witness the capture of several of their family members by the city's 'monkey catcher'. Her youngest daughter, Esha, the next to become queen of the troop, goes missing in one of her forays and ends up coming face to face with Zamir, the Galta Gang outcast. Fortunately Rani was re-united with Esha though being pregnant again meant that Esha was no longer going to be her only priority. The Galta Gang reach the Temple and get attacked by Zamir's new-found troop. Rani and Tarak disappear and at the end of the first season Rani reappears with her new baby, Teejay, though her lifelong partner Tarak did not make it back. Kamal, once Tarak's number two, takes over leadership of the troop with Rani's support, though he fails to impress her when the Galta Gang lose their temple to a troop of langur monkeys. Half of the troop of lower-class members were ousted by Rani and her upper class individuals, making the Galta Gang short in power to defend the temple from invasion. Kamal fails to be able to lead the troop to find food, leaving Rani and the other females searching for food in the streets. Her young son Teejey disappears only to appear later injured by an electric shock and died at an animal charity. Life for Rani and her remaining troop becomes harder, including being chased off by their splinter troop which they run into in one occasion. Rani and her troop are pursued by a group of bachelor males when Kamal is unable to defend the troop. During a food raid, Kamal gets the opportunity to prove his worth to Rani by leading the troop to find food, but gets captured later by the monkey catcher, leaving Rani and the remaining troop members without a leader. Zamir eventually finds Rani and leads her and finds food two times in a day and her troop back into fighting for their temple. Rani and the Galta Gang regains ownership of the Galta Temple from the langur monkeys, with Zamir as the troop's alpha male. Rani soon knows life just got better, and that Zamir was a much better leader of the troop than Kamal and Tarak and that nothing can take control of the troop as long as Zamir is there with her protecting the troop.
Zamir[edit]
Zamir, a large 9-year-old male and much stronger and more powerful than Tarak, is the biggest troublemaker in the troop and from the start of the show it features him having leadership ambitions. He constantly tests Tarak's leadership and control over the troop. Zamir gets his opportunity to prove his worth to Queen Rani by leading the troop into finding food, though he fails to take over control from Tarak. Frustrated, Zamir attacks several troop members including Rani, resulting in the troop of females ousting him from the Galta Temple. Zamir strikes out on his own and after many months wondering the streets solitary he reappears to want to join an established troop. Zamir pursues Fang's troop at the city market and tries to consort with one of the females in the periphery, but unfortunately his plan fails and he flees. Zamir continues to wander the streets, causing mayhem with the human residents, making him the biggest 'monkey menace' in Jaipur. During one of his food pursues, he ends up wondering into the territory of another troop, Vasu's troop, and instead of being attacked, he gets accepted. During one of the food forays, Vasu, the alpha male of the new troop, and several others get caught by the 'monkey catcher', leaving Zamir in charge of his own troop. One of the Galta Gang members, Kavi, who was cared for at an animal charity after suffering an electric shock eight months ago, is released and as a mistake of identity ends up joining Zamir's troop. Zamir maintains his quest to take control over the Galta Temple and vengeance to his old troop. He eventually leads his troop in war with the Galta Gang though in his first attempt fails, but it leads to his arch rival Tarak being seriously injured. At the back of the temple, Zamir's greed gets the better of him and he ends up falling into a trap by the monkey catcher, who has finally managed to capture 'Mr. devious Zamir' after months of pursuit of this particular macaque. Zamir gets relocated to a forest along with several others of his troop and learns to adapt to his new life with a wild macaque troop, though hitches a ride in a truck heading towards the city of Jaipur. Back in the city after months seven months away, it does not take long for Zamir to remember where he is and he immediately seeks his old troop, the Galta Gang. Zamir wonders the streets for weeks searching for the Galta Temple, and ends up running into the Galta Gang's splinter troop, where he is easily recognised by Bippin and the troop's alpha male Devdin who knows he is no match for zamir, though Zamir flees, not looking for a fight but for Rani and the Galt Gang elite, who he finally finds just after the capture of Kamal, the Galta Gang's alpha male. During Rani and her sisterhood's encounter with a roving group of bachelor males, Zamir rushes to the defence of the Galta Gang females and in doing so wins the favour of Rani, even though the pair have not seen each other for months. Zamir becomes the alpha male of the Galta Gang and proves to be more of a strong leader than the former alpha male than Kamal and Tarak . Zamir leads Rani and her troop to feeding opportunities and eventually, back to Galta Temple, where Zamir had been before once he returned but found a troop of langurs. The Galta Gang manage to re-own the temple from the fleeing langurs, though Zamir does not make it back at first after pursuing the langurs in the forest, before finally reappearing, having completed his mission of returning Rani and her troop back to their temple. Zamir becomes the new alpha male and lord of Galta Temple and the Galta Gang at the end of the show.
Kamal[edit]
At the first season, Kamal is featured as alpha male Tarak's second in command after Tarak disappeared following a battle between the Galta Gang and Zamir's troop, Kamal manages to lead the troop into finishing the battle to keep hold of their temple. Kamal maintains his vigil for the return of Tarak though eventually finds the old leader to have died from his wounds overnight somewhere at the back of the temple. The leadership of the Galta Gang falls to Kamal who manages to gain acceptance from Rani. Their neighbours, the langur monkeys, launch an attack on the temple and Kamal, instead of being upfront defending the troop, flees leading the rest of the Galta Gang fleeing from the temple, leaving Galta Temple in the ownership of the langur monkeys. Kamal continues to fail to impress queen Rani and prove his worth. While still living at the temple, Kamal and Rani ousted half of their troop who formed a splinter troop in the city, and Kamal and the Galta Gang run into them. Once again, Kamal fails to defend the troop and the Galta Gang flees from what were their underlings. However, during a raid in a hospital, Kamal manages to prove his food-finding skills and finally impresses queen Rani, though in that very same day Kamal gets caught in a trap of the 'monkey catcher' and gets driven away for relocation, leaving Rani and her troop without an alpha male.
Binita[edit]
Binita is Rani's oldest daughter. She has a tendency of collecting human accessories and found it unpleasant to accept that her younger sister Esha ranks higher than her in the hierarchy (which is primitive in all macaque societies). In an episode in season one features Binita kidnapping her baby sister Esha from her mother Rani but eventually Rani takes back her baby from her ambitious older daughter. In the show she is referred to as 'Corky Binita' and 'Eccentric Binita' because of her unusual character and possessive tendencies.
Esha[edit]
Esha is Rani's second and youngest daughter, which makes her future queen of the Galta Gang. In season one episodes feature Esha as a baby who grows up into an inquisitive youngster. During her forays to steal some flowers she gets lost and finds herself as a target for Zamir, the Galta Gang outcast as she played with another youngster from Fang's troop. Esha flees from her pursuer and fortunately manages to get reunited with her mother Rani and her family. After the battle in the temple between the Galta Gang and Zamir's troop, Rani and Tarak disappear. Esha becomes restless with the disappearance of her mother before Rani finally reappears with her new baby, Esha's new little brother, Teejay, who disappeared in season two episodes following.
Anoop[edit]
Anoop is one of the young males in the Galta Gang and is featured becoming obsessive over ice-cream which he remembered having led a raid on an ice-cream cart in season one and his craving for it. In season one he is seen as one of the followers of the trio Bipin, Yash and Tito.
Kavi[edit]
During one feeding foray, the troop fled from the scene with the returning human and Kavi took the high electric wires to try and escape, but unfortunately suffered a massive electric shock. He was taken in and cared for by an animal charity organisation called 'Help in Suffering' and nurtured before being taken back to the city for possible release. Unfortunately the Galta Gang, his former family, could not recognise him and the site of a monkey in a cage triggered a flight response from the troop, leaving Kavi with no chance of being able to be reunited with them. When Kavi was released, he ended up joining a rival troop, Zamir's troop, instead of his family and only realised this when Zamir's troop marched their way to the Galta Temple for battle. Kavi broke way from the mistaken troop and ended up back with the Galta Gang and his pals, Bippin, Yash and Tito.
Teejay[edit]
