Summer of the Shark Wikipedia page

Category:Shark attacks
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Subcategories
This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.

D

►  Deaths due to shark attacks‎ (5 P)


F

►  Shark attacks in fiction‎ (2 C, 8 P)


J

►  Jaws (franchise)‎ (1 C, 13 P)


V

►  Shark attack victims‎ (1 C, 5 P)



Pages in category "Shark attacks"
The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).



Shark attack
2
2010 Sharm el-Sheikh shark attacks
B
Black December

L
List of shark attacks in South African territorial waters
M
Muriwai
R
Red Triangle (Pacific Ocean)

S
Shark Attack (film)
Shark attacks in South Australia
W
Watson and the Shark




Categories: Sharks
Animal attacks


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Category:Deaths due to shark attacks
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Pages in category "Deaths due to shark attacks"
The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

2
2010 Sharm el-Sheikh shark attacks
B
Black December
J
Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916
L
List of fatal shark attacks in Australia
List of fatal, unprovoked shark attacks in the United States



Categories: Deaths due to animal attacks
Interactions between humans and fish
Shark attack victims
Deaths due to fish attacks
Shark attacks


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2010 Sharm el-Sheikh shark attacks
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2010 Sharm el-Sheikh shark attacks
Naama Bay R01.jpg
Naama Bay, Sharm el-Sheikh. A fatal shark attack took place on 5 December near one of the pontoons in the bay.

Date
1 December 2010 – 5 December 2010
Location
Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt
Deaths
1
Injuries
4
The 2010 Sharm el-Sheikh shark attacks were a series of attacks by sharks on swimmers off the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt. On 1 December 2010, three Russians and one Ukrainian were seriously injured within minutes of each other, and on 5 December 2010 a German woman was killed, when they were attacked while wading or snorkeling near the shoreline. The attacks were described as "unprecedented" by shark experts.
In response to the attacks, beaches in the popular tourist resort were closed for over a week, dozens of sharks were captured and killed, and the local government issued new rules banning shark feeding and restricting swimming. A variety of theories were put forward to explain the attacks. By late December 2010, the most plausible theory to emerge was that the dumping of sheep carcasses in the Red Sea by a livestock transport during the Islamic festival of Eid al-Adha had attracted the sharks to the shore. Other theories focused on overfishing in the Red Sea, to the illegal or inadvertent feeding of sharks or smaller fish close to the shore, which produced scents that attracted more sharks.


Contents  [hide]
1 Attacks
2 Possible causes
3 Conspiracy theory about Israeli involvement
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Attacks[edit]
The first attacks occurred on 1 December, when four people were attacked within minutes of each other in the Ra's Nasrani area. 48-year-old Olga Martynenko suffered a severe spinal injury and wounds to her hands and legs,[1] while 70-year-old Lyudmila Stolyarova lost her right hand and left leg. Both had to have their injured limbs partly amputated. An unnamed 54-year-old Russian man suffered serious leg wounds, requiring a partial amputation, while 49-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dykusarov also suffered leg injuries but was well enough to leave hospital the following day.[2][3][4]
Lyudmilla Stolyarova's husband Vladimir said: "I ran up to her and could hear her gasping 'Shark! Shark! Shark!' She somehow managed to push the shark away from her. The shark bit off her arm, but she managed to swim closer to the shore. Before she got out of the water, the shark attacked again and bit off her foot."[2] Other witnesses described the attack on Olga Martynenko. "The woman managed to swim to the pier, but when people on the pier started pulling her out of the water, the shark bit off the woman's left buttock," one said. "She lost a lot of blood. There were tourists on the pier, and they helped to pull the woman out. Some of them were slapping the shark off with rubber fins. There were no rescuers on the pier during the moment when it all happened. A rescuer was running up to us from afar. There were neither cords, nor stretchers at hand. We used a swimsuit to block the blood flow from the gaping wound and grabbed a sun bed to carry the woman to the shore."[2]
The attacks on the two men were witnessed from the shore. A barman witnessed one of the victims "running from the sea with blood streaming from gashes in his leg." The other male victim had to be rescued by members of a local diving centre. According to the barman, "the sea went red ... [his foot] was gone".[5]



 Map of Sharm el-Sheikh. The attacks happened in Naama Bay and off Ra's Nasrani, a few kilometres to the north.
In response, officials closed the beaches and suspended all diving and watersports activities. Specialists from the Egyptian environment ministry were called in to investigate the incidents and caught a 2.25 metres (7.4 ft)-long oceanic whitetip shark weighing 150 kilograms (330 lb) that was claimed to be the one responsible for the attacks. The shark was "identified" by a local diver who claimed to have recognized the fish by its damaged fin.[6] A mako shark that was 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long and weighed 250 kilograms (550 lb) was also caught.[7] However, divers and conservationists said the captured sharks were not the same as the one that had been seen and photographed in the area shortly before the attacks.[8]
The attacks had a drastic effect on the local tourist industry. Mohamed Rashad, a bartender at the al-Bahr beach restaurant who was working at the time of the attack, said: "All the people ran away back to the hotel, no one wanted to stay on the beach. Now it's very quiet. People are scared to come to the beach. They are just coming to the bar to have a drink. They don't even want to stay on the sunbeds."[5]
The Egyptian authorities reopened the beaches on 4 December following the capture of the sharks. The following day, 5 December, a 71-year-old German woman, who had visited the resort for 11 years, was killed by a shark while swimming in Naama Bay near the Hyatt hotel. Jochen Van Lysebettens, of the Red Sea Diving College, saw the attack, and told Sky News: "Suddenly there was a scream of help and a lot of violence in the water. The lifeguard got her on the reef and he noticed she was severely wounded." According to local officials, her arm was severed in the attack and she died within minutes.[9]
Following the attacks, watersports activities were again suspended, though it was expected that scuba diving—which is considered to be at far less risk from shark attacks—would soon be allowed to resume. The Egyptian authorities engaged international shark experts to assess the situation and propose a solution.[10] The Egyptian ministry of tourism also announced the injured tourists would each be offered $50,000 in compensation, paid for by the local tourist industry.[11][12] The attacks were widely described as "unprecedented" both in media reports and by Samuel H. Gruber, a marine biologist who studies sharks at the Bimini Biological Field Station in Miami, Florida.[13][14]
Possible causes[edit]



