Tornado Wikipedia pages

Category:Tornadoes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Portal icon Disasters portal
This category contains articles on tornado events.
For articles on the science of tornadoes, see Category:Tornado.
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tornadoes.
 

Subcategories
This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total.




►  Tornadoes in Europe‎ (2 C, 6 P)



►  Tornadoes by country‎ (8 C)



►  Tornadoes by year‎ (96 C)


B

►  Bridge disasters caused by tornadoes‎ (1 P)


D

►  Deaths in tornadoes‎ (3 P)


T

►  Tornado outbreaks‎ (2 C, 3 P)


T cont.

►  Tornado-related lists‎ (2 C, 33 P)



Pages in category "Tornadoes"
The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

H
##History of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes
L
##List of Storm Prediction Center high risk days
R
##Tornado records

Media in category "Tornadoes"
This category contains only the following file.


Huntsville tornado damage 01.jpg
Huntsville tornado dam...
 87 KB




Categories: Storms
Tornado
Weather events
Hidden categories: Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Category

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Cymraeg
Simple English
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last modified on 30 March 2013 at 14:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
    
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tornadoes







Category:Tornadoes by year
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This category should contain only subcategories.
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tornadoes by year.
 

Subcategories
This category has the following 96 subcategories, out of 96 total.


1

►  Tornadoes of 1761‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1840‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1865‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1871‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1878‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1879‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1881‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1883‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1884‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1886‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1890‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1892‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1896‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1898‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1899‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1902‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1904‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1905‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1908‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1909‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1912‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1913‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1917‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1918‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1919‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1920‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1924‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1925‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1929‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1932‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1933‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1936‎ (2 P)


1 cont.

►  Tornadoes of 1942‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1944‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1946‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1947‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1948‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1950‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1951‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1952‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1953‎ (6 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1955‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1956‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1957‎ (6 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1958‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1961‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1965‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1966‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1967‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1968‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1969‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1970‎ (4 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1971‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1972‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1973‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1974‎ (4 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1975‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1976‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1977‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1978‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1979‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1980‎ (4 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1981‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1982‎ (3 P)


1 cont.

►  Tornadoes of 1983‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1984‎ (5 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1985‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1986‎ (1 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1987‎ (4 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1988‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1989‎ (5 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1990‎ (4 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1991‎ (2 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1992‎ (5 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1993‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1994‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1995‎ (5 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1996‎ (6 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1997‎ (5 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1998‎ (15 P)



►  Tornadoes of 1999‎ (10 P, 1 F)


2

►  Tornadoes of 2000‎ (6 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2001‎ (6 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2002‎ (3 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2003‎ (6 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2004‎ (7 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2005‎ (10 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2006‎ (13 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2007‎ (17 P, 1 F)



►  Tornadoes of 2008‎ (19 P, 1 F)



►  Tornadoes of 2009‎ (20 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2010‎ (28 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2011‎ (29 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2012‎ (19 P)



►  Tornadoes of 2013‎ (22 P, 1 F)



►  Tornadoes of 2014‎ (10 P)





Categories: Tornadoes
Natural disasters by year
Meteorology topics by year
Hidden categories: Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Category

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
العربية
Español
中文
Edit links
This page was last modified on 31 March 2013 at 04:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
    
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tornadoes_by_year







Category:Deaths in tornadoes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
 

Pages in category "Deaths in tornadoes"
The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

N
NLM CityHopper Flight 431
P
E. Earl Patton
S
Tim Samaras



Categories: Deaths due to natural disasters
Tornadoes


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Category

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 21 May 2012 at 21:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
    
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_tornadoes







Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (or CAPS; http://caps.ou.edu) was established at the University of Oklahoma in 1989 as one of the first eleven National Science Foundation Science and Technology Centers. Located at the National Weather Center in Norman, Oklahoma, its mission is the development of techniques for the computer-based prediction of high-impact local weather, such as individual spring and winter storms, with the NEXRAD (WSR-88D) Doppler radar serving as a key data source.


Contents  [hide]
1 Activities
2 Development and project
3 References
4 External links

Activities[edit]
Since 1989, scientists in CAPS have developed and improved ARPS (The Advanced Regional Prediction System ). ARPS is a comprehensive regional to stormscale atmospheric modeling / prediction system. It is a complete system that includes a realtime data analysis and assimilation system, the forward prediction model and a post-analysis package. ARPS has been used successfully in many real thunderstorm cases research.
Development and project[edit]
CAPS, along with several other University of Oklahoma institutions, is a partner in a new Engineering Research Center led by the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) seeks to revolutionize the remote sensing of the lower troposphere, initially via inexpensive, low-power, phased array Doppler radars placed on cell towers and buildings. A unique component of this project is that the sensors collaborate with one another and dynamically adjust their characteristics to sense multiple atmospheric phenomena while meeting multiple end user needs in an optimal manner.
CAPS also is leading an NSF Large Information Technology Research (ITR) grant that seeks to develop an infrastructure for mesoscale meteorology research and education. Known as Linked Environments for Atmospheric Discovery (LEAD), a transforming element of this project is the ability for analysis tools, forecast models, and data repositories to function as dynamically adaptive, on-demand systems that can change configuration rapidly and automatically in response to the evolving weather; respond immediately to user decisions based upon the weather problem at hand; and steer remote observing systems to optimize data collection and forecast/warning quality.
References[edit]

Question book-new.svg
 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)

External links[edit]
ARPS
NSSL
NWC
Atmospheric Radar Research Center
 


Categories: Meteorological institutions affiliated with universities
Tornado
Storm
University of Oklahoma





Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 3 June 2012 at 17:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Analysis_and_Prediction_of_Storms







Storm Track
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Storm Track
Storm Track sample cover.png
Sample of the May–June 1999 cover

Editor
Timothy P. Marshall
Former editors
David K. Hoadley
Categories
Science, hobby
Frequency
Bimonthly
Publisher
Tim Marshall (1986-2002)
 David Hoadley (1977-1986)
Founder
David Hoadley
First issue
1977
Final issue
— Number
2002
 Vol 25 No 1
Country
 United States
Language
English
Website
stormtrack.org
OCLC number
9331024
Storm Track was the first magazine for and about storm chasing. It was started in 1977 by chasing pioneer David Hoadley following an informal meeting of storm chasers at an American Meteorological Society conference. In the beginning, it was published in newsletter format but in time assumed a magazine format and was published bimonthly throughout its history. In 1986, editorship was handed over to Tim Marshall, a storm damage engineer (and meteorologist). Production of paper issues ceased in 2002 after a 25-year run; however, an accompanying website started in 1996 and continues primarily in the form of a large discussion board.[1]
Storm Track, among other topics, published storm chase accounts, discussions of issues affecting storm chasing, history of storm chasing and meteorology, meteorological analysis and case studies, climatology, reviews, biographies, photography, cartoons, poetry, and classifieds.[1]
Storm Track was a non-profit publication aimed at scientists and amateurs interested in severe storms. Rich Herzog was an associate editor since 1991 and Phil Sherman an assistant editor from 1986-1990. Another associate editor and a founding member was Randy Zipser. Gene Rhoden contributed significantly to the cover design in 1986.[2] It was published with Master Graphics in Dallas, Texas. Tim Vasquez was online editor. Most articles and photographs were submitted by subscribers. More than 180 people wrote articles for the magazine. David Hoadley made all the drawings and sketches and did many of the cartoons which were known as "Funnel Funnies". It began with 10 subscribers in 1977 and grew to several hundred over the years. Circulation peaked at nearly 1,000 in mid-1996 in association with the release of Twister.[3]
See also[edit]
Weatherwise magazine
Tornado
Supercell
Hurricane
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Marshall, Tim; David Hoadley. "Storm Track Archive". Storm Track. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
2.Jump up ^ "Storm Track is 20 Years Old!". Storm Track 20 (1). 1996.
3.Jump up ^ Marshall, Tim (Nov–Dec 2001). "Commentary". Storm Track (Flower Mound, Texas) 25 (1).
External links[edit]
Storm Track website Stormtrack Library
All Stormtrack print issues, 1977-2002, on CD
 


Categories: Tornado
Hobby magazines
Science and technology magazines
Bi-monthly magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
Magazines established in 1977
Magazines disestablished in 2002
Storm chasing


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 24 July 2014 at 15:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Track






T.E.D.D.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search




[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline.
 (May 2010)


Wiki letter w.svg

This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find links tool for suggestions. (March 2012)


Tedd project logo.gif
T.E.D.D. (Tornado Electrical Discharge Detection) is a public project to gather and publish RF (Radio Frequency) signals produced by tornadoes to help create additional warning and research instrumentation.
Theory[edit]
T.E.D.D. is based on the theory that all tornadoes, strong or weak, create a RF (Radio Frequency) footprint or "signature". These RF signatures are believed to be created during the formation and life cycle of a tornado, due to tiny and mass amounts of electrical discharges taking place within the funnel.
Although the exact origin of RF emissions from a tornado remains uncertain, there are several credible scientific sources and publications citing evidence of their existence.[1]
One theory explains that the formation of electrical discharges occur when negatively charged condensation from a severe thunderstorm is drawn down within the tornado's funnel, where it then meets positive charges from the ground. When these opposite charges meet, electrical potential is released along with RF emissions that can be detected using tuned equipment.
Currently, research is being conducted by T.E.D.D. and others to gather more information on this phenomenon.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ John R Leeman, E.D. Schmitter (April 2009). "Electric signals generated by tornados". Atmospheric Research 92 (2): 277–9. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.029.
External links[edit]
T.E.D.D. – Tornado Electrical Discharge Detection
 


Categories: Tornado
Atmospheric electricity
Lightning
Severe weather and convection







Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 22 August 2012 at 20:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E.D.D.






Tornado Alley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

For the book by William S. Burroughs, see Tornado Alley (book).



 Tornado activity in the United States.
Tornado Alley is a colloquial term for the area of the United States where tornadoes are most frequent. The term was first used in 1952 as the title of a research project to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.
Although the boundaries of Tornado Alley are not clearly defined, its core is northern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.[1] Some research has indicated that tornadoes are becoming more frequent in the northern parts of Tornado Alley where it reaches the Canadian prairies.[2]
There is also a secondary tornado alley in Ontario, Canada, which runs from the Great Lakes region to the upper St. Lawrence valley.[3] It roughly follows the same route as Highway 401 from Windsor, Ontario to London, Ontario, with a secondary path from Lake Huron to Barrie, Ontario and across to Ottawa, Ontario. After the U.S., Canada gets the most tornadoes in the world, and a third of those tornadoes strike Southwestern Ontario.[4]


Contents  [hide]
1 Tornado alley geographical area
2 Origination of the term
3 Impact
4 Average annual number of tornadoes per 10,000 square miles
5 Canadian tornadoes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Tornado alley geographical area[edit]



 A diagram of tornado alley based on 1 tornado or more per decade. Rough location (red), and its contributing weather systems
Over the years, the location(s) of Tornado Alley have not been clearly defined. No official definition of 'tornado alley' or the geographical area of tornado alley has ever been designated by the National Weather Service.[5] Thus, differences of location are the result of the different criteria used.[5][6]
According to the National Severe Storms Laboratory FAQ,[5] "Tornado Alley" is a term used by the media as a reference to areas that have higher numbers of tornadoes. A study of 1921-1995 tornadoes concluded almost one-fourth of all significant tornadoes occur in this area.[7]
Though no state is entirely free of tornadoes, they occur more frequently in the Central United States, between the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian Mountains.[5] Texas reports the most tornadoes of any other state due to its large size. Per square mile, Kansas and Oklahoma rank first and second respectively in the number of tornadoes. Florida also reports a high number and density of tornado occurrences, though tornadoes there rarely approach the strength of those that sometimes occur in the southern plains.[8] Regionally, the frequency of tornadoes in the United States is closely tied with the progression of the warm season when warm and cold air masses often clash.[8]
Another criteria for the location of Tornado Alley (or Tornado Alleys) can be where the strongest tornadoes occur more frequently.[9]
Tornado Alley can also be defined as an area reaching from central Texas to the Canadian prairies and from eastern Colorado to western Pennsylvania.[1]
It has also been asserted that there are numerous Tornado Alleys.[1] In addition to the Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas core, such areas include the Upper Midwest, the lower Ohio Valley, the Tennessee Valley and the lower Mississippi valley.[1] Some studies suggest that there are also smaller tornado alleys located across the United States.[10]
The tornado alleys in the southeastern U.S., notably the lower Mississippi Valley and the upper Tennessee Valley, are sometimes called by the nickname "Dixie Alley", coined in 1971 by Allen Pearson, former director of the National Severe Storms Forecasting Center.[11]
Another tornado alley has been identified in Ontario, Canada, running from the Great Lakes region to the upper St. Lawrence valley.[3] It roughly follows the same route as Highway 401 from Windsor, Ontario to London, Ontario, with a secondary path from Lake Huron to Barrie, Ontario and across to Ottawa, Ontario.[12]
Origination of the term[edit]
The term "tornado alley" was first used in 1952 by U.S. Air Force meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush (1915–1982) and Captain Robert C. Miller (1920–1998) as the title of a research project to study severe weather in parts of Texas and Oklahoma.[13]
Impact[edit]
In the heart of tornado alley, building codes are often stricter than those for other parts of the U.S., requiring strengthened roofs and more secure connections between the building and its foundation.[citation needed] Other common precautionary measures include the construction of storm cellars, and the installation of tornado sirens. Tornado awareness and media weather coverage are also high.
The southeastern U.S. region is particularly prone to violent, long tracked tornadoes. Much of the housing in this region is less robust than in other parts of the USA and many people live in mobile homes. As a result, tornado related casualties in the southern U.S. are particularly high. One prime example was the April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak.
Average annual number of tornadoes per 10,000 square miles[edit]
These figures, reported by the National Climatic Data Center for the period between 1991 - 2010, show the seventeen U.S. states with the highest average tornadoes per 10,000 square miles.[14]
1.Florida: 12.2
2.Kansas: 11.7
3.Maryland: 9.9
4.South Carolina: 9
5.Illinois: 9.7
6.Mississippi: 9.2
7.Iowa: 9.1
8.Oklahoma: 9
9.Alabama: 8.6
10.Louisiana: 8.5
11.Arkansas: 7.5
12.Nebraska: 7.4
13.Missouri: 6.5
14.North Carolina: 6.4
15.Tennessee: 6.2
16.Texas: 5.9
17.Minnesota: 5.7
Canadian tornadoes[edit]
After the U.S., Canada gets the most tornadoes in the world. The average number of tornadoes per 10,000 kilometres is highest in the southern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, as well as Southern Ontario. Northern Ontario between the Manitoba border and the Lake Superior lakehead is also prone to severe tornadoes, but tornadoes in this area are believed to be underestimated due to the extremely low population in this region.[12][15]
Roughly half of all Canadian tornadoes strike the Canadian prairies and Northern Ontario as far east as Lake Superior. Together, these regions make up the northernmost border of the U.S. Tornado Alley. Tornadoes up to EF5 in strength have been documented in this region.[16]
Another third of Canadian tornadoes strike Southern Ontario, especially in the region halfway between the Great Lakes from Lake St. Clair to Ottawa, Ontario. This happens because tornadoes in this region are triggered or augmented by lake breeze fronts from Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Georgian Bay. Tornadoes do not often hit lake shadow regions,[12] although they are not unknown, and some, such as the 2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado, have been violent. However, most Ontario tornadoes are concentrated in a narrow corridor from Windsor, Ontario and Sarnia, Ontario through London, Ontario, and then northeast to Barrie, Ontario and Ottawa, Ontario.[4] Tornadoes up to EF4 in strength have been documented in this region.
Southwestern Ontario weather is strongly influenced by its peninsular position between the Great Lakes. As a result, increases in temperature in this region are likely to increase the amount of precipitation in storms due to lake evaporation. Increased temperature contrasts may also increase the violence and possibly the number of tornadoes.[17]
See also[edit]
List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
Tornado climatology
Hurricane Alley
List of tornadoes by calendar day
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tornado Alley". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
2.Jump up ^ http://www.usask.ca/water/news-and-events/news/news43.php
3.^ Jump up to: a b http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_12879.html
4.^ Jump up to: a b http://mobile.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=Should__Tornado_Alley__be_expanded__11_04_2012?ref=ccbox_news_topstories
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Severe Weather 101: Tornado FAQ". National Severe Storms Laboratory. NOAA. January 29, 2007. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
6.Jump up ^ "Tornado FAQ". Storm Prediction Center. NOAA. January 29, 2007. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
7.Jump up ^ "Climatology Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes In the United States". Northern Illinois University & NOAA/ERL/National Severe Storms Laboratory. January 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
8.^ Jump up to: a b "Tornado Climatology". National Climatic Data Center. January 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
9.Jump up ^ "Tornado Activity in the United States: Summary of EF3, EF4, and EF5 tornadoes per 2,470 square miles". booklet FEMA 320, Taking Shelter from the Storm: Building a Safe Room Inside your House. Section 1, Figure 1.1, page 3: FEMA.gov. Archived from the original on ("Third edition".).
10.Jump up ^ Broyles, Chris; C. Crosbie (October 2004). "Evidence of Smaller Tornado Alleys Across the United States Based on a Long Track F3-F5 Tornado Climatology Study from 1880-2003". 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, MA: American Meteorological Society.
11.Jump up ^ Gagan et al. (2010), page 147.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.yorku.ca/pat/research/dsills/papers/GLOMW2012/Sills_GLOMW2012.pdf
13.Jump up ^ See: 1.Jeremy Singer-Vine (May 23, 2011) "How did "Tornado Alley" get its name?," Slate (on-line magazine).
2.John P. Gagan, Alan Gerard, and John Gordon (December 2010) "A historical and statistical comparison of "Tornado Alley" to "Dixie Alley", " National Weather Digest, vol. 34, no. 2, pages 146-155; see especially page 146.
3."Weather officers commended," Take-Off (newspaper of Tinker Air Force Base; Midwest City, Oklahoma), January 16, 1953.
4.Results of search of Google Books for "tornado alley".
14.Jump up ^ "Average Annual Number of EF0-EF5 Tornadoes per 10,000 square miles during 1991 - 2010" (gif). National Climatic Data Center. U.S. Tornado Climatology: NOAA.gov. Archived from the original on Updated 17 May 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
15.Jump up ^ http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/anderson/when-is-peak-tornado-season-in-canada/31509
16.Jump up ^ http://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=6C5D4990-1#tornadoes
17.Jump up ^ http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/weather-predictions-made-by-the-global-warming-model-3254/
External links[edit]
NSSL Tornado Climatology
Climatological Estimates of Local Daily Tornado Probability for the United States
Tornado hazards in the United States
Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions
 


