Tornado history Wikipedia pages

1932 Deep South tornado outbreak
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March 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak

Date(s)
March 21–22, 1932
Duration
~13 hours
Tornadoes caused
≥ 36
Maximum rated tornado
F4 (Fujita scale)
Damages
≥ $4.34 million (1932 USD; $72.9 million 2012 USD)
Casualties
≥ 334
The 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak was a deadly tornado outbreak that struck the Southern United States on March 21–22, 1932. In all, at least 36 tornadoes struck the Deep South and affected areas from Mississippi to South Carolina;[1] however, several of these may have developed as members of tornado families. The entire outbreak killed at least 334 people and produced tornadoes as far north as Illinois. Alabama was hardest hit, with 268 fatalities; the outbreak is considered to be the deadliest ever in that U.S. state, and among the worst ever in the United States, trailing only the Tri-State Tornado outbreak in 1925, with 747 fatalities,[2] and the Tupelo-Gainesville outbreak in 1936, with 454 fatalities.[3] The 1932 outbreak produced 10 violent tornadoes,[4] classified F4 or F5 on the Fujita scale of tornado intensity, and is surpassed only by the March 1952 tornado outbreak, with 11 violent tornadoes; the April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak, with 15 violent tornadoes; the 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak, with 17; and the April 3, 1974, Super Outbreak, with 30.[5]


Contents  [hide]
1 Meteorological synopsis
2 Tornado table 2.1 March 21
2.2 March 22
3 Notable tornadoes 3.1 Cox/Union Grove, Alabama
3.2 Rural Jackson County, Alabama/Jasper, Tennessee
3.3 Other tornadoes
4 Aftermath
5 Oddities/records
6 See also 6.1 Bibliography
7 References
8 External links

Meteorological synopsis[edit]
At 8 a.m. EST (7 a.m. CST/1200 UTC), a low pressure area of about 991 mb (29.26 inHg) was over eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas, with warm air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico to the Mississippi Valley. Conditions in Alabama and Mississippi were mostly cloudy with early thunderstorm activity, yet temperatures were already in the low 70s and upper 60s°F in Mississippi and western Tennessee.[6] By afternoon, temperatures rose to the middle to upper 70s°F across most of the area.[7] As a cold front approached Alabama,[6] forecasters predicted afternoon thunderstorms and an end to the warm temperatures but did not anticipate the magnitude of the severe weather that later hit most of the state from north of Montgomery to the Tennessee and Georgia borders.[7]

Tornado table[edit]
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
F0 Confirmed
F1 Confirmed
F2 Confirmed
F3 Confirmed
F4 Confirmed
F5
≥ 36 ? ? 16 10 10 0

March 21[edit]

F#
Location
County
Time (UTC)
Path length
Damage
Mississippi
F2 Near Strong Monroe 2000 Unknown The tornado unroofed and tore apart homes.[8]
Illinois
F2 Carrier Mills to W of Harrisburg Saline 2100 6 miles (9.7 km) A barn and eight homes were destroyed.[8]
F2 Hunt City to near Annapolis Jasper, Crawford 2300 7 miles (11 km) One home was unroofed and another partially unroofed as farms were damaged.[8]
Alabama
F2 Green Hill Lauderdale Unknown Unknown The funnel hit a home and a cotton mill.[8]
F3 Demopolis Marengo, Greene, Hale 2115 7 miles (11 km) 3 fatalities — Fifteen homes were either damaged or destroyed in the southeast section of Demopolis.[8]
F2 SW of Linden to Faunsdale Marengo, Perry 2130 20 miles (32 km) 3 fatalities — In northern Linden, the tornado killed two people and injured 15 before striking Faunsdale, where one person died. This was the first of two tornadoes to strike the Faunsdale area during the tornado outbreak, but only this one actually passed directly through the town.[8]
F4 Near Ralph to Northport Tuscaloosa 2200 20 miles (32 km) 37 fatalities — A destructive F4 tornado—the first of 10 this day[9]—hit the Tuscaloosa–Northport area in Tuscaloosa County. The tornado began near Ralph, thence moved into the Fosters area, proceeded to western Tuscaloosa, and then struck the business section of Northport, destroying or damaging more than 400 homes.[8] It destroyed about 100 homes as well as the Tuscaloosa County Club but narrowly missed downtown Tuscaloosa. F2 damage occurred in the west side of town.[8] About 2,000 people were left homeless from this tornado, and 37 were killed in the area.[10]
F4 S of Cullman to W of Arab Cullman, Morgan, Marshall 2230 25 miles (40 km) 18 fatalities — Homes were leveled in up to four rural communities—Phelan, Bolti, Berlin, and Fairview—but all deaths were in Cullman County, where the tornado destroyed 74 homes. Among the deaths was a teacher whose students were dismissed an hour before the tornado arrived. Many fatalities occurred in a box factory south of the Berlin community.[8]
F4 N of Marion to near Jemison Perry, Bibb, Chilton, Shelby, Coosa 2230 60 miles (97 km) 49 fatalities[8] — See section on this tornado
F4 Columbiana Shelby, Talladega 2310 20 miles (32 km) 14 fatalities — This narrow tornado destroyed 40 homes and damaged 200 in the southern half of the city, leveling about 20 of them.[11]
F4 W of Plantersville to SW of Sylacauga Perry, Chilton, Coosa 2330 50 miles (80 km) 31 fatalities — Paralleling the earlier F4 tornado that killed 49 people, this event killed 12 people west of Plantersville in Perry County (now part of Dallas County) and 19 in and near Stanton, north of Plantersville, and Lomax, north of Clanton. Entire families were killed and homes swept away in Stanton and Lomax. Hundreds of volunteers cleared downed trees after the tornado struck a marble works in Marble Valley, near Unity, southwest of Sylacauga. Chilton County had $500,000 in losses and 38 fatalities from both this and the previous F4 tornado.[11]
F2 Greensboro Hale, Perry 0100 10 miles (16 km) 1 fatality — The tornado unroofed part of the Greensboro high school and several homes, doing $25,000 (1932 USD) in damage. One person died in a tenant home in Perry County.[11]
F3 W of Faunsdale to W of Marion Marengo, Hale, Perry 0100 20 miles (32 km) 10 fatalities — The second tornado to hit near Faunsdale, this one was seen by residents cleaning debris from the first, weaker event. The second event destroyed barns and may have reached F4 intensity as it destroyed a large estate.[10][11] At least 10, and possibly 20, fatalities occurred in tenant homes near Laneville. The funnel dissipated at Scotts Station, now west of Marion.[11]
F4 Gantts Quarry to Chandler Springs Talladega 0110 25 miles (40 km) 41 fatalities — The second-deadliest tornado of the day, it damaged or destroyed 35 homes at Gantts Quarry, causing one fatality before killing 29 people in northern Sylacauga. In Sylacauga, 600 homes were damaged or destroyed and 1,300 people were left homeless. Other damage and 11 fatalities occurred northeast of the city, near Bethel Church (now Bethlehem Church Road) and Chandler Springs in what is now the Talladega National Forest. Seven fatalities were at Bethel Church alone.[11]
F2 Outside Moulton Lawrence, Morgan 0130 5 miles (8.0 km) 4 fatalities — The tornado destroyed small homes at Piney Grove between Moulton and Hartsville (now Hartselle).[11]
F3 NE of Addison to SE of Falkville Winston, Cullman, Morgan 0130 10 miles (16 km) 8 fatalities — The tornado passed near Corinth and Battle Ground. It destroyed 30 homes and may have carried a body up to 0.5 mile (0.8 km) from its home.[11]
F4 ENE of Sylacauga to Newell Talladega, Clay, Randolph 0200 45 miles (72 km) 13 fatalities — This tornado hit many rural communities in Clay County and in all destroyed 75 homes and many buildings on more than 110 farms. The tornado passed 4 mi (6.4 km) north of Ashland and 1 mi (1.6 km) north of Lineville. All fatalities were in the small communities along the path, including Bool’s Gap (now called Bulls Gap), Quenalda (now Quenelda, a ghost town near Poe Bridge Cemetery), Hassell Gap, and Bellview, north of Ashland. 385 people were left homeless. There were 160 injuries despite the rural nature of the areas affected.[11]
F4 SW of Lacey's Spring to E of Jasper, TN Morgan, Madison, Jackson, Marion (TN) 0200 75 miles (121 km) 38 fatalities — See section on this tornado
Indiana
F3 Near Spurgeon Pike 2130 Unknown A strong tornado, near-F4 in intensity, swept away a home and its contents while removing the roofs from four farmhouses, leaving them exposed to rain.[8]
F3 Mitchell to E of Bedford Lawrence 2215 11 miles (18 km) A tornado destroyed seven homes and a dozen barns, including three homes at near-F4 strength.[11]
F2 Evansville Vanderburgh 0015 1 mile (1.6 km) A tornado destroyed a garage, moved four homes, unroofed one home, and unroofed a furniture store in northeast Evansville. The funnel dipped to the ground three times and allowed water to damage furniture in the store.[11]
Tennessee
F2 SE Lewis County Lewis 2300 Unknown A tenant home was destroyed, injuring eight people. The thunderstorm that produced this tornado spawned others later in Williamson, Davidson, and Wilson counties.[11]
F4 SW of Pulaski Giles 2330 13 miles (21 km) 6 fatalities — This tornado began 10 mi (16 km) southwest of Pulaski and dissipated 5 mi (8.0 km) north of the town. It completely destroyed ten homes in steep valleys and on hills west of Pulaski. Five fatalities were in one home.[11]
F2 SW of Leipers Fork to W of Brentwood Williamson, Davidson, Wilson 0000 50 miles (80 km) 3 fatalities — This event was likely a tornado family and destroyed farm buildings. A boy was killed in a barn next to a farm where an F3 tornado on April 29, 1909, killed a woman.[2][11]
F3 S of Lewisburg to NE of Belfast Marshall 0000 10 miles (16 km) 1 fatality — The tornado destroyed 13 homes near Belfast, carrying a rug 2 mi (3.2 km) from one home.[11]
F2 Near Woodbury Cannon 0100 Unknown 2 fatalities — The funnel struck 6 mi (9.7 km) east and northeast of Woodbury, destroying ten homes and killing a woman and her son.[11]
F2 W of Huntsville Scott 0150 Unknown A tornado destroyed small homes and flung clothes in trees 1 mi (1.6 km) away.[12]
F3 S of Charleston to Calhoun Bradley, McMinn 0150 10 miles (16 km) 1 fatality — 20 homes were destroyed at Charleston. Debris was carried from 4–20 mi (6.4–32.2 km) from the homes.[12]
Georgia
F4 NE of Dalton to near Conasauga, TN Whitfield, Murray, Polk (TN) 0015 20 miles (32 km) 15 fatalities — A large and intense tornado, up to 1 mile (1,610 m) wide, leveled homes on each side of the Conasauga River in Georgia and Tennessee. Seven fatalities were in three different homes near Conasauga.[11] The tornado began not far from Ringgold; an EF4 tornado also hit the same areas on April 27, 2011.
F3 N of Seney to N of Rydal Polk, Floyd, Bartow 0030 30 miles (48 km) 12 fatalities — 20 homes were ripped apart near Seney, and 40 more were damaged or destroyed 6 mi (9.7 km) south-southwest of Kingston, Georgia. Seven of the 12 fatalities occurred in the Macedonia community near Kingston. The most intense damage, F3 in strength, was in this area. Parts of a church were carried 2 mi (3.2 km).[11]
F3 Taylorsville to Sallacoa Bartow, Cherokee 0030 25 miles (40 km) 4 fatalities — The funnel moved parallel to the previous event but occurred 6 mi (9.7 km) farther southeast. There were three fatalities near Euharlee and 7 mi (11 km) from Cartersville. 20 homes were damaged or destroyed in Sallacoa, with one more fatality.[11]
Kentucky
F2 Uniontown Union 0015 .5 miles (0.80 km) 2 fatalities — The tornado tore the roofs off a hotel, four businesses, and 15 small homes. Two elderly people died in the hotel.[11]