 An oceanic whitetip shark, one of the two species implicated in the attacks
Sharks are commonly seen near Sharm el-Sheikh but attacks on humans are very rare, particularly by the two species implicated in the 2010 attacks. Only nine attacks by oceanic whitetips had been reported worldwide in the last 430 years and only one had been previously fatal.[6] However, Famed oceanographic researcher Jacques Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip as "the most dangerous of all sharks".[15] Despite the greater notoriety of the great white shark and other sharks habitually found nearer the shore, the oceanic whitetip is responsible for more fatal attacks on humans than all other species combined, as a result of predation on survivors of shipwrecks or downed aircraft.[16][17] Such incidents are not included in common shark-attack indices for the 20th and 21st centuries, and as a result of this, the oceanic whitetip does not have the highest number of recorded incidents; only 5 recorded attacks as of 2009.[18] The chairman of the Shark Trust, a British charity dedicated to shark conservation, commented: “It is probable that the tragic attacks were triggered by a specific activity or event... Attacks on humans by sharks are extremely rare and this species would normally not be found close to shore on bathing beaches.”[6] However it ought to be noted that in this location the water depth drops off dramatically close to shore and does not indicate a change in behaviour of this species of shark. Mohammed Salam of the South Sinai Conservation organisation, a government body responsible for environmental protection in the area, said that "usually these kinds of sharks don't attack human beings but sometimes they have trouble with their nervous system and they accidentally go after people."[7]
The chairperson of the Sharm el-Sheikh Chamber of Diving and Water Sports (CDWS) suggested that attacks might have been due to overfishing, which is an ongoing problem in the area. In a statement, Hesham Gabr said: "It is clear from our initial discussions with shark behavioural experts that this highly unusual spate of attacks by an oceanic whitetip shark was triggered by an activity, most probably illegal fishing or feeding in the area."[9]
Other hypotheses for the shark attacks include that cattle ships transporting sheep for slaughter during the Islamic festival of Eid al-Adha on 16 November dumped sheep carcasses into the Red Sea, bringing sharks unusually close to the shoreline. Unscrupulous diving companies were also blamed for feeding sharks to attract them for their clients.[19]
On 9 December 2010, an international team of experts announced that it had found that two species—makos and oceanic whitetips—had been involved in the attacks. It listed possible contributory factors as including "one or more incidents of illegal dumping of animal carcasses in nearby waters; depletion of natural prey in the area caused by overfishing; localised feeding of reef fish and/or sharks by swimmers, snorkellers and some divers; and unusually high water temperatures in Sharm el Sheikh."[20]
Conspiracy theory about Israeli involvement[edit]
The attacks also sparked conspiracy theories about possible Israeli involvement. Egyptian television broadcast claims that Israeli divers captured a shark with a GPS unit planted on its back. Describing the theory as "sad", Professor Mahmoud Hanafy of the Suez Canal University pointed out that GPS devices are used by marine biologists to track sharks, not to remote-control them.[21][22] Governor Mohamed Abdel Fadil Shousha himself ultimately said he thought the dumping of sheep carcasses during the Islamic festival of Eid al-Adha on 16 November was the most likely explanation.[23]
See also[edit]