Categories: Tornado
Regions of the United States
Natural history of the United States






Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Galego
Italiano
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Edit links
This page was last modified on 25 July 2014 at 23:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alley
















Tornado Intercept Vehicle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV)
Tornado intercept vehicle.jpg
Overview

Designer
Sean Casey
Powertrain

Engine
7.3 litre Powerstroke Diesel
Transmission
ZF 5-speed manual
Dimensions

Height
14 feet (4.3 m)
Curb weight
16,500 lb (7,500 kg)
Chronology

Successor
TIV 2
The Tornado Intercept Vehicle 1 (TIV 1) and Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2 (TIV 2) are vehicles used to film with an IMAX camera from very close proximity to or within a tornado. They were designed by film director Sean Casey. On May 27, 2013 the TIV2 filmed the inside of a tornado in Kansas with Casey inside.


Contents  [hide]
1 TIV 1
2 TIV 2
3 TIV 3
4 Instrumentation
5 References
6 External links

TIV 1[edit]
The Tornado Intercept Vehicle 1 (TIV 1) is a heavily modified 1997 Ford F-Super Duty cab & chassis truck used as a storm chasing platform and built by Sean Casey. This heavily armored vehicle can drive into a relatively weak tornado (EF0 to EF3) to film it and take measurements. Work began on the TIV in 2003 and took around eight months to finish, at a total cost of around US$81,000. TIV's armored shell consists of 1/8–1/4 inch steel plate welded to a two inch square steel tubing frame. The windows are bullet resistant polycarbonate, measuring 1.5 in (38 mm) thick on the windshield and 0.5 in (13 mm) inch thick on the sides. The TIV weighs approximately 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) fully loaded and is powered by a 7.3 litre Ford Powerstroke turbocharged diesel engine manufactured by Navistar-International, otherwise known as the International T444E. The vehicle's speed was limited by the factory Ford PCM, giving it a top speed of 100 mph (160 km/h).[1] The TIV has a fuel capacity of 60 US gallons (230 L), giving it a range of around 500 miles (800 km). The TIV is featured in a series called Storm Chasers which began airing on the Discovery Channel in October 2007.[2][3] TIV was succeeded in 2008 by TIV 2, but returned to service to finish out the 2008 storm chasing season after TIV 2 suffered mechanical problems. In a June 2011 interview with NPR's All Things Considered, Casey said that TIV is still in service and is designated as the backup vehicle in the event TIV 2 breaks down during a shoot.[4]

Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2

Overview

Designer
Sean Casey
Powertrain

Engine
modified 6.7 liter turbocharged Cummins Diesel
Transmission
automatic
Dimensions

Curb weight
16,500 lb (7,500 kg) (2008), 14,300 lb (6,500 kg) (2009–present)
TIV 2[edit]
Casey and his team developed and built the second Tornado Intercept Vehicle, dubbed TIV 2, to be featured in their next IMAX movie and the Storm Chasers series.[5] Work began in September 2007 by forty welding students at the Great Plains Technology Center in Lawton, Oklahoma and was completed in time for the 2008 tornado chase season. TIV 2 was designed to address some of the problems experienced with the original TIV, namely its low ground clearance, lack of four-wheel drive, and low top speed. It is based on a Dodge Ram 3500 that was strengthened and converted to six-wheel drive by adding a third axle. After season two the six-wheel drive system was modified to four-wheel drive.[citation needed] It is powered by a 6.7-liter Cummins turbo charged Diesel engine, modified with propane and water injection to produce 625 horsepower (466 kW). This gives TIV 2 an estimated top speed of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Its fuel capacity is 95 US gallons (360 L), giving TIV 2 an approximate range of 750 miles (1,210 km). The body of TIV 2 is constructed of a 1/8-inch steel skin welded over a 2 in (51 mm) square tubing steel frame. The windows in TIV 2 are all bullet-resistant 1.63 in (41 mm) interlayered polycarbonate sheets and tempered glass. TIV 2 also features an IMAX filming turret similar to the one on the original TIV. The original TIV's somewhat cumbersome hydraulic claws were not used on TIV 2 in favor of six hydraulic skirts that drop down to deflect wind over the TIV to stabilize it and protect the underside from debris, and four hydraulically operated anchoring spikes.
TIV 2 debuted on the second season of Storm Chasers, which began airing on the Discovery Channel in October 2008. Its initial performance did not go well, as it was plagued by mechanical failures, including several broken axles, which forced Casey to abandon TIV 2 and return to chasing in the original TIV until TIV 2's issues could be resolved.[3][6] Although Casey hoped he would be back in TIV 2 before the end of the season, repairs and modifications on TIV 2 took longer than expected and Casey was shown on Storm Chasers ending the season in the original TIV.[6]
In the fall of 2008, TIV 2 received several modifications, mostly focused on reducing the vehicle's 16,500 lb (7,500 kg) weight. To achieve this, certain less crucial areas of TIV 2's armor were converted from steel to aluminum while more vital areas were reinforced with supplemental composite armor consisting of thin layers of steel, Kevlar, polycarbonate, and rubber. In all, the weight reduction measures brought TIV 2's weight down to 14,300 lb (6,500 kg). The safety systems were also improved, with the three front wind skirts being consolidated into one and new hydraulic stabilizing spikes to further increase stability in high winds. Other modifications included additional doors that provided every seat position with an exit (wind skirts up or down), and a redesigned IMAX turret with 50% more windows. The third axle was disconnected from the drive train, thus changing TIV2 to 6×4 from its 6×6 design. The third axle now acts as a brace for the vehicle's weight.[3]
The TIV 2 appeared again in the fourth season of Storm Chasers, and also in an episode of another Discovery Channel series, Mythbusters, wherein both the TIV 2 and the SRV Dominator vehicle operated by Reed Timmer of TornadoVideos.Net were tested to determine their endurance to storm-force winds by being parked behind a Boeing 747 with the engines at full throttle. When tested at a wind speed of 160 mph (260 km/h), the TIV 2 had the driver's door pulled open, though this was due to human error, as Casey forgot to lock the door prior to the test. When tested again at 250 mph (400 km/h) (equivalent to an EF5 tornado), the TIV 2 suffered no ill effects other than the anchoring spikes being slightly bent; the Dominator ended up being blown approximately 50 feet (15 m), although it remained upright.[7]
In 2011, a siren was added to the vehicle to allow the TIV 2 to act as a mobile warning system for civilians in the path of incoming tornadoes, after several incidents earlier that year where the TIV team was unable to effectively warn locals of the imminent danger of the tornadoes they were tracking.[8]
Casey removed the rear flap in early 2012 and built a new set of two hydraulic spikes that go into the ground during an intercept.[citation needed]
On May 27, 2013, TIV 2 intercepted a large tornado near Smith Center, Kansas. The vehicle was struck by large debris from a nearby farm and suffered damage to the roof-mounted anemometer and at least two breaches of the crew compartment when the roof hatch and one of the doors were compromised. Before the anemometer was disabled, it recorded winds of 150 to 175 mph (240 to 282 km/h), placing the tornado in the EF3 to EF4 range.[9]
TIV 3[edit]
Casey plans to build a TIV 3 that has the frame like a Baja racer and that also can drift through tornado with great suspension with a smaller cab, still using skirts to drop to the ground and more spikes for help holding up against wind. The TIV 3 has not been built yet, but is in the process.[citation needed]
Instrumentation[edit]
Although primarily designed to shoot film from near or within tornadoes, the TIV's have at times been outfitted with meteorological instrumentation atop masts to complement the Doppler on Wheels (DOW) radar trucks of the Center for Severe Weather Research run by atmospheric scientist and inventor Joshua Wurman.[10]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Tornado Alley, Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV)", Tornado Alley Movie Webpage (Tornado Alley, LLC), retrieved April 13, 2013
2.Jump up ^ SouthCoastToday.com: On 'Storm Chasers': In pursuit of twisters
3.^ Jump up to: a b c "Storm Chasers : Discovery Channel". Dsc.discovery.com. 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
4.Jump up ^ All Things Considered. "Filmmaker Shoots At The Heart Of The Tornado". NPR. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
5.Jump up ^ KSWO, Lawton, OK - Wichita Falls, TX: News, Weather, Sports. ABC, 24/7, Telemundo - Tech students help build tornado vehicle
6.^ Jump up to: a b Contact Ben Wojdyla: Email the author Comment (2008-11-05). "TIV-2: An Exclusive Look Inside The Techie Tank-Like Tornado-Chaser". Jalopnik.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
7.Jump up ^ http://fandomania.com/tv-review-mythbusters-8-19-storm-chasing-myths/
8.Jump up ^ http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/storm-chasers/season-5-episodes3.htm
9.Jump up ^ StormChasingVideo.com (May 27, 2013). "5/27/2013 TIV2 (Tornado Intercept Vehicle) Is Hit By WEDGE Tornado in Kansas". Retrieved 2013-03-28.
10.Jump up ^ Svenvold, Mark (2005). Big Weather: Chasing Tornadoes in the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0805076462.
External links[edit]
Tornado Alley IMAX movie
How the Tornado Intercept Vehicle Works
TIV images
Riders on the storm
 


Categories: Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Tornado
Armoured cars
Storm chasing






Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Deutsch
Edit links
This page was last modified on 29 July 2014 at 07:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Intercept_Vehicle









Tornado warning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Not to be confused with Tornado watch.



 A tornado in Douglas, Oklahoma, May 24, 2008.
A tornado warning (SAME code: TOR) is an alert issued by weather services to warn that severe thunderstorms with tornadoes may be imminent. It can be issued after a tornado or funnel cloud has been spotted by the public, storm chasers, emergency management or law enforcement, or more commonly if there are radar indications of tornado formation. When this happens, the tornado sirens may sound in that area if any sirens are present, informing people that a tornado has been sighted or is forming nearby. The issuance of a tornado warning indicates that residents should take immediate safety precautions. It is a higher level of alert than a tornado watch, but (in the United States) it can be surpassed by an even higher alert known as a tornado emergency.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early history
2 Tornado alert
3 Criteria
4 Ground truthing
5 Tornado emergency
6 Examples
7 See also
8 References

Early history[edit]
The first official tornado forecast (and tornado warning) was made by United States Air Force Capt. (later Col.) Robert C. Miller and Major Ernest Fawbush, on March 25, 1948. The USAF had pioneered tornado forecasting and tornado warnings, mainly due to the U.S. Weather Bureau's strong discouragement/ban on the use of the word "tornado" in forecasts or statements, fearing that it would cause the public to panic if tornadoes were predicted to occur (the side effect of this was that the lack of warning resulted in an increased number of tornado-related fatalities, with some events prior to 1948 such as the Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes that occurred the previous year having exceeded well over 100 deaths).
In 1950, the Weather Bureau revoked its ban on the usage of the word "tornado" in its weather products, thus allowing public tornado warnings. Chief of Bureau F.W. Reichelderfer officially lifted the ban on issuing tornado warnings in a Circular Letter issued on July 12, 1950 to all first order stations: "Weather Bureau employees should avoid statements that can be interpreted as a negation of the Bureau's willingness or ability to make tornado forecasts."[1]
Even after the U.S. Weather Bureau lifted their ban on tornado warnings, the Federal Communications Commission continued to ban television and radio outlets from broadcasting tornado warnings on-air for the same reasoning cited in the Bureau's abolished ban. Broadcast media followed this ban until 1954, when meteorologist Harry Volkman broadcast the first televised tornado warning over WKY-TV (now KFOR-TV) in Oklahoma City, due to his belief that the banning of tornado warnings over broadcast media cost lives.[2][3]
Tornado alert[edit]
For many years until the early 1980s, an intermediate type of tornado advisory known as a tornado alert was defined by the National Weather Service and issued by local offices thereof. A tornado alert indicated that tornado formation was imminent and in theory covered situations such as visible rotation in clouds and some other phenomena which are portents of funnel formation. The use of this advisory began to decline after 1974, but was still listed on public information materials issued by various media outlets, local NWS offices and other entities for another decade or so.
The criteria which called for tornado alerts in the past now generally result in a tornado warning with clarifying verbiage specifying that the warning was issued because rotation was detected in one way or another, that a wall cloud has formed or a tornado has been spotted or detected. The preferred response to both the tornado alerts and warnings is to take shelter immediately, so distinguishing them could be seen as splitting hairs, especially since storm prediction methods have improved.
The tornado alert was finally eliminated because it was made largely obsolete by the advent of Doppler weather radar, which can detect rotational funnel cloud formations earlier than is typically possible by trained spotters and members of the public. With fewer false-positives, radar also helped reduce public confusion over storm types, strengths and precise locations. The last tornado alert to be officially issued was discussed in earnest following the Super Outbreak of April 3 and 4, 1974.
Criteria[edit]
A tornado warning is issued when any of the following conditions has occurred:
a tornado is reported on the ground, or
a funnel cloud is reported, or
strong low-level rotation is indicated by weather radar,[4] or
a waterspout is headed for landfall.[4]
A tornado warning means there is immediate danger for the warned and immediately surrounding area – if not from the relatively narrow tornado itself, from the severe thunderstorm producing (or likely to produce) it. All in the path of such a storm are urged to take cover immediately, as it is a life-threatening situation. A warning is different from a tornado watch (issued by a national guidance center, the Storm Prediction Center) which only indicates that conditions are favorable for the formation of tornadoes.
Generally (but not always), a tornado warning also indicates that the potential is there for severe straight-line winds and/or large hail from the thunderstorm.[5] A severe thunderstorm warning can be upgraded suddenly to a tornado warning should conditions warrant.[5]
In the United States, local offices of the National Weather Service issues warnings for tornadoes and severe thunderstorms in polygon shapes. In the United States, local offices of the National Weather Service issue warnings for tornadoes and severe thunderstorms based on the path of a storm. Warnings were issued on a per-county basis before October 2007,[6] and are usually delineated on maps in polygon shapes and in text by a section of a county, although entire counties are sometimes included, especially if they are small. Storm Prediction Center and National Weather Service products as well as severe weather alert displays used by some television stations highlight tornado warnings with a red polygon or filled county/parish outline.
In Canada, similar criteria are used and warnings are issued by regional offices of the Meteorological Service of Canada of Environment Canada in Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal and Halifax[7] (in the province of Ontario, Emergency Management Ontario recently began issuing red alerts for areas of the province that are already under an Environment Canada-issued tornado warning; these red alerts sometimes override the tornado warning if local government or media are participating in the program).
Tornado warnings are generated via AWIPS then disseminated through various communication routes accessed by the media and various agencies, on the internet, to NOAA satellites, and on NOAA Weather Radio.[8] Tornado sirens are also usually activated for the affected areas if present.[9]
Advances in technology, both in identifying conditions and in distributing warnings effectively, have been credited with reducing the death toll from tornadoes. The average warning times have increased substantially to about 15 minutes (in some cases, to more than an hour's warning of impending tornadoes). The U.S. tornado death rate has declined from 1.8 deaths per million people per year in 1925 to only 0.11 per million in 2000.[10] Much of this change is credited to improvements in the tornado warning system.[citation needed]
Ground truthing[edit]
The SKYWARN program, which teaches people how to spot tornadoes, funnel clouds, wall clouds, and other severe weather phenomena, is offered by the National Weather Service.[11] Used in tandem with Doppler radar information, eyewitness reports can be very helpful for warning the public of an impending tornado, especially when used for ground truthing.[12]
Other spotter groups such as the Amateur Radio Emergency Service, news media, local law enforcement agencies/emergency management organizations, cooperative observers, and the general public also relay information to the National Weather Service for ground truthing.[13]
Tornado emergency[edit]
Main article: Tornado emergency
When a large, extremely violent tornado is about to impact a densely populated area, the National Weather Service has the option of issuing a severe weather statement with unofficial, enhanced wording; this is called a tornado emergency. This category of weather statement is the highest and most urgent level relating to tornadoes, albeit an unofficial alert product. The first tornado emergency was declared on May 3, 1999, when an F5 tornado struck southern portions of the Oklahoma City area, causing major damage. In some cases, such as an F3 tornado that struck the Indianapolis, Indiana metropolitan area on September 20, 2002, a tornado emergency has been declared within the initial issuance of the tornado warning.
The levels of severity increase as follows:
1.Convective Outlook mentioning tornado potential
2.Public Severe Weather Outlook mentioning tornado potential
3.Tornado Watch
4.Particularly Dangerous Situation Tornado Watch
5.Tornado Warning
6.Particularly Dangerous Situation Tornado Warning (used by Weather Forecast Offices within the National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters as an intermediate warning in the event that a tornado has been spotted or confirmed, or a significant tornado is expected)[14]
7.Tornado Emergency
Tornado warnings can also be intensified by added wording mentioning that the storm is life-threatening, that it is an extremely dangerous situation, that a large, violent and/or destructive tornado is on the ground or is capable of causing significant property damage.
Examples[edit]




Greensburg tornado warning







The NOAA Weather Radio audio of a tornado warning issued for Greensburg, Kansas on May 4, 2007. Greensburg was struck by an EF-5 tornado while the warning was in effect.

