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Don Alden Adams

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Don A. Adams
DonAdams 200907.png
Born
1925 (age 89–90)
Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation
President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Don Alden Adams is the current president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania,[1][2] the principal corporation of Jehovah's Witnesses.
Biography[edit]
Born in about 1925 in Oak Park, Illinois,[3] U.S., Adams grew up in a big family, which originally had connections to the Episcopal church. His mother showed interest in Jehovah's Witnesses and gradually the children also became interested. His father initially showed no interest, but involved himself in a legal case when one of Don's younger brothers was not exempted from military service; he eventually became a baptized Witness.[4][5]
After serving as a full-time preacher, Adams was invited in late 1944 to serve at the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn, New York,[6][7][8][9] where he was secretary to Society president, Nathan H. Knorr. By the 1960s, Adams served directly under the Governing Body as a zone overseer, visiting various countries to audit branch offices and meet with Witness missionaries.[10][11] Later, Adams directed world missionary activities,[12] and served on the "Bethel Home Committee".[13]
In 2000, the New York Daily News described Adams as "a longtime insider...at the world headquarters in Brooklyn Heights".[3] The Washington Post described Adams as "a 50-year veteran of the organization,"[14] which has been restated in subsequent publications.[15][16]
Watch Tower presidency[edit]
Adams became president of the Watch Tower Society after Governing Body member Milton G. Henschel stepped down from the position in 2000.[17][18] In that year, members of the Governing Body resigned from their executive positions of the corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses, although the periodical Christianity Today reported that the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses would continue its "oversight" role.[19][20]
Adams' presidency is administrative, and he is not considered to have impacted the organization's ministry as have past Watch Tower Society presidents.[21] Adams' brother Joel C. Adams[22] is a vice-president of Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc., a related corporation.[23]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, Volume 2003 by World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2003, Press Pub. Co. (The New York World)
2.Jump up ^ Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2009, Volume 2009 by Eileen W. Lindner, Abingdon Press, 2009, page 131
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24
4.Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses by George D. Chryssides, ©2008, Rowman & Littlefield, page 5, "[Don Adams'] father, William Karl Adams, was baptized in 1952."
5.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, pages 29
6.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, June 1, 1985, page 28
7.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, December 15, 2000
8.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, April 1, 1957, page 200
9.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23, "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life"
10.Jump up ^ "Ivory Coast", 1981 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 174
11.Jump up ^ The King's Highway: El Cannino Real : God's Highway to Peace and Happiness by Kenneth R. Guindon, ©1996, Ignatius Press, page 89
12.Jump up ^ "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24, "Among his previous assignments, Adams...directed world missionary activities"
13.Jump up ^ "New Missionaries Urged: “Stay Loyal!”", The Watchtower, November 15, 1982, page 27
14.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
15.Jump up ^ The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions by Ron Rhodes, Zondervan, 2001, page 85-86
16.Jump up ^ A Guide to New Religious Movements by Ronald M. Enroth, InterVarsity Press, 2005, page 31
17.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Changes at Top", Grand Rapid Press, Grand Rapids, Michigan, October 14, 2000, page B5
18.Jump up ^ "New Leadership Structure for Jehovah's Witnesses", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 10, 2000, page A02
19.Jump up ^ Christianity Today, March 5, 2001, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
20.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01, "The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, as the group is officially known, had been run by a so-called Governing Body. Now, religious and administrative duties will be divided, with three newly formed corporations running the group's U.S. operations. President Milton Henschel, 80, and the group's six other board members resigned their posts on Saturday. ... Don Adams, a 50-year veteran of the organization, has been named president of the organization, and seven lower-ranking members will make up the new board. Henschel will remain a member of the Governing Body."
21.Jump up ^ A Humble Defense: Evidence for the Christian Faith by Mark E. Moore, Mark Scott, ©2004, College Press, page 247, "Joseph F. Rutherford ... outdid Russell in writing numerous books, but his greatest strength was in the area of organization. ... During Knorr's presidency, membership grew to well over two million. ... Jehovah's Witnesses experienced some serious crises during the presidency of Frederick Franz. ... Milton Henschel served only eight years. The organization experienced a time of great restructuring. ... Don Adams, the present president, has not had enough time to impact the Society's ministry."
22.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23
23.Jump up ^ Dun&Bradstreet Corporate Reports, 2011, Retrieved 2012-03-23, (site subscription required)
Preceded by
Milton G. Henschel President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 October 7, 2000—present Succeeded by
Incumbent