Teejay was Rani's youngest son and last offspring of Tarak with Rani. During a run in with the monkey catchers, Teejay fled and ended up lost, searching the streets for his family which ended up in him finding his way to the Galta Temple, but instead of finding his family he found the temple's new residence, the langur monkeys. Teejay continued his solo forays and ended up receiving an electric shock when he tried to climb the electric wires. He was taken in by an animal charity organisation known as 'Help in Suffering' and received a lot of care but died.
The following members below formed the Splinter troop featured in season two of Monkey Thieves ,though the first three also appeared in season one.
Bipin[edit]
Bipin was one of the rowdy teenage males in the Galta Gang. He suffered from depression when his best pals, Yash and Tito, were captured along with several other Galta Gang troop members by the city's monkey catcher. Fortunate enough the Galta Gang captures managed to make their way back to city and Bippin was relieved to be reunited with Yash and Tito. In season two, Bipin and around forty other lower ranking troop members were ousted from Galta Temple by queen Rani and her upper-class members. The Splinter troop established a territory in the city, only to encounter the Galta Gang(ousted from the temple by the langurs) but saw them off.
Yash[edit]
Yash was one of three rowdy teenage males and best pals with Bipin and Tito. During a feeding foray, Yash, Tito and several other members of the Galta Gang were captured by the monkey catcher and relocated in the forest. The captured individuals eventually managed to find their way back to Jaipur city and reunite with the Galta Gang. In season two, Yash and around forty other lower ranking Galta Gang members left the temple to form the splinter troop after being ousted by queen Rani and her upper-class family.
Tito[edit]
Tito was one of three rowdy teenage males and best pals with Bipin and Yash. During a feeding foray, Yash, Tito and several other members of the Galta Gang were captured by the monkey catcher and relocated in the forest. The captured individuals eventually managed to find their way back to Jaipur city and reunite with the Galta Gang. In season two, Tito and around forty other lower ranking Galta Gang members left the temple to form the splinter troop after being ousted by queen Rani and her upper-class family.
Devdin[edit]
After the lower ranking members of the Galta Gang were ousted from the temple by Rani, Devdin, a subordinate male, took leadership of his small splinter troop and became their new alpha male, with the support of his queen Chaia and their baby Dimple and led his troop out of the temple and into the city searching for a new territory in take ownership of. During a run in with the bachelor males, Devdin led his troop out of the Pink City and into a desolate old castle building before deciding to lead his splinter troop back to the city ad establishing a new territory, including fending off and the Galta Gang elite from their newfound patch of real-estate.
Other featured macaques[edit]
Fang[edit]
Fang, named by his scar at the left side of his mouth, was the Galta Gang's most feared enemy. Fang and his troop laid claim to the city's market and Fang vigorously defended his territory from other troops, including fending off Zamir when he tried to consort with one of his females.
Vasu[edit]
Vasu was the original alpha male of the troop Zamir joined after he reappeared from exile. He was impressed by Zamir's food-finding skills and in doing so allowed him to join his troop. During a feeding foray at a grain market, Zamir set Vasu and a handful of his troop members up and got them caught by the city's 'monkey catcher' and were relocated to a faraway forest outside the city of Jaipur. Vasu and his captured followers learn to adapt to their new environment after realising that they could never make it back to the city of Jaipur.
Episode listing[edit]
[icon] This section requires expansion. (December 2012)
Season 1[edit]
Episode 1: Apartment Job[edit]
We are introduced to the Galta Gang, a 60-strong troop of wild but urbanised Rhesus macaques who live in Galta Temple residing in the city of Jaipur, northwestern India. Tarak is the alpha male, at ten years old and has been in charge of the troop for nearly three years. He and his troop live a life of luxury within the compound of the Galta temple where they are fed a continuous variety of food by passing worshippers who pay their respects to lord 'Hanuman', the 'Hindu Monkey God'. With so much food and an abundance of water at the spring pool situated at the lower compound of the temple, the Galta Gang have little reason to leave home and go to the ever busy streets of Jaipur but now there is a setback. The long-awaited monsoon rains are late this year and food is running out, which means that Tarak and his troop are being given less and less food as people have to save what they have for themselves, meaning that there is little to give monkeys. As the drought continues meaning less food for the troop, Tarak leads the gang out into the city streets in search of feeding opportunities. Rhesus macaques are highly adaptable and can thrive almost anywhere, for this reason the Galta Gang, like all the 50 other troops of rhesus macaques roaming the city of Jaipur, have adapted to living in close proximity to humans and can navigate through the network of electrical wires around the city streets. The three most troublesome youngsters, Bipin, Yash and Tito, along with young Kavi get up to their usual mischievous antics. Kavi tries to chew on an electrical cable and gets a small and brief electrical shock, which was just a warning of the potential of the electrical cables designed to carry voltage not monkeys. After travelling the streets for a few hours, Rani, the Queen of the troop, decides to engage the troop in some grooming. Rani is the alpha female, is fifteen years old and already has six offspring. Her youngest and latest baby, Esha, automatically inherits the throne and has the highest rank in comparison to not only her older sisters but also all the females in troop. While most of the troop members enjoying a grooming session, the troublesome teens Bipin, Yash, Tito and tag-a-long Kavi resort to a game of jumping into a water trough, despite the interruption of visiting street dogs to the trough for a drink, before being fended off by the teens. Eventually the troop come across a feeding opportunity; an open window of an apartment. The human owners were out of sight, giving the Galta Gang an opportunity to enter the house through the kitchen window and search for food and it was not long before the whole troop ransacked the kitchen, searching for food items and literally turning the place upside-down! While most of the gang have their minds on food, Binita, Rani's oldest daughter, decides to do her own survey through the objects, such as utensils and cables, including breaking open a medicine bottle. Eventually the home owners hear the commotion and the troop flee from sight, with some of the gang tagging along their items. With everyone sated, Tarak leads the troop back to the temple for the evening, but as most of the troop relax, one member did not make it back home. During the flee from the apartment, Kavi made a potentially lethal mistake of taking to the electrical wires networking around the streets and unfortunately he suffered a massive electrical shock. He is still alive but utterly injured and not just physically. Kavi lies on the ground where he had fallen from the high voltage electrical wire and left alone he is completely vulnerable.
Episode 2: Fang's Market[edit]
As the drought continues, the Galta Gang have to make forays into the city in search of feeding opportunities as supplies at their temple are running out. Alpha male Tarak leads his 60-strong troop to the city's main food productions, but stealing may lead to casualties with the people referring to the city's monkey catcher as they grow less tolerant of thieving macaques stealing what little food is left. The troop need to keep a low profile as to not attract attention to themselves, the wrong kind of attention. A distance away, an injured young rhesus macaque lies on the ground helpless. Kavi has been in deep trouble after suffering a big electrical shock, but fortunately luck is on his side. A kind human picks up the little monkey and takes him to the animal charity 'Help In Suffering', where he is given immediate medical treatment. The vets rehydrate Kavi with fluid and treat his infected wounds, giving the little animal the best chance to pull through. Meanwhile, the rest of the Galta Gang continue their search for food and end up at the city's fruit market. Here, a fresh supply of fruits are easy pickings for the ravenous troop and the Galta Gang begin to stock up on the rich pickings, but of coarse such a productive territory like this is already claimed by another rhesus macaque troop. The owner of this prime patch is Fang, a large male macaque whose prominent scar gives him a distinguishing feature. Fang and his formidable troop are fiercely protective of their territory and with very good reason, their territory is the most valued real-estate within Jaipur's pink city walls with such a supply of food. Fang's troop eventually catch site of the Galta Gang and a brief but decisive battle takes place, sending the Galta Gang to flee. At animal charity 'Help In Suffering', Kavi gets nurtured and looked after by the animal carer Saresh Valmiki and starts to make small attributes of pulling through to recovery. The Galta Gang have survived the clash with Fang and returned to the Temple, but if the drought continues they risk going into the city again and facing Fang and his formidable gang at their food-supplying market.