Portal icon Egypt portal
Tourism in Egypt
Shark attack



References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Come on in... the water's lovely, says Sharm el Sheikh tourism chief (shame about the sharks)". Daily Mail, 8 December 2010
2.^ Jump up to: a b c "Russian tourists lose arms and legs in shark attack in Egypt". Pravda, 3 December 2010
3.Jump up ^ "Russians injured by sharks in stable condition". ITAR-TASS, 3 December 2010
4.Jump up ^ "Ukrainian attacked by shark in Egypt discharged from hospital". Kyiv Post, 2 December 2010
5.^ Jump up to: a b Sherwood, Harriet. "Sharm el-Sheikh shark attacks leave beaches deserted". The Guardian, 3 December 2010
6.^ Jump up to: a b c "Egyptian killer shark caught after mauling four tourists in Red Sea resort". RIA-Novosti, 2 December 2010
7.^ Jump up to: a b "Sharks suspected in Egypt tourist attacks nabbed". The Associated Press, 2 December 2010
8.Jump up ^ "Shark attack kills German tourist at resort in Egypt". BBC News, 5 December 2010
9.^ Jump up to: a b Sherwood, Harriet. "Sharm el-Sheikh tourist killed in new shark attack". The Guardian, 5 December 2010
10.Jump up ^ "Swimming death escalates attacks crisis". Divernet, 6 December 2010
11.Jump up ^ Sharm el-Sheikh: scientists give initial findings on shark attacks". The Guardian, 9 December 2010
12.Jump up ^ "Victims of Egyptian shark attacks to receive $50,000". RIA Novosti, 9 December 2010
13.Jump up ^ "Egypt resort reopens some beaches after shark attack". Associated Press, 9 December 2010
14.Jump up ^ "Shark attack kills German woman off Egypt". Agence France-Presse, 5 December 2010
15.Jump up ^ Cousteau, Jacques-Yves & Cousteau, Philippe (1970). The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
16.Jump up ^ Bass, A.J., J.D. D'Aubrey & N. Kistnasamy. 1973. "Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. 1. The genus Carcharhinus (Carcharhinidae)." Invest. Rep. Oceanogr. Res. Inst., Durban, no. 33, 168 pp.
17.Jump up ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Elasmo Research". ReefQuest. Archived from the original on 6 February 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2006.
18.Jump up ^ "ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark". Flmnh.ufl.edu. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
19.Jump up ^ Scholl, Michael C. "Sharm el-Sheikh deaths: Don't blame the sharks". Channel 4 News, 9 December 2010
20.Jump up ^ "Diving continues as experts investigate". Divernet, 9 December 2010
21.Jump up ^ Yolande Knell (7 December 2010). "Shark attacks not linked to Mossad says Israel". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
22.Jump up ^ Yasmine Fathi (6 December 2010). "Expert shoots down conspiracy theory blaming Israel for shark attacks". Al Ahram. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
23.Jump up ^ "Egypt to reopen beaches after deadly shark attack". Reuters. 12 December 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
External links[edit]
Red Sea Jaws - The Passionate Eye (CBC News)


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Categories: 2010 in Egypt
Shark attacks
Deaths due to shark attacks
Interactions between humans and fish
Sharm el-Sheikh
Tourism in Egypt
Conspiracy theories involving Israel




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Black December
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Great white shark scavenging whale carcass.
Black December refers to at least nine shark attacks on humans causing six deaths that occurred along the coast of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, from December 18, 1957 to April 5, 1958.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Perfect storm
2 Attack victims
3 Attempted solutions
4 KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board
5 See also
6 References

Perfect storm[edit]
In December 1957 several key factors occurred simultaneously to attract sharks to the Durban area, including: (1) whaling ships operating in the area; (2) rivers had flooded and washed livestock into the Indian Ocean and made the river deltas murky; and (3) recent resort development had increased the number of tourists swimming off the beaches.[2] Adding to the confusion was the lack of adequate shark research and the knowledge to prevent shark attacks in 1957.[2]
Attack victims[edit]

Name
Age
Date
Species
Location
Comments

Fay Jones Bester 28 1958-04-05 Unknown Uvongo Fatal attack, while surfing.[3][4]
Nicholaas Badenhorst 29 1958-04-03 Unknown Port Edward Fatal attack, arm severed above elbow abdomen & leg bitten, while swimming.[3][5]
Derryck Garth Prinsloo 42 1958-01-04 Great white shark Scottburgh Fatal attack, mauled below waist femoral artery severed, while standing.[3][6]
Zulu male -- 1958 Unknown MaKakatana River Fatal attack, right leg severed above knee, while fishing.[3][7]
Julia Painting 14 1957-12-30 Unknown Margate Non-fatal attack, left arm severed torso bitten thigh lacerated many abrasions, while standing.[3][8]
Donald Webster 20 1957-12-26 Unknown Port Edward Non-fatal attack, Lacerations on head and neck, while skindiving.[3][9]
Vernon James Berry 23 1957-12-23 Unknown Margate Fatal attack, right arm broken & stripped of flesh left hand severed above wrist lower abdomen buttocks & thigh bitten, while floating.[3][10]
Allan Green 15 1957-12-20 Unknown Uvongo Fatal attack, multiple severe injuries, while standing.[3][11]
Robert Wherley 16 1957-12-18 Unknown Karridene Non-fatal attack, left leg severed at knee part of left thigh removed, while body surfing.[3][12]
Attempted solutions[edit]
Tourists fled the Durban area during Black December causing a devastating impact on the local economy.[13] The local authorities desperately made attempts to protect swimmers and surfers from sharks.[1] These attempts included enclosures built from wooden poles and netting; however, both were ineffective and were destroyed by the surf.[1] A South African Navy frigate dropped depth charges causing few shark fatalities and attracted many more sharks into the area that feasted on the dead fish.[1]
KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board[edit]
Shark warning - Salt Rock South Africa.jpg
As a result of Black December the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board previously the Natal Sharks Board and Natal Anti-Shark Measures Board was formed in 1962.[14][15][16] The organisations mandate is to maintain shark nets and drum lines at 38 places, along 320 km of coastline off the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, to protect bathers and surfers from shark attacks.[14]
See also[edit]