March 22[edit]

F#
Location
County
Time (UTC)
Path length
Damage
South Carolina
F2 SW of Spartanburg Spartanburg 0600 9 miles (14 km) 2 deaths – Two people died as 20 tenant homes were reportedly destroyed. The tornado reformed as the following event, below.[9]
F2 E of Cowpens to NW of Gaffney Cherokee 0630 8 miles (13 km) 1 death – One person died in a tenant home.[9]
Georgia
F3 S of Athens to NE of Comer Clarke, Madison 0645 18 miles (29 km) 12 fatalities − The tornado damaged 25 homesites in Athens and passed very close to the University of Georgia. It continued on to damage or destroy 75 additional homes from Colbert to the communities of Paola and Comer.[9]
F2 NE Jones County to NW Baldwin County Jones, Baldwin 0800 7 miles (11 km) 1 fatality − The tornado struck a historic structure, killing one man and injuring five other persons. The tornado destroyed the home as well as six additional, smaller structures.[9]

Notable tornadoes[edit]
Cox/Union Grove, Alabama[edit]
Forming 30 minutes after the Tuscaloosa tornado, the deadliest tornado of the outbreak carved a path 60 mi (97 km) long southeast of Birmingham across Perry, Bibb, Chilton, Shelby, and Coosa counties in Central Alabama. Also the longest-tracked single tornado to touch down this day, it was followed an hour later by another F4 tornado, on a path 8 mi (13 km) to the southeast.[11] Each killed an estimated 19 people in Chilton County alone. The first, earlier event killed 21 people, including entire families, near the town of Jemison and in the Union Grove community, both in Chilton County. The Cox community east of Lawley in Bibb County was purportedly leveled. In Perry County alone, 21 people died and 150 families were left homeless. In one family, seven people died.[8] The tornado devastated communities in and near Jemison, and 49 people were killed by this single tornado[9][13] —the largest death toll by a single tornado in Alabama until both the Hackleburg EF5 and the Tuscaloosa—Birmingham EF4 tornadoes produced 72 and 64 fatalities, respectively, on April 27, 2011.[5]

Rural Jackson County, Alabama/Jasper, Tennessee[edit]
An event likely consisting of two or three tornadoes, it killed two people upon touching down and went on to hit many rural communities, particularly in Jackson County, Alabama, where it destroyed 125 homes. Two fatalities were at Lacey’s Spring, south of Huntsville, and four at Paint Rock, but 32 of the 38 fatalities were in Jackson County, with two or more near eight small communities each. In Tennessee, a couple died as 15 homes were struck east of Jasper. The tornado produced 500 injuries, the most done by any tornado this date. However, this total may have not been produced by a single tornado, for of the 38 total fatalities, many were 10 mi (16 km) north of south of a straight path, suggesting the event was in fact a tornado family. One check from a community in Northeast Alabama, where four people died, was carried 105 mi (169 km) to Athens, Tennessee.[12] Additionally, a live chicken was found in a dresser drawer one week after the tornado hit Jackson County.[14] The tornado family moved from south of Huntsville to northwest of Bridgeport and thence into Tennessee.

Other tornadoes[edit]
As the outbreak progressed, eight other F4 tornadoes struck Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. In Alabama, within four hours of the first F4 tornado, 18 people were killed near the Cullman area in Cullman County; 14 in the Columbiana area in Shelby County; 41 in Coosa and Talladega counties near Sylacauga; and 38 people in small communities, mostly in (Jackson County), in Northeastern Alabama. One of the tornadoes followed the deadly Jemison event by one hour and passed just 8 mi (13 km) to the southeast, killing 31 people in and around the Clanton area in Chilton County.[9]
Outside Alabama, six people were killed near Pulaski, Tennessee, in Giles County (just north of the Alabama state line). 13 people in the state died from this and six other strong tornadoes. In Georgia, a large tornado near the Tennessee-Georgia state line left a mile-wide damage path, and killed 15 people from Beaverdale (Whitfield County) to Conasauga (Polk County). Two other tornadoes in Georgia killed a combined 16 people and were on the ground almost simultaneously. On March 22, tornadoes continued after midnight EST (11:00 p.m. CST/0400 UTC) as four more strong tornadoes struck Georgia and South Carolina until 3:00 a.m. EST (2:00 a.m. CST/0700 UTC). One of them passed near the University of Georgia in Athens and killed 12 people.[9]

Aftermath[edit]
At least 25 cities and communities in Alabama reported one fatality or more during the day, including Demopolis, Union Grove, Linden, Plantersville, Sycamore, Northport, Huntsville, Marion, Stanton, Scottsboro, Paint Rock, Columbiana, Faunsdale, Bethel Church, Jemison, Falkville, Sylacauga, Bridgeport, Lineville, Gantts Quarry, Cullman, and Corinth. Eleven counties were particularly hard hit, with 7,000 homes and businesses destroyed statewide.[7] Seven tornadoes each caused at least 100 injuries in Alabama and Tennessee, with a total of 1,750 injuries in Alabama alone.[10] Seventy-eight percent, or 262, of all 334 fatalities in the outbreak were caused by F4 tornadoes; of these fatalities, 91% were in Alabama alone. In all, the 36 recorded tornadoes caused at least $4.34 million (1932 USD) in damages for the entire outbreak.[9]

Oddities/records[edit]
The March 21 outbreak is also nicknamed the “Super Outbreak” by the National Weather Service office in Birmingham.[10] While Alabama was the hardest hit state with 86 fatalities during the 1974 event,[15] there were nearly three times as many fatalities in the state on March 21, 1932. Also, many tornadoes in rural areas this day likely caused more injuries[12] and probably higher fatalities than reported, as newspapers paid little attention to the deaths of Black sharecroppers, whose families and identities were often unknown. Such a racial aspect was common during natural disasters in the South before desegregation in the late 20th century.[16] The 1932 outbreak was also known for its violence: it set a 24-hour record for violent touchdowns in a single state until the Super Outbreak produced eleven F4 or F5 tornadoes in Kentucky.[5][9]
Just six days later, on March 27, several other tornadoes struck Alabama again, with an F3 tornado traveling 30 mi (48 km), passing south of Jemison, and killing five people near Thorsby and Collins Chapel. Sightseers who visited the area to view damage from March 21 were forced to take shelter as the funnel cloud neared. This tornado was photographed and incorrectly labeled as the F4 tornado that hit the area, also near Jemison in Shelby County, on March 21.[10][12]

See also[edit]
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
Bibliography[edit]
Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
— (2003). The Tornado: Nature’s Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 36.
2.^ Jump up to: a b Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 796.
3.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 865–66.
4.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 37.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c "Storm Events Database". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
6.^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Daily Weather Maps Project". NOAA. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c Wright, M. "Tornado of 1932 in Alabama". Retrieved 8 June 2012.
8.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 842
9.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 842–44
10.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Super Outbreak - March 21, 1932". NWS Birmingham, Alabama. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
11.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 843.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 844
13.Jump up ^ "Top Ten Weather Events". NWS Birmingham, Alabama. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
14.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 133
15.Jump up ^ "The April 3rd and 4th 1974 Tornado Outbreak in Alabama". NWS Birmingham, Alabama. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
16.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 184
External links[edit]
Inflation calculator


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Categories: F4 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1932
Tornadoes in Alabama
Tornadoes in Tennessee
Tornadoes in Georgia (U.S. state)