Episode 3: The Monkey Catcher[edit]
At Galta Temple, Tarak, the alpha male of the 60-strong troop of rhesus macaques known as the Galta Gang, is finding that life at the top can be tough. He has become a father again but his queen Rani, baby Esha and the rest of the troop are hungry. The drought is taking its toll with less worshippers handing out food to the monkeys at the temple. With his troop becoming more restless, Tarak has a crisis on his hands, and it's not just the rumbling tummies of his troop members, there is a rebel in his ranks. Zamir, nine year old subordinate male, is one of the highest ranking males in the troop and has his eye on the top job. Another threat closer to home are the troop's envious neighbours, the langur monkeys. These agile monkeys thrive on the forest leaves which macaques find inedible, therefore they are after the temple's fresh supply of water at the spring pool. Meanwhile, Tarak leads the troop into the city in search of feeding opportunities and while most of the troop have their eyes on the busy streets, the teenage duo Bipin, Yash and Tito have their eyes on the birds, and at this time of year where there are birds there are eggs. The trio follow a pair of birds, closely followed by Zamir who simply lets the youngsters do all the hard work and take all the risks only to come and take whatever they mange to achieve for himself. Eventually the teens don't manage to get anything out of harassing the birds and move on. Zamir spots a cart seller pushing his cart full of food items and while the cart seller gets out of sight, Zamir moves in to help himself on the food, closely followed by the teens and then eventually Tarak and the rest of the Galta Gang hear the alarm call notifying that food has been found. The troop waste no time feeding on the food items on the cart before the cart seller spots his stock being eaten by a bunch of thieving monkeys. Most of the troop manage to flee from sight but Zamir gets cornered and finally lashes out and scratches the cart seller. The injured cart seller calls the city's monkey catcher who is soon hot on the gang's trail. The Monkey Catcher sets up a trap near the temple and fills it with food items to tempt law-breaking monkeys to take the bate. At animal charity 'Help In Suffering' one member of the Galta Gang has only recently found his feet. Kavi has been under the care of animal carer Saresh Valmiki since being found lying in the city after suffering an electrical shock. He is given fresh food and accommodation daily, unlike the Galta Gang who have to deal with food shortage. Kavi makes substantial progress but still has a long recovery to go. Meanwhile back at the temple, the Galta Gang have more pressing concerns, the langurs take the chance and invade the temple, but alpha male Tarak leads the Galta Gang into the defence of their precious temple and send the langurs to flee, though in the chace the troop once again find themselves in the city streets. On their way back, the troop come across the Monkey Catcher's trap and while most of the more experienced individuals keep at a safe distance despite the food inside the trap, curiosity gets the better of the teens and Yash, Tito and several of the gang get captured. Bipin managed to escape the capture, but his two best pals weren't soo lucky. The captives get shifted into small cages and are driven away for relocation. The Monkey Catcher's real target, Zamir, manages to escape and it is because of his act of scratching the cart seller that an innocent band of troop members were captured and taken to a forest, miles away from the city of Jaipur.
Episode 4: Taxi Raid[edit]
The exile macaques are released in a faraway forest, where they have to look for ways of survival and the road back to home. At the temple, Dhanna Lal, the monkey catcher refuses to do his job since it's Tuesday, the day of lord Hanuman. Showing his respect, he surprisingly offers food to the troop, which most of the members, especially Bipin, refuse to accept. Many teen members are thirsty and set out the search of water, an extremely precious commodity in the desert state. They finally quench their thirst from a public tap, the only way to heal their pain of hunger to an extent. Tarak, with the responsibility to feed the whole hungry gang, makes them to follow him towards the city. A mile away from home, the gang finds out few unguarded taxis, and leave no opportunity to raid them. But investigation results in nothing edible available. Sorrowful Tarak gives up the quest, yet Zamir has plans for him and isn't ready to follow the leader. Along with a group of his followers, Zamir gets to a high vantage point where he spots a white taxi been left alone along with a window open by its owner named Bhawani Singh. His mistake results in the gang eating away and stealing every eatable in the taxi. Turning the taxi upside-down, no baby macaque is hungry after this action. It is a humiliating low to Tarak's strength as the leader. The gang returns to the temple, and it's sleeping time. After having a restless night, Bipin, separated from his pair of close friends, wakes up the earliest and begins to stare at the horizon to find out any signs of the safe return of his friends. At 'Help in Suffering', the scenario is very critical as the little Kavi, being heavily wounded by electrical burns, gets one of his wounds infected by parasites. The veterinary team tries its best to cure the little macaque.
Episode 5: Skid Row[edit]
The exile members still cannot make out the they have been left. Though they spot a house amidst the jungle, there are no signs of any human activity and more importantly, food. It is nothing more than an abandoned house. Meanwhile at the temple, Zamir, while framing more plans to conquer the crown, sees a devotee putting away a coconut in the pond. He leaves no chance to grab the opportunity and wants to eat it alone, breaking the rule where the primary feeding rights lie with the alpha male. As Tarak senses what is going on, he comes to get his part. On his arrival, Zamir loses his nerve and is left with no other option rather than to flee away. Later on, while Rani and Tarak are spending time together, Binita attempts to kidnap her younger sister, Esha. Thanks to Bipin coming to her rescue, Rani is alerted and leaves no chance for Binita. The troop is hungry with no breakfast. Tarak is left with no source of food within the temple premise and once again, has to lead the gang towards the city. He would not repeat the mistake of going to the city's fruit market, guarded by his arch rival, Fang. Finding no good place to steal food, the macaques have to find insects in the sand or to steal the birds' food. With no food source, Rani cannot produce breast milk and at worst, may have to abandon Esha. Having lost any hope to see fresh available food, the gang suddenly hears a much familiar sound. It is the sound that Vijay Sharma, a strong devotee of lord Hanuman makes. He occasionally brings lots of food for the troop. Every member eats till heart's content, and young Anoop gets the taste of ice-cream for the first time. The only one to be not so happy is Zamir, whose all hopes are shattered as he now cannot challenge Tarak with a satisfied troop. Back at the jungle, the exiles finally find a busy road but are eventually stuck at an intersection, where only one way leads home.
Episode 6: Monsoon Showdown[edit]
The monsoons finally break in the city of Jaipur accompanied by a storm, which makes things go worst for Zamir, who has got his eyes on the highest rank. The local people celebrate the festival of Teej, a festival celebrated to welcome the monsoon. Zamir cannot wait anymore. He creates a chaos at the temple, attacking many gang members, including Rani, and almost gets the upper hand over Tarak, until he is attacked by the ferocious and united females of the gang. Facing defeat, he is thrown out of the gang. The chaos results in many gang members left heavily wounded, and the death of a baby macaque. Meanwhile the exile monkeys are already going along the road, and with their brilliant sense of directions and after a ten-mile long trek, they are finally back in the city. Going through the street mazes, they reach the temple and are welcomed with a bath. Bipin is finally reunited with Yash and Tito, and is back to doing mischief and turning the temple upside-down. After all the action, there is a gentle peace at the Galta temple.
Episode 7: One Bad Apple[edit]
While hunting down the macaques that were terrorizing the city, the government made the monkeys held fully responsible for the deaths of some citizens.
Episode 8: Return of the Rebel[edit]
Episode 9: The Great Escape[edit]