Portal icon Sharks portal

Portal icon South Africa portal
List of shark attacks in South African territorial waters
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d National Geographic: South Africa Rethinks Use of Shark Nets
2.^ Jump up to: a b IMDb: Killer Sharks: The Attacks of Black December
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Stop Shark Cage Diving
4.Jump up ^ GoShark: Fay Jones Bester
5.Jump up ^ GoShark: Nicholaas Badenhorst
6.Jump up ^ GoShark: Derryck Garth Prinsloo
7.Jump up ^ GoShark: Zulu male, Young
8.Jump up ^ GoShark: Julia Painting
9.Jump up ^ GoShark: Donald Webster
10.Jump up ^ GoShark: Vernon James Berry
11.Jump up ^ GoShark: Allan Green
12.Jump up ^ GoShark: Robert Wherley
13.Jump up ^ Gulf News: Keeping great whites at bay
14.^ Jump up to: a b "History of protection against shark attack in KZN". KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
15.Jump up ^ "An overview of the KZN Sharks Board". KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
16.Jump up ^ Africa Geographic: Shark nets - the real killers of the sea?


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Category:Shark attack victims
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Subcategories
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D

►  Deaths due to shark attacks‎ (5 P)



Pages in category "Shark attack victims"
The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

F
Rodney Fox
H
Bethany Hamilton
Andre Hartman
W
Brook Watson
Z
Zarzov brothers



Categories: Shark attacks
Animal attack victims


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Bite-Back (marine conservation organization)
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Bite-Back Shark & Marine Conservation
Bite-Back Shark & Marine Conservation, official logo.jpg
Founded
2004
Registration no.
Charity No. 1137772
Focus
Marine conservation
Location
London, UK

Method
End the profit opportunities for shark-derived products in the UK and lower consumer and retailer demand for threatened marine life.
Slogan
Defending the high seas on the high street
Mission
To halt the trade and consumption of vulnerable fish species, promote sustainable fishing, protect ocean habitats and inspire worldwide respect for the marine environment.
Website
www.bite-back.com
Bite-Back[1] is a UK-based charity dedicated to shark and marine conservation which believes that over-fishing, coupled with the over-consumption of wild fish, are the two biggest threats facing the marine world. Through its work[2] of defending the high seas on the high street it seeks to educate people about the issues facing the only truly wild items[3] stocked by supermarkets and to empower its supporters to help change the way fish is consumed. The charity's goal is to encourage retailers to put conservation before commerce.
Founded in the UK in 2004 by Graham Buckingham[4] the charity's online campaigns have primarily focused on encouraging restaurants and retailers to stop selling endangered fish species and make Britain's retailers shark-free. Bite-Back is working to ‘devalue’ a dead shark by ending the profit opportunities for all shark and shark-derived products in the UK including shark fin soup, shark cartilage, shark jaws, shark teeth and oils.[5]





Contents  [hide]
1 Supermarket Campaign
2 Shark fin soup
3 Recognition
4 References
5 External links

Supermarket Campaign[edit]
Successes from its supermarket campaign include persuading Japanese-inspired restaurant chain Wagamama to remove shark from its menu,[6] encouraging supermarket giant Asda to take shark off its shelves across the UK[7] and Mary Berry - British chef, food writer and judge on the Great British Bake Off - to remove a shark recipe from her cookery book.[8][9]
Shark fin soup[edit]
Its 'Hacked Off' campaign, which aims to halt the sale of shark fin soup in the United Kingdom, inspired the London-based Michelin-starred Chinese restaurant Hakkasan to stop selling the controversial soup.[10][11] As part of the organisation's quest to devalue a dead shark and make the UK shark-free, Bite-Back encourages its supporters to contribute to its 'shark sightings' map, a comprehensive collection of shops, fishmongers and restaurants which still continue to sell shark products.
Bite-Back's shark fin soup campaign has received celebrity support from renowned chefs, including Gordon Ramsay and Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, Charles Clover, author of 'The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat' plus British actor Martin Clunes.[12] Its annual fundraising calendar also unites some of the world's most acclaimed underwater photographers, including David Doubilet, Brian Skerry and Doug Perrine.
Recognition[edit]
In 2012 Bite-Back worked with the international advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather to produce a TV commercial entitled "Fin - help end the horror". Created to highlight the barbaric practice of shark-finning, the advert[13][14] was deemed too graphic for TV viewing.[15] Receiving an 18-certificate cinema rating, the hard-hitting black and white ad went on to be shortlisted for a Panda award for 'best campaign film' at the Wildscreen Festival the same year.[16]
Bite-Back was one of the charities nominated by users to feature on Bing as part of the search engine's 'Help Your Britain' campaign.[17]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Shark and Marine Conservation". Bite-Back. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
2.Jump up ^ "Issue 17 Eco Chat with BiteBack from the Archives of the Tanked Up Magazine". Tankedupmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
3.Jump up ^ "We’Re Wild About The Marine Environment". Bite-Back. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
4.Jump up ^ Earth (2009-06-09). "Elle McPherson joins celebrities fighting for the world's endangered fish". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
5.Jump up ^ "Shark Cartilage Capsules at Holland & Barrett". Vision Dive.
6.Jump up ^ "Restaurant chain bans fish dish to help save sharks". Manchester Evening News. 2007-02-15. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
7.Jump up ^ Clover, Charles (2004-11-09). "Asda ends shark sales". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
8.Jump up ^ "Mary Berry pulls shark recipe from cookery book". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
9.Jump up ^ "Mary Berry's shark recipe attacked on Twitter | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
10.Jump up ^ Taylor, Jerome (2008-09-03). "Hakkasan drops its famed £40 shark fin soup over ethics - News - Food & Drink". The Independent. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
11.Jump up ^ "Hakkasan removes ‘unethical’ shark-fin soup from menu". Bighospitality.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
12.Jump up ^ "Gordon fronts Bite-Back 'Soup-er' stars". Sportdiver.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
13.Jump up ^ Avg.Score (2012-10-30). "Bite-Back 'fin' by Ogilvy & Mather London | View ad creative on Campaign". Campaignlive.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
14.Jump up ^ "Ogilvy & Mather Advertising » Blog Archive » Ogilvy’s Haunting Film for Bite-Back Exposes Gory Truth about Shark Fishing". Ogilvy.co.uk. 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
15.Jump up ^ "Shark finning film too graphic for TV". Divernet. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
16.Jump up ^ ""Fin" - Campaign Film from Bite-Back Shark and Marine Conservation · Causes". Causes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
17.Jump up ^ "Help Your Britain – Bite Back - The Bing UK blog". Bing.com. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
External links[edit]
Bite-Back Shark & Marine Conservation
Bite-Back Facebook page
 