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March 1933 Nashville tornado outbreak
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The March 1933 Nashville tornado outbreak was a deadly tornado outbreak that affected the city of Nashville and the Middle Tennessee region on March 14, 1933. The entire outbreak killed 61 and injured hundreds more. It was one of two significant tornado events in Middle Tennessee during that year, the other being the Beatty Swamps Tornado of May 10, 1933 which was one of the deadliest single tornadoes of all time in that state.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Tornado event
2 Other Tornadoes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Tornado event[edit]
In Mid-March 1933, most of the Tennessee and Mississippi Valleys experienced a very warm late winter season due to a warm southerly flow coming in from the Gulf of Mexico, which bumped temperatures into the upper 70s and low 80s on March 14 while normal temperatures at that time are in the upper 40s and low 50s. Two low pressure systems were moving across the central part of the continent with one storm centered over the Great Lakes and another one over Arkansas. With the southern storm, a fast moving cold front approached from the west and produced a squall line of thunderstorms along it.[2]
At around 6:45 PM, one thunderstorm was approaching the Nashville area and just after 7:00 PM, after sunset, a tornado touched down a few miles west of downtown Nashville, damaging the Tennessee State Capitol. Damage was more severe in the eastern sections of Nashville. A total of 1400 homes, five factories, 36 stores, 16 churches, four schools, one library and a lodge hall were damaged or destroyed by the storm in Nashville. In Lebanon, about 228 structures were damaged or destroyed while additional structures were also destroyed in Donelson. The maximum width was estimated to be around 800 yards. After tracking for about 45 miles, the storm dissipated after affecting portions of Smith County. The tornado killed 15 and injured 45. Eleven of the fatalities were in Nashville and four in Lebanon.[3] It was estimated (by the damage) that the tornado was an F3;[4] the Fujita Scale had not been implemented at that time. Damage was estimated at $2.2 million ($27.5 million in 1998 dollars) with little damage reported outside of Davidson County as the tornado weakened considerably before dissipating. After the storm, National Guard troops, Red Cross and Salvation Army officials and Boy Scouts quickly responded in the cleanup and recovery efforts. Due to the fast and heavy response of local police, looting and panic was minimal.[5]
On April 16, 1998, another tornado (which started near the same point as the 1933 tornado)[4] affected the downtown area, causing mostly F1 or F2 damage to skyscrapers and businesses, with isolated F3 damage to poorly constructed structures. One person was killed by that tornado one month after the event and damage was estimated at around $100 million in 1998 dollars.[6]
As a result of the death in Centennial Park, the City of Nashville added a system consisting of 72 ATI tornado sirens in 2002 to alert residents that were outdoors at the time about incoming severe weather.[5][7]
Other Tornadoes[edit]
Other tornadoes associated with the outbreak struck parts of Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio.
The strongest tornado of the outbreak occurred near the Tennessee-Kentucky border near Pruden. The F4 storm killed at least 12 and injured 162 others.[8] This storm was the first in a series that tracked east, just south of the Kentucky border, eventually dissipating shortly after causing serious damage in Kingsport.
See also[edit]
1998 Nashville tornado outbreak
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080206/NEWS15/802070393
2.Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
3.Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
4.^ Jump up to: a b "Nashville, Tennessee - Similarities and Differences Between 1933 and 1998 Nashville Tornadoes". NewsChannel 5.com. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
5.^ Jump up to: a b The Nashville Tornado of March 14, 1933[dead link]
6.Jump up ^ NCDC: Event Details[dead link]
7.Jump up ^ NCDC: Event Details[dead link]
8.Jump up ^ "US F4 , F5 TORNADOES". Castorweather.com. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
External links[edit]
Event synopsis from Mark A. Rose, National Weather Service
 


Categories: F4 tornadoes
Tornadoes in Tennessee
Tornadoes in Kentucky
1933 natural disasters in the United States
Tornadoes of 1933





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Early-May 1933 tornado outbreak sequence
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The Early-May 1933 tornado outbreak sequence[nb 1][nb 2] was a severe weather event that occurred from May 4–10, 1933, and produced at least 27 tornadoes. Among them was the Beatty Swamps tornado, a violent F4 that struck shortly after midnight CST on May 11, 1933, in Overton County, Tennessee, killing 35 people and devastating the unincorporated community of Beatty Swamps (also known as Bethsaida). The storm was the second-deadliest tornado in the history of Middle Tennessee, even though it struck a sparsely-populated, rural area.[2] There were $100,000 in damages from the tornado ($1.5 million in 2005 when adjusted for inflation). The community of Beatty Swamps ceased to exist and does not appear on any current maps. The only landmark that alludes to the former community is Beatty Swamp Road, whichs intersects Highway 111 in the northeast corner of Overton County.


Contents  [hide]
1 Tornado table 1.1 May 4
1.2 May 5
1.3 May 6
1.4 May 7 event
1.5 May 9 event
1.6 May 10
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Bibliography
4 Notes
5 External links

Tornado table[edit]
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
F0 Confirmed
F1 Confirmed
F2 Confirmed
F3 Confirmed
F4 Confirmed
F5
≥ 27 ? ? 16 8 3 0

May 4[edit]

[hide]May 4, 1933

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Arkansas
F2 N of Calico Rock Izard 2100 6 miles (9.7 km) Two barns were destroyed.
Louisiana
F2 S of Monroe Ouachita 2300 unknown A tornado destroyed a plantation home and six tenant homes near Bosco.
F3 E of Tallulah Madison 0030 10 miles (16 km) 1 death — A tornado destroyed both large and small homes as it passed 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Tallulah.[3]
Mississippi
F2 SE of Valley Park Issaquena, Sharkey 0200 5 miles (8.0 km) Four homes and a church were destroyed.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 850–851

May 5[edit]

[hide]May 5, 1933

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Alabama
F3 NW of Pennington to Demopolis Choctaw, Sumter, Marengo 0620 35 miles (56 km) 4 deaths — 50 homes were destroyed, three people killed, and 200 people left homeless as a tornado hit Demopolis. One other death occurred near Edna in Choctaw County.
F4 S of Brent to N of Pelham Bibb, Shelby 0830 35 miles (56 km) 21 deaths — Homes were leveled near Brent, southeast of Centreville, and near Coalmont. 14 people died and 150 were injured as the tornado destroyed most of Helena.
South Carolina
F3 N of Anderson to SE of Fountain Inn Anderson, Greenville, Laurens 1930 45 miles (72 km) 19 deaths — 11 deaths occurred in frail homes in Belton. Four more deaths were in Greenville County and one more near Barksdale. Losses were at least $300,000, mainly to mills near Belton.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 850–851

May 6[edit]

[hide]May 6, 1933

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Mississippi
F2 W of Starkville Oktibbeha 0730 unknown One home was destroyed.
F2 Southern Lee County Lee 0730 unknown Three small homes were destroyed.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 850–851

May 7 event[edit]

[hide]May 7, 1933

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Iowa
F2 N of Somers to N of Barnum Calhoun, Webster unknown 12 miles (19 km) A tornado destroyed two barns along its path.
F2 S of Remsen to SE of Alton Plymouth, Sioux 1945 12 miles (19 km) A tornado hit farms, destroying barns on three of them and doing lesser damage to other farms.
F2 W of Barnum Webster 2200 unknown A barn built upon cement blocks was destroyed.
F2 N of Bondurant to Maxwell area Polk, Story 2200 12 miles (19 km) A tornado destroyed two barns. One farm reportedly was hit for the third time in its history.
F2 Eagle Grove area Wright 2230 2 miles (3.2 km) A tornado destroyed "a barn, a machine shed, and a brooder house."[3]
F2 E of Fort Dodge Webster unknown unknown One barn was destroyed.
Arkansas
F2 NE of Searcy White 2130 unknown A short-lived tornado destroyed barns.
F2 N of Harrisburg to Trumann area Poinsett 2200 16 miles (26 km) A tornado destroyed nine homes and a school in the Shady Grove community.
Tennessee
F3 S of Atoka to SE of Covington Tipton 2345 15 miles (24 km) 6 deaths — Roughly 30 homes and 75 farm structures were reported damaged or destroyed. Four deaths occurred in a single home near Charleston. Two more deaths were in another home south of Covington.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 850–851

May 9 event[edit]


[hide]May 9, 1933

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Indiana
F2 SW of Tipton Tipton 0900 1 mile (1.6 km) A large barn was destroyed.
F2 Lapel to Anderson area Madison 0930 4 miles (6.4 km) A tornado caused $40,000 roof and rain-related damage.
F3 S of Versailles Ripley 2215 7 miles (11 km) Four homes and many barns were destroyed.
F3 SE of Dillsboro Ohio 2240 5 miles (8.0 km) Three homes were destroyed, one of which had seven rooms and was nearly leveled. The tornado hit near Woods Ridge and South Fork.
Illinois
F3 N of Dale to SW of Norris City Hamilton, White 0000 8 miles (13 km) 2 deaths — A "huge"[3] tornado left only one wall standing on a homesite and killed two children east of Dale. It also destroyed other homes.
Kentucky
F4 SW of Tompkinsville to NE of Russell Springs Monroe, Cumberland, Adair, Russell 0230 60 miles (97 km) 36 deaths — A major tornado family killed 18 people and destroyed 60 homes in Tompkinsville. It may have lifted in Cumberland County before reforming in Adair County. 14 more people died near Russell Springs as the tornado was said to be 1 mile (1.6 km) wide. It was the third-deadliest Kentucky tornado on record following one in 1917 (65 deaths) and another in 1890 (76 deaths). The 1974 Brandenburg tornado (28 deaths in-state) was the fourth deadliest.
F2 Columbia area Metcalfe, Adair 0230 15 miles (24 km) 2 deaths — Five homes were destroyed and 12 others damaged in Columbia.
Tennessee
F3 N of Lebanon Wilson 0430 5 miles (8.0 km) 2 deaths — Three homes were leveled and "swept away"[3] with two people killed. Their bodies were moved 300 yd (900 ft). Other residents survived in underground storm shelters that had been built after tornadoes on March 14.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 850–851

May 10[edit]

[hide]May 10, 1933

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Tennessee
F4 N of Livingston to S of Byrdstown Overton, Pickett 0615 20 miles (32 km) 35 deaths — Every home in Beatty Swamps was destroyed with little debris left. 33 of the deaths occurred there, including an entire family of nine.[4] "Much of the area was swept clean of debris,"[3] a reaper-binder was thrown 500 yards (1,500 ft), and cars were moved hundreds of feet.[4] Another violent tornado did not hit the area until April 3, 1974.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 850–851
See also[edit]
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Harold E. Brooks; Joseph T. Schaefer. "Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003)". Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
2.Jump up ^ Rose, Mark A. (December 2010). "Assorted Historical Weather Events in Middle Tennessee". National Weather Service. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Grazulis, Significant, pp. 850-851
4.^ Jump up to: a b Neal, Samuel K. "20 Dead, Many Hurt in Overton Tornado". Archived from the original on May 23, 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
— (2003). The Tornado: Nature’s Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.

Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) modern records that began in 1950, is defined as, at most, two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
2.Jump up ^ All damage totals are in 1933 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.
External links[edit]
20 Dead, Many Hurt in Overton Tornado, National Weather Service: article from the Livingston Enterprise (archived at archive.org)
70 Years Ago in Overton County

 


Categories: F4 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1933
Tornadoes in Tennessee
Destroyed towns
1933 in Tennessee
Natural disasters in Tennessee
Overton County, Tennessee
1933 natural disasters in the United States





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1936 Cordele–Greensboro tornado outbreak
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  (Redirected from 1936 Cordele-Greensboro tornado outbreak)
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1936 Cordele-Greensboro tornado outbreak

Date(s)
April 1-2 1936
Duration
~14 hours
Tornadoes caused
≥ 12
Maximum rated tornado
F4 (Fujita scale)
Damages
Unknown
Casualties
44 known
The 1936 Cordele-Greensboro tornado outbreak was a tornado outbreak that affected the Southeastern United States during April 1936. The Greensboro, North Carolina, and Cordele, Georgia, tornadoes were the deadliest spawned during the April 1–2 outbreak, which developed in three waves of tornadic activity over 14 hours, associated with the same storm system.
On the evening of April 2, 1936, the Greensboro tornado left a long path of F4 damage across the south side of Greensboro, passing through the south side of downtown. The storm began its path near High Point Road at Elam Street and continued east along Lee Street to east of Bennett College. This storm left $2 million in damage in Greensboro (1936 USD).[1] It was responsible for 14 deaths and 144 injuries, standing as the second deadliest tornado in the history of North Carolina after a February 1884 tornado that caused 23 deaths along a path from Rockingham to Lillington.
Later in the week, a second outbreak would spawn devastating tornadoes in Waynesboro, Tennessee, Tupelo, Mississippi, and Gainesville, Georgia.


Contents  [hide]
1 Tornado table 1.1 April 1
1.2 April 2
2 See also
3 References 3.1 Bibliography


Tornado table[edit]
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
F0 Confirmed
F1 Confirmed
F2 Confirmed
F3 Confirmed
F4 Confirmed
F5
≥ 8 ? ? 5 0 3 0

April 1[edit]

[hide]April 1, 1936

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Georgia
F? Athens Clarke 0100 unknown Damage in one neighborhood, with a church destroyed.[1]
F4 Tignall to Lincolnton Wilkes, Lincoln 0130 20 miles (32 km) 5 deaths — A tornado killed five people as it destroyed 10 homes and damaged 30 in Tignall. The courthouse and 50 homes were damaged in Lincolnton[2] and nearby farms also reported damage. Cattle were killed and five barns and a store wrecked.[3] The section of the path in Lincolnton, which was widest and weakest,[2] may have been another tornado by a separate thunderstorm.[4]
Alabama
F2 N of Gordo Pickens 0500 4 miles (6.4 km) 1 death — Five homes were destroyed and one woman killed in the small community of Hannah's Church, 7 miles (11 km) to the north of Gordo.[2]
Sources:[1][2][3]

April 2[edit]

[hide]April 2, 1936

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Georgia
F2 Sasser area Terrell 1130 5 miles (8.0 km) 1 death — Tenant homes were destroyed southwest and northeast of Sasser. The tornado unroofed large homes and threw about debris as it hit downtown Sasser.[2] This tornado and the subsequent Leesburg and Cordele tornadoes were produced by the same supercell.[4]
F? Dawson area Terrell 1145  1 death — Tornado reported at Dawson.[1]
F2 N of Leesburg Lee, Sumter 1200 15 miles (24 km) 1 death — Six homes were destroyed as the tornado passed 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Neyami and into Sumter County.[2] Losses reached $4,300.[4]
F4 Cordele area Crisp 1230 15 miles (24 km) 23 deaths — A large and violent tornado developed 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Cordele and moved into the business district. It destroyed 276 homes and damaged 165, causing ~$3 million in damage in the town.[2] At least 11 other buildings were also damaged.[1] "Many of the finest houses were torn to splinters..."[4]
South Carolina
F2 Lodge Colleton 1330 1 mile (1.6 km) 1 death — Brief tornado touchdown destroyed a farm in Lodge, between Barnwell and Walterboro.[2][4]
F? Hampton Hampton unknown  1 death[1]
North Carolina
F? Concord Mecklenburg, Cabarrus 2230  Businesses and homes heavily damaged (with at least one building destroyed) near downtown Concord.[1]
F4 Greensboro area Guilford 0012 11 miles (18 km) 14 deaths — A tornado produced F4 damage through the southern part of downtown Greensboro. 56 buildings were completely destroyed,[4] with 233 more damaged.[1] ~$2 million in damage.[2]
F2 N of Mebane Alamance, Orange 0040 3 miles (4.8 km) 1 death — Passed 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Mebane. Three small homes were destroyed and five people were injured.[2] The tornado may have also caused "slight" damage 3 miles (4.8 km) to the north of Hillsborough. The parent supercell also produced the Warren County tornado.[3]
F? SE of Warrenton Warren 0215  An eyewitness in the Warren County community of Arcola noted that "a heavy cloud and a loud roar passed north of me at 9:15 P.M."[4]
Sources:[1][2][3]
See also[edit]
Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Syracuse Herald, Syracuse, New York. April 3, 1936.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Grazulis, Significant, p. 865
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d Souder, Mary, ed. (1936). "Severe Local Storms". Monthly Weather Review (Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau) 64: 156–158. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1936)64<156:SLSA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kincer, J. B. (May 1936). "Tornado Disasters in the Southeastern States, April 1936". Monthly Weather Review (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Weather Bureau) 64. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1936)64<168:TDITSS>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
— (2003). The Tornado: Nature’s Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
 


Categories: F4 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1936
Tornadoes in Georgia (U.S. state)
Tornadoes in South Carolina
Tornadoes in North Carolina
Concord, North Carolina
1936 in the United States
History of Greensboro, North Carolina


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1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011)
1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak

Date(s)
April 5–6, 1936
Duration
12-16 hours
Tornadoes caused
≥ 12
Maximum rated tornado
F5 (Fujita scale)
Damages
$3 million in Tupelo, $12.5 million in Gainesville, Georgia
Casualties
≥ 454
The 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak was an outbreak[1] of at least 12 tornadoes that struck the Southeastern United States from April 5–6, 1936. Approximately 454 people were killed by these tornadoes—419 by two tornadoes alone. This outbreak is the second deadliest ever recorded in US history. Although the outbreak was centered on Tupelo, Mississippi, and Gainesville, Georgia, other destructive tornadoes associated with the outbreak struck Columbia, Tennessee, Anderson, South Carolina and Acworth, Georgia. Severe flash floods from the associated storms produced millions of dollars in damage across the region.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Confirmed tornadoes 1.1 April 5 event
1.2 April 6 event
1.3 Tupelo, Mississippi
1.4 Gainesville, Georgia
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links and references 4.1 Oral histories of the Tupelo tornado


Confirmed tornadoes[edit]
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
F0 Confirmed
F1 Confirmed
F2 Confirmed
F3 Confirmed
F4 Confirmed
F5
≥12 ? ? 2 7 2 1

April 5 event[edit]

F#
Location
County
Time (UTC)
Path length
Damage
Arkansas
F3 NNE of Melbourne Izard 2100 6 miles (9.7 km) 1 death — A tornado struck the "Larkin" community, 7 miles (11 km) north-northeast of town. It destroyed 12 homes in its path.[2] Losses were estimated to be $40,000.[3]
Tennessee
F4 N of Olivehill to S of Hohenwald Hardin, Wayne, Lewis 0145 35 miles (56 km) 6 deaths — A tornado destroyed buildings in small communities, including nearly all in the "Smith's Branch" mining village. There, it killed four people and injured 27. Many rural homes were reportedly leveled as the tornado passed about 10 miles (16 km) north of Waynesboro.[2] Total losses reached $10,000.[3]
F3 NW of Columbia Maury 0230 5 miles (8.0 km) 5 deaths — A tornado leveled large homes and hovels in a mining village near Monsanto, 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Columbia. A total of 30 home were damaged or destroyed, with losses estimated at $50,000.[2]
Mississippi
F3 Booneville Prentiss 0205 15 miles (24 km) 4 deaths — A tornado destroyed large homes in the northwest section of town, killing three people in one of them. The tornado also destroyed smaller homes.[2]
F3 S of Coffeeville Yalobusha 0210 18 miles (29 km) 4 deaths — The first member of the Tupelo tornado family[3] destroyed hundreds of pine trees and leveled five homes. All four deaths were in one of them.[2]
F5 Tupelo area Lee, Itawamba 0255 15 miles (24 km) 216+ deaths — See section on this tornado — At least 700 injuries were reported, with damages of up to more than $3 million.[4] Many well-built structures were leveled and swept away on the west side of the city.[2]
F3 Red Bay, AL area Itawamba, Franklin (AL), Colbert (AL) 0302 25 miles (40 km) 8 deaths — A tornado either damaged or destroyed 30 homes in Red Bay, killing four people. It then destroyed another home 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Frankfort (northwest of Russellville).[2]
Alabama
F3 E of Rogersville to near Flintville, TN Lauderdale, Limestone, Madison, Lincoln (TN) 0415 50 miles (80 km) 5 deaths — A tornado family produced most of its damage to farms southeast of Elkmont, Alabama. There, four people died as their small homes were leveled. Papers marked from Tupelo, Mississippi, landed in fields near Flintville in Tennessee. Nearby, a woman died at "Shady Grove".[2]
Sources: Grazulis (1993)