While Tarak has had six months of peaceful leadership, a couple of his old rivals, Dhanna Lal and Zamir are back in action. Zamir is now a member of a city-based troop led by their leader named Vasu. With his food-finding abilities, Zamir leads a few members to a government office where Sher Singh is in charge. As soon as Sher Singh leaves the office unguarded, Zamir sends in minor members in search of food and later enters himself. Although they find no food, many confidential public tax-related government documents are thrown out open in the streets. This incident attracts Dhanna Lal to the site, setting up cages near the office. Dhanna Lal is back and now has his own supporting team consisting of his family members. The team does a long wait but sees no monkey to be trapped. Meanwhile at 'Help In Suffering', Suresh Valmiki makes another attempt to reunite Kavi with the rest of the gang, having already fail in an earlier try. Kavi is left out in a cage where Bipin and many others try to investigate the familiar face. After spending some time, Kavi finally loses its fear and is set free by Suresh. By the time Suresh bids its farewell, it quickly runs away somewhere unseen between the streets. Some of the gang members try to chase him but it is too fast to be caught. It remains unknown why Kavi had to run away. In the other part of the city, Dhanna Lal is desperate to catch the infamous Zamir, one of his oldest targets. Dhanna's search for him leads to the city's grain market, where Vasu, Zamir and rest of the troop are set with a big plan in their minds. On spotting the macaques, the monkey catching team is set in action and cages are set up high on the roofs of the market. One of the members of the team hides near a cage in an oil container. Zamir precisely knows the plans of the team and cleverly decides to stay away from the traps. Yet Vasu and his troop aren't clever as Zamir is. Vasu and some of the powerful males of his troop are caught in a trap, leaving Zamir's troop without an alpha male. Vasu, just like it happened with some of the Galta Gang members, is taken far away from the city of Jaipur an left in exile in a forest.
Episode 10: Trading Places[edit]
Vasu and the other trapped macaques are released in a forest far away from Jaipur, where they meet many other macaques that have been similarly caught and released from Delhi. While in the city, Vasu's 50-member troop is left with newly recruited Zamir as the only powerful male being capable enough to be the leader. A new day starts and Zamir already has plans for the highest job. But for that, he must prove it. He has to find a source of food for his troop. He leads the troop towards the city's fruit market, being unaware it's the area of the formidable Fang. Yet early in the morning, either Fang nor any of the fruit-sellers are seen in the market as the market hasn't opened yet. At the Galta temple, members of the Galta Gang have now stopped any further investigation about Kavi, and are instead roaming in the city, facing the monkey catcher Dhanna Lal and his team. Meanwhile in the forest, Vasu and his fellows find a road ans start going along its ends, in the hopes of returning to the city and reuniting with the separated troop. In the city, Zamir finds no food available to loot as he leads the troop to a gem store where they once again find nothing edible and only beautiful gems. At the same time the Galta Gang takes shelter in a busy Hanuman temple amidst the city, where the gang is free from all the dangers of the monkey catching team as in a Hanuman temple, monkeys are respected and devotees would oppose their catching. The devotees present at the temple also offer fruits to the gang, although Binita is interested in stealing away sandals of devotees. Meanwhile at the gem store, Zamir flees away with his troop after creating all the chaos, leaving Fang and his troop at the scene. Zamir now tries his luck in a hotel, and succeeds as he finds the food store of the hotel, where plenty of food items are stored. Zamir,s troop members eat away everything present, and happily accept Zamir as their new leader. Zamir acts like humans by celebrating the victory with alcohol drinks. At 'Help In Suffering', the team on duty gets a call regarding an injured macaque, putting Suresh Valmiki in fear as he assumes it might be Kavi. The team rushes towards the site, finds a macaque and quickly returns to the base. At the base it's revealed that the macaque they bought was an injured female along with a newborn baby. The female was left alone and separated by her troop. Suresh is happy to see it's not Kavi. But Kavi is finally seen in the city, where he meets none other than Zamir. Being away from the Galta Gang for months, Kavi is unaware of the fact that Zamir is no more a part of the gang and has a troop of his own. Zamir seems happy to see Kavi, and happily recruits the young macaque in his newly acquired gang.
Episode 11: Rising Forces[edit]
Episode 12: Heroes & Villains[edit]
Episode 13: A New Dawn[edit]
Season 2[edit]
Episode 1: Divided We Stand[edit]
Episode 2: Hard Times[edit]
Episode 3: Searching For Sanctuary[edit]
Episode 4: Urban Exile[edit]
Episode 5: Street Life[edit]
Episode 6: Home Hunters[edit]
While the Galta Gang are off looking for food in town, the watching troop of langur monkeys take their chance and take over the Temple. When the gang return, they fight to reclaim their home, but they are out-numbered and when gang leader Kamal runs away the troop have little choice but to leave.
Episode 7: Beggars Banquet[edit]
Homeless and on the streets, the Galta Gang hear Temple bells. Recognising this as the sound of food, they follow the sound and find a small metro Temple and park. The gang are in their element and think they have found a new home, until another troop of monkeys turns up, as this is clearly their territory. Kamal turns and runs, and the gang follow, once again homeless and facing hunger.
Episode 8: Cops and Robbers[edit]
Locals call the police over the antics of the Galta Gang, which brings to the area a policeman who specialises in advising residents how to protect their property from monkey thieves. When he leaves his radio unguarded behind him on a ledge, Binita spots it, sneaks up and steals it. The policeman gives chase and calls in the monkey-catching team, headed by Dhanna Lal. Before the catchers arrive, the gang steal a turban and some pretty cloth, and play dress-ups until Kamal spots the catchers and raises the alarm. The gang run in every direction, and once they have escaped, Rani realises that Teejay is not with them, but it is not safe to return to the ground to search for him. She can only wait and worry: with 4,000 macaques on the prowl in the city, young macaques need their mothers to keep them safe, especially one as playful and adventurous as Teejay, but night falls with no sign of him. Zamir returns to Jaipur after eight months in the bush, after having been removed by Dhanna Lal. After initial confusion about his location, he finds his bearings and returns to his old home, the temple, but with his old gang gone, he doesn't recognise the faces there.
Episode 9: Missing In Action[edit]
The Galta Gand elite are still homeless and Teejay is still missing, but Kamal finds them a potential new home with an abundance of food and no obvious threats. The grain depot has bags of food that the gang can eat, and the staff don't seem to be bothered by them at all. While Kamal is pleased with himself, Rani is still concerned: she knows that if something seems too good to be true it probably is. Suddenly a monster-sized langur comes to scare them away. This odd looking predator is a 42-year-old mime artist whose job it is to scare away monkey gangs, and he is very effective. Kamal is the first to bolt, leaving his unprotected gang to escape for themselves, which they do. Now on the streets again, Rani needs Kamal's protection more than ever before, but he is nowhere to be seen. Meanwhile, without anyone to reign in his behaviour, Teejay is playing acrobatics on the city's maze of power lines. Eventually, remembering he is all alone, he sees his old home in the distance, the Temple. He hurries there, but instead of finding familiar faces, he finds a new gang there, the large pack of langurs. Surrounded, Teejay initially panics, but the young langurs want to play and groom, and the senior langurs don't mind at all. When Zamir turns up, there is a commotion as the langur pack prepare to defend their home, but Zamir recognises that he is outnumbered and leaves. Seeing Zamir reminds Teejay that he must find his family, so he too takes off. Unfortunately his reckless climbing on wires finally takes its toll as he is electrocuted and falls into a dried out water trough, which cushions his fall but hides him from pilgrims who could help him.
Episode 10: Drug Raid[edit]
Kamal leads the gang to a market, but they come face to face with their former underlings, the splinter group that they chased off from the temple. The splinter group, lead by Devdin and including Bipin, Yash and Tito, are well fed and strong. Rani knows that the tables have turned, and while the youngsters of each group initially play, Rani calls them off as this is no time to play. Kamal then flees, and the Galta Gang know that their chance of taking over this market have gone with him, so they flee also. Needing to redeem himself, Kamal finds an empty room at the local hospital, and though the gang can't open the child-proofed medicines, they still feast on several available medical products, including sweet cough syrup. Chased off by hospital staff, the gang are none-the-less happy with themselves, especially Kamal who is finally starting to feel like a leader. However, the hospital staff have called Dhanna Lal the monkey catcher and he and his team manage to cage Kamal, leaving Rani and her gang alone and vulnerable. Zamir had spotted his former gang and had hoped to try his luck for a third time to takeover the gang, but before he could approach them, he sees the monkey catcher and leaves before he too is a target for capture. Lost baby Teejay, suffering terrible injuries from a big shock from a power cable, is found by locals, one of whom takes the small monkey to the animal charity Help in Suffering. He is in critical condition and may have suffered internal organ failure, so he is medicated and left in a recuperation cage overnight, with worker Suresh looking after him.
Episode 11: Colour and Calamity[edit]
Episode 12: An Unlikely Hero[edit]
Episode 13: Deliverance[edit]
References[edit]