Categories: Fish conservation organizations
Organizations established in 2004
Shark conservation


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Shark Alliance
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 This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (May 2009)
The Shark Alliance is a global not-for-profit coalition founded in 2006 by Pew Charitable Trusts[1] of non-governmental organizations dedicated to restoring and conserving shark populations by improving shark conservation policies.
The mission of the Shark Alliance is to secure the following:
Shark fishing limits in line with scientific advice and the precautionary approach, including stronger policies to prevent shark finning
Safeguards and conservation guidance for sharks through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
A United Nations Resolution that includes ambitious timelines for implementation of the International Plan of Action for Sharks and lays out consequences for inaction
The Shark Alliance was initiated and is coordinated by the Pew Environment Group, the conservation arm of The Pew Charitable Trusts, a non-government organization that is working to end overfishing in the world's oceans.


Contents  [hide]
1 Shark Week
2 Member Groups
3 References
4 External links

Shark Week[edit]
To raise public awareness about the dramatic decline of shark species and Europe’s role in the process, the Shark Alliance proclaimed 8–14 October 2007 to be the first European Shark Week. Using the slogan 'Every Fin Counts!' members of the public were asked to take part in events and sign a petition asking the fisheries commission of the EU for better regulation to protect sharks. During European Shark Week over 100 events were organised around Europe by Shark Alliance members. At the end of the campaign, over 20,000 signatures were presented to the fisheries commission.
In 2010, the Shark Alliance's Shark Week expanded beyond Europe to include North and South America to raise public awareness around the globe. Eventually, the Shark Alliance's Shark Week will include every region, reaching additional countries every year.
Member Groups[edit]
As of May 2010 the Shark Alliance consists of 85 NGOs from over 35 different countries:
ADNG Diving (Portugal)
AIDA (Argentina, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, USA)
 AILERONS (France)
 APECE (Portugal)
 Archipelagos, Institute of Marine and Environmental Research of the Aegean Sea (Greece)
 Bloom (France)
 Canadian Shark Conservation Society (Canada)
 Chelonia Polynesia (French Polynesia)
Conservation International
 Coral Reef Care (The Netherlands)
 CRAM Foundation (Spain)
 CTS (Italy)
 Deepwave (Germany)
 Deutsche Elasmobranchier Gesellschaft e.V. (DEG) (Germany)
 Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V. (DUH) (Germany)
 Eco-Sys Action Foundation (France, Hong Kong, Kenya)
Ecologistas en Acción (Spain)
 European Elasmobranch Association (Europe)
 Eyes on the Horizon (EOTH) (Mozambique)
Fédération Française d’Etudes et de Sports Sous-Marine (FFESSM) (France)
 Fish4divers (UK)
 Fondazione Cetacea (Italy)
 Foundation for the Protection of Marine Megafauna (FPMM) (Mozambique)
Friends of the Earth Europe
 Gesellschaft zum Schutz der Meeressäugetiere (GSM) (Germany)
 GRIS (Italy)
 Groninger Biologen Duikvereniging Calamari (The Netherlands)
 Hong Kong Shark Foundation (Hong Kong)
Humane Society International
 Iberian Biodiversity (IBBIO) (Spain)
 Iemanya Oceanica (Mexico, USA)
 Kenna Diving SL (Spain)
 Legambiente (Italy)
 Ligue Roc (France)
 Living Ocean Productions (USA)
 Longitude 181 Nature (France)
 Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme (Maldives)
 Marevivo (Italy)
 Marine Dimensions (Ireland)
 MarViva (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia)
 MedSharks (Italy)
 Megaptera (France)
Nature Trust (Malta)  Noé Conservation (France, Guinea-Bissau)
Ocean Conservancy (USA)
 Ocean Geographic (Australia)
 OceanCare (Switzerland)
 Oceania Diving World (Mundoceania) (Spain)
Pacific Environment (China, Russia, USA)
 PADI International
 Palau Shark Sanctuary (Palau)
The Pew Charitable Trusts (USA)
Pretoma (Costa Rica,Central America)
 Pro Wildlife e.V. (Germany)
Project AWARE Foundation (International)
 Protect the Sharks Foundation (The Netherlands)
 Quercus (Portugal)
Reef Check (Germany)
Save Our Seas Foundation (International)
 Scubazoo Images (Malaysia)
 Seas at Risk (Europe)
 Shark Conservation Society (UK)
 Shark Foundation (Switzerland)
 Shark Rescue (Hong Kong)
 Shark Research Institute (Australia, Canada, Ecuador, Honduras, India, Mexico, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, UK, USA)
 Shark Savers (International)
Shark Trust (UK)
 Sharklab (Malta)
 Sharklife (South Africa)
 Sharkman's World Organisation (Malta)
Slow Food International
 SOS Grand Blanc (France)
 South African Shark Conservancy (SASC)
 Stichting de Nordzee (North Sea Foundation) (The Netherlands)
 SUBMON (Spain)
 Swedish Elasmobranch Society (SES) (Sweden)
 "Tethys" Hellenic Association of Recreational Scubadivers (Greece)
Tethys Research Institute (Italy)
 UK Shark Tagging Programme
 Utila Whale Shark Research (Honduras)
 VDST - Verband Deutscher Sporttaucher (Germany)
 Vivamar (Slovenia)
 White Shark Ecoventures (South Africa)
WildAid (International)
Wildcoast/Costasalvaje (Mexico, USA)
References[edit]