April 6 event[edit]

F#
Location
County
Time (UTC)
Path length
Damage
Georgia
F3 NE of Acworth Cobb, Cherokee 1222 8 miles (13 km) A tornado hit near downtown Acworth, destroying two homes, a store, and a grist mill.[5] The tornado injured two women.[3]
F? N of Gainesville to New Holland Hall 1327 about 1 mile (1.6 km) The first of three destructive tornadoes to strike Gainesville hit Brenau College (now a university) and continued east into New Holland.[3]
F4 Downtown Gainesville Hall 1337 7 miles (11 km) 203+ deaths — See section on this tornado — Two major tornadoes merged near Grove Street and produced devastating damage to downtown businesses.[3] This was the most destructive tornado of the outbreak, with $12.5 million in losses.[5] Approximately 750 homes were destroyed and 254 were severely damaged.
F2 W of Carnesville to Lavonia Franklin 1500 15 miles (24 km) 1 death — A tornado first destroyed four homes in the Carnesville area and went on to destroy five more[5] in Lavonia.[3] It also damaged 15 other homes in Lavonia.[5]
South Carolina
F2 Near Anderson Anderson 1455 15 miles (24 km) 1 death — A tornado destroyed approximately 50 homes on the west and north sides of Anderson. It killed an elderly farmer as it destroyed farm homes nearby. Total losses reached $300,000 as two massive mills were leveled.[5]
Sources: Grazulis (1993)

Tupelo, Mississippi[edit]
Around 8:30 p.m., April 5, 1936, the Tupelo tornado, the fourth-deadliest tornado in United States history, emerged from a complex of storm cells and touched down in a rural area approximately eight miles outside of the city.[citation needed] Making its way toward Tupelo, the massive tornado killed a family of 13 as their house was swept away, and injured many more before reaching Tupelo's west side. Retroactively rated F5 on the modern Fujita scale,[2] it caused total destruction along its path through the Willis Heights neighborhood. Dozens of large and well built mansions were swept completely away in this area.[2][6] Although missing the business district, the tornado moved through the residential areas of north Tupelo, destroying many homes, and killing whole families.[2] The Gum Pond area of Tupelo was the worst hit. Homes along the pond were swept into the water with their victims.[7] The majority of the bodies were found in Gum Pond,[8] the area which is now Gumtree Park. Reportedly, many bodies were never recovered from the pond.[9] Reports were that the winds were so strong, pine needles were embedded into trunks of trees.[10] As the tornado exited the city's east side, the large concrete Battle of Tupelo monument was toppled to the ground and destroyed. Two nearby brick gate posts were broken off at the base and blown over as well.[6] East of town, fields were stripped bare of grass, and small pieces of debris from the city were scattered for miles.[11]
According to records, the Tupelo tornado leveled 48 city blocks[12] and at least 200[2]—perhaps up to 900[12]—homes, killing at least 216 people and injuring at least 700 people.[2] The tornado destroyed the water tower and produced numerous fires in its wake, though overnight rains which left knee-deep water in some streets contained the flames.[13] Though 216 remained the final death toll, 100 persons were still hospitalized at the time it was set.[2] Subsequently, the Mississippi State Geologist estimated a final, unofficial death toll of 233. Some estimates indicate that the actual total may have reached 250 or more dead; few of the devastated Black neighborhoods were thoroughly surveyed and their dead remained uncounted.[7] Because newspapers published only the names of injured whites—a stark corollary of racial discrimination that even separated Black and white relief programs after the tornado[14]—it was difficult to follow up on the fates of injured Blacks. Similar forms of discrimination persisted into the 1940s and 1950s, affecting documentation of tornado deaths even then.[2]
Notably, one of the survivors was the one-year-old Elvis Presley.[7]

Gainesville, Georgia[edit]
After producing the Tupelo tornado, the storm system moved through Alabama overnight and reached Gainesville, Georgia, at around 8:30 a.m. This early morning tornado was a double tornado event: one tornado moved in from the Atlanta highway, while the other moved in from the Dawsonville highway.[3] The two merged on Grove Street and destroyed everything in sight throughout the downtown area, causing wreckage to pile 10 feet (3.0 m) high in some places.[5] The worst tornado-caused death toll in a single building in U.S. history was at the Cooper Pants Factory. The multiple-story building was then filled with young workers, mainly female,[15] who had just arrived to work.[5] The structure collapsed and caught fire, killing about 70 people.[5] At the Pacolet Mill, 550 workers moved to the northeast side of the building and survived.[5] Many people sought refuge in Newman's department store; its collapse killed 20 persons. In addition to the complete destruction that occurred throughout downtown Gainesville, residential areas throughout the city were devastated as well, where 750 homes were destroyed, and 254 others were badly damaged.[5]
The final death toll could not be calculated because many of the buildings that were hit collapsed and caught fire.[5] A death toll of 203 persons was posted, though at the time 40 people were yet missing. Letters from Gainesville were blown about 70 miles (110 km) away to Anderson, South Carolina.[3] The Gainesville tornado has been rated as an F4 on the Fujita scale and was the fifth deadliest tornado in U.S. history. It caused nearly $13 million in damage, equivalent to over $200 million in 2011. Gainesville was also the site of another deadly F4 on June 1, 1903, which killed 98 people.[16] No other small town of similar size (population 17,000 in 1936) in the United States has experienced such devastation twice in its history.[15]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Harold E. Brooks; Joseph T. Schaefer. "Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875-2003)". Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. p. 11. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Grazulis, Significant, p. 865
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kincer, J. B. (May 1936). "Tornado disasters in the Southeastern states, April 1936". Monthly Weather Bureau (Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau) 65. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1936)64<168:TDITSS>2.0.CO;2.
4.Jump up ^ Lindley, R. T. (April 1936). "Mississippi Section". Climatological Data (Vicksburg, Mississippi: United States Weather Bureau) 41: 13.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Grazulis, Significant, p. 866
6.^ Jump up to: a b Morse, W. M. (1936). The Tupelo Tornado (Technical report). University, Mississippi: Mississippi Geological Survey. 31.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c Sandlin, Storm Kings, p. 215
8.Jump up ^ Steed, Haunted, p. 71
9.Jump up ^ "Tornado Alley". Florence Times (Florence, Alabama). March 2, 1979.
10.Jump up ^ "Tornadoes devastate Tupelo and Gainesville — History.com This Day in History — 4/5/1936". History.com. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
11.Jump up ^ http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/pdf/Geology_Bulletin31TheTupeloTornado/$File/Bulletin%2031.pdf?OpenElement
12.^ Jump up to: a b Dundy, Elvis, pp. 71
13.Jump up ^ Blade, Tupelo Man, p. 68
14.Jump up ^ Blade, Tupelo Man, p. 70
15.^ Jump up to: a b Grazulis, The Tornado , p. 26
16.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Significant, p. 700
Blade, Robert (2012). Tupelo Man: The Life and Times of George McLean, a Most Peculiar Newspaper Publisher. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 368. ISBN 978-1617036286.
Dundy, Elaine (2004). Elvis and Gladys. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 350. ISBN 978-1578066346.
Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-00-7 (hardcover)
— (2003). The Tornado: Nature’s Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
Sandlin, Lee (2013). Storm Kings: The Untold Story of America's First Storm Chasers. Pantheon Books. pp. 304. ISBN 978-0307378521.
Steed, Bud (2012). The Haunted Natchez Trace. The History Press. pp. 112. ISBN 978-1609495312.
Further reading[edit]
Ramage, Martis, Jr. (1997). Tupelo, Mississippi, Tornado of 1936. Northeast Mississippi Historical and Genealogical Society.
External links and references[edit]

Portal icon United States portal
Portal icon Disasters portal
The 1936 Gainesville Tornado: Disaster and Recovery Digital Library of Georgia
Gainesville, GA Tornado, Apr 1936 article at GenDisasters.com
Fujita Scale
Oral histories of the Tupelo tornado[edit]
1 http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/coh/cohmorganab.html
2 http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/coh/cohlonghb.html
3 http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/coh/coharnolds.html
4 http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/coh/cohmccombjb.html

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Categories: F5 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1936
Tornadoes in Alabama
Tornadoes in Georgia (U.S. state)
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in South Carolina
Tornadoes in Tennessee
1936 in the United States








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March 1942 tornado outbreak
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March 1942 tornado outbreak

Date(s)
March 16–17, 1942
Duration
~1 day
Tornadoes caused
≥ 25
Maximum rated tornado
F5 (Fujita scale)
Damages
Unknown
Casualties
153
The March 1942 tornado outbreak was a deadly late-winter tornado outbreak which struck a large area of the Central and Southern United States on March 16–17, 1942. The tornado outbreak killed 153 people and injured at least 1,284. At least five states reported violent, F4–F5 tornadoes, making the outbreak the fifth-most widespread in terms of violent tornadoes—only outbreaks in 1920, 1965, 1917, and 1974 featured a wider distribution of violent tornadoes. Violent tornadoes occurred from Illinois and Indiana south to Mississippi, beginning with an F4 tornado in the morning in Illinois. Intense activity spread south to the Gulf Coast and north to the Michigan–Indiana border as the day went on. Seven violent tornadoes were reported, one of which was a powerful F5 in Illinois. The March 1942 outbreak also produced 18 tornadoes that caused at least one death, one of the highest such totals for a single outbreak.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Tornado table 1.1 March 16 event
1.2 March 17
2 Notable tornadoes 2.1 Avalon–O'Tuckalofa–Tula, Mississippi
3 See also
4 References 4.1 Bibliography


Tornado table[edit]
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
F0 Confirmed
F1 Confirmed
F2 Confirmed
F3 Confirmed
F4 Confirmed
F5
≥ 25 ? ? 6 12 6 1

March 16 event[edit]