External links[edit]
Website on National Geographic UK
Website on National Geographic Asia
 


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Caridina serratirostris
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  (Redirected from Ninja Shrimp)
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Caridina serratirostris
Himenumaebi-tatesen.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Family: Atyidae
Genus: Caridina
Species: C. serratirostris
Binomial name
Caridina serratirostris
De Man, 1892
Caridina serratirostris is a species of freshwater shrimp that lives in the Indo-west Pacific region, from Madagascar to Fiji, including northern Queensland.[1] Its common name in the aquarium trade, "ninja shrimp", comes from its ability to quickly change colour and disappear into its surroundings like a ninja.[2] Adults grow to a length of 25–35 millimetres (1.0–1.4 in).[2]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ P. J. F. Davie (2002). "Atyidae". Crustacea: Malacostraca. Phyllocarida, Hoplocarida, Eucarida (Part 1). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. 19.2A. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 222–229. ISBN 978-0-643-05677-0.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "Caridina serratirostris". PetShrimp.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2009.



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Python Hunters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Python Hunters

Format
Documentary Film
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
9
Broadcast

Original channel
National Geographic Channel
Original run
July 12, 2010 – present
Python Hunters is a television series airing on the National Geographic Channel. The series also airs on National Geographic Wild and on OLN in Canada. The show deals with animal control officers who deal with invasive species in Florida, namely the Burmese python and monitor lizards. Season two of the series began airing on April 29, 2011.
External links[edit]
Python Hunters at the Internet Movie Database
Stub icon This television program–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


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2010 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
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Restless Planet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Restless Planet is a theme park with attractions designed to portray the environment and creatures of the Mesozoic Era, using lifelike animatronic dinosaurs and exhibits of real fossil discoveries. Located in the City of Arabia, Dubailand, Dubai, the dinosaurs featured will include Tyrannosaurus rex, Allosaurus, Triceratops, Brachiosaurus, Megalosaurus, Ankylosaurus, etc. London's Natural History Museum is involved in the project.
References[edit]
Bharadwaj, Vinita (2005-06-17). "Recreating the lost world". Gulfnews (Al Nisr Publishing). Retrieved 2008-01-20.
External links[edit]
Dubai Restless Planet – official site


Stub icon This article about an amusement park is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


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Wild Amazon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia.  (May 2013)


Question book-new.svg

This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source.  (January 2012)




This article appears to be written like an advertisement.  (January 2012)




 It has been suggested that this article be merged into National Geographic Channel. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2012.
Wild Amazon is a TV show by the National Geographic Channel to show various animals and plants from the Amazon.


Contents  [hide]
1 Episodes 1.1 Savage Realm
1.2 Cradle of Life
2 External links

Episodes[edit]
Savage Realm[edit]
Strategies for survival from the canopy to the forest floor, including a tiny frog which protects a huge tarantula.
Cradle of Life[edit]
The amazing wildlife of the Amazon basin includes flowers that trap beetles to change sex overnight, but human activity threatens its ecology.
External links[edit]
http://natgeotv.com/uk/wild-amazon



Stub icon This article about a nature documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


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American documentary television series
Documentary films about nature
Nature educational television series
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Nat Geo Wild (Canada)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nat Geo Wild
Nat Geo Wild Canada.svg
Nat Geo Wild logo

Launched
May 7, 2012
Owned by
Shaw Media (64%)
National Geographic Channel (20% direct, 16% indirect)
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
480i (SDTV)
Country
Canada
Broadcast area
National
Headquarters
Toronto, Ontario
Sister channel(s)
National Geographic Channel
Website
Nat Geo Wild

Availability

Satellite

Shaw Direct
Channel 552 (SD)
 Channel 253 (HD)
Cable

Cogeco
Channel 409 (SD)
 Channel 824 (HD)
EastLink
Channel 749 (HD)
Rogers Cable
Channel 289 (SD)
 Channel 296 (HD)
Shaw Cable
Channel 175 (SD)
 Channel 266 (HD)
Videotron
Channel 118 (SD)
 Channel 718 (HD)
IPTV

MTS
Channel 276 (SD)
 Channel 1276 (HD)
Optik TV
Channel 209 (SD)
 Channel 718 (HD)
Nat Geo Wild is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Shaw Media and National Geographic Channel (U.S.). The channel airs programming devoted to wildlife, nature, and animals.


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Programming 2.1 Noted series
3 References
4 External links

History[edit]
In April 2010, Shaw Media (the majority owner and operator of the Canadian version of National Geographic Channel) had requested the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to add the American version of Nat Geo Wild to the list of available foreign channels permitted to broadcast in Canada.[1] Both High Fidelity HDTV (the owner of Oasis HD) and CTV Speciality Television Inc. (the major owner of the Canadian version of Animal Planet) had sent letters to CRTC to oppose the request as they claim Nat Geo Wild is competitive with Oasis HD and Animal Planet. The CRTC denied the application on February 15, 2011.[2]
In October 2011, NGC Channel Inc. (a company owned by Shaw and National Geographic Channel in the U.S.) put forth its own application to the CRTC in order to launch a Canadian version of Nat Geo Wild.[3] The licence was approved by the CRTC on April 13, 2012.[4] Neither High Fidelity HDTV nor Bell Media voiced their concern with Nat Geo Wild competing with their services.
In April 30, 2012, Shaw released a statement that the Canada version of Nat Geo Wild was scheduled to be launched on May 7, 2012.[5] The channel was launched in standard and high definition from the start.
Programming[edit]
Noted series[edit]
America the Wild
Deadly Instincts
Dogs with Jobs
Human Shark Bait
Live Like an Animal
Totally Wild
Wild Mississippi
Zoo Diaries
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2010-663
2.Jump up ^ Broadcasting Regulatory Policy CRTC 2011-99
3.Jump up ^ Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2011-675
4.Jump up ^ Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2012-218
5.Jump up ^ Shaw Media invites viewers to get wildly close to animals with the launch of Nat Geo Wild
External links[edit]
Nat Geo Wild