 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)
1.Jump up ^ http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=24350
External links[edit]
Official website
European Shark Week
European Elasmobranch Association
Pew Environment Group
Project AWARE Foundation
Shark Trust
Alliance member groups
 


Categories: Shark conservation
International environmental organizations
International non-profit organizations
Fishing organisations






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Close to Shore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Close to Shore: A True Story of Terror in an Age of Innocence
CloseToShoreCover.jpg
First edition cover

Author
Michael Capuzzo
Country
United States
Language
English
Subject
Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916
History of New Jersey
Publisher
Broadway Books

Publication date
 2001
Media type
Hardback
Paperback
Pages
317
ISBN
ISBN 0-7679-0413-3 (hardback)
OCLC
46565150

Dewey Decimal
 597.3/1566 21
LC Class
QL638.93 .C36 2001
Close to Shore: A True Story of Terror in an Age of Innocence is a non-fiction book by journalist Michael Capuzzo about the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. The book was published in 2001 by Broadway Books. Capuzzo argues that the five victims were attacked by a great white shark, though others believe that the attacker was a bull shark.
According to the afterword, Capuzzo spent two years researching not only the shark attacks but also the time period so he could gain a better understanding of the lives of the World War I-era Americans affected by the attacks. In addition to research in newspapers and contemporary journals and letters, Capuzzo visited the sites and together with George Burgess tested the waters of Matawan Creek to see if it was possible that a great white shark entered.
The book goes into great detail about the people involved and their lives and motivations, as well as recounting the grisly facts of each of the attacks.
External links[edit]
Close to Shore homepage at RandomHouse.com.



Stub icon This article about a non-fiction book on U.S. history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


Categories: 2001 books
American non-fiction books
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Sharks in popular culture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the main article on the fish, see Shark.
Representations of the shark are common in popular culture in the Western world with a range of electronic media having them shown in the image of eating machines and threats.


Contents  [hide]
1 Examples of representation 1.1 Cartoons
1.2 Comics
1.3 Film
1.4 Internet
1.5 Magazines and literature
1.6 Music
1.7 Music groups
1.8 Roleplaying games
1.9 Schools
1.10 Sports
1.11 Television
1.12 Video games
2 See also
3 References