[hide]March 17, 1942

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Illinois
F4 E of Ivesdale to NE of Alvin Champaign, Vermilion 1630 52 miles (84 km) 12 deaths — A tornado moved northeast at about 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), causing F4 damage in two segments of the path. The first segment was in the Savoy–Mayview–St. Joseph area where farms were reportedly swept away. After having passed south and east of Champaign, the tornado hit the west side of Alvin, damaging or destroying 25 homes. According to a history of the area[2] and a 2004 commemorative marker, six people died when the tornado arrived at 11:40 a.m. in Alvin, bringing the total death toll to 12 when combined with three deaths north of St. Joseph, one southwest of Savoy, one more near Hope, and a final east of Mayview.
F2 N of Middlegrove to near Yates City Knox, Peoria 2215 8 miles (13 km) A tornado struck 10 or more farms and completely destroyed barns and outbuildings. Four farms lost all barns and outbuildings, but only two homes were destroyed.
F5 E of Kickapoo to NE of Lacon Peoria, Marshall 2230 30 miles (48 km) 8 deaths — A tornado passed northwest of Peoria, striking near Alta before hitting the northwest side of Chillicothe. It then crossed the Illinois River near Hopewell and south of Sparland, killing two people near the river. The tornado intensified to its peak intensity as it destroyed one third of Lacon, totaling about 60 homes, several of which were entirely swept away. The tornado also caused F5 damage to a farm 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Lacon, killing three people. Three others died in Lacon; debris from town was carried for 25 miles (40 km).
F3 W of Lincoln Lincoln 2300 5 miles (8.0 km) 2 deaths — A tornado nearly swept away a farmhouse in which a couple died and also destroyed six barns along with two other homes. The tornado passed 3 miles (4.8 km) west and north of Lincoln.
Mississippi
F4 S of Berclair to N of Blue Springs Leflore, Carroll, Grenada, Tallahatchie, Yalobusha, Lafayette, Pontotoc, Union 2100 110 miles (180 km) 63 deaths — See section on this tornado
F2 SW of Grenada Grenada 2215 5 miles (8.0 km) 1 death — A tornado moved northeast through an industrial section of Grenada, missing a hospital by only 20 yards (60 ft). Most of the $300,000 in damage was confined to a plywood-box factory, though the tornado also hit 23 homes.
F3 W of Holly Springs to NE of Spring Hill Marshall, Benton 2220 15 miles (24 km) 5 deaths — A tornado destroyed about 50 homes and damaged the North Mississippi Branch Experiment Station. It continued northeast to the Mississippi–Tennessee state line before dissipating. The parent storm may have produced the later F3 tornado near Hornsby, Tennessee.
F2 S of Ofahoma to Carthage Leake 2300 16 miles (26 km) A skipping tornado destroyed small homes, barns, and a substantially-sized church.
F4 Baldwyn area (1st tornado) Lee, Prentiss 2305 5 miles (8.0 km) 5 deaths — A tornado hit the northern portion of Baldwyn, leveling several large homes and destroying 50 others. It may have been the same as or continuous with an alleged tornado that killed a person in a boxcar west of Verona, Mississippi. Having caused $200,000 in damage, the F4 tornado dissipated, only to be followed by a second, weaker tornado that struck downtown Baldwyn only 35 minutes later.
F3 Baldwyn area (2nd tornado) Lee, Prentiss 2340 5 miles (8.0 km) 11 deaths — Striking schools, homes, and businesses in downtown Baldwyn, the second of two tornadoes to hit the city caused much greater ($750,000) losses than the first. It dissipated into a downburst as it curved east-northeast across town. It may have also been part of the deadly O'Tuckalofa tornado family.
Tennessee
F3 WSW of Huntingdon to SW of Dover Carroll, Henry, Stewart 2230 55 miles (89 km) 5 deaths — One of two long-tracked tornadoes to cross Tennessee on this date first destroyed eight homes in the Huntingdon area. In the Mansfield area, 11 miles (18 km) southeast of Paris, four people died and a student was injured in a school. Near Stribling, now called Short Creek,[3] the tornado removed soil and swept away one home, killing a boy and injuring several people. Eight rural farms were destroyed across Stewart County.
F4 Near Bethel Springs to SW of Parsons McNairy, Henderson, Chester, Decatur 2230 about 40 miles (64 km) 15 deaths — The second of two long-tracked tornadoes in Tennessee leveled homes, farms, and rural forests, reportedly causing rural buildings to be swept away. It killed eight people almost immediately as it touched down and caused four more deaths near Reagan. Other deaths were reported east of Finger, near Enville, and near Beacon, southwest of Parsons.
F2 WNW of Bolivar Hardeman 2230 unknown A tornado unroofed buildings and injured 12 patients by airborne glass at the Western Mental Health Institute.
F3 SE of Hornsby Hardeman, McNairy 2245 8 miles (13 km) A tornado destroyed eight homes between Hornsby and Serles.
F3 S of McEwen Humphreys 0030 unknown 2 deaths — A tornado destroyed six homes near Bold Springs and along Hurricane Creek.
F3 Near Coopertown Cheatham, Robertson 0100 9 miles (14 km) 1 death — A tornado killed numerous chickens and destroyed at least 12 homes and 12 barns.
F3 Goodspring to Diana Giles 0200 20 miles (32 km) 2 deaths — A skipping tornado passed aloft over Pulaski before destroying four homes and damaging 20 in Diana.
Indiana
F2 Near Shelbyville to NE of Lewisville Shelby, Rush, Henry 2300 30 miles (48 km) Damage reached $300,000 in Shelbyville, where a touchdown hit factories, homes, and one hatchery. Elsewhere, the tornado destroyed a barn but caused less damage.
F2 SW of Plymouth Marshall 0215 unknown One barn was destroyed and airborne glass caused two injuries.
F4 SE of Goshen Elkhart 0232 10 miles (16 km) 2 deaths — As it passed through southeast Goshen, an intensifying and narrowing tornado damaged or destroyed 87 homes, with F4 damage to one of them near the end of the path.
Kentucky
F3 SE of Greenville to E of Drakesboro Muhlenberg 2340 10 miles (16 km) 11 deaths — A tornado devastated the mining community of Browder, sweeping away 12 small homes and causing 10 deaths. Another death occurred on a farm near Drakesboro.
F4 N of Caneyville to N of Summit Grayson, Hardin 0015 30 miles (48 km) 9 deaths — A tornado caused deaths in seven different homes near Caneyville, Millwood, Leitchfield, Clarkson, and Summit. It destroyed 20 homes and swept some away.
F3 N of Bardstown Nelson 0130 15 miles (24 km) 4 deaths — Homes were destroyed from the Deatsville area to Coxs Creek.
Alabama
F3 Waterloo Lauderdale 0000 1.5 miles (2.4 km) 2 deaths — A tornado destroyed nine homes as it moved through Waterloo, killing and throwing a couple 200 yards (600 ft) from their homesite.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 898-890
March 17[edit]

[hide]March 17, 1942

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

South Carolina
F3 Between Norway and Springfield Orangeburg 2330 10 miles (16 km) Seven people were injured as a tornado destroyed or caused damage to 15 structures.
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, pp. 898-890

Notable tornadoes[edit]
Avalon–O'Tuckalofa–Tula, Mississippi[edit]
A long-tracked tornado family first leveled many homes in Leflore County, killing three people southeast of Itta Bena and 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Greenwood. Entering Carroll County, it caused five more deaths near Avalon and tossed a school bus 50 yards (150 ft), injuring the driver and 11 children. Seven more deaths were reported, three each in two leveled homes near Holcomb and Cascilla, plus a dead child in a school bus. The worst damage was near O'Tuckalofa, southeast of Water Valley, where 10 square miles (26 km2) of forest were flattened and 19 people died, including the school superintendent whose home and school were leveled and whose car was moved 300 yards (900 ft). A report card from the school was transported 100 miles (160 km). Northwest of Tula, five more deaths occurred, four of them in one home. The last reported damage was to schools in the Ecru and New Harmony areas, but one of the tornadoes in the family could have continued to Baldwyn, Mississippi, as the F3 farther below.
See also[edit]
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of tornado-related deaths at schools
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 37.
2.Jump up ^ Stapp et al., History Under Our Feet, 48.
3.Jump up ^ Houston County Historical Society, History of Houston County, 90.
Bibliography[edit]
Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
— (2003). The Tornado: Nature’s Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
The History of Houston County, Tennessee. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. 1995.
Stapp, Catherine, and W. I. Bowman (1968). History Under Our Feet: The Story of Vermilion County, Illinois. Danville, Illinois: Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc.
 


Categories: F5 tornadoes
Tornadoes in Illinois
Tornadoes in Indiana
Tornadoes in Kentucky
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in Tennessee
Tornadoes of 1942
1942 in the United States


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1944 Appalachians tornado outbreak
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The 1944 Appalachians tornado outbreak was a deadly tornado outbreak that hit the Midwest and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States on June 22–23, 1944. The outbreak produced several strong tornadoes in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland—areas that were falsely believed to be immune to tornadoes.[1] Particularly hard hit was the town of Shinnston in Harrison County, West Virginia, which was completely destroyed by a violent F4 tornado before 9:00 PM EDT on June 23. 30 people died at Shinnston and at least 104 were killed in the state of West Virginia by this and two other intense tornadoes.[2] The outbreak itself was and still remains the deadliest tornado outbreak ever to hit the state of West Virginia.[3] The Shinnston tornado was and is the only tornado to produce violent damage in West Virginia.[4] No violent (F4–F5) tornado has hit West Virginia before or since the 1944 outbreak.[1]



Contents  [hide]
1 Meteorological synopsis
2 Tornado table 2.1 June 23
3 See also
4 References 4.1 Bibliography
5 External links

Meteorological synopsis[edit]

Tornado table[edit]
Confirmed
Total Confirmed
F0 Confirmed
F1 Confirmed
F2 Confirmed
F3 Confirmed
F4 Confirmed
F5
≥ 7 ? ? 1 3 3 0

June 23[edit]

[hide]May 4, 1933

F#

Location

County

Time (UTC)