Problems playing this file? See media help.




Tornado warning Oklahoma







An example of a tornado warning issued in Oklahoma

Problems playing this file? See media help.
Below is an example of a tornado warning issued by the National Weather Service.[15]
WFUS53 KICT 142213
TORICT
KSC169-142245-
/O.NEW.KICT.TO.W.0011.110414T2213Z-110414T2245Z/
BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WICHITA KS
513 PM CDT THU APR 14 2011
THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN WICHITA HAS ISSUED A
* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  NORTHEASTERN SALINE COUNTY IN CENTRAL KANSAS...
* UNTIL 545 PM CDT
* AT 512 PM CDT...TRAINED WEATHER SPOTTERS REPORTED A FUNNEL CLOUD
  NEAR NEW CAMBRIA...OR 7 MILES EAST OF SALINA. A TORNADO MAY DEVELOP
  AT ANY TIME. DOPPLER RADAR SHOWED THIS DANGEROUS STORM MOVING NORTH
  AT 40 MPH.
* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  NEW CAMBRIA.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
TAKE COVER NOW. MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
STURDY BUILDING. AVOID WINDOWS. IF IN A MOBILE HOME...A VEHICLE OR
OUTDOORS...MOVE TO THE CLOSEST SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER AND PROTECT
YOURSELF FROM FLYING DEBRIS.
&&
LAT...LON 3895 9736 3893 9736 3892 9737 3891 9736
      3874 9736 3875 9761 3896 9761 3896 9737
TIME...MOT...LOC 2213Z 181DEG 34KT 3885 9746
HAIL 1.00IN
$$
DUNTEN

Below is an example of an Environment Canada issued tornado warning for southeastern Saskatchewan.
344
WFCN13 CWWG 262334
TORNADO WARNING
UPDATED BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA
AT 5:34 PM CST TUESDAY 26 JUNE 2012.
----
TORNADO WARNING FOR:
      R.M. OF WHEATLANDS INCLUDING MORTLACH AND PARKBEG
      R.M. OF CARON INCLUDING CARONPORT AND CARON
      R.M. OF MOOSE JAW INCLUDING PASQUA AND BUSHELL PARK
      CITY OF MOOSE JAW.
TORNADO WARNING ENDED FOR:
      R.M. OF RODGERS INCLUDING CODERRE AND COURVAL
      R.M. OF HILLSBOROUGH INCLUDING CRESTWYND AND OLD WIVES LAKE.
----
==DISCUSSION==
AT 5:30 PM CST, PUBLIC REPORTS A LARGE TORNADO CURRENTLY ON THE
GROUND WEST OF MOOSE JAW. RADAR INDICATES THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM
ASSOCIATED WITH THIS TORNADO IS CURRENTLY JUST SOUTH OF MORTLACH AND
IS SLOWLY TRACKING NORTHEASTWARDS TOWARDS THE CITY OF MOOSE JAW.


See also[edit]
Severe weather terminology (United States)
Emergency Broadcast System
Emergency Alert System
Microburst
Emergency Communication System
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Edwards, Roger. "The Online Tornado FAQ". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
2.Jump up ^ "Tulsa TV Weather". Tulsatvmemories.com. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
3.Jump up ^ http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS3062.1
4.^ Jump up to: a b "Tornado Warning". NOAA National Weather Service Glossary. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
5.^ Jump up to: a b Howerton, Paul (2008-06-12). "Tornado Warning". Iowa Environmental Mesonet NWS Product Archive. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
6.Jump up ^ NOAA Warning Decision Training Branch (2008-02-26). "Why Storm-Based Warnings?". Storm-Based Warnings. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
7.Jump up ^ Environment Canada. "Tornado warning". Prairie and Northern Region Weather Watch and Weather Warning Criteria. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
8.Jump up ^ NWS Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services. "NWS Dissemination Services". Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
9.Jump up ^ National Weather Service Twin Cities, MN (2010-04-22). "Severe Weather Awareness Week". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
10.Jump up ^ Matt Cutt's Alerts Tornado Warnings Infographic -- Retrieved 2013, July 18th - Tornado Warning
11.Jump up ^ "SKYWARN". Retrieved 2011-01-13.
12.Jump up ^ Wood, Andy (2008-11-10). Spotter Report Data Quality. Warning Decision Training Branch. p. 3. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
13.Jump up ^ Wood, Andy (2008-11-10). Spotter Report Data Quality. Warning Decision Training Branch. p. 4. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
14.Jump up ^ "'CATASTROPHIC': Experimental Tornado Warnings to be Explicit". AccuWeather. 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
15.Jump up ^ Dunten, Stephanie (2011-04-14). "NWS Wichita 2011 Tornado Warning #11". National Weather Service Wichita, Kansas. Retrieved 2012-02-03.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Severe weather terminology in the United States


Severe
 storms



Thunderstorm

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 PDS Watch ·
 Warning
 


Tornado

Watch ·
 PDS Watch ·
 Warning ·
 PDS Warning ·
 Emergency
 


Marine Thunderstorm

Special marine warning
 


Winter
 weather



Advisories

Winter Weather Advisory
 


Winter storm

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Blizzard/Blowing Snow

Blowing Snow advisory ·
 Blizzard watch ·
 Blizzard warning
 


Heavy snow

Warning
 


Lake-effect snow

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning
 


Ice

Freezing rain advisory ·
 Ice storm warning
 


Tropical
 Cyclones



Tropical storms

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Hurricanes

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Inland Advisories

Inland Tropical Storm Watch ·
 Inland Tropical Storm Warning ·
 Inland Hurricane Watch ·
 Inland Hurricane Warning
 
Hurricane Local Statement
 

Flood



Flood

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Flash flood

Watch ·
 PDS Watch ·
 Warning ·
 Emergency
 


Coastal flood

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning
 


Lakeshore flood

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning ·
 Seiche Warning
 


River flood

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning
 


Urban and small stream flood

Advisory
 


Apparent temperature



Heat index

Heat advisory ·
 Excessive heat watch ·
 Excessive heat warning
 


Wind chill

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning ·
 PDS Warning
 


Freeze

Watch ·
 Warning ·
 Hard Freeze Warning ·
 Frost Advisory
 


Maritime
 and
 coastal
 weather



Marine Winds

Small craft advisory ·
 Brisk wind advisory ·
 Lake Wind Advisory
 


Gale

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Storm

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Hurricane Force Wind

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Hazardous Seas

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Freezing Spray

Freezing spray advisory ·
 Heavy freezing spray watch ·
 Heavy freezing spray warning
 


High Surf

Advisory ·
 Warning
 
Marine weather statement ·
 Rip current statement
 

Wind



Advisory-Force Winds

Wind Advisory
 


Gale-Force Winds

High wind watch ·
 High wind warning
 


Major Hurricane-Force Winds

Extreme wind warning
 


Airborne particulates



Dust/sand

Blowing Dust Advisory ·
 Dust Storm Warning
 


Fog/Smoke

Dense Fog Advisory ·
 Dense Smoke Advisory
 


Ash

Ashfall Advisory
 


Air pollution

Air Stagnation Advisory
 


Fire
Fire weather watch ·
 Red flag warning ·
 Fire Warning ·
 Evacuation Immediate
 

Aviation
Center Weather Advisory ·
 SIGMET ·
 Volcanic Ash Advisory
 

Weather scales used by NWS
Beaufort (wind) ·
 Enhanced Fujita (tornadoes) ·
 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (tropical cyclones)
 

Other
Special weather statement ·
 Hazardous Weather Outlook
 

 


Categories: Tornado
Weather warnings and advisories






Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Español
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last modified on 6 July 2014 at 02:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
    
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_warning






Tornado watch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See Severe weather terminology for a comprehensive article on related weather terms.


 An example of a tornado watch for parts of Kansas and Nebraska, issued by the Storm Prediction Center on May 5, 2007.
A tornado watch (code: WT; sometimes referred to as a "red box" by meteorologists and storm chasers) is issued when weather conditions are favorable for the development of severe thunderstorms that are capable of producing tornadoes. A tornado watch therefore implies that it is also a severe thunderstorm watch. A tornado watch must not be confused with a tornado warning. In most cases, the potential exists for large hail and/or damaging winds in addition to tornadoes.
A watch does not mean that the severe weather is actually occurring, only that atmospheric conditions have created a significant risk for it. If severe weather actually does occur, a tornado warning or severe thunderstorm warning would then be issued. Note that a watch is not required for a warning to be issued; tornado warnings are occasionally issued when a tornado watch is not active (i.e. when a severe thunderstorm watch is active, or when no watches are in effect), if a severe thunderstorm develops and has a confirmed tornado or strong rotation.
In the United States, the Storm Prediction Center (a national guidance center of the National Weather Service) issues watches for areas likely to produce tornadoes and severe thunderstorms. The watch boxes (or weather watches, WWs) are usually issued in the format of x miles north and south, or east and west, or either side of a line from y miles direction of city, state, to z miles another direction of another city, state. For example: "50 miles either side of a line from 10 miles northeast of Columbia, South Carolina to 15 miles south-southwest of Montgomery, Alabama" ("Either side" means perpendicular to the center line). In addition, a list of all counties included in its area of responsibility is now issued by each NWS forecast office for each watch.
In the event that a tornado watch is likely to lead to a major tornado outbreak along with possible destructive winds and hail, enhanced wording with the words Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) can be added to the watch; this is occasionally issued. Occasionally, a tornado watch may replace a severe thunderstorm watch (or a portion of one) should conditions that were originally forecast to be conducive for non-tornadic severe thunderstorms change to allow possible tornado formation.
In Canada, the criteria used to issue a tornado watch are the same and watches are issued by regional offices of the Meteorological Service of Canada of Environment Canada in Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, Montreal and Halifax, on a county or regional basis.
The term "red box" refers to the assigned coloring used for watch box outlines used in Storm Prediction Center and National Weather Service products; television stations typically assign other colors (usually green) to highlight tornado watches in severe weather advisory displays.


Contents  [hide]
1 Watch Outline Updates and Status Messages
2 Example of a tornado watch
3 Example of a Watch Outline Update
4 Example of a Watch Status Message
5 References
6 External links

Watch Outline Updates and Status Messages[edit]
Watch Outline Updates are relayed (and at the initial watch issuance, issued) by the Storm Prediction Center, however it is the local National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices that decide what counties (in their warning area) are included or excluded in the watch, via a conference call with the SPC. As a result, watch products will sometimes display counties inside the watch outline that are not included in the counties listed, and vice versa; however the local Weather Forecast Office will need to expand to add these counties into the watch. A Watch Status Message works in a similar fashion; the SPC designates which areas it thinks where a threat still exists (the most common designation for this is on the basis of the location of surface features such as cold fronts and drylines that would delineate where the threat of severe thunderstorms has ended and where it will remain a possibility), and the NWS offices decide what counties to remove from the watch (the local offices will almost always follow the SPC recommendation on the status messages).[1]
If conditions are no longer favorable for tornadoes in the watch area (either because atmospheric conditions that earlier supported tornadic development have become less conducive for them or were not present compared to predictions in earlier forecasts to form tornadoes), the tornado watch may either be replaced by a severe thunderstorm watch or cancelled outright; if no thunderstorm activity occurs, this leads to a tornado watch "bust", which may also factor into the Storm Prediction Center's decision as to whether to cancel the watch.
Example of a tornado watch[edit]
  URGENT - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
  TORNADO WATCH NUMBER 239
  NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
  905 PM CDT SAT MAY 5 2007
 
  THE NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER HAS ISSUED A
  TORNADO WATCH FOR PORTIONS OF
 
         MUCH OF KANSAS
 
  EFFECTIVE THIS SATURDAY NIGHT AND SUNDAY MORNING FROM 905 PM
  UNTIL 400 AM CDT.
 
  ...THIS IS A PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION...
 
  DESTRUCTIVE TORNADOES...LARGE HAIL TO 3 INCHES IN DIAMETER...
  THUNDERSTORM WIND GUSTS TO 70 MPH...AND DANGEROUS LIGHTNING ARE
  POSSIBLE IN THESE AREAS.
 
  THE TORNADO WATCH AREA IS APPROXIMATELY ALONG AND 115 STATUTE
  MILES EAST AND WEST OF A LINE FROM 30 MILES NORTH OF CONCORDIA
  KANSAS TO 20 MILES SOUTH OF MEDICINE LODGE KANSAS.  FOR A
  COMPLETE DEPICTION OF THE WATCH SEE THE ASSOCIATED WATCH OUTLINE
  UPDATE (WOUS64 KWNS WOU9).
 
  REMEMBER...A TORNADO WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR
  TORNADOES AND SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH
  AREA. PERSONS IN THESE AREAS SHOULD BE ON THE LOOKOUT FOR
  THREATENING WEATHER CONDITIONS AND LISTEN FOR LATER STATEMENTS
  AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS.
 
  OTHER WATCH INFORMATION...CONTINUE...WW 232...WW 234...WW
  235...WW 236...WW 237...WW 238...
 
  DISCUSSION...SUSTAINED SUPERCELLS EXPECTED TO PERSIST
  MOIST...HIGHLY-SHEARED ENVIRONMENT OVER THE CNTRL PLNS ON ERN SIDE
  OF 70+ KT SSWLY MID LEVEL SPEED MAX.  WHILE ACTIVITY MAY CONGEAL
  INTO ONE OR MORE SEMI-LINEAR CLUSTERS...POTENTIAL WILL REMAIN FOR
  TORNADOES.  OTHER STORMS MAY FORM LATER TONIGHT NEAR DRY LINE IN WRN
  PART OF WW...AND IN WARM ADVECTION ZONE OVER NE KS.
 
  AVIATION...TORNADOES AND A FEW SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WITH HAIL
  SURFACE AND ALOFT TO 3 INCHES. EXTREME TURBULENCE AND SURFACE
  WIND GUSTS TO 60 KNOTS. A FEW CUMULONIMBI WITH MAXIMUM TOPS TO
  550. MEAN STORM MOTION VECTOR 22040.  
 