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Nat Geo Wild (Europe)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nat Geo Wild
Nat Geo Wild logo.png
Launched
1 March 2007
Owned by
Fox International Channels (21st Century Fox)
Picture format
576i 16:9 (SD)
1080i (HD)
Broadcast area
Europe
Replaced
Adventure One (Until 2007)
Sister channel(s)
National Geographic Channel
24Kitchen
Fox Life
Fox NL
Fox Sports
BabyTV
Website
See listing below

Availability

Satellite

Digiturk Turkey
Channel 185
 Channel 385 (HD)
Sky UK and Ireland
Channel 528 (SD/HD)
 Channel 544 (SD)
On Demand
CanalDigitaal Netherlands
Channel 47
Sky Italia Italy
Channel 409 (SD/HD)
 Channel 459 (SD)
NOVA Greece Greece
Channel 406
DigitAlb Albania
Channel 11
CanalSat France
Channel 71
Cyfrowy Polsat Poland
Channel 89 (SD)
 Channel 109 (HD)
Cyfra+ Poland
Channel 73 (SD)
 Channel 74 (HD)
n Poland
Channel 73 (HD)
Neostrada TP z telewizją Poland
Channel 78 (SD)
 Channel 86 (HD)
Skylink
SD, HD, channel nr. depends on the user
Cable

UPC Netherlands
Horizon:
 Channel 316 (HD)
Mediabox:
 Channel 94 (HD)
 Channel 316 (SD)
Ziggo Netherlands
Channel 205 (SD)
 Channel 204 (HD)
CAIW Netherlands
Channel 27 (SD or HD)
Virgin Media UK
Channel 228
RCS&RDS Romania
Channel 48
UPC Romania
Channel 311 (Digital with DVR)
 Channel 51 (Digital)
Teledünya Turkey
Channel 5 (HD)
Multimedia Polska Poland
Channel 214
UPC Poland
Channel 371
 Channel 372 (HD)
Toya Poland
Channel 321 (SD)
 Channel 341 (HD)
IPTV

Glashart Media Netherlands
Channel 83 (SD or HD)
KPN Netherlands
Channel 116 (SD)
 Channel 756 (HD)
Meo Portugal
Channel 124
Neostrada TP z telewizją Poland
Channel 78
BT UK
Channel 424
 Channel 451 (HD)
Streaming media

Sky Go UK and Ireland
Watch live
Virgin TV Anywhere UK
Watch live
UPC Horizon
Watch live (Netherlands only)
Nat Geo Wild is a Pan-European television channel that features documentaries produced by the National Geographic Society. It features documentaries about nature, wildlife, natural phenomenon, and earth. The channel replaced Adventure One in Europe on 1 March 2007.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Nat Geo Wild HD
2 Programming
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Nat Geo Wild HD[edit]
Nat Geo Wild HD is available in Europe. It launched in the UK and Ireland on 1 April 2009.[2]
In the Netherlands the HD channel launched on 14 October 2010 through CAIW,[3] later followed by KPN (8 February 2011),[4] Glashart Media (14 April 2011),[5] Ziggo (1 September 2011)[6] and UPC Netherlands (1 October 2013).[7]
Programming[edit]
Main article: List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild
See also[edit]
Nat Geo Wild USA
National Geographic Channel
National Geographic Society
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Robert Briel (20 February 2007). "Nat Geo goes Wild". Broadband Tv Nieuws.
2.Jump up ^ Julian Clover (25 March 2009). "Nat Geo goes Wild in HD". Broadband TV News.
3.Jump up ^ "Uitbreiding aantal HD-zenders Caiway". Digitale Kabeltelevisie. 9 October 2010.
4.Jump up ^ "Nat Geo Wild in HD TV pakket van KPN". HDTV Nieuws. 8 February 2011.
5.Jump up ^ Robert Briel (14 April 2011). "Glashart voegt StarTV en NatGeo HD toe". Broadband TV Nieuws.
6.Jump up ^ "Ziggo komt per 1 september met meer HD zenders". HDTV Nieuws. 27 June 2011.
7.Jump up ^ Jarco Kriek (25 September 2013). "UPC biedt grootste HD-aanbod in Nederland". Totaal TV.
External links[edit]
Official Website France, Wallonia & Suisse Romande
Official Website Bulgaria
Official Website Croatia
Official Website Czech Republic
Official Website Denmark
Official Website Germany, Austria, Switzerland & Liechtenstein
Official Website Greece & Cyprus
Official Website Hungary
Official Website Italy & Switzerland
Official Website Netherlands & Flanders
Official Website Norway
Official Website Poland
Official Website Portugal
Official Website Romania
Official Website Russia
Official Website Serbia
Official Website Slovenia
Official Website Spain
Official Website Sweden
Official Website Turkey
Official Website Ukraine
Official Website United Kingdom & Ireland


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Television channels in the Netherlands
Television channels in the United Kingdom
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Nat Geo Wild
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Page move-protected

Nat Geo Wild
Logo Nat Geo Wild.svg
Nat Geo Wild logo

Launched
August 21, 2006 (Asia)[1]
 March 1, 2007 (Europe, Israel, South Africa)[2]
 September 9, 2008 (France)
 October 14, 2007 (Italy)
 July 31, 2009 (India)
 July 2009 (Romania)
 November 1, 2009 (Latin America)
 November 15, 2009 (Australia)
 March 29, 2010 (United States)
 August 30, 2010 (Malaysia)
 October 4, 2011 (Spain)
 May 7, 2012 (Canada)[3]
Owned by
National Geographic Society
Fox Cable Networks
(21st Century Fox)
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
480i 16:9 letterbox format (US)
720p (HDTV US)
Slogan
Think again.
Dare to Explore
Follow your instincts
Get Closer
Country
Worldwide
Language
English
Hindi
Broadcast area
Asia
Australia
Europe
Latin America
United States
Headquarters
Washington, District of Columbia
Replaced
Adventure One (UK)
Fox Reality Channel (United States)
Sister channel(s)
Nat Geo
Nat Geo Music

Availability

Satellite

DStv (South Africa)
Channel 182[4]
Indovision (Indonesia)
Channel 204
Yes (Israel)
Channel 36
Dish TV (India)
Channel 471(SD), Channel 52 (HD)
Dialog TV (Sri Lanka)
Channel 45
Foxtel/Austar (Australia)
Channel 616 (SD/HD)
 Channel 1616 (SD)
Aora TV (Indonesia)
Channel 201
TVB Network Vision (Hong Kong)
Channel 71 (SD)
 Channel 271 (HD)
DirecTV (US)
283 (SD/HD)
 1283 (VOD)
Dish Network (US)
190 (SD/HD)
Astro Malaysia
Channel 550
DishHD Taiwan
Channel 6192
Skylife Korean
Channel 84 (HD)
Cignal Digital TV Philippines
Channel 77
Verizon FiOS
Channel 132 (SD)
 Channel 632 (HD)
StarHub TV Singapore
Channel 413 (SD)
 Channel 459 (HD)
First Media Indonesia
Channel 111 (SD)
 Channel 361 (HD)
HOT Israel
Channel 45 (HD 545 )
Cable TV Hong Kong Hong Kong
Channel 50 (SD)
 Channel 250 (HD)
Kbro Taiwan
Channel 97
TOP UP TV Thailand
Channel 7
Parasat Cable TV Philippines
Channel 320
MediaNet Maldives
Channel 402
 Channel 805 (HD)
SkyCable Philippines
Channel 66 (Digital)
 Channel 193 (HD)
Macau Cable TV Macau
Channel 53
Destiny Cable Philippines
Channel 66 (Digital)
Cablelink Philippines
Channel 57
In digital India
Channel 291 (SD)
 Channel 889 (HD) (Hindi feed)
Available on many US cable providers
Check local listings
IPTV