Examples of representation[edit]
The following sections of this article are meant to give an approximate sample of the many forms of representation of the shark in popular culture:
Cartoons[edit]
Sharks are sometimes seen in Tom and Jerry
Jabberjaw
The anthropomorphic tiger shark from Kenny the Shark
Sharky the Sharkdog from Eek! The Cat
Sharky & George
The DIC Entertainment series, Street Sharks, featured crime-fighting man-shark hybrids
In a season two episode of Captain Planet, sharks are the main focus[1]
In a season one episode of ThunderCats, a cross between a shark and a black widow was featured
TigerSharks
Zig and Sharko
Comics[edit]
King Shark, a humanoid shark supervillain created by DC Comics
Tiger Shark, an enemy of Namor the Sub-Mariner
Warren White, an enemy of Batman
Tiger Shark, an identity assumed by two separate DC Comics characters
The Shark, an identity assumed by three different DC Comics characters
Sharks are sometimes seen swimming in Aquaman comics
Film[edit]
Main article: List of killer shark films
The Jaws franchise follows a series of man-eating shark attacks.[2] The first film, directed by Steven Spielberg, stars Roy Scheider, Robert Shaw, and Richard Dreyfuss, three men who set out to kill a bloodthirsty great white shark. The film spawned a sequel, which in turn made enough profit to create two more sequels, Jaws 3-D and Jaws: The Revenge.
Various James Bond films depict sharks as man eating predators, e.g. Live and Let Die, The Spy Who Loved Me, For Your Eyes Only and Licence to Kill.
A shark makes an appearance in Batman: The Movie, attacking Batman as he ascends up a helicopter ladder, and explodes after being sprayed with bat-shark repellent
Shark!, a 1969 action film
Bruce, Anchor, and Chum, a trio of sharks from the 2003 computer-animated film, Finding Nemo
The family of great white sharks from the 2004 DreamWorks Animation film, Shark Tale
A shark was briefly shown in Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Internet[edit]
Helicopter Shark, a composite photo of a shark leaping out of the ocean attacking military personnel climbing a Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter ladder.
Misunderstood Shark, a meme featuring either a great white shark or a caribbean reef shark attempting to help someone yet being misunderstood and frowned upon for being an relentless eating machine, for example, the shark may have attempted to free a human from a "locked cage" but was instead seen as a hungry shark trying to destroy the cage and devour the human.[3]
Magazines and literature[edit]
Jaws, the book by Peter Benchley that the 1975 movie was based on. It tells a tale of a great white shark that terrorizes the small resort town of Amity Island, and three men who set out on a boat to track it down and kill it.
Jaws 2 and Jaws: The Revenge, two film novelizations both written by Hank Searls
A pregnant great white in another Peter Benchley novel, White Shark
I Survived the Shark Attacks of 1916, a book by Lauren Tarshis
Music[edit]
Grooveshark, an online music streaming service
Sharks, an album by British hard rock band UFO
Fins, a song by Jimmy Buffett
Pool Shark, a song by Sublime
In the Belly of a Shark, a song by the hardcore punk band, Gallows
Fast as a Shark, a song by the German band, Accept
Music groups[edit]
Sharks, a British rock band
Sharks, an English punk rock band
The Sharks, a new wave band formed in Pennsylvania
Sharks, a song by Test Icicles in their debut album, For Screening Purposes Only
Shark Island, an 80s hard rock band
Roleplaying games[edit]
The weresharks of Dungeons & Dragons
The Rokea weresharks of Werewolf: The Apocalypse
Schools[edit]
A shark is the mascot of UNLV
Razor the Shark of Nova Southeastern University
Sports[edit]
The Camden Riversharks, a baseball team based in New Jersey
Named after the thresher shark, the Clearwater Threshers, are a minor league baseball from Florida
The Cronulla Sharks, an Australian Rugby League team
The East Fremantle Sharks, an Australian Rules football team
The Hull F.C. (once known as Hull Sharks, an English Rugby League team who have now reverted to the name 'Hull F.C.'.
The Jacksonville Sharks, the reigning champion of the Arena Football League
Named after the hammerhead shark, the Jupiter Hammerheads are a minor league baseball team
The Orlando Sharks, a U.S. Indoor Soccer team
The NSU Sharks, NCAA II Athletic teams of Nova Southeastern University
The Sale Sharks, an English rugby union team
The San Jose Sharks, a U.S. National Hockey League team
The Shanghai Sharks, a Chinese basketball team
The Sharks F.C., a Nigerian football team
The Sheffield Sharks, an English basketball team
The Sharks, a South African rugby union team
The Worcester Sharks, a professional ice hockey team
Television[edit]
Shark Week
Shark Tank, a reality show with a title card and name based on sharks
Several myths about sharks were tested in MythBusters
"The Shark Fighter!", an episode of The Aquabats! Super Show! featuring a gang of mutant legged "land sharks" who attack a beachside city.
Video games[edit]
Jaws, a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System
Jaws Unleashed, a game for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows
Jaws: Ultimate Predator, a game for the Wii and Nintendo 3DS set 35 years after the events of the original 1975 movie.[4]
Sharpedo is a Pokémon from Generation III of the game series that is the evolutionary successor to the Pokémon known as Carvanha
Sharks are underwater enemies in a few entries of both the Mario and Donkey Kong franchises
Sharks are occasional enemies in the Ecco the Dolphin series of games
Shark Jaws, a single-player arcade by Atari, Inc.
Shark Attack is a game by Apollo for the Atari 2600.[5]
Tiny is the name of a great white shark featured in Batman: Arkham City. Tiny was an attraction at Gotham Museum's "Terrors of the Deep" aquarium before the Penguin bought the building and turned it into his hideout.
Whale sharks can be found in World of Warcraft: Cataclysm
Sharks can be seen underwater in Tomb Raider: Underworld
See also[edit]

Portal icon Sharks portal
Shark
List of sharks
Sharks in art
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://shezcrafti.com/my-top-10-favorite-cartoon-sharks/
2.Jump up ^ Jaws (franchise)
3.Jump up ^ http://cheezburger.com/5973917184
4.Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/games/jaws-ultimate-predator/wii-110228
5.Jump up ^ http://www.atariguide.com/0/061.php
 


Categories: Sharks
Animals in popular culture
Marine life in popular culture


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Summer of the Shark
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the album by Portastatic, see Summer of the Shark (album).
The Summer of the Shark refers to the coverage of shark attacks by American news media in the summer of 2001. The sensationalist coverage of shark attacks began in early July following the Fourth of July weekend shark attack on 8-year-old Jessie Arbogast, and continued almost unabated—despite no evidence for an actual increase in attacks—until the September 11 terrorist attacks shifted the media's attention away from beaches. The Summer of the Shark has since been remembered as an example of tabloid television perpetuating a story with no real merit beyond its ability to draw ratings.[1][2][3][4]