  ...CORFIDI

Example of a Watch Outline Update[edit]
  BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
  TORNADO WATCH OUTLINE UPDATE FOR WT 239
  NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
  905 PM CDT SAT MAY 5 2007
 
  TORNADO WATCH 239 IS IN EFFECT UNTIL 400 AM CDT FOR THE
   FOLLOWING LOCATIONS
 
  KSC003-007-009-013-015-017-019-025-027-029-031-033-035-041-045-
  047-049-051-053-055-057-059-061-065-069-073-077-079-081-083-085-
  087-089-095-097-105-111-113-115-117-119-123-127-131-135-137-139-
  141-143-145-147-149-151-155-157-159-161-163-165-167-169-173-175-
  177-183-185-191-195-197-201-060900-
  /O.NEW.KWNS.TO.A.0239.070506T0205Z-070506T0900Z/
 
  KS
  .    KANSAS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE
 
  ANDERSON             BARBER              BARTON             
  BROWN                BUTLER              CHASE              
  CHAUTAUQUA           CLARK               CLAY               
  CLOUD                COFFEY              COMANCHE           
  COWLEY               DICKINSON           DOUGLAS            
  EDWARDS              ELK                 ELLIS              
  ELLSWORTH            FINNEY              FORD               
  FRANKLIN             GEARY               GRAHAM             
  GRAY                 GREENWOOD           HARPER             
  HARVEY               HASKELL             HODGEMAN           
  JACKSON              JEFFERSON           JEWELL             
  KINGMAN              KIOWA               LINCOLN            
  LYON                 MARION              MARSHALL           
  MCPHERSON            MEADE               MITCHELL           
  MORRIS               NEMAHA              NESS               
  NORTON               OSAGE               OSBORNE            
  OTTAWA               PAWNEE              PHILLIPS           
  POTTAWATOMIE         PRATT               RENO               
  REPUBLIC             RICE                RILEY              
  ROOKS                RUSH                RUSSELL            
  SALINE               SEDGWICK            SEWARD             
  SHAWNEE              SMITH               STAFFORD           
  SUMNER               TREGO               WABAUNSEE          
  WASHINGTON             
 
  ATTN...WFO...TOP...DDC...ICT...GID...GLD...

Example of a Watch Status Message[edit]
STATUS REPORT #1 ON WW 239
VALID 060435Z - 060540Z
THE SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES ACROSS THE ENTIRE WATCH AREA.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SEE MESOSCALE DISCUSSION 717
..SPC..05/06/07
ATTN...WFO...TOP...DDC...ICT...GLD...GID...
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://www.crh.noaa.gov/product_sites.php?site=ICT&product=WCN%7CWatch County Notification Messages
External links[edit]
Current Watches


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Severe weather terminology in the United States


Severe
 storms



Thunderstorm

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 PDS Watch ·
 Warning
 


Tornado

Watch ·
 PDS Watch ·
 Warning ·
 PDS Warning ·
 Emergency
 


Marine Thunderstorm

Special marine warning
 


Winter
 weather



Advisories

Winter Weather Advisory
 


Winter storm

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Blizzard/Blowing Snow

Blowing Snow advisory ·
 Blizzard watch ·
 Blizzard warning
 


Heavy snow

Warning
 


Lake-effect snow

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning
 


Ice

Freezing rain advisory ·
 Ice storm warning
 


Tropical
 Cyclones



Tropical storms

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Hurricanes

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Inland Advisories

Inland Tropical Storm Watch ·
 Inland Tropical Storm Warning ·
 Inland Hurricane Watch ·
 Inland Hurricane Warning
 
Hurricane Local Statement
 

Flood



Flood

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Flash flood

Watch ·
 PDS Watch ·
 Warning ·
 Emergency
 


Coastal flood

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning
 


Lakeshore flood

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning ·
 Seiche Warning
 


River flood

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning
 


Urban and small stream flood

Advisory
 


Apparent temperature



Heat index

Heat advisory ·
 Excessive heat watch ·
 Excessive heat warning
 


Wind chill

Advisory ·
 Watch ·
 Warning ·
 PDS Warning
 


Freeze

Watch ·
 Warning ·
 Hard Freeze Warning ·
 Frost Advisory
 


Maritime
 and
 coastal
 weather



Marine Winds

Small craft advisory ·
 Brisk wind advisory ·
 Lake Wind Advisory
 


Gale

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Storm

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Hurricane Force Wind

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Hazardous Seas

Watch ·
 Warning
 


Freezing Spray

Freezing spray advisory ·
 Heavy freezing spray watch ·
 Heavy freezing spray warning
 


High Surf

Advisory ·
 Warning
 
Marine weather statement ·
 Rip current statement
 

Wind



Advisory-Force Winds

Wind Advisory
 


Gale-Force Winds

High wind watch ·
 High wind warning
 


Major Hurricane-Force Winds

Extreme wind warning
 


Airborne particulates



Dust/sand

Blowing Dust Advisory ·
 Dust Storm Warning
 


Fog/Smoke

Dense Fog Advisory ·
 Dense Smoke Advisory
 


Ash

Ashfall Advisory
 


Air pollution

Air Stagnation Advisory
 


Fire
Fire weather watch ·
 Red flag warning ·
 Fire Warning ·
 Evacuation Immediate
 

Aviation
Center Weather Advisory ·
 SIGMET ·
 Volcanic Ash Advisory
 

Weather scales used by NWS
Beaufort (wind) ·
 Enhanced Fujita (tornadoes) ·
 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (tropical cyclones)
 

Other
Special weather statement ·
 Hazardous Weather Outlook
 

 


Categories: Weather warnings and advisories
Tornado


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last modified on 21 July 2014 at 10:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_watch










TWISTEX
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search




[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.  (April 2010)




This article has an unclear citation style.  (November 2009)


Question book-new.svg

This article relies on references to primary sources.  (April 2010)




This article's introduction may be too long for the overall article length.  (June 2013)





 The TWISTEX crew and the vehicles on equipped with mobile mesonets.
TWISTEX (an acronym for Tactical Weather-Instrumented Sampling in/near Tornadoes EXperiment) is a tornado research experiment that was founded and headed up by Tim Samaras of Bennett, Colorado.


Contents  [hide]
1 Background
2 TWISTEX personnel 2.1 Former TWISTEX personnel
3 Tornado core sampling
4 Tornado proximity environment sampling
5 TWISTEX publications
6 TWISTEX on television
7 References
8 External links

Background[edit]
The project normally runs from mid-April through the end of June with a domain that covers the Great Plains and portions of the Midwest. The project is normally at full strength for most of May and June with four vehicles, all equipped with roof-mounted mobile mesonet weather stations. One of the vehicles transports an array of in situ thermodynamic and video probes. Due to graduate and upper-division undergraduate student participant availability, a reduced vehicle compliment consisting of the in situ probe deployment truck and one support mesonet station vehicle is used in the first few weeks of the project.
The objectives of this research are to better understand tornado generation, maintenance and decay processes and to gain insight and knowledge of the seldom sampled near-surface internal tornado environment. Progress on these research fronts is aimed toward increasing tornado warning lead time while the internal tornado near-surface sampling provides essential ground truth data for structural engineering analysis of the interaction of tornadic winds with homes and buildings.[1]
TWISTEX is one of the featured teams in seasons 3, 4 and 5 of Storm Chasers on the Discovery Channel.[2] The group has also been featured on National Geographic Channel's "Disaster Labs".
On May 31, 2013, Tim Samaras, his 24-year-old son Paul Samaras, and 45-year-old California native Carl Young lost their lives when an EF3 multiple-vortex tornado in Oklahoma City near El Reno made a sudden, unexpected turn and came directly at them.[3] They were unable to escape after losing control of their vehicle. Several other storm chasers, including The Weather Channel's Mike Bettes, were also caught in the same storm but escaped with only minor injuries. Bettes and the Tornado Hunt crew were lifted up by the wedge tornado in their sport utility vehicle. That storm threw them two hundred yards off U.S. Route 81. The SUV was destroyed afterwards.[4] Four other people not involved with storm chasing were also killed in this tornado.[5]
TWISTEX personnel[edit]
Tony Laubach; Mesonet Team Leader & Video Archival/Production, Meteorologist
Matt Grzych; Software & Systems Development, Atmospheric Scientist
Ed Grubb; Mobile Mesonet Navigator, Mechanical Guru
Dr. Bruce Lee; Mobile Mesonet Director, Atmospheric Scientist[6]
Dr. Cathy Finley; Mobile Mesonet Co-Director, Atmospheric Scientist[7]
Chris Karstens; Mesonet Team Leader & Software Development, ISU Atmospheric Sciences Ph.D. Student
Ben McMillan; Mobile Mesonet Driver, Team Medic
Students from the Atmospheric Sciences Department at Iowa State University rotate shifts into the mesonet vehicles during the project.
Former TWISTEX personnel[edit]
Tim Samaras; TWISTEX Director, engineer[8]
Paul Samaras; photographer
Carl Young; Probe Driver, meteorologist [9]
All three were killed Friday, May 31, 2013 while chasing an EF5 tornado in El Reno, a western suburb of Oklahoma City.
Tornado core sampling[edit]



 The HITPR probe used to take in-situ tornado measurements.
Several hardened instruments will be deployed in paths of tornadoes to collect the following datasets:
Atmospheric pressure
Temperature
Humidity
Wind speed and direction
Visualization for accurate debris/hydrometeor velocities and for verification of the tornado-relative location of the in situ sampling
The thermodynamic probes are called Hardened In-situ Tornado Pressure Recorders (HITPR). All of the hardened instrumentation can collect/store the datasets. Measurements are recorded at 10 samples/second, and stored on non-volatile flash cards.
TWISTEX will also have video probes that will provide visualization using 7 cameras each for a total of 14 cameras being deployed into the tornado core. Collectively the two camera probes will be used for photogrammetry purposes to visualize/measure tornado-driven debris and hydrometeors as well as for determining the tornado-relative location of the HITPRs.
New additional technologies will be used by deployment crew members to collect photogrammetric data from tornadoes as close as possible. One technique will be to record close tornado imagery using two digitally synchronized high-resolution high-speed cameras running at 500 frames per second for stereo photogrammetry techniques. This technique will provide excellent time resolution for velocity determination of low-level tornado core winds and lofted debris.
Tornado proximity environment sampling[edit]



 Two of the TWISTEX mesonet vehicles, M1 and M2.
While there are abundant kinematic datasets gathered by mobile radar of the tornadic region of supercells, the number of quality mobile mesonet or sticknet thermodynamic datasets of the flow field proximate to the tornadic region, generally within the supercell rear-flank downdraft (RFD) outflow, are comparatively rare. Even rarer are mesonet datasets reaching within about 1.5 km of tornadoes and datasets sampling the thermodynamic evolution of the RFD outflow.
Each of the participating TWISTEX vehicles will have a mobile mesonet (MM) station mounted on the roof including the probe deployment truck. The mobile mesonet will be attempting to gather near-surface thermodynamic and kinematic data in as many quadrants of the RFD as possible. When coupled with the in-situ probe array data which represents another effective mesonet station, it is hoped to obtain thermodynamic and kinematic mapping that will describe characteristics of the flow reaching the tornado. Even if the hardened tornado probes do not take a direct hit, a peripheral tornado sampling is still very worthwhile.
TWISTEX publications[edit]
Participants of the TWISTEX research project have contributed to many publications.[10]
AMS Journal and Conference PapersKarstens, C. D., W. A. Gallus, B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2013: Analysis of tornado-induced tree-fall using aerial photography from the Joplin, MO, and Tuscaloosa-Birmingham, AL, tornadoes of 2011. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., Early online release: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0206.1
Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and C. D. Karstens, 2012: The Bowdle, South Dakota, cyclic tornadic supercell of 22 May 2010: Surface analysis of rear-flank downdraft evolution and multiple internal surges. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3419-3441. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00351.1
Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and T. M. Samaras, 2011: Surface analysis near and within the Tipton, Kansas, tornado on 29 May 2008. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 370-386. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010MWR3454.1
Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, B. D. Lee, W. A. Gallus, and C. A. Finley, 2010: Near-ground pressure and wind measurements in tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2570-2588. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010MWR3201.1
Finley, C. A., B. D. Lee, M. Grzych, C. D. Karstens, and T. M. Samaras, 2010: Mobile mesonet observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with a violent tornado near Bowdle, SD on 22 May 2010. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8A.2. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176132.pdf
Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, W. A. Gallus, C. A. Finley, B. D. Lee 2010: Analysis of near-surface wind flow in close proximity to tornadoes. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., P10.11. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176188.pdf
Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, C. D. Karstens, and T. M. Samaras, 2010: Surface observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with the Aurora, NE tornado of 17 June 2009. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., P8.27. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176133.pdf
Finley, C. A., and B. D. Lee, 2008: Mobile mesonet observations of an Intense RFD and multiple gust fronts in the May 23 Quinter, Kansas tornadic supercell during TWISTEX 2008. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.18. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142133.pdf
Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, A. Laubach, B. D. Lee, C. A. Finley, W. A. Gallus, F. L. Hann, 2008. TWISTEX 2008: In situ and mobile mesonet observations of tornadoes. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.11. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141974.pdf
Lee, B.D., C. A. Finley, and T. M. Samaras, 2008: Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis near and within the Tipton, KS tornado on May 29 during TWISTEX 2008. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.13. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142078.pdf
Grzych, M. L., B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2007: Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 240-246. http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&doi=10.1175%2FMWR3288.1
Finley, C. A., and B. D. Lee, 2004: High resolution mobile mesonet observations of RFD surges in the June 9 Basset, Nebraska supercell during project answers 2003. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, CD-ROM, 11.3. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82005.pdf
Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and P. Skinner, 2004: Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis of multiple RFD surges for the 24 June 2003 Manchester, South Dakota cyclic tornadic supercell during Project ANSWERS 2003. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 11.2. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82000.pdf
Lee, J. J., T. M. Samaras, and C. R. Young, 2004: Pressure measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado. 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer, Meteor. Soc., CD_ROM, 15.3. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81700.pdf
Samaras, T. M., 2004: A historical perspective of in-situ observations within tornado cores. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer, Meteor. Soc., CD_ROM, P11.4. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81153.pdf
Samaras, T.M., and J. J. Lee, 2004. Pressure measurements within a large tornado. Proc. 84th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting - Eighth Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface, Seattle, WA., P4.9. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/74267.pdf
Wurman, J., and T. Samaras, 2004: Comparison of in-situ pressure and DOW Doppler winds in a tornado and RHI vertical slices through 4 tornadoes during 1996-2004. Extended Abstracts, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 15.4, 1-14. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82352.pdf
National Geographic (Book and articles about Samaras research)Tornado Hunter, by Stephen Bechtel with Tim Samaras. Published by National Geographic. pp. 272. Release May 19, 2009.
National Geographic in the Field - Tim Samaras, Severe-Storms Researcher (2005) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/field/explorers/tim-samaras.html
National Geographic Feature - New View of Tornadoes: From the Inside Looking Out (2005) http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0506/feature6/index.html
National Geographic Events – Inside the Tornado (2005) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/speakers/profile_samaras.html
National Geographic Today - Storm Chaser Deploys Probe, Makes History (2003) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0627_030627_tvtornadochaser.html
American Society of Civil EngineersSamaras, T. M., and J. J. Lee, 2006: Measuring tornado dynamics with in-situ instrumentation. Proceedings of the 2006 Structures Congress: 2006 Structural Engineering and Public Safety. St. Louis, Missouri, pp. 1–10, (doi 10.1061/40889(201)12). http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0609031
ABC News (Article about Samaras research)World News - Scientists Put an Eye in the Heart of the Storm (2005) http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Science/story?id=831857
TWISTEX on television[edit]
Main article: List of Storm Chasers episodes
TWISTEX was featured in seasons 3, 4, and 5 of Discovery Channel's Storm Chasers.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ twistex.org.
2.Jump up ^ Discovery Channel Online. Meet The Teams, TWISTEX, 2009-11-25
3.Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/02/us/midwest-weather/index.html?hpt=hp_t1
4.Jump up ^ [1]
5.Jump up ^ http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/02/18696369-at-least-12-dead-after-rain-twisters-lash-mid-us-storms-head-east
6.Jump up ^ twistex.org. TWISTEX Investigators, Dr. Bruce Lee, 2009-11-25.
7.Jump up ^ twistex.org. TWISTEX Investigators, Dr. Cathy Finley, 2009-11-25.
8.Jump up ^ http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/storm-chasers/bios/tim-samaras.htm
9.Jump up ^ http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/storm-chasers/bios/carl-young.htm
10.Jump up ^ twistex.org. Articles, 2009-11-25.
External links[edit]
Personal website of Tim Samaras
Personal website of Tony Laubach
Personal website of Matt Grzych
 


Categories: Tornado
Meteorology research and field projects
Storm chasing
















Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 3 August 2014 at 22:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWISTEX










Ultimate Tornado
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Ultimate Tornado is a documentary that first aired on the National Geographic Channel on April 12, 2006. It focuses on several unusually violent tornado events that have occurred in the United States: the Attica, Kansas tornado outbreak, the Pampa, Texas tornado, the Jarrell tornado outbreak and the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. It last examined the possible effects of an F6 tornado hitting downtown Dallas, Texas, postulating that this would be the most damaging tornado in history in terms of damage and loss of life.
Stub icon This article about a nature documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


Categories: 2006 in the environment
National Geographic Channel programs
Documentary films about disasters
Tornado
Nature documentary film stubs




Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 18 June 2014 at 18:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Tornado










VORTEX projects
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search




NSSL vehicles on Project VORTEX, equipped with surface measurement equipment
The Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment or VORTEX are field projects that study tornadoes. VORTEX1 was the first time scientists completely researched the entire evolution of a tornado with an array of instrumentation, enabling a greater understanding of the processes involved with tornadogenesis. A violent tornado near Union City, Oklahoma was documented in its entirety by chasers of the Tornado Intercept Project (TIP) in 1973 and visual observations led to advancement in understanding of tornado structure and life cycles.[citation needed] VORTEX2 utilized enhanced technology allowing scientists to improve forecasting capabilities to improve advanced warnings to residents. VORTEX2 is seeking to explain how tornadoes form, how long they last and why they last that long, and what causes them to dissipate.
The field research phase of the VORTEX2 project concluded on July 6, 2010.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 VORTEX1
2 VORTEX2
3 Partial list of scientists and crew
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

VORTEX1[edit]
VORTEX1
Dimmitt Tornado1 - NOAA.jpg
Project Vortex. The Dimmitt tornado. National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)

Date
1994 and 1995
Location
Tornado Alley
Also known as
Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment 1
Outcome
Documented an entire tornado, which, in conjunction with deployment of the NEXRAD system, helped the NWS to provide severe weather warnings with a thirteen-minute lead time, and reduce false alarms by ten percent.
Website
http://vortex2.org/
VORTEX2

Date
10 May 2009 – 13 June 2009 and 1 May 2010 – 15 June 2010
Location
Tornado Alley
Also known as
Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment 2
Website
http://vortex2.org/



 VORTEX2 field command vehicle with tornado in sight. Wyoming, LaGrange. 2009
The VORTEX1 project sought to understand how a[tornado is produced by deploying around 18 vehicles that were equipped with customized instruments used to measure and analyze the weather around a tornado. The project has also stated that it is interested in why some supercells, or mesocyclones within such storms, produce tornadoes while others do not. It also concerned itself with why some supercells form violent tornadoes versus weak tornadoes.
The original project took place in 1994 and 1995, while several smaller studies, such as SUB-VORTEX and VORTEX-99, were conducted from 1996 to 2008. VORTEX1 documented the entire life cycle of a tornado for the first time.[2] Severe weather warnings improved after the research collected from VORTEX1 and many believe that VORTEX1 contributed to this improvement.[3] “An important finding from the original VORTEX experiment was that the factors responsible for causing tornadoes happen on smaller time and space scales than scientists had thought. New advances will allow for a more detailed sampling of a storm’s wind, temperature and moisture environment and lead to a better understanding of why tornadoes form –-and how they can be more accurately predicted,” said Stephan Nelson, NSF program director for physical and dynamic meteorology.[4][5]
VORTEX had the capability to fly Doppler weather radar above the tornado approximately every five minutes.[6]
VORTEX research helped the National Weather Service (NWS) to provide tornado warnings to residents with a lead time of 13 minutes.[7] A federal research meteorologist, Don Burgess, estimates that the "false alarms" pertaining to severe weather by the National Weather Service have declined by 10 percent.[8]
The movie Twister was at least partially inspired by the VORTEX project.[9]
VORTEX2[edit]
VORTEX2 was an expanded second VORTEX project with field phases from 10 May until 13 June 2009 and 1 May until 15 June 2010. VORTEX2's goals were studying why some thunderstorms produce tornadoes while others do not, how to make more accurate and longer lead time tornado forecasts and warnings, and tornado structure.[10] VORTEX2 was by far the largest and most ambitious tornado study ever with over 100 scientific participants from many different universities and research laboratories.
"We still do not completely understand the processes that lead to tornado formation and shape its development. We hope that VORTEX2 will provide the data we need to learn more about the development of tornadoes and in time help forecasters give people more advance warning before a tornado strikes," said Roger Wakimoto, director of the Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and a principal investigator for VORTEX2.[7]
"Then you can get first responders to be better prepared—police, fire, medical personnel, even power companies. Now, that's not even remotely possible," said Stephan P. Nelson, a program director in the atmospheric sciences division of the National Science Foundation (NSF).[6]
Joshua Wurman, president of the Center for Severe Weather Research (CSWR) in Boulder, Colorado proposes, "if we can increase that lead time from 13 minutes to half an hour, then the average person at home could do something different. Maybe they can seek a community shelter instead of just going into their bathtub. Maybe they can get their family to better safety if we can give them a longer warning and a more precise warning."[8]
VORTEX2 deployed 50 vehicles customized with mobile radar, including the Doppler On Wheels (DOW) radars, SMART radars, the NOXP radar, a fleet of instrumented vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, deployable instrument arrays called Sticknet and Podnet, and mobile weather balloon launching equipment. Over 100 scientists and crew researched tornadoes and supercell thunderstorms in the "Tornado Alley" region of the United States' Great Plains between Texas and Minnesota. A number of institutions and countries were involved in the US$11.9 million project, including: Finland, the National Weather Service, the Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Environment Canada, universities across the United States, and the NOAA Storm Prediction Center (SPC).
The project included DOW6, DOW7, Rapid-Scan DOW, SMART-RADARs, NOXP, UMASS-X, UMASS-W, and CIRPAS for their mobile radar contingent. The Doppler on Wheels were supplied by the Center for Severe Weather Research, and the SMART-Radars from the University of Oklahoma (OU). National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) supplied the NOXP radar, as well as several other radar units from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Texas Tech University (TTU). NSSL and CSWR suppled mobile mesonets. Mobile radiosonde launching vehicles are provided by NSSL, NCAR, and the State University of New York at Oswego (SUNY Oswego). There were quite a few other deployable state of the art instrumentation, such as Sticknets from TTU, tornado PODS from CSWR, and four disdrometers from University of Colorado CU, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC).[11][12]
VORTEX2 technology allowed trucks with radar to be placed in and near tornadic storms and allowed continuous observations of the tornadic activity. Howard Bluestein, a meteorology professor at the University of Oklahoma said, "We will be able to distinguish between rain, hail, dust, debris, flying cows."[6]
Additionally, photogrammetry teams, damage survey teams, unmanned aircraft, and weather balloon launching vans helped to surround the tornadoes and thunderstorms.[11][12] The equipment amassed enabled three dimensional data sets of the storms to be collected with radars and other instruments every 75 seconds (more frequently for some individual instruments), and resolution of the tornado and tornadic storm cells as close as 200 feet (61 m).[7][13]
Scientists met May 10 and held a class which taught the crews how to launch the tornado pods which will need to be sent off within 45 seconds.[14] VORTEX2 was equipped with 12 tornado PODS which were instruments mounted onto 1 meter (3.3 ft) towers which measure wind velocity (i.e. speed and direction). The aim was that some of the measurements be taken in the centre of the tornado.[15] Once the pods are deployed, the teams repeat the process at the next location until finally the teams return to the south of the tornado to retrieve the pods with the recorded data. The process is then repeated again. This happens within 2 miles (3.2 km) or 4 minutes away from the tornado itself.[14]
The team had 24 2 metres (6.6 ft) high portable Sticknets which can be set up at various locations around tornado storm cells to measure wind fields, provide atmospheric readings, and record acoustically the hail and precipitation.[13][15]
Scientists are still seeking to refine understanding of which supercell thunderstorms which form mesocyclones will further produce tornadoes, by which processes, storm-scale interactions, and within which atmospheric environments.[6]



 A Doppler on Wheels radar loop of the tornado intercepted on June 5.
Updates on the progress of the project were posted on the VORTEX2 home page. The scientists also started a blog of live reports.[16] "Even though this field phase seems to be the most spectacular and seems like it's a lot of work, by far the majority of what we're doing is when we go back to our labs, when we work with each other, when we work with our students to try to figure out just what is it that we've collected," Wurman said. "It's going to take years to digest this data and to really get the benefit of this." Penn State University will feature the public release of the initial scientific findings in the fall.[8]
The forecasters were determining the best probability of sighting a tornado. As the trucks traveled to Clinton, OK from Childress, TX, they found mammatus clouds, and lightning at sundown on May 13, 2009.[17]
The project finally encountered its first tornado on the afternoon of June 5 when they successfully intercepted a tornado in southern Goshen County, Wyoming which lasted for approximately 25 minutes. One of their vehicles, Probe 1, suffered hail damage during the intercept. Later that evening, embedded Weather Channel reporter Mike Bettes reported that elements of VORTEX2 had intercepted a second tornado in Nebraska. Placement of the armada for this tornado was nearly ideal and it, too, was surrounded for its entire life cycle, making it the most thoroughly observed tornado in history.[citation needed]
Partial list of scientists and crew[edit]



 VORTEX2 principal investigators plot the next step from the Field Command Vehicle (FCV). Left to right, Chris Weiss (TTU), Josh Wurman (CSWR), Yvette Richardson (PSU), David Dowell (NCAR), Howard Bluestein (OU), and Lou Wicker (NSSL).
The complete team comprises about 50 scientists and is supplemented by students. A complete listing of principal investigators (PIs) is at http://vortex2.org/. An alphabetical partial listing of VORTEX2 scientists and crew:
Dr. Nolan Atkins, Scientific PI, Professor Lyndon State College
Dr. Michael Biggerstaff, Scientific PI, Associate Professor, University of Oklahoma, expertise is in polarimetric radars, mobile radars, cloud physics and electrification, hurricanes, severe local storms, storm dynamics. His specialty is in large-scale systems, and with radar meteorology. He is an associate professor of meteorology at OU and is notoriously late for engagements.[18]
Dr. Howard Bluestein, Steering Committee, Scientific PI, Professor University of Oklahoma specializes in violent weather phenomena and provides expertise with doppler weather radar. He is a professor in meteorology[18]
Donald W. Burgess, Steering Committee, Scientific PI, Scientist at CIMMS
Dr. David Dowell, Steering Committee, Scientific PI, Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Dr. Jeffrey Frame, Professor University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, expert in severe convection.
Dr. Katja Friedrich, Scientific PI, Associate Professor, University of Colorado
Dr. Karen Kosiba, Scientific PI, is a senior research meteorologist at the Center for Severe Weather Research[19]
Timothy P. Marshall, P.E. is a damage analyst with a background in civil engineering and meteorology[19]
Dr. Paul Markowski, Steering Committee, Scientific PI, associate professor in meteorology at Pennsylvania State University, specializes in severe storm dynamics.[18]
Dr. Matthew Parker, Scientific PI, Mobile Soundings Coordinator, Associate Professor of meteorology at North Carolina State University. Specializes in the dynamics of convective storms, including tornadic supercells and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs).
Dr. Erik N. Rasmussen, Steering Committee, Scientific PI, VORTEX2 co-PI, Scientist, Rasmussen Systems
Dr. Yvette Richardson, Steering Committee, Scientific PI, associate professor in meteorology at Pennsylvania State University, specializes in severe storm dynamics.[18]
Dr. Glen Romine, Scientific PI, Project Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research
Paul Robinson is a senior research meteorologist at the Center for Severe Weather Research[19]
Dr. Roger Wakimoto, Scientific PI, Director National Center for Atmospheric Research
Dr. Chris Weiss, Scientific PI, Associate Professor, Texas Tech University
Dr. Louis Wicker is a research scientist with a specialty in modeling of severe storm dynamics. He was also a co-team leader in VORTEX1.,[18] National Severe Storms Laboratory.
Dr. Joshua Wurman Steering Committee, Scientific PI, VORTEX2 PI, president at the Center for Severe Weather Research with a specialty in mobile Doppler weather radar, invented and leads the Doppler On Wheels (DOW) program.[18][20]
See also[edit]
TOtable Tornado Observatory (TOTO)
TWISTEX
References[edit]
Notes
1.Jump up ^ "VORTEX2 Heads to the Great Plains to Study Often-Deadly Weather Events World's Largest Tornado Experiment Heads for Great Plains". BBS News. May 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-14.[dead link]
2.Jump up ^ "50 tornado experts to deploy as 'chasers' Goal is to improve twister predictions and better understand why they form". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
3.Jump up ^ Meyer, Travis (April 28, 2009). "VORTEX 2: Inside A Tornado". News on Six. WorldNow and KOTV. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
4.Jump up ^ Bledsoe, Brian (April 27, 2009). "VORTEX 2 ( Tornado Research Project ) National Tornado Experiment to Begin in May". KKTV. Gray Television, Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
5.Jump up ^ Lydersen, Kari (April 20, 2009). "Tornado-Chasing Project Aims to Improve Forecasts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d Lydersen, Kari (April 20, 2009). "Tornado-Chasing Project Aims to Improve Forecasts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c Ringer, Kandy (May 10, 2009). "VORTEX2 Heads to the Great Plains to Study Often-Deadly Weather Events World's Largest Tornado Experiment Heads for Great Plains". BBSNews. Retrieved 2009-05-11.[dead link]
8.^ Jump up to: a b c Evans, Murray (May 8, 2009). "$11.9 million Vortex2 study is set to launch across the Great Plains". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
9.Jump up ^ Shortt, Rachel (2004-09-27). "Twister Movie Put NSSL on the Map". National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
10.Jump up ^ http://www.vortex2.org
11.^ Jump up to: a b "Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment 2". UCAR. 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
12.^ Jump up to: a b "What is VORTEX2?". National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 2009-05-11.
13.^ Jump up to: a b Flickinger, George (2009). "VORTEX2 project takes aim at understanding tornadoes". KJRH. Scripps TV Station Group. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
14.^ Jump up to: a b Wurman, Joshua (May 10, 2009). "Glamour, Science and the Start of VORTEX2". Tornado Scientists. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
15.^ Jump up to: a b "VORTEX2 Vehicles & Instruments". NSSL. 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
16.Jump up ^ "VORTEX2 Scientists Start Blog on Tornado Research". The National Science Foundation,. May 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
17.Jump up ^ Bettes, Mike (May 14, 2009). "VORTEX2: Close but no cigar". Mike Bettes On-Camera Meteorologist. The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "VORTEX2: Meet the scientists". The Weather Channel. Truveo Video. 2004–2008. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
19.^ Jump up to: a b c "Haag Engineering Co. - Staff - Timothy P. Marshall, P.E". 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-11.[dead link]
20.Jump up ^ "Center for Severe Weather Research Team:". Center for Severe Weather Research. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
External links[edit]
 Wikinews has related news: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration launches VORTEX2 to study tornadoes
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vortex projects.
Official website – Scientific Program and Experimental Design overviews
NSF press release for VORTEX2
Information on the VORTEX1 project
VORTEX-99
NSSL VORTEX2 profile
Earth Observing Lab project profile (NCAR)
VORTEX1 by David O. Blanchard
 


Categories: Severe weather and convection
Meteorology research and field projects
Tornado
Tornadogenesis
Storm chasing








Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Français
Edit links
This page was last modified on 22 May 2014 at 07:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VORTEX_projects






Doppler on Wheels
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Doppler On Wheels)
Jump to: navigation, search




[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.