PEO TV Sri Lanka
Channel 57
now TV Hong Kong
Channel 216
TrueIPTV Thailand
Channel 18
QOOK TV South Korea
Channel 453
AT&T U-verse
Channel 266
Mio TV(Singapore)
Channel 207(HD)
Nat Geo Wild (stylized as Nat Geo WILD or abbreviated as NGW) is a cable/satellite TV channel focused on animal-related programs. It is a sister network to National Geographic Channel and it is the latest channel to be jointly launched by the National Geographic Society and Fox Cable Networks. It first launched in Hong Kong on January 1, 2006,[1] focusing primarily on wildlife and natural history programming. The channel later launched in the United Kingdom, Turkey, Ireland, Romania, India, Vietnam, and Poland replacing the now defunct Adventure One. The channel remains the world's first bilingual wildlife service, available in English and Cantonese in the Hong Kong market as well as Tagalog in The Philippines. The channel launched in Latin America on November 1, 2009 as a high definition channel. In 2010, it launched in the United States.
As of August 2013, approximately 57,833,000 American households (50.64% of households with television) receive Nat Geo Wild.[5]


Contents  [hide]
1 Programming
2 Availability 2.1 Africa
2.2 Asia
2.3 Australia
2.4 Canada
2.5 India
2.6 Europe
2.7 Latin America
2.8 United States
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Programming[edit]
Main article: List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild
Availability[edit]




 Nat Geo Wild HD Logo
Africa[edit]
The channel launched in South Africa in mid-2009, and is available on the South African Satellite Network DSTV.[6]
Asia[edit]
In Asia, the channel is carried on the StarHub TV and Now TV subscription services. Showtime Arabia carries the channel for Middle Eastern viewers. The channel launched in South Korea on April 16, 2009. The channel launched in India on July 31, 2009. The channel also launched in Israel on July 23, 2008. Some shows in Nat Geo Wild are aired in Tagalog in the Philippines which is also as a Multiple Language Available
Australia[edit]
The Asian version of the channel launched into Australia on November 15, 2009 on Austar and Foxtel. The high definition version launched on Foxtel on November 1, 2010. Although it was expected to launch on Austar in late 2010/early 2011,[7] however the channel isn't launching until 1 July 2012 after Foxtel brought Austar[8]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Nat Geo Wild (Canada)
The Canadian version of Nat Geo Wild launched on May 7, 2012. Similar to National Geographic Channel, this channel is controlled by Shaw Media.[9]
India[edit]
The channel launched in India in 2009.It is available on all leading Satellite and Digital Cable operators.In 2013, Hindi audio feed of NG WILD was launched.As of 2014,NG WILD is available in more than 90% of Indian households.
Europe[edit]
Main article: Nat Geo Wild (Europe)
The channel launched on March 1, 2007 in Europe,[2] and now reaches up to 10.5 million homes in the UK via subscription providers Sky and Virgin Media. In Ireland it has more than 500,000 viewers on its UPC Ireland service and Sky Digital.
Latin America[edit]
The Latin American version of the channel launched on November 1, 2009.
United States[edit]
The channel launched in the United States on March 29, 2010, replacing Fox Reality Channel.[10][11] Providers that carried it at launch include Time Warner Cable, Comcast, Cox Communications, Verizon Fios and AT&T U-verse. Dish Network did not reach a carriage agreement at launch, but began to broadcast the channel on April 19, 2010. DirecTV didn't carry it at launch either, but added it on June 30, 2010. Dish Network, Time Warner Cable, Cablevision, Brighthouse Networks, Verizon FiOS, and AT&T U-verse carry the channel in 720p high definition. DirecTV added the HD feed on August 15, 2012.[12]
See also[edit]
National Geographic Channel
National Geographic Channel Australia
National Geographic Channel (UK)
National Geographic Society
Nat Geo Adventure
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "National Geographic Channels International launches new channel - Nat Geo Wild" (Press release). National Geographic Channels (International). August 10, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "National Geographic Channel set to go wild" (Press release). National Geographic Channels (International). December 7, 2006. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
3.Jump up ^ "Shaw Media | Shaw Media invites viewers to get wildly close to animals with the launch of Nat Geo Wild". Newswire.ca. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
4.Jump up ^ "Dstv.Com". Dstv.Com. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
5.Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 23, 2013). "List of How Many Homes Each Cable Networks Is In - Cable Network Coverage Estimates As Of August 2013". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
6.Jump up ^ "HOW TO GET THE CHANNEL - National Geographic Channel - Sub-Saharan Africa". Natgeotv.com. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
7.Jump up ^ "SPEED is on the air". 'David Knox'. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
8.Jump up ^ David Knox. "Foxtel completes Austar merger". TV Tonight. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
9.Jump up ^ Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2012-218
10.Jump up ^ "Fox Reality Goes Wild as Nat Geo Spinoff". Reuters. 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
11.Jump up ^ Nat Geo Wild official website
12.Jump up ^ On August 15 four exciting channels will be available in eye-popping HD! DirecTV press release, August 15, 2012
External links[edit]
Nat Geo Wild - Australia
Nat Geo Wild - Canada
Nat Geo Wild - Germany
Nat Geo Wild - Poland
Nat Geo Wild - Romania
Nat Geo Wild - United States


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Categories: 21st Century Fox subsidiaries
Television channels in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2006
English-language television stations in Australia
National Geographic Channel
National Geographic Society
Cable television in Hong Kong




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List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013)
The following is a list of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild.
Nat Geo Wild programming is sourced from various agencies, including UK and European distributors, terrestrial joint productions and National Geographic Television productions.[1] All programs are based on natural wildlife and wildlife history, with a heavy focus on nature's most fierce predators. Both the UK and Asian versions of the channel include programming focusing on wildlife in their local areas.


Contents  [hide]
1 0-9
2 A
3 B
4 C
5 D
6 E
7 F
8 G
9 H
10 I
11 J
12 K
13 L
14 M
15 N
16 O
17 P
18 Q
19 R
20 S
21 T
22 U
23 V
24 W
25 Z
26 References