Contents  [hide]
1 Outline 1.1 Statistics
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

Outline[edit]
The media's fixation with shark attacks began on July 6, when 8-year-old Mississippi boy Jessie Arbogast was bitten by a bull shark while standing in shallow water at Santa Rosa Island's Langdon Beach. The shark, which measured approximately 7 feet (2.1 m) in length, bit off Arbogast's arm in the attack; it was then caught and killed after being dragged by its tail onto shore by Arbogast's uncle, Vance Flosenzier. Although Arbogast was immediately pulled out the water by an unidentified bystander, the severe blood loss he suffered caused damage to his organs and brain, complicating his recovery.[5] Arbogast's arm was later removed from the captured shark's mouth and surgically reattached.
Immediately after the near-fatal attack on Arbogast, another attack severed the leg of a New Yorker vacationing in The Bahamas, while a third attack on a surfer occurred about a week later on July 15, six miles from the spot where Arbogast was bitten.[6] In the following weeks, Abrogast's spectacular rescue and survival received extensive coverage in the 24-hour news cycle, which was renewed (and then redoubled) with each subsequent report of a shark incident. The media fixation continued with a cover story in the July 30th issue of Time magazine.
In mid-August, many networks were showing footage captured by helicopters of hundreds of sharks coalescing off the southwest coast of Florida. Beach-goers were warned of the dangers of swimming,[7] despite the fact that the swarm was likely part of an annual shark migration.[8] The repeated broadcasts of the shark group has been criticized as blatant fear mongering, leading to the unwarranted belief of a so-called shark "epidemic".[8]
Two additional shark attacks, both fatal, occurred during the first 3 days of September — one in Virginia and one in North Carolina. By early September, there were calls to pass legislation to help "control the problem." The Summer of the Shark came to a quick end following the September 11 terrorist attacks, as the media had shifted attention to the destruction at the Pentagon, lower Manhattan and Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
Investigative journalist John Stossel explains the media's shark fixation in his book Give Me a Break, stating:

Instead of putting risks in proportion, we [reporters] hype interesting ones. Tom Brokaw, Katie Couric, and countless others called 2001 the "summer of the shark." [...] In truth, there wasn't a remarkable surge in shark attacks in 2001. There were about as many in 1995 and 2000, but 1995 was the year of the O.J. Simpson trial, and 2000 was an election year. The summer of 2001 was a little dull, so reporters focused on sharks.[9]
Statistics[edit]
In terms of absolute minutes of television coverage on the three major broadcast networks—ABC, CBS, and NBC—shark attacks were 2001's third "most important" news story prior to September 11, behind the western United States forest fires, and the political scandal resulting from the Chandra Levy missing persons case.[10] However, the comparatively higher shock value of shark attacks left a lasting impression on the public. According to the International Shark Attack File, there were 76 shark attacks that occurred in 2001, lower than the 85 attacks documented in 2000; furthermore, although 5 people were killed in attacks in 2001, this was less than the 12 deaths caused by shark attacks the previous year.[11]
See also[edit]
Bear attack
Media circus
Shark attack
List of fatal, unprovoked shark attacks in the United States
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Legon, Jeordan (March 14, 2003). "Survey: 'Shark summer' bred fear, not facts". CNN. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
2.Jump up ^ Kennedy, John; Garcia, Jason (June 29, 2005). "Tourism officials, scientists fear another `Summer of the Shark'". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
3.Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (July 25, 2002). "Media always produce a summer feeding frenzy". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 11.
4.Jump up ^ Miller, Suzanne (24 July 2003). "Summer of the shark?". Spiker. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
5.Jump up ^ "Internal bleeding hinders shark attack victim". CNN. July 18, 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
6.Jump up ^ "Expert: More people, more shark attacks". CNN. July 17, 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
7.Jump up ^ "Swimmers warned as hundreds of sharks gather". Sydney Morning Herald. Associated Press. 2001-08-15.
8.^ Jump up to: a b Coleman, Loren L. (2004). The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines. New York, NY: Paraview. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-7434-8223-3.
9.Jump up ^ Stossel, John (2004). Give Me a Break: How I Exposed Hucksters, Cheats, and Scam Artists and Became the Scourge of the Liberal Media... New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 0-06-052915-6.
10.Jump up ^ Eisman, April (2003). "The media of manipulation: patriotism and propaganda–mainstream news in the United States in the weeks following September 11". Critical Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing) 45 (1–2): 55–72. doi:10.1111/1467-8705.00472.
11.Jump up ^ "'Summer of Shark' scary but not record". Orlando Sentinel. Associated Press. July 17, 2001. Retrieved February 19, 2002.
External links[edit]
Summer Of The Shark — Jul. 30, 2001, Time magazine cover story held up as an illustrative example of the Summer of the Shark media phenomenon. Cover photo by Stuart Westmorland.
 


Categories: 2001 disasters in the United States
2001 in the United States
Criticism of journalism
Television news in the United States
Interactions between humans and fish
Sharks


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