Ambox current red.svg

This article is outdated.  (August 2010)




This article needs additional citations for verification.  (January 2009)




This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations.  (January 2009)





 A Doppler on Wheels unit observing a tornado near Attica, Kansas.
Doppler on Wheels (or DOW) is a fleet of radar trucks maintained by the Center for Severe Weather Research (CSWR) in Boulder, Colorado led by principal investigator Joshua Wurman, with the funding largely provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The DOW fleet and its associated Mobile Mesonet and Pod deployable weather stations are Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities (LAOF) "National Facilities" supporting a wide variety NSF-sponsored research.
As of 2014, there are three operational DOWs of a total of eight constructed since 1995. Two are dual-polarization dual-frequency quick-scanning Doppler weather radars. The third, the Rapid-Scan DOW (rapid-DOW), is a multi-beam, multi-frequency rapid-scan radar capable of volumetric sampling at seven second intervals. Several instrumented mobile mesonet pickup trucks host in situ weather instrumentation on 3.5 metres (11 ft) masts to complement the remote sensing radars. These mobile mesonets also carry approximately 20 instrumented "PODS", which are ruggedized quickly deployable weather stations designed to survive inside tornadoes, tropical cyclones, and other adverse environments. The DOW fleet is sometimes accompanied by a Mobile Operations and Repair Center (MORC), a large van containing workstations for in-field coordination, data management, and equipment repair.
The DOW fleet has collected data in 200 tornadoes and inside the cores of 13 hurricanes. DOWs have been deployed to Europe twice, for the MAP and COPS field programs, and to Alaska twice for the JAWS-Juneau projects. DOWs have operated as high as 12,700 feet (3,900 m) on Bristol Head and at 10,000 feet (3,000 m) for the ASCII project at Battle Pass. Three DOWs, Mobile Mesonets and PODS were deployed for the OWLeS lake-effect snow study. The DOWs have participated in many field programs including: VORTEX, VORTEX2, COPS, MAP, ASCII, IHOP, SCMS, CASES, ROTATE, PAMREX, SNOWD-UNDER, FLATLAND, HERO, UIDOW, UNDEO.
The DOW fleet will be deployed to the upcoming nocturnal convection study, PECAN, in June-July 2015.
DOW data led to the discovery of sub-kilometer hurricane boundary layer rolls, which likely modulate wind damage and may play a key role in hurricane intensification. DOW data revealed the most intense winds ever recorded (Bridge Creek, 3 May 1999), and the largest tornadic circulation ever documented (also 3 May 1999 in Mulhall, OK), and made the first 3D maps of tornado winds and sub-tornadic vortex winds, and documented intense vortices within lake-effect snow bands. About 70 peer reviewed scientific publications have used DOW data.
The DOW fleet, PODS, and mobile mesonets have been featured on TV, including Discovery Channel's reality series Storm Chasers, National Geographic Channel's specials Tornado Intercept and The True Face of Hurricanes, and PBS's Nova episode "The Hunt for the Supertwister," and others.
See also[edit]
Bistatic radar
Pulse-Doppler radar
Storm chasing
References[edit]
Center for Severe Weather Research (CSWR)
VORTEX2
OWLeS
External links[edit]
Information on Doppler on Wheels and Rapid DOW


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
US Weather radars
















































 


Categories: Weather radars
Meteorology research and field projects
Severe weather and convection
Storm chasing










Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Français
Edit links
This page was last modified on 26 April 2014 at 21:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_On_Wheels





1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search



 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014)
1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
Dszpics1.jpg
A tornado near Anadarko, Oklahoma, on May 3

Date(s)
May 2–8, 1999
Duration
7 days
Tornadoes caused
152
Maximum rated tornado
F5 (Fujita scale)
Highest winds
301 ± 20 mph (484 ± 32 km/h) (Southwest Oklahoma City, OK F5 tornado on May 3)[1]
 115 mph (185 km/h) (Claxton, TN non-tornadic on May 7)[2]
Largest hail
4.5 in (11 cm) in diameter (multiple locations on May 3)[3]
Damages
$1.4 billion[4]
Casualties
50 fatalities (+7 non-tornadic), 895 injuries
From May 2–8, 1999, a significant tornado outbreak took place across much of the Central and parts of the Eastern United States. During this week-long event, 152 tornadoes touched down, including one in Canada. More than half of these touched down on May 3 and 4 when activity reached its peak over Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, and Arkansas.
The most significant tornado first touched down southwest of Chickasha, Oklahoma, and became an F5 before dissipating near Midwest City. The tornado tore through southern and eastern parts of Oklahoma City and its suburbs of Bridge Creek, Moore, Del City, Tinker Air Force Base and Midwest City, causing $1 billion in damage. With a total of between 66 and 74 tornadoes, it was the most prolific tornado outbreak in Oklahoma history, although not the deadliest.


Contents  [hide]
1 Meteorological synopsis
2 Notable tornadoes 2.1 Bridge Creek–Moore, Oklahoma
2.2 Cimarron City–Mulhall–Perry, Oklahoma
2.3 Stroud, Oklahoma
2.4 Other tornadoes
3 Non-tornadic events
4 Aftermath 4.1 Disaster assistance
4.2 Concerns with using overpasses as storm shelters
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Meteorological synopsis[edit]



 A map of the meteorological setup of the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak. The map displays surface and upper level atmospheric features associated with the outbreak.
The outbreak was caused by a vigorous upper-level trough that moved into the Central and Southern Plains states on the morning of May 3. That morning, low stratus clouds overspread much of Oklahoma, with clear skies along and west of a dry line located from Gage to Childress, Texas. Air temperatures at 7 a.m. CDT ranged in the mid to upper 60s °F (upper 10s to near 20 °C) across the region, while dew point values ranged in the low to mid 60s °F (mid to upper 10s °C).[5] The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in Norman, Oklahoma, a division of the National Weather Service, initially issued a slight risk of severe thunderstorms early that morning stretching from the Kansas-Nebraska border to parts of southern Texas, with an intended threat of large hail, damaging winds and tornadoes.[6]



 Depicts radar imagery (reflectivity) taken by the National Weather Service NEXRAD radar, KTLX, in Central Oklahoma during the May 1999 tornado outbreak. This imagery is from May 3. (Click to animate.)
By late morning, the low cloud cover began to dissipate in advance of the dry line, however high cirrus clouds overspread the region during the afternoon hours, resulting in filtered sunshine in some areas that caused atmospheric destabilization. The sunshine and heating, combined with abundant low-level moisture, would combine to produce a very unstable air mass. Upper air balloon soundings, observed strong directional wind shear, cooling temperatures at high atmospheric levels and the increased potential of CAPE values potentially exceeding 4000 J/kg, levels that are considered favorable for supercells and tornadoes.
As the latest observations and forecasts began to indicate an increasing likelihood of widespread severe weather, the SPC issued a moderate risk of severe weather at 11:15 a.m. CDT for portions of Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas along and near the Interstate 40 corridor as conditions became even more favorable for strong tornadoes.[7] By 3 p.m. CDT, it had become evident that a widespread severe weather event was imminent; the Storm Prediction Center upgraded locations within the moderate risk area to a high risk of severe weather around 4 p.m. CDT as wind shear profiles, combined with volatile atmospheric conditions, had made conditions highly conducive for a significant tornadic event across most of Oklahoma, southern Kansas and north Texas, including the likelihood of violent, damaging tornadoes.[7] The SPC issued a tornado watch by mid-afternoon as conditions gathered together for what would be a historic tornado outbreak. By the time thunderstorms began developing in the late-afternoon hours, CAPE values over the region had reached to near 6,000 J/kg. Large supercell thunderstorms developed and in the late afternoon through the mid-evening hours of that Monday, tornadoes began to break out across the state.
Notable tornadoes[edit]
Main article: List of tornadoes in the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
F0 Confirmed
F1 Confirmed
F2 Confirmed
F3 Confirmed
F4 Confirmed
F5
152 73 44 20 10 4 1
Bridge Creek–Moore, Oklahoma[edit]
Main article: 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado



 Oklahoma City NEXRAD image at 7:12 pm. The radar shows a classic hook echo at the location of the Bridge Creek/Moore tornado.
At approximately 3:30 p.m. CDT, a severe thunderstorm began forming in Tillman County in southwestern Oklahoma; a severe thunderstorm warning was issued for this storm by the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman at 4:15 p.m. CDT. The storm quickly developed supercell characteristics and began exhibiting potentially tornadic rotation, resulting in the National Weather Service issuing the first tornado warning of the event for Comanche, Caddo and Grady counties approximately 35 minutes later at 4:50 p.m. CDT.
The first tornado from this supercell touched down 7 miles (11 km) east-northeast of Medicine Park at 4:51 p.m. CDT; it produced four additional tornadoes as it tracked northeast into Caddo County, the strongest of which (rated as an F3) touched down 2 miles (3.2 km) west-southwest of Laverty and dissipated 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west-northwest of downtown Chickasha. This large tornado had exhibited a companion satellite tornado for a few minutes.[8]
The storm produced the most significant tornado of the outbreak, which touched down just southwest of the Grady County community of Amber at 6:23 p.m. CDT and headed northeast, parallel to Interstate 44, just after another tornado had passed over the airport in Chickasha. The storm continued moving northeast, destroying the community of Bridge Creek and crossing I-44 just north of Newcastle. The tornado then crossed the Canadian River, passing into far southern Oklahoma City. As it passed over Bridge Creek, around 6:54 p.m., a Doppler On Wheels mobile Doppler weather radar detected wind speeds of 301 ± 20 mph (484 ± 32 km/h) inside the tornado at an elevation of 105 ft (32 m).[9] These winds, however, occurred above the ground, and winds at the surface may not have been quite this intense. The tornado continued on into Moore and then passed over the intersection of Shields Boulevard and Interstate 35 and back into Oklahoma City, crossing Interstate 240 near Bryant Avenue. The storm then turned more northerly, striking parts of Del City and Tinker Air Force Base near Sooner Road as an F4. The storm damaged and/or destroyed several businesses, homes and churches in Midwest City. The tornado diminished over Midwest City and finally lifted near the intersection of Reno Avenue and Woodcrest Drive.
36 people died in this tornado,[10] and over 8,000 homes were badly damaged or destroyed. The tornado caused $1 billion in damage, making it the second-costliest tornado in U.S. history,[11] and the most costly in history from 1999 to 2011, at which point it was surpassed by the 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado and again by the 2011 Joplin tornado. It was also the deadliest tornado to hit the U.S. since the April 10, 1979 F4 tornado that hit Wichita Falls, Texas, which killed 42 people.[12]
Cimarron City–Mulhall–Perry, Oklahoma[edit]



 Tornado near Minco.
Outbreak Death Toll

State
Fatalities
County
County total
Kansas 6 Sedgwick 6
Oklahoma 40 Cleveland 11
Grady 12
Kingfisher 1
Logan 1
McClain 1
Payne 1
Pottawatomie 1
Oklahoma 12
Tennessee 3 Perry 3
Texas 1 Titus 1
Totals 50 
All deaths were tornado-related
Late in the evening on May 3 at 9:25 p.m. CDT, a destructive tornado touched down 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of Cimarron City in Logan County, Oklahoma eventually hitting the town of Mulhall, located north of Guthrie. This wedge tornado, which tracked a 35-mile path, was very wide and at times exceeded one mile (1.6 km) in width. According to storm chasing meteorologist Roger Edwards, it may have been as violent or more than the F5 Moore-Bridge Creek tornado (however, it was officially rated as an F4).[13] A Doppler On Wheels (DOW) mobile radar observed this tornado as it crossed Mulhall. The DOW documented the largest ever observed core flow circulation with a distance of 1,600 m (5,200 ft) between peak velocities on either side of the tornado, and a roughly 7 km (4.3 mi) width of peak wind gusts exceeding 43 m/s (96 mph), making the Mulhall tornado the largest tornado ever measured quantitatively.[14] The DOW measured a complex multiple vortex structure,[15] with several vortices containing winds of up to 115 m/s (260 mph) rotating around the tornado. The 3D structure of the tornado has been analyzed in a 2005 article in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences by Wen-Chau Lee and Joshua Wurman.[16] The tornado severely damaged or destroyed approximately 60%-70% of the 130 homes in Mulhall, destroying the Mulhall/Orlando Elementary School and toppling the city's water tower.
After the tornado dissipated at approximately 10:45 p.m. CDT in southeastern Noble County, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Perry, much of the same areas of Logan County struck by the Mulhall tornado were hit again by an F3 tornado produced by a separate supercell that touched down 2.5 miles (4.0 km) miles south of Crescent at 11:33 p.m. CDT. Damage caused by this tornado was indistinguishable from damage caused by the earlier F4 tornado. 25 homes were destroyed and 30 others were damaged near Crescent, with much of the damage believed to have been caused by both tornadoes.
Stroud, Oklahoma[edit]
At 10:10 p.m. CDT, a damaging tornado touched down 3 miles (4.8 km) north-northeast of Sparks in Lincoln County, Oklahoma with only sporadic tree damage occurring as it tracked north-northeast toward Davenport. Scattered damage of high-end F0 to low-end F1 intensity occurred to some homes and businesses on the southeast side of Davenport, though a house located just south of town lost more than half of its roof. As the tornado continued to track northeast, parallel with Interstate 44 and State Highway 66, Stroud took a direct hit as the storm intensified to F2 strength; the trucking terminal of the Sygma food distribution warehouse on the west side of town was destroyed with some girders and siding from the warehouse thrown northwest across State Highway 66, the Stroud Municipal Hospital suffered significant roof damage, which resulted in significant water damage within the building. The most severe damage, consistent with an F3 tornado, occurred at the Tanger Outlet Mall at 10:39 p.m. CDT with almost all of the stores suffering roof damage at minimum, though sections of seven storefronts were destroyed and the exterior walls of the Levi's store were collapsed inward. The mall was evacuated in advance of the tornado, resulting in no injuries or loss of life in the building. The tornado finally dissipated 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Stroud Lake at 11:48 p.m. CDT.
While there were no fatalities overall in Stroud, the economic impact of the tornado has been compared to the loss of Tinker Air Force Base, General Motors and a major regional hospital for the Stroud region as compared to Oklahoma City at that time. Approximately 800 jobs were lost in a community of approximately 3,400 people due to the damage of the Symga distribution warehouse and Tanger Outlet Mall, neither of which were rebuilt.[17] Stroud's recovery was later complicated by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, although the town has since recovered as a result of higher oil and gas prices. Local leading industries include Service King, an oilfield manufacturing facility, and Mint Turbines, a helicopter engine reconditioning facility. Stroud is also now a downloading facility location for oil produced in the northern United States into the Cushing pipeline network.
Other tornadoes[edit]
The May 3 tornado event was part of a three-day event that included tornadoes in the states of Kansas, Texas and Tennessee. A deadly F4 tornado that tracked 24 miles (39 km) across south-central Kansas, killed six people in Haysville and Wichita during the late evening of May 3. Other fatalities during the event included one person killed in Texas on May 4 by an F3 tornado that tracked 71.5 miles (115.1 km) from near Winfield, Texas to southwest of Mineral Springs, Arkansas, and three people were killed in Tennessee on May 5 and 6 by an F4 tornado that struck the town of Linden.[18]
Non-tornadic events[edit]
Flash flooding killed one person in Camden County, Missouri on June 5.[19] On May 6, lightning struck and killed a man in Cobbtown, Georgia.[20]
Aftermath[edit]
Disaster assistance[edit]

Structural damage in Oklahoma[21]