0-9[edit]
21st Century Shark
A[edit]
A Man Among Bears
A Man Among Wolves
A Penguin's Life (special; premieres June 16, 2013)[2]
Aerial Assassins
Africa's Lost Eden
Africa's Secret Seven
"Alaska Fish Wars"
Alaskan Killer Shark
Amazon Claws
Amazonia's Giant Jaws
America's Deadly Obsession
American Buffalo: Battling Back
American Eagle
America the Wild
Among The Great Apes With Michelle Yeoh
An Animal Saved My Life
Anaconda: Queen Of The Serpents
Animal Autopsy
Animal Extractors
Animal Fugitives
Animal Impact
Animal Omens
Animal Superpowers
Animal Underworld
Animals Behaving Badly
Animals Of Brazil
Animals Say the Wildest Things
Ape Genius
Asia's Deadliest Snakes
Attenborough's Ark (special; premieres April 21, 2013)[2]
B[edit]
Badass Animals
Brain Games
Bandits Of Selous
Bavaria's Alpine Kingdom
Be The Creature
Bear Nomad
Bears Of Fear Islands
Big Animal Hunt with Filip Badrov
Big Blue
Big Cat Odyssey
Bite Me With Dr. Mike Leahy
Bizarre Dinos
Blue Collar Dogs
Bonecrusher Queens
Brutal Killers
Bug Attack
Bug Brother
Built for the Kill
C[edit]
California's Wild Coast
Cameramen Who Dare
Catching Giants
Caught Barehanded
Caught In The Act
Caught On Safari: Battle At Kruger
Cesar Millan's Leader of the Pack (2013–present)
Cheetah Blood Brothers
Chimp Diaries
Chimps: Nearly Human
Chimps Unchained
City Of Ants
Clan Of The Meerkat
Clash Of The Crocs
Cliffhangers
Clouded Leopard
Cougars: Ninja of Jackson Hole (aka American Couga)
Crittercam
Croc Ganglands
Croc Labyrinth
Crocodile King
Crocs Of Katuma
Cuba: The Accidental Eden
D[edit]
Dam Beavers
Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr
Dark Side Of Chimps
Deadly 60
Deadly Snakes Of Asia
Deadly Summer
Deep Jungle
Desert Seas
Destination Wild
Dino Autopsy
Dino Death Trap
Dive to Tiger Central
Dog Whisperer (2004-2011 on the National Geographic Channel, 2011-2012 on Nat Geo Wild)
Dogtown
Dolphin Army
Dragon Chronicles
E[edit]
Eternal Enemies
Evolutions
Expedition Grizzly
Expedition Wild
Extinction Sucks
Extreme Animal Attacks
Eye Of The Leopard
F[edit]
Fairy Penguins
Fish Tank Kings
Fishzilla: Snakehead Invasion
Freaks & Creeps
Frogs: The Thin Green Line
G[edit]
Galapagos
Giant Panda
Golden Seals of Skeleton Coast
Gone Wild
Gorilla Murders
Great Apes With Michelle Yeoh
Great Migrations
Grizzly Cauldron
H[edit]
Hammerhead Highway
Haunt Of The Hippo
Hidden Worlds
Hippo Hell
Hippos: Africa's River Beast
Hollywood Bear Tragedy
How Big Can It Get
Hummingbird (special; premieres April 28, 2013)[2]
Hummingbirds: Magic In The Air
Humpbacks: Cracking the Code
Hunter Hunted
Hunt for the Giant Squid
Hunting For Ngotto
Hyena Queen
I[edit]
In The Womb
Indonesia Beyond The Reefs
Insect From Hell
Inside Nature's Giants
Intimate Enemies
Into The Abyss
J[edit]
Jaguar: Catching the Cat (aka Hunt for the Shadow)
Japan's Hidden Secret
Jean Michel Cousteau's Ocean Adventure
Jellyfish Invasion
Journey Into Amazonia
K[edit]
Kalahari Supercats
Kangaroo Kaos
Killer Dragons
Killer Instincts
Killer Shots
Kingdom of the Forest
Kingdom of the Meadow
Kingdom of the Ocean (2013 special)[3]
L[edit]
Leopard Queen
Leopards of Dead Tree Island
Lion Army: Battle To Survive
Lion Warriors
Lions Behaving Badly
Lions On The Edge
Living With Big Cats
Lizard Kings
Lost Sharks of Easter Island
M[edit]
Maneater Manhunt
Monkey Thieves
Monster Crocs
Monster Fish
Monster Fish Of The Congo
Monster Jellyfish
Morays: The Alien Eels
Mother Warthog
My Dog Ate What?
My Life Is A Zoo
Mystery Gorillas
Mystery Of The Wolf
man v.monsters
N[edit]
Night Of The Lion
Night Stalkers
Ninja Shrimp
Nordic Wild
O[edit]
Octopus Volcano
Off The Clock
Orca Killing School
Outback Wrangler
P[edit]
Penguin Death Zone
Phantom Wolverine
Philly Undercover
Planet Carnivore
Polar Bear Alcatraz
Predator Battleground
Predator CSI
Predators Of The Sea
Predators in Peril
Prehistoric Predators
Project Manta
Psycho Kitty
Python Hunters
Q[edit]
Quest For The Megafish Of The Amazon
R[edit]
Raccoon Dogs: Alien Invaders
Raptor Force
Real Serengeti
Rebel Monkeys
Red Sea, Green Future
Red Sea Jaws
Redwoods: Anatomy Of A Giant
Relentless Enemies
Rescue Ink
Restless Planet
Return Of The White Lion
Rhino Rescue
S[edit]
Sahara
Salmon Wars
Saved From The Spill
Saved by the Lioness
Sea Strikers
Seahorses
Search For The Giant Octopus
Search For The Ultimate Bear
Searching For The Snow Leopard
Secret Shark Pits
Secrets Of The King Cobra
Secrets Of The Mediterranean
Sex, Drugs & Plants
Sex, Drugs And Plants
Shadow Hunters
Shane Untamed
Shark Attack Experiment
Shark Island
Shark Nicole
Shark Night
Sharks In The City
Sharks In The World
Sharkville
Shell Shocked
Sixgill Shark
Smake Paradise
Snake Underworld
Snake Wranglers
Space Crabs
Spain's Last Lynx
Spine Chillers
Spine Chillers: Vampire Bats
Squid vs Whale
Street Monkeys
Strike Force
Striker!
Strikers!
Sumatra's Last Tiger
Super Predators
Super Pride
Superfish
Superpride
Swamp Men
Swamp Troop
T[edit]
Taiwan Wild
That Shouldn't Fly
The Animal Extractors
The Bear Evidence
The Dark Side Of Elephants
The Dark Side Of Hippos
The Great Elephant Gathering
The Invaders
The Kill Zone
The Last Lioness
The Lion Ranger
The Living Edens
The Megafalls of Iguacu
The Pack
The Real Serengeti
The Rise Of Black Wolf
Thunderbeast
Tiger Queen
Totally Wild
Triumph Of Life
U[edit]
Ultimate Bear
Ultimate Cat
Ultimate Enemies
Ultimate Hippo
Ultimate Shark
Ultimate Viper
Ultimate Vipers
Underwater Oasis
Unlikely Animal Friends
V[edit]
Valley Of The Wolves
Vultures On The Verge
W[edit]
Warzone Gone Wild
When Crocs Ate Dinosaurs
Wild Alaska
Wild Amazon
Wild Animal Evictions
Wild Asia
Wild Atlantic
Wild China (special; premieres June 30, 2013)[2]
Wild Detectives
Wild Dog Diaries
Wild India
Wild Mississippi
Wild Nights
Wild Russia
Wildlife Rescue Africa
Will Work For Nuts
World's Creepiest Killers
World's Deadliest
World's Deadliest Animals
World's Weirdest
World's Wildest Encounters
World's Worst Venom
Z[edit]
Zambezi
Zoo Confidential
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "National Geographic Channel set to go wild" (Press release). National Geographic Channels (International). December 7, 2006. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d Kondology, Amanda (April 11, 2013). "Join Nat Geo WILD on Four Wildlife Adventures that Span the Globe". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
3.Jump up ^ Kondology, Amanda (February 25, 2013). "New Special 'Kingdom of the Oceans' Shows the Splendor of the Underwater World, Premieres March 10, 8 PM ET/PT". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 25, 2013.


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Categories: Lists of television series by network





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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Nat_Geo_Wild