Path length

Comments/Damage

Pennsylvania
F3 Rural Valley to Twin Rocks Armstrong, Indiana, Cambria 2230 30 miles (48 km) 2 deaths – A long-tracked tornado damaged about 50 homes or farmsites in Armstrong County, though only a single home was destroyed; three people were injured. In Indiana County, the tornado destroyed 15 homes, killing two people.[2] Damage in Cambria County may have been caused by downburst winds. Total losses reached $2 million (1944 USD).[2]
F4 S of Pittsburgh to NW of Somerset Allegheny, Westmoreland, Somerset 2330 50 miles (80 km) 17 deaths – This major tornado affected what is now part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, beginning only 8 mi (13 km) south of Pittsburgh. The tornado killed 17 people in Allegheny County, near McKeesport, mainly in the communities of Dravosburg, Port Vue, Versailles, Boston, and Greenock.[2] In these communities, the tornado destroyed almost 88 homes and damaged 306. Many multi-story dwellings were leveled or torn apart, some single-story residences were also leveled, and more than 400 other structures were damaged or destroyed.[2] As the tornado paralleled the Pennsylvania Turnpike, it destroyed six more homes near Donegal and two near Somerset. 200 people were injured.[2]
Ohio
F2 S of Edinburg to S of Palmyra Portage, Mahoning 2300 8 miles (13 km) Two farmhouses sustained near-F3 damage and eight others were reported damaged. The tornado killed livestock and damaged barns and outbuildings.[2]
West Virginia
F4 Wellsburg to N of Oakland, MD Brooke, Washington (PA), Greene (PA), Fayette (PA), Preston (WV), Garrett (MD) 2311 85 miles (137 km) 30 deaths – The first of three major, long-lived, violent tornadoes was probably a tornado family that began in West Virginia. The tornado touched down in Wellsburg, unroofing 20 homes and fatally injuring a girl on a farm nearby.[2] The tornado killed 22 people in 15 mi (24 km) of path across Greene County, leveling numerous homes, including 53 in the mining community of "Chartiers" (10 deaths), east of Clarksville. The tornado killed eight more people at "Dry Tavern," near Rices Landing, and destroyed a total of 86 homes in Pennsylvania.[2] After striking Dry Tavern, the tornado passed near Smithfield (then also called Smithville) before lifting for some time. Debris from the storm fell in nearby Uniontown.[2] The tornado may have dissipated and redeveloped into a new tornado that crossed into Maryland, killing three people, injuring 25, and destroying seven homes.[2]
F4 NW of Wyatt to Shinnston to Cheat Mountain Marion, Harrison, Taylor, Barbour, Tucker, Randolph 0030 60 miles (97 km) 100+ deaths[1] – At about 8:30 p.m. EDT,[5][6][7] a powerful tornado touched down in Marion County, West Virginia, northwest of Wyatt. It quickly intensified as it moved to the southeast, killing three people in four homes that were destroyed in Joetown.[2] Over the next 10 mi (16 km), the tornado widened to 1 mi (1.6 km) across and killed at least 72 people. First, the funnel devastated the town of Shinnston, killing about 30 people in the "Pleasant Hill" part of town.[2] Numerous homes in Pleasant Hill were leveled and had their debris blown into the West Fork River.[6][7] In the Shinnston area, bark was peeled from trees, a steel radio tower was broken off, vehicles were moved almost 100 feet (30 m) from where they originated, and a large gas plant was leveled.[6][7][8] After striking Shinnston, the tornado killed three people at "Peora Hill" and also hit the "Wyatt" farming community, both southeast of Shinnston.[2][7] In Taylor County, the tornado killed nine more people, including seven in one family at Simpson. The tornado produced nine other deaths in and near Meadowville, Nestorville, and Philippi.[2] The path passed near Montrose (seven deaths) and ended north of Alpena, on the slopes of Cheat Mountain. 381 people were injured.[2] The death toll was at least 100: some sources indicate that 103 rather than 100 people died in this tornado.[4]
F3 Thomas Tucker 0325 1 mile (1.6 km) 3 deaths – A tornado damaged or destroyed about 50 homes.[2]
Maryland
F3 Cambridge to Delmar, DE Dorchester, Sussex (DE) 0415 28 miles (45 km) 2 deaths – This possible tornado family destroyed a gas station, two barns, three warehouses, and 13 homes at Cambridge. Two people died there, near the beginning of the path. Damages reached $1 million (1944 USD) at Cambridge. Only F1 damage occurred in Delaware as the tornado broke windows, chimneys, and fences.[2]
Sources: Grazulis, Significant, p. 915

See also[edit]
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c Grazulis, The Tornado, 235.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 915.
3.Jump up ^ Dietz, Leah (2007-09-14). "Quiet Montrose Community Was Marked By Tragic Tornado". The Inter-Mountain. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
4.^ Jump up to: a b "West Virginia Hazardous Weather Awareness Week February 28-March 6, 2010". Charleston, West Virginia: National Weather Service. March 30, 2010. p. 8. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
5.Jump up ^ "CATASTROPHE: They Hoped for a Storm". Time. July 3, 1944. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c McCormick, Kyle. Shinnston Tornado, Charleston, West Virginia, West Virginia Department of Archives and History, 1958.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Shinnston buries her beloved dead". The Shinnston News. June 29, 1944. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
8.Jump up ^ "Images of the Shinnston Tornado". West Virginia Division of Culture and History. 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.

Bibliography[edit]
Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
— (2003). The Tornado: Nature’s Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.

External links[edit]
Tornado damage images in Dravosburg, Pennsylvania
The Monessen Daily Independent front page tornado article (June 24, 1944 edition)[dead link]

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25 deadliest US tornadoes










  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  



 







  

  

  

  







  

  

  

  

  

  

  

 


Categories: F4 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1944
Tornadoes in West Virginia
Tornadoes in Pennsylvania
Tornadoes in Maryland
Tornadoes in Ohio
1944 in the United States





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1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes
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The 1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes were a system of related tornadoes that swept through Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas on April 9, 1947. Most of the damage and all the deaths are still blamed on one large F5 tornado, known as the Glazier-Higgins-Woodward Tornado, that traveled nearly 125 miles from Texas to Oklahoma. This tornado was often compared to the Tri-State Tornado, because it was originally thought to have left a 220 mile path, but it is now believed to have a been part of a family of 8 or 9 tornadoes. These tornadoes, although deadly, did not match the astounding death toll of the earlier event, nor did they match the record speed of that tornado, although at over 40 mph (64 km/h), they qualified as a fast tracking storm.


Contents  [hide]
1 Event description 1.1 Joan Gay Croft disappearance
2 Damage totals from the Red Cross
3 References
4 External links and sources

Event description[edit]
The tornadoes began in Texas, the first of which was an F2 that occurred in the White Deer area. That tornado derailed a train, damaged several homes and destroyed outbuildings. One farmhouse was lifted into the air and set back down onto its foundation by the tornado.[1][2][3] After the White Deer tornado dissipated, a second tornado touched down near Pampa, remaining over open fields and causing no damage before dissipating.
A third tornado developed near Canadian and passed near Miami. This large multiple-vortex F5 storm would become the main killer tornado of the event. The tornado first impacted a railway station near the small community of Codman, where one person was killed and work cars were thrown from the tracks. Several farms in the area sustained glancing blows from the tornado, though trees in the center-most part of the circulation were reportedly debarked.[4] When it struck the tiny town of Glazier, it may have been as much as two miles (3 km) wide. Most structures in the town were swept completely away and scattered. Vehicles in the area were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled, shrubbery was debarked, and ground scouring occurred.[5] Glazier was considered completely destroyed, with 17 dead, a major percentage of the populace. Press reports told of two people who were known to be together in Glazier before the tornado struck were found three miles (5 km) apart afterward.[6] The tornado maintained its intensity as it slammed into Higgins, Texas, on the Texas-Oklahoma border, which was also devastated. The accepted death toll here was 51; again, a major fraction of the residents of the town were killed or injured. Much of downtown Higgins was completely demolished, and entire rows of homes were swept away in town. At one residence, a 4½ ton lathe was reportedly ripped from its anchors and broken in half.[7][8]
The tornado was at its worst in Oklahoma—this was the deadliest storm in that state's tornado-troubled history. Six more people were killed when the tornado swept away farms south of Shattuck, Gage, and Fargo.[9] The tornado then moved into Woodward, where it devastated the town and killed an estimated 107 people. The damage that occurred in Woodward was catastrophic. There, the tornado was two miles (3 km) wide and destroyed 100 city blocks. Many homes and businesses were leveled, and as the tornado struck the town's power plant, a 20-ton steel boiler tank was lofted and thrown a block and a half.[10] The tornado finally dissipated in Woods County, west of Alva, Oklahoma, while the tornado family pressed on to Kansas.[11]
The parent supercell continued through parts of Oklahoma and into Kansas, producing tornadoes intermittently along the way before dissipating near Topeka. Most of these tornadoes were about F2 in intensity and affected rural areas. However, one tornado near Fowler, Kansas reached F4 intensity, sweeping away two homes and injuring 3 people. Cleanup in the region was made more difficult because of cold and snow that followed the tornado. The Glazier-Higgins-Woodward tornado was the 6th deadliest in U.S. history, killing 181 and injuring 970.[12]
Joan Gay Croft disappearance[edit]
4-year-old Joan Gay Croft and her sister Jerri were among refugees taking shelter in a basement hallway of the Woodward hospital. As officials sent the injured to different hospitals in the area, two men took Joan away, saying they were taking her to Oklahoma City. She was never seen again. Over the years, several women have come forth saying they suspect they might be Joan. None of their claims have been verified.[13][14]
Damage totals from the Red Cross[edit]
Lipscomb County, Texas - 36 homes flattened, 1 damaged
Hemphill County, Texas - 83 homes leveled, 116 damaged
Texas total - $1,505,000
Ellis County, Oklahoma - $1,264,000 52 homes destroyed, 133 damaged
223 other buildings destroyed, 107 damaged
Woodward County, Oklahoma - $6,608,750 430 homes destroyed, 650 damaged
925 other buildings destroyed, 975 damaged
Woods County, Oklahoma - $950,000 25 homes destroyed, 34 damaged
110 other buildings destroyed, 90 damaged
Kansas total - $200,000
Total damage estimates were $747,850,050-$173,489,564 (2008 dollars).
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Thomas P (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
2.Jump up ^ "Higgins, Woodward Set Afire; Train is Blown off Tracks". The Amarillo Daily News (Amarillo, Texas). April 10, 1947.
3.Jump up ^ "Storm Sounds Like Freight Train as It Strikes Town". El Paso Herald-Post (El Paso, Texas). April 10, 1947.
4.Jump up ^ "Santa Fe is Commended for Relief Work". The Amarillo Globe (Amarillo, Texas). April 15, 1947.
5.Jump up ^ "Levi Holt Tells of Glazier Storm". The Hemphill County News (Texas). April 25, 1947.
6.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Thomas P (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
7.Jump up ^ "Survivors Wander Dazed and Helpless at Ruins". The Amarillo Globe-Times (Amarillo, Texas). April 10, 1947.
8.Jump up ^ "Stunned Victims Unable To Comprehend Disaster". The Amarillo Daily News (Amarillo, Texas). April 11, 1947.
9.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Thomas P (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
10.Jump up ^ "Levi Holt Tells of Glazier Storm". The Hemphill County News (Texas). April 25, 1947.
11.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Thomas P (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
12.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Thomas P (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
13.Jump up ^ Mike Coppock, Sixty years after Woodward tornado, girl's kidnapping unsolved. Oklahoma Gazette, April 3, 2007.
14.Jump up ^ Woman may be girl stolen after tornado. Rome News-Tribune, April 15, 1994.
Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991, A Chronology and Analysis of Events. The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-00-7 (hardcover)
Bedard, Richard (1997). In the Shadow of the Tornado. Gilco Publishing. ISBN 0-9649527-1-8 (paperback)
Sanders, Kellie R., “‘The Wednesday Monster’: The Glazier-Higgins-Woodward F5 Tornado of April 9, 1947,” Panhandle-Plains Historical Review, 80 (2008), 23–44.Total damage estimates were $747,850,050-$173,489,564 (2008 dollars).
External links and sources[edit]
Top Ten US Killer Tornadoes - #6 The Woodward Tornado
The Woodward Tornado of April 9, 1947 (NWS Norman, OK)
(http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ok/county/ellis/intro.html)
(http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/075/mwr-075-04-0070.pdf)
April 9, 1947 -- The Woodward Tornado (Shawn Schuman)
Glazier & Higgins TX, Woodward OK Devastating Tornado, Apr 1947 article at GenDisasters.com