Oklahoma and
 Cleveland Counties
Other
 counties
Homes destroyed 1,780 534
Homes damaged 6,550 878
Businesses destroyed 85 79
Businesses damaged 42 54
Public buildings destroyed 4 7
Apartments destroyed 473 568
On May 4, the day after the initial outbreak event, President Bill Clinton signed a federal disaster declaration for eleven Oklahoma counties. In a press statement by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), then-director James Lee Witt stated that "The President is deeply concerned about the tragic loss of life and destruction caused by these devastating storms."[22] The American Red Cross opened ten shelters overnight, housing 1,600 people immediately following the disaster, decreasing to 500 people by May 5. On May 5, several emergency response and damage assessment teams from FEMA were deployed to the region. The United States Department of Defense deployed the 249th Engineering Battalion and placed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on standby for assistance. Medical and mortuary teams were also sent by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[23] By May 6, donation centers and phone banks were being established to create funds for victims of the tornadoes.[24] Within the first few days of the disaster declaration, relief funds were sent to families requesting aid. Roughly $180,000 had been approved by FEMA for disaster housing assistance by May 9.[25]
Debris removal began on May 12 as seven cleanup teams were sent to the region with more teams expected to join over the following days.[26] That day, FEMA also granted seven Oklahoma counties (Canadian, Craig, Grady, Lincoln, Logan, Noble and Oklahoma) eligibility for federal financial assistance.[27] Roughly $1.6 million in disaster funds had been approved for housing and businesses loans by May 13,[28] later increasing to more than $5.9 million over the following five days.[29] Applications for federal aid continued through June, with state aid approvals reaching $54 million on June 3. According to FEMA, more than 9,500 Oklahoma residents applied for federal aid during the allocated period in the wake of the tornadoes, including 3,800 in Oklahoma County and 3,757 in Cleveland County. Disaster recovery aid for the tornadoes totaled to roughly $67.8 million by July 2.[30]
Concerns with using overpasses as storm shelters[edit]
From a meteorological and safety standpoint, the tornado called into question the use of highway overpasses as shelters from tornadoes. Prior to the events on May 3, 1999, videos of people taking shelter in overpasses during tornadoes in the past (such as an infamous video from the April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak taken by a news crew from Wichita NBC affiliate KSNW) created public misunderstanding and complacency that overpasses provided adequate shelter from tornadoes. Although meteorologists had questioned the safety of these structures for nearly 20 years, there had been no evidence supporting incidents involving loss of life.[31] Three overpasses were directly struck by tornadoes during the May 3 outbreak, resulting in fatalities at each location. Two occurred as a result of the Bridge Creek–Moore F5, while the third occurred in rural Payne County, which was struck by an F2 tornado.[32] According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, seeking shelter in an overpass "is to become a stationary target for flying debris"; the wind channeling effect that occurs within these structures along with an increase in wind speeds above ground level, changing of wind direction when the tornado vortex passes, and the fact most overpasses do not have girders for people to take shelter between also provide little to no protection.[33]
See also[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak.
Tornadoes of 1999
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
Climate of Oklahoma City
Ultimate Tornado (documentary)
May 18–21, 2013 tornado outbreak
2013 Moore tornado
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Doppler On Wheels". 3 May 1999. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
2.Jump up ^ "Tennessee Event Report: Thunderstorm Wind". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
3.Jump up ^ "Storm Events Database: May 2–8, 1999 Hail 4.00 in and Larger". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
4.Jump up ^ "Storm Events Database: May 2–7, 1999 Tornadoes". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
5.Jump up ^ Meteorological Summary of the Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3-4, 1999
6.Jump up ^ Severe Weather Outlook at 6:30 a.m. CDT on May 3, 1999
7.^ Jump up to: a b Severe Weather Outlook at 11:15 a.m. CDT on May 3, 1999
8.Jump up ^ Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba (2013). "Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures". Wea. Forecast. 28 (5): 1157–74. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1.
9.Jump up ^ "Doppler On Wheels". Center for Severe Weather Research. 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
10.Jump up ^ May 3, 1999 Tornadoes in NWS Norman County Warning Area-Storm A
11.Jump up ^ However, adjustment for growth in wealth shows the May 27, 1896 Saint Louis–East Saint Louis tornado to be the costliest on record. See Brooks, Harold E.; Doswell III; Charles A. (2001). "Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999". Weather and Forecasting 16 (1): 168–176. Bibcode:2001WtFor..16..168B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0168:NDFMTI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.
12.Jump up ^ Brooks, Harold E.; Doswell III; Charles A. (2002). "Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado from a Historical Perspective". Weather and Forecasting 17 (3): 354–361. Bibcode:2002WtFor..17..354B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0354:DITMOC>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.
13.Jump up ^ Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999 (Roger Edwards)
14.Jump up ^ Wurman, Joshua; C. Alexander; P. Robinson; Y. Richardson (January 2007). "Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (American Meteorological Society) 88 (1): 31–46. Bibcode:2007BAMS...88...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
15.Jump up ^ Wurman, Joshua (June 2002). "The Multiple-Vortex Structure of a Tornado". Wea. Forecast. 17 (3): 473–505. Bibcode:2002WtFor..17..473W. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0473:TMVSOA>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0434.
16.Jump up ^ Lee, Wen-Chau; J. Wurman (July 2005). "Diagnosed Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999". J. Atmos. Sci. 62 (7): 2373–93. Bibcode:2005JAtS...62.2373L. doi:10.1175/JAS3489.1.
17.Jump up ^ Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. -- Company History
18.Jump up ^ "Linden F4 Tornado of May 5, 1999". Srh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
19.Jump up ^ "Missouri Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
20.Jump up ^ "Georgia Event Report: Lightning". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
21.Jump up ^ "The 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak: 10-Year Retrospective" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
22.Jump up ^ "President Declares Major Disaster for Oklahoma". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 4, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
23.Jump up ^ "Oklahoma/Kansas Tornado Disaster Update". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 5, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
24.Jump up ^ "Plains States Tornado Update". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 6, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
25.Jump up ^ "First Checks Approved for Oklahoma Storm Victims". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 9, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
26.Jump up ^ "Debris Removal Underway in Oklahoma City, Mulhall, and Choctaw; Stroud Set for Thursday". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 12, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
27.Jump up ^ "Seven Oklahoma Counties Get Expanded Disaster Assistance". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 12, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
28.Jump up ^ "Oklahoma Tornado Disaster Update". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 13, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
29.Jump up ^ "Oklahoma Disaster Recovery News Summary". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 18, 1999. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
30.Jump up ^ "Almost 9,500 Oklahomans Register For Disaster Recovery Aid More Than $67.8 Million In Grants And Loans Approved". Federal Emergency Management Agency. July 7, 1999. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
31.Jump up ^ Daniel J. Miller, Charles A. Doswell III, Harold E. Brooks, Gregory J. Stumpf and Erik Rasmussen (1999). "Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 1. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
32.Jump up ^ Daniel J. Miller, Charles A. Doswell III, Harold E. Brooks, Gregory J. Stumpf and Erik Rasmussen (1999). "Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Events on May 3, 1999". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 5. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
33.Jump up ^ Daniel J. Miller, Charles A. Doswell III, Harold E. Brooks, Gregory J. Stumpf and Erik Rasmussen (1999). "Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Highway Overpasses Are Inadequate Tornado Sheltering Areas". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. p. 6. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
External links[edit]
May 3, 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Special Report - The Oklahoman
Great Plains Outbreak of 1999 Tornado History Project
The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3-4, 1999 (National Weather Service, Norman, Oklahoma)
The 3 May 1999 Oklahoma Tornadoes (David Schultz, CIMMS)
Google Maps' location of Stroud, Oklahoma, with the bulldozed lot of the former Tanger Outlet Mall in the upper left of the screen, just north of Interstate 44
May 3 Oklahoma Tornado Special video section from KOCO-TV
Moore, Oklahoma Tornado Photos, May 1999 Aerial Photos of Moore Oklahoma taken three days after the May 3, 1999 tornado
Oklahoma's Advance Tornado Warning Saves Lives (News article)
Anastassia M., Makarieva; Gorshkov, Victor G.; Nefiodov, Andrei V. (2012). "Condensational theory of stationary tornadoes". arXiv.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Tornado outbreaks of 1999


January 1–3 ·
 January 17–18 ·
 January 21–23 ·
 April 2–3 ·
 April 8–9 ·
 May 2–8 (Bridge Creek–Moore) ·
 May 9–12 ·
 May 15–17 ·
 May 30 – June 1 ·
 August 11–13 (Salt Lake) ·
 September 15 (Floyd)
 

 


Categories: F5 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1999
Tornadoes in Kansas
Tornadoes in Oklahoma
Tornadoes in Texas
Natural disasters in Oklahoma
Tornadoes in Tennessee
1999 in Tennessee
1999 in Texas
1999 natural disasters in the United States






Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Deutsch
Français
Edit links
This page was last modified on 29 July 2014 at 23:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Oklahoma_tornado_outbreak






Tornadoes of 2014
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Tornadoes of 2014


A graph of the 2014 United States tornado count as of June 18
A graph of the 2014 United States tornado count as of June 18

Timespan January – December 2014
Maximum rated tornado EF4 tornado
Vilonia, AR on April 27
Louisville, MS on April 28
Pilger, NE on June 16
 E of Pilger, NE on June 16
Stanton, NE on June 16
Wakefield, NE on June 16
Alpena, SD on June 18

Tornadoes in US 396
Damages (US) Unknown
Fatalities (US) 44
Fatalities (worldwide) 46
Tornado seasons
2012 · 2013 · 2014 · 2015 · 2016

This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 2014. Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States, Bangladesh, and Eastern India, but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions. Tornadoes also appear regularly in neighboring southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere's summer season, and somewhat regularly in Europe, Asia, and Australia.
There have been 827 tornadoes reported in the United States in 2014, of which at least 396 have been confirmed. At least 46 fatalities have been confirmed in 2014: 44 in the United States and 2 in Australia.


Contents  [hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Events 2.1 United States yearly total
3 January 3.1 January 11
3.2 January 25 (Europe)
4 February 4.1 February 20–21
5 March 5.1 March 25–29
6 April 6.1 April 6–7
6.2 April 25
6.3 April 27–30
7 May 7.1 May 10–12
7.2 May 14–16
7.3 May 22
8 June 8.1 June 3–4
8.2 June 16–18
8.3 June 30–July 1
9 July 9.1 July 8
9.2 July 15 (Australia)
9.3 July 24
10 See also
11 References
12 External links

Synopsis[edit]

Fatal tornadoes in 2014



Tornadoes of 2014 is located in USA
April 25
April 25

April 27
April 27

April 27
April 27

April 27
April 27

April 28
April 28

April 28
April 28

April 28
April 28

April 28
April 28

April 28
April 28

June 16
June 16

July 8
July 8


Magnify-clip.png Approximate touchdown location of killer tornadoes in 2014
Summary of tornadoes[1]
April 25 – North Carolina (1 death)
April 27 – Iowa (2 deaths)
April 28 – Mississippi (1 death)
April 28 – Alabama (2 deaths)
April 28 – Tennessee (2 deaths)
July 8 – New York (4 deaths)
 April 27 – Oklahoma (1 death)
April 27 – Arkansas (16 deaths)
April 28 – Mississippi (10 deaths)
April 28 – Mississippi (1 death)
June 16 – Nebraska (2 deaths)

Total Fatalities: 42
Early 2014 featured several strong cold waves that settled across the United States and kept severe weather suppressed. However, severe weather did develop on January 11 after temperatures moderated, and four EF0 tornadoes were confirmed–three in Virginia and one in Georgia. The rest of the month, along with the first half of February, were very quiet in terms of severe weather. Another intrusion of warm air allowed instability to develop in mid-February, and 41 tornadoes touched down across the lower Midwest and the Southeast U.S. on February 21 and 22. Four of these were strong enough to be rated EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita scale. The rest of February and most of March was quiet, with only weak tornadoes touching down in Arizona, Florida, and California. However, activity picked up on March 27, with several tornadoes touching down across Missouri and Iowa in association with a cold front. The general trend of low activity continued through most of April with only a few small outbreaks occurring. This trend ended with a major outbreak that started on April 27 producing multiple strong tornadoes across the Great Plains and the South, and killing 35 people.
Events[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from January to March 2014, List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2014, List of United States tornadoes from June to July 2014 and List of European tornadoes in 2014
United States yearly total[edit]
Unofficial totals through July 26 (final through January 31)
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
EF0 Confirmed
EF1 Confirmed
EF2 Confirmed
EF3 Confirmed
EF4 Confirmed
EF5
399* 127 185 56 18 7 0
Note: Four tornadoes have been confirmed but not yet rated: One on April 20 and three on May 11.

January[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from January to March 2014
There were 4 tornadoes reported in the United States in January, of which all 4 were confirmed.
January 11[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
4 0 0 0 0 0
A line of severe thunderstorms swept across the Southern United States, with four EF0 tornadoes touching down in association with these thunderstorms.[2] The first of these touched down in rural Cherokee County, Georgia, downing trees and damaging a fence.[3] The other three tornadoes occurred over southeastern Virginia, downing trees and causing minimal damage to houses. However, one tornado in the Fox Hill area caused roof damage to a church and numerous houses, ripped the roof off of a school maintenance compound, and destroyed the Fox Hill Athletic Association building.[4][5][6]



January 25 (Europe)[edit]
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
0 6 1 0 0 0
A small tornado outbreak produced 7 tornadoes across England,France and Belgium, 6 of which were F1 (T2/T3) and one an F2 (T4). The strongest tornado was an F2 (T4) that has traveled 12.8 km on the border between France and Belgium damaging the town of Halluin. 3 people were injured by the storm.
February[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from January to March 2014
There were 45 tornadoes reported in the United States in February, however, 47 have been confirmed.
February 20–21[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
21 21 4 0 0 0



 High-end EF2 damage in Fort Payne, AL.
A large shortwave trough progressed across the northern Plains on February 20,[7] with an associated surface low-pressure area contributing to a blizzard across Michigan and Wisconsin.[8] Within the warm sector of the cyclone, modest instability and moisture, as well as sufficient forcing along a cold front,[7] initiated the development of a squall line across the Ohio River Valley and Mississippi River Valley by the afternoon. Strong wind shear led to widespread damaging wind reports in addition to over two dozen tornadoes across the Midwestern and Southern United States, four of which were rated EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita scale. The EF2s affected rural areas in Illinois near the towns of Martinsburg and Pana, damaging several farms.[9][10]
The squall line continued to push eastward into the Mid-Atlantic states on February 21, leading to numerous damaging wind reports and several tornadoes from Georgia to Maryland. A brief but strong EF2 clipped the northeast side of Fort Payne, Alabama, causing significant damage to a factory, an apartment complex, and some homes.[11] Another EF2 struck Dublin, Georgia and destroyed one home, damaged 59 others, and downed numerous trees.[12] Overall, this moderate outbreak produced 46 tornadoes and no fatalities.[13]
March[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from January to March 2014
There were 25 tornadoes reported in the United States in March, of which 18 have been confirmed.
March 25–29[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
8 4 2 0 0 0
A low pressure system tracked across the United States, producing tornadoes across California, Missouri, and across southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard. In Northern California, several brief tornadoes touched down, uprooting trees and causing minor damage. In Northern Missouri, a supercell thunderstorm produced a strong EF2 tornado, which caused heavy roof and wall damage to a farmstead near Jameson, Missouri. Another EF2 occurred in Grundy County which heavily damaged several residences near Tindall. The storm system continued east over the next few days, producing several weak and short-lived tornadoes in Florida and North Carolina.
April[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2014
There have been 250 tornadoes reported in the United States in April, of which at least 113 have been confirmed.
April 6–7[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
2 4 2 0 0 0
Severe thunderstorms moved across portions of the Southern United States,[14][15] producing at least eight confirmed tornadoes. An EF2 tornado destroyed mobile homes and damaged other structures in and around Hot Coffee, Mississippi.[16] Another EF2 tornado caused significant damage in the area of Pantego, North Carolina where homes were damaged and destroyed. Two people were injured when the truck they were in was thrown 50 yards (46 m).[17]
April 25[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
2 3 3 1 0 0
Main article: April 2014 North Carolina tornado outbreak
In advance of a compact shortwave trough and associated cold front,[18] numerous severe thunderstorms developed across central and eastern North Carolina into southern Virginia. An EF3 tornado tracked through the Whichards Beach area, damaging or destroying 100 homes and injuring 16 people. This event marks the latest time of formation of the first EF3+ tornado in any year on record. An EF2 in Edenton resulted in a fatality, the first of the year.[19]
April 27–30[edit]
Main article: April 27–30, 2014 tornado outbreak
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
13 40 16 9 2 0
Numerous tornadoes ripped across parts of Mississippi, Alabama, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Florida. A large, violent tornado struck Mayflower and Vilonia, Arkansas, on April 27 causing severe damage and killing 16 people. The tornado was rated a high-end EF4, the first violent tornado of the year.[20] Another death was confirmed earlier that evening with an EF2 tornado that moved through Quapaw, Oklahoma, and Baxter Springs, Kansas.[21] Ten people were killed on the 28th when an EF4 tornado struck Louisville, Mississippi. EF3s caused major damage and fatalities in Coxey, Alabama and Tupelo, Mississippi as well.[22] Overall, this outbreak produced 80 tornadoes and killed 35 people.[23]
May[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2014
There have been 125 tornadoes reported in the United States in May, of which at least 79 have been confirmed.
May 10–12[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
9 13 6 2 0 0



 Farmhouse that was leveled by a large EF3 near Sutton, NE.
A moderate outbreak of at least 31 tornadoes impacted the central United States in early May 2014. On May 10, numerous supercell thunderstorms developed across Missouri in advance of an intensifying upper-level low over the Great Basin. One supercell spawned an EF2 tornado that moved through downtown Orrick, causing significant damage but no fatalities. 80% of the structures in Orrick were damaged, and the school lost much of its roof.[24] On May 11, the upper-level low continued eastward into the Plains, providing ample wind shear for tornadoes; in preparation for the event, the Storm Prediction Center issued a Moderate risk for severe weather. Numerous thunderstorms developed across the Midwest – particularly Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa – spawning many tornadoes. A large multiple-vortex EF3 tornado passed near the town of Sutton, Nebraska, causing considerable damage to farm properties and flattening an unanchored farmhouse. Powerful rear flank downdraft winds spawned by the parent supercell severely damaged downtown Sutton.[25] Another very large rain-wrapped EF3 wedge tornado passed near the town of Cordova, Nebraska, destroying multiple homes nearby and growing to well over a mile wide at times. The Cordova tornado eventually struck the town of Beaver Crossing, damaging virtually every structure in town before dissipating. Numerous other less significant tornadoes touched down in Nebraska that evening as well.[26] Later that night, an EF2 tornado largely destroyed a lakeside condominium building near Yale, Iowa.[27] A final EF1 tornado caused minor damage on May 12 near Eaton Township, Ohio before the outbreak came to an end.[28]
May 14–16[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
8 3 1 1 0 0
Severe thunderstorms moved across portions of the eastern United States with multiple reports of tornadoes.[29][30] Two significant tornadoes touched down on May 14. The first, rated EF2, damaged several homes and destroyed two barns northeast of Hopkinsville, Kentucky.[31] An EF3 tornado caused substantial damage near Cedarville, Ohio, destroying several barns and a farmhouse.[32]
May 22[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
0 1 0 1 0 0
An EF3 tornado moved across portions of Schenectady and Albany counties in New York. The worst damage occurred in Duanesburg, where one house was almost completely destroyed.[33] This marks the strongest tornado in the state of New York since May 31, 1998.[34] Another tornado, rated EF1, touched down near Marydel, Delaware.[35]
June[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from June to July 2014
There have were 326 tornadoes reported in the United States in June, of which at least 115 were confirmed.
June 3–4[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
6 5 1 1 0 0
On June 3, the Storm Prediction Center issued a high risk outlook for parts of the Great Plains, mainly due to a significant risk of damaging winds and large hail. A few tornadoes occurred as well, including an EF3 that leveled a poorly constructed home near Bern, KS.[36] An EF2 caused damage to farm structures near Oakland, Iowa as well.[37] On the 4th, the system produced seven additional weak tornadoes across the Midwest, resulting in minor damage.[38]
June 16–18[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
12 19 12 3 5 0
Main article: June 16–18, 2014 tornado outbreak
A tornado outbreak occurred with destructive tornadoes touching down across parts of Nebraska and Iowa. The town of Pilger, Nebraska was catastrophically damaged by an EF4 tornado, with two deaths and sixteen critical injuries.[39] The Pilger tornado was one of four EF4 tornadoes produced by the same parent supercell.[40] The towns of Platteville, Wisconsin, Verona, Wisconsin, Coleridge, Nebraska, Angus, Ontario, and Wessington Springs, South Dakota all sustained major impacts from strong tornadoes as well due to this outbreak.[41][42][43]
June 30–July 1[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
2 23 1 0 0 0
Early in the afternoon of June 30 a complex of thunderstorms developed over Iowa and evolved into a derecho that swept east-northeast to Lake Michigan. Later that evening a second derecho developed over eastern and central Iowa and moved eastward, moving through Indiana and into western Ohio in the early morning hours of July 1. These two events produced straight-line wind damage and multiple tornadoes from Iowa to portions of Michigan and Ohio.[44] Most of the tornadoes were rated EF1, however, one tornado was determined to have caused low-end EF2 damage to a home in Traer, Iowa.[45]
July[edit]
See also: List of United States tornadoes from June to July 2014
There have been 56 tornadoes reported in the United States in July, of which at least 45 have been confirmed.
July 8[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
1 9 2 0 0 0
Severe thunderstorms produced damaging winds and several tornadoes across portions of the northeastern United States.[46] An EF2 tornado struck the town of Smithfield, New York, destroying several homes and killing four people. A three-story house in Smithfield was knocked off of its foundation and tumbled 150 yards (140 m) down a hillside.[47] Another EF2 tornado caused significant damage in and near New Albany, Pennsylvania.[47][48]
July 15 (Australia)[edit]
Two people were killed when a tornado struck the western suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. The men, who suffered from pre-existing medical conditions, were killed in the suburb of Beaconsfield when the storm cut power to homes, and subsequently their electronic medical equipment. The tornado was confirmed by the Bureau of Meteorology. [49]
July 24[edit]
EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5
0 1 0 0 0 0
An EF1 tornado started as a waterspout on Chesapeake Bay and struck a campground in Cherrystone, Virginia, damaging and destroying campers and cabins.[50] A couple were killed when a tree fell on their tent. Their son suffered life-threatening injuries.[51] Thirty-five others were injured as well.[50]
See also[edit]
List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
Fujita scale
Enhanced Fujita scale
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Annual U.S. Killer Tornado Statistics". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
2.Jump up ^ "20140111's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
3.Jump up ^ "Severe Weather Follows Cold Blast". National Weather Service Office in Peachtree City, Georgia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 12, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
4.Jump up ^ "Tornado Confirmed West Of Smithfield VA". National Weather Service Office in Wakefield, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 12, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
5.Jump up ^ "Tornado Confirmed Southeast Of Isle Of Wight Courthouse". National Weather Service Office in Wakefield, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 12, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
6.Jump up ^ "Tornado Confirmed In Hampton Virginia". National Weather Service Office in Wakefield, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 12, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
7.^ Jump up to: a b Chris Broyles (February 20, 2014). "Feb 20, 2014 1630 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
8.Jump up ^ "Blizzard-Winter Storm Of February 20-21st, 2014". National Weather Service office in La Crosse, Wisconsin. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
9.Jump up ^ "NWS Damage Survey For 02/20/2014 Tornado Event". National Weather Service Office in St. Louis, Missouri. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
10.Jump up ^ "NWS Lincoln Damage Assessment Results for 2/20 Tornado event". National Weather Service Office in Central Illinois. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
11.Jump up ^ "Severe Weather Event 02/20/2014 - 02/21/2014". National Weather Service Office in Huntsville, Alabama. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
12.Jump up ^ "Severe Weather Hits North and Central Georgia". National Weather Service Office in Peachtree City, Georgia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
13.Jump up ^ "20140220's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
14.Jump up ^ "20140406's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
15.Jump up ^ "20140407's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
16.Jump up ^ "April 7, 2014 Covington County Tornado". National Weather Service Office in Jackson, Mississippi. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
17.Jump up ^ "April 7, 2014 Belhaven/Pantego Tornado - EF2". National Weather Service Office in Newport/Morehead. North Carolina. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
18.Jump up ^ Rich L. Thompson; Andy R. Dean (April 25, 2014). "April 25, 2014 1630 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
19.Jump up ^ "EF3 Tornado Confirmed; 16 People Injured, Some 100 Homes Damaged In Beaufort County". WITN News. WITN News. April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
20.Jump up ^ "Tornadoes/Flooding on April 27-28, 2014". National Weather Service office in Little Rock, Arkansas. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
21.Jump up ^ "Event Summary - 27 April 2014 Quapaw and Octavia Tornado Event". National Weather Service office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
22.Jump up ^ "Final Update: April 28, 2014 Mid-South Storm Surveys". NWS Memphis, TN. NOAA. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
23.Jump up ^ "Louisville (Leake/Neshoba/Attala/Winston County) EF-4 Tornado". National Weather Service Office in Jackson, Mississippi. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
24.Jump up ^ Washington, Brenda (May 10, 2014). "Orrick begins cleanup after devastating tornado". KMBC.com. KMBC. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
25.Jump up ^ "Mother's Day - May 11, 2014". NWS. NOAA. June 1, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
26.Jump up ^ http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/oax/news/MothersDayTornadoes2014.pdf
27.Jump up ^ http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/dmx/StormSurveys/2014/05-11_Panorama/Survey_Results.pdf
28.Jump up ^ http://www.weather.gov/cle/event_20140512_Tornado
29.Jump up ^ "SPC Storm Reports for 05/14/14". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
30.Jump up ^ "SPC Storm Reports for 05/15/14". Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
31.Jump up ^ "NWS Damager Survey for 05/14/14 Tornado Event in Christian County, Kentucky". National Weather Service Office in Paducah, Kentucky. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
32.Jump up ^ "May 14, 2014 Tornado near Cedarville, OH". National Weather Service Office in Wilmington, Ohio. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
33.Jump up ^ "May 23, 2014 Tornado Survey". National Weather Service Office in Albany, New York. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
34.Jump up ^ "Custom Search Results". Tornado History Project. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
35.Jump up ^ "Tornado Confirmed near Marydel in Kent County, Delaware". National Weather Service Office in Mount Holly, New Jersey. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
36.Jump up ^ "June 3, 2014 Bern Tornado". NWS Topeka, KS. NOAA. June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
37.Jump up ^ "EF2 Tornado Confirmed Near Oakland, IA". NWS Omaha, NE. NOAA. June 10, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
38.Jump up ^ "20140604's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
39.Jump up ^ Tornado hits Pilger, looks like 'a war zone'
40.Jump up ^ http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=oax&storyid=102897&source=2
41.Jump up ^ http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/140616_rpts.html
42.Jump up ^ http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/140617_rpts.html
43.Jump up ^ http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/140618_rpts.html
44.Jump up ^ "Two Separate Derecho Events on June 30, 2014". National Weather Service Office in Chicago Illinois. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
45.Jump up ^ "NWS Damage Survey for June 30 2014 Tornado Event". National Weather Service Office in Des Moines, Iowa. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
46.Jump up ^ "20140708's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 10, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
47.^ Jump up to: a b "Severe Storms July 8, 2014". National Weather Service Office in Binghamton, New York. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
48.Jump up ^ "Tornado Confirmed Near 3 NW Dushore in Sullivan County Pennsylvania". National Weather Service in State College, Pennsylvania. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
49.Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/bom-confirms-tornado-in-perths-south/story-fni0xqi4-1226988611249
50.^ Jump up to: a b "Northampton County Virginia Tornado Survey Results". National Weather Service Office in Wakefield, Virginia. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
51.Jump up ^ "2 dead, 1 critical as tornado hits Virginia campground". USA Today. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
External links[edit]


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Tornadoes by year























































[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Tornadoes of 2014 by month


















[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Tornado outbreaks of 2014








 


Categories: Tornadoes of 2014
Tornado-related lists by year




Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 29 July 2014 at 00:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2014












Category:Storm chasers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Storm chasers.
This category contains individuals who are or were storm chasers.
 

Pages in category "Storm chasers"
The following 41 pages are in this category, out of 41 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).


A
John T. Allen
B
Mike Bettes
David O. Blanchard
Howard Bluestein
Harold E. Brooks
Donald W. Burgess
C
Jim Cantore
Sean Casey (filmmaker)
Adam Clark
D
Jon Davies
Robert Davies-Jones
Allan Detrich
Charles A. Doswell III
David Dowell

E
Roger Edwards (meteorologist)
James Elsner
F
Warren Faidley
Jeffrey Frame
G
Thomas P. Grazulis
H
David K. Hoadley
Mike Hollingshead
K
Katharine Kanak
George Kourounis
L
Tony Laubach
Jim Leonard (photographer)
M
Paul Markowski
Timothy P. Marshall
Alan Moller

N
Eric Nguyen
P
David Payne (meteorologist)
R
Erik N. Rasmussen
Yvette Richardson
S
Tim Samaras
Jerry Straka
T
Mike Theiss
Reed Timmer
Katy Tur
W
Roger Wakimoto
Neil B. Ward
Louis Wicker
Joshua Wurman




Categories: Storm chasing
Storm
Hobbyists
Hidden categories: Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Category

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 26 April 2014 at 21:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
    
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Storm_chasers








1999 Salt Lake City tornado
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search



 This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011)
1999 Salt Lake City tornado

F2 tornado
Saltlaketornado.jpeg
The Salt Lake City Tornado of 1999 rips through downtown

Date
August 11, 1999
Time
12:41–12:55 p.m. MDT (18:45–18:55 UTC)
Casualties
1 fatality, more than 100 injuries
Damages
170 million USD
Areas affected
Downtown Salt Lake City
The 1999 Salt Lake City tornado was a very rare tornado that occurred in Salt Lake City, Utah on August 11, 1999, during an unusually strong summer monsoon season. It was among the most notable tornadoes to hit west of the Great Plains in the 20th century and the second tornado to hit in Utah that resulted in a fatality (the other occurring in 1884). Between 1950 and 2006, this was the sixth significant tornado in Utah since June 1963.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Meteorological synopsis
2 Damage
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Meteorological synopsis[edit]
In Salt Lake Valley, the day began with calm but cloudy weather. As the day progressed, the clouds became steadily darker until nearly all light was obscured. Winds were still nearly calm, with the exception of a few microbursts. Hail preceded and followed this tornado, which was rated a strong F2 on the Fujita scale. At 12:41 p.m., 1 1⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) diameter hail was reported near the town of Herriman. Afterwards, the storm started rotating, and at around 1:00 pm, many people reported seeing the storm rotate (forming a mesocyclone) as it moved into downtown Salt Lake City. A non-descending funnel cloud developed and traveled from western downtown toward the northeast before terminating near Memory Grove Park upon reaching the base of the Wasatch Mountains.[1]
Damage[edit]



 Damage to the Delta Center


 Map of tornado's path
The tornado uprooted trees and destroyed temporary tents set up for the National Outdoor Retailers Association convention, claiming the life of one booth set-up supervisor, Allen Crandy, 38, of Las Vegas, Nevada. In The Avenues, over 120 homes were severely damaged and had roofs blown off and 34 homes were completely destroyed. Over 100 people were reported injured and a dozen critically.
The Delta Center (now the EnergySolutions Arena), home of the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association, suffered minor damage. All of the windows from the nearby Wyndham Hotel (now the Radisson Hotel), across the street from the temporary tents, were broken out, raining down shards of glass on people attempting to escape from the collapsed tents. Construction cranes for the LDS Conference Center were toppled by the storm, which nearly struck the city's landmark Salt Lake Temple. Damage to historic buildings in the lower Capitol Hill area of Salt Lake was reported. Nearly all of the trees in Memory Grove, a World War I memorial park at the mouth of City Creek Canyon near downtown, were reportedly torn out, as well as hundreds of old trees on the Capitol grounds. A tree used as a popular photo spot at the Salt Lake Temple, commonly after marriages, was also destroyed.
This was the first major tornado to occur in a major urban area's downtown district and strike buildings of nearly 500 ft (150 m) tall according to Bill Alder of the National Weather Service. Ironically, it happened in an area of the U.S. where tornadoes are quite rare. The governor of Utah in 1999, Michael O. Leavitt, heard the sound of the tornado moving between the tall high-rise buildings just before the windows blew out. The tornado caused approximately $170 million in damage.[2]
See also[edit]
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
Tornadoes of 1999
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Clayton Brough; Dan Brown; David James; Dan Pope; Steve Summy (2007-06-26). "Utah's Tornadoes & Waterspouts - 1847 to the present". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
2.Jump up ^ "National Weather Service - NWS Salt Lake City". Wrh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salt Lake City Tornado.
External links[edit]
Satellite imagery (University of Wisconsin–Madison)
KSL.com Tornado Report (KSL-TV)


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Tornado outbreaks of 1999


January 1–3 ·
 January 17–18 ·
 January 21–23 ·
 April 2–3 ·
 April 8–9 ·
 May 2–8 (Bridge Creek–Moore) ·
 May 9–12 ·
 May 15–17 ·
 May 30 – June 1 ·
 August 11–13 (Salt Lake) ·
 September 15 (Floyd)
 

 


Categories: F2 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1999
Tornadoes in Utah
1999 in Utah
History of Salt Lake City, Utah
1999 natural disasters in the United States





Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Español
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last modified on 28 April 2014 at 18:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Salt_Lake_City_tornado









TORRO
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO))
Jump to: navigation, search
For the tornado scale developed by TORRO, see TORRO scale.
The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) was founded by Terence Meaden in 1974. Originally called the Tornado Research Organisation it was expanded in 1982 following the inclusion of the Thunderstorm Census Organisation (TCO) after the death of its founder Morris Bower and his wife. The current Head of TORRO is Paul Knightley, a professional meteorologist.
TORRO comprises nearly 400 members in the United Kingdom and others from around the world, from amateurs to professional meteorologists, and almost 30 staff. TORRO maintains a large storm spotter network throughout the British Isles and collects and records reports of severe weather.
TORRO carries out research on many aspects of severe weather including ball lightning, blizzards & heavy snowfall, coastal impacts, hailstorms, lightning impacts, tornadoes, thunderstorms, weather disasters, and weather & health.
Tornadoes in the UK are classified using the T-scale. TORRO has also developed a hailstorm intensity scale.[1]
TORRO publishes the semi-professional periodical the International Journal of Meteorology (IJMet) which is composed of a mixture of academic and amateur articles.
TORRO tornado watches and warnings are now released to the public via the TORRO forecast page, the TORRO forum, the TORRO Facebook page, and the UKweatherworld weather forum.[citation needed]
Bi-annual conferences are held, usually in March and October. Details of the next conference can be found on the main TORRO website. At these, various presentations are given on all aspects of weather, especially severe weather. In the Spring conference, the staff present annual reviews of the previous year's severe weather, and severe weather forecasts. These are also published in the IJMet.
See also[edit]
UK Met Office
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale
External links[edit]
Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)
European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX)
European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL)
TorDACH
Skywarn Europe



Stub icon This climatology/meteorology–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


Categories: Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
Scientific organizations established in 1974
Meteorology
Atmospheric science stubs






Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Français
Edit links
This page was last modified on 7 August 2014 at 17:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_and_Storm_Research_Organisation_(TORRO)