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10 deadliest American tornadoes
Rank
Name (location)
Date
Deaths

1
"Tri-State" (Missouri, Illinois and Indiana) March 18, 1925 695
2
Natchez, Mississippi May 7, 1840 317
3
St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois May 27, 1896 255
4
Tupelo, Mississippi April 5, 1936 216
5
Gainesville, Georgia April 5, 1936 203
6
Woodward, Oklahoma April 9, 1947 181
7
Joplin, Missouri May 22, 2011 158
8
Amite, Louisiana and Purvis, Mississippi April 24, 1908 143
9
New Richmond, Wisconsin June 12, 1899 117
10
Flint, Michigan
 June 8, 1953
 116
Source: Storm Prediction Center
 


Categories: F5 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1947
Tornadoes in Texas
Tornadoes in Oklahoma
Tornadoes in Kansas
Barber County, Kansas
Kingman County, Kansas
1947 in Kansas
1947 in Texas
1947 in Oklahoma


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1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes
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Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes

tornado
Tinker AFB tornado damage 2.jpg
Damage to United States Air Force bombers from the March 20, 1948 tornado

Date
March 20, 1948 and March 25, 1948
Casualties
None, several injured
Damages
$16 million [1] (1948) ($157 million 2014)
Areas affected
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
The 1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes were two tornadoes which struck Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on March 20 and 25, 1948. The March 20 tornado was the costliest tornado in Oklahoma history at the time.[2] On March 25, meteorologists at the base noticed the extreme similarity between the weather conditions of that day and March 20, and later in the day issued a "tornado forecast", which was verified when a tornado struck the base that evening. This was the first official tornado forecast, as well as the first successful tornado forecast, in recorded history.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 March 20 tornado
2 Investigation and tornado forecast
3 March 25th tornado
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References

March 20 tornado[edit]
Weather forecasting was still crude and prone to large errors in the era before weather satellites and computer modeling. Thunderstorms were not even in the forecast for the evening of March 20. However, around 9:30 pm storms were reported about 20 miles (32 km) to the southwest, and at 9:52 a tornado was sighted near Will Rogers Airport 7 miles (11 km) away, along with a 92-mile-per-hour (148 km/h) wind gust, moving northeast towards the base.[3]
At 10:00, the tornado reached the southwest corner of the base. Illuminated by nearly constant lightning, the tornado was highly visible as it bisected the base, tossing around planes which were parked in the open. The control tower reported a 78-mile-per-hour (126 km/h) wind gust before the windows shattered, injuring several personnel with flying glass. The tornado dissipated at the northeast corner of the base.[3]
The tornado missed most structures on the base, but the damage to expensive military aircraft was substantial. The total damage cost came to around $10 million, or $98 million in 2014 United States dollars.[1] This was the most damaging tornado in Oklahoma up to that date.[4]
Investigation and tornado forecast[edit]
In the aftermath of the first tornado, an official inquiry was conducted into the failure to predict the destructive tornado. Air Force investigators came to the conclusion that "due to the nature of the storm it was not forecastable given the present state of the art." They also made recommendations that the meteorological community determine a tornado warning system for the public, as well as a protocol for protecting life and property at military bases.[3]
Both of these investigations began almost immediately. In the days following the tornado, Tinker's meteorologists Major Ernest J. Fawbush and Captain Robert C. Miller investigated surface and upper-air weather data from this and past tornado outbreaks, hoping to be able to identify conditions which were favorable for tornadoes. By March 24, they had compiled several possible tornado indicators, and decided it would be difficult, but possible, to identify large tornado threat areas in the future.[3]
On the morning of March 25, base meteorologists noticed that weather charts for the day were strikingly similar to those before the March 20 tornado. Forecasts issued by the Weather Bureau indicated that almost the same conditions would be present in the evening of March 25 as were present on March 20. In the morning, they issued a forecast for "heavy thunderstorms" effective for 5–6 pm that evening. This would allow the base's commander to alert base personnel that they may institute their brand-new tornado precautions.[3]
As the day wore on, conditions appeared more and more favorable for thunderstorms, and more and more similar to the events of March 20. Weather radar images showed a severe squall line had formed to the west, and weather stations to the west reported cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms. In an afternoon meeting, under some pressure from their commanding officer, base meteorologists composed and issued the first official tornado forecast. Although they were aware of the small chance of success, they felt they had no choice, since the conditions were so similar to March 20.[3] Equipment which could be was moved to bomb-proof shelters, and base personnel were moved to safer areas.[4]
March 25th tornado[edit]



 Damage to airplanes and cars from the March 25, 1948 tornado
Although storms were relatively benign up to the point where they reached Tinker, a supercell formed just west of the base, and at around 6 pm a tornado touched down on the base for the second time in six days.[5] This second tornado caused $6 million in damage, or $59 million in 2014 dollars. However, due to precautions enacted because of the tornado forecast, no injuries were reported, and damage totals could have been much higher.[3][4]
Legacy[edit]
The tornado prediction proved to be successful, even if its precision was mostly due to chance. Before this point, the Weather Bureau had a policy against issuing tornado warnings, mainly due to fear of panic by the public, and subsequent complacency if forecasts turned out to be false alarms.[4]
Due to lives and costs saved, Fawbush and Miller continued their tornado forecasts, which verified at quite a high rate over the next three years.[4] At first, they kept their forecasts secret. In the spring and summer of 1949, they issued eighteen forecasts for tornadoes within a 100-square-mile (260 km2) ≈area, and all eighteen proved successful.[4] In the subsequent years, while not explicitly using the word "tornado", the Weather Bureau used the pair's forecasts to predict "severe local storms".[4]
The synoptic pattern which occurred on March 25 later became known as the "Miller type-B" pattern and is recognized as one of the most potent severe weather setups.[6]
See also[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tinker Air Force Base tornado.
Weather forecasting
1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado, another tornado that affected the airbase

References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c Grice, G. K.; Trapp, R. J.; Corfidi, S. F.; Davies-Jones, R.; Buonanno, C. C.; Craven, J. P.; Droegemeier, K. K.; Duchon, C.; Houghton, J. V.; Prentice, R. A.; Romine, G.; Schlachter, K.; Wagner, K. K. (July 1999). "The Golden Anniversary Celebration of the First Tornado Forecast" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (Boston: American Meteorological Society) 80 (7): 1341–1348. Bibcode:1999BAMS...80.1341G. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<1341:TGACOT>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
2.Jump up ^ Branick, Michael L. (December 22, 2008). "Tornadoes in the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Area Since 1890". Norman, Oklahoma: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Miller, Col. Robert C. "Description of Historical Events Relating to Tornado Forecasting in the Late 1940s and Early 1950s". The Unfriendly Sky. National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g McDermott, Pat (July 28, 1951). "Flash-Tornado Warning!". The Saturday Evening Post. pp. 17–19, 53–57. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
5.Jump up ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 85–88. ISBN 0-8061-3538-7. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
6.Jump up ^ Maddox, Robert A.; Crisp, Charlie A. (August 1999). "The Tinker AFB Tornadoes of March 1948" (PDF). Weather and Forecasting (American Meteorological Society) 14 (4): 492–499. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..492M. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0492:TTATOM>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
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Categories: Tornadoes of 1948
Tornadoes in Oklahoma
1948 in the United States




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This page was last modified on 31 May 2014 at 04:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Tinker_Air_Force_Base_tornadoes