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Alden_Adams









Don Alden Adams

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Don A. Adams
DonAdams 200907.png
Born
1925 (age 89–90)
Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation
President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Don Alden Adams is the current president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania,[1][2] the principal corporation of Jehovah's Witnesses.
Biography[edit]
Born in about 1925 in Oak Park, Illinois,[3] U.S., Adams grew up in a big family, which originally had connections to the Episcopal church. His mother showed interest in Jehovah's Witnesses and gradually the children also became interested. His father initially showed no interest, but involved himself in a legal case when one of Don's younger brothers was not exempted from military service; he eventually became a baptized Witness.[4][5]
After serving as a full-time preacher, Adams was invited in late 1944 to serve at the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn, New York,[6][7][8][9] where he was secretary to Society president, Nathan H. Knorr. By the 1960s, Adams served directly under the Governing Body as a zone overseer, visiting various countries to audit branch offices and meet with Witness missionaries.[10][11] Later, Adams directed world missionary activities,[12] and served on the "Bethel Home Committee".[13]
In 2000, the New York Daily News described Adams as "a longtime insider...at the world headquarters in Brooklyn Heights".[3] The Washington Post described Adams as "a 50-year veteran of the organization,"[14] which has been restated in subsequent publications.[15][16]
Watch Tower presidency[edit]
Adams became president of the Watch Tower Society after Governing Body member Milton G. Henschel stepped down from the position in 2000.[17][18] In that year, members of the Governing Body resigned from their executive positions of the corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses, although the periodical Christianity Today reported that the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses would continue its "oversight" role.[19][20]
Adams' presidency is administrative, and he is not considered to have impacted the organization's ministry as have past Watch Tower Society presidents.[21] Adams' brother Joel C. Adams[22] is a vice-president of Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc., a related corporation.[23]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, Volume 2003 by World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2003, Press Pub. Co. (The New York World)
2.Jump up ^ Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2009, Volume 2009 by Eileen W. Lindner, Abingdon Press, 2009, page 131
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24
4.Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses by George D. Chryssides, ©2008, Rowman & Littlefield, page 5, "[Don Adams'] father, William Karl Adams, was baptized in 1952."
5.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, pages 29
6.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, June 1, 1985, page 28
7.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, December 15, 2000
8.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, April 1, 1957, page 200
9.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23, "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life"
10.Jump up ^ "Ivory Coast", 1981 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 174
11.Jump up ^ The King's Highway: El Cannino Real : God's Highway to Peace and Happiness by Kenneth R. Guindon, ©1996, Ignatius Press, page 89
12.Jump up ^ "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24, "Among his previous assignments, Adams...directed world missionary activities"
13.Jump up ^ "New Missionaries Urged: “Stay Loyal!”", The Watchtower, November 15, 1982, page 27
14.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
15.Jump up ^ The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions by Ron Rhodes, Zondervan, 2001, page 85-86
16.Jump up ^ A Guide to New Religious Movements by Ronald M. Enroth, InterVarsity Press, 2005, page 31
17.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Changes at Top", Grand Rapid Press, Grand Rapids, Michigan, October 14, 2000, page B5
18.Jump up ^ "New Leadership Structure for Jehovah's Witnesses", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 10, 2000, page A02
19.Jump up ^ Christianity Today, March 5, 2001, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
20.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01, "The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, as the group is officially known, had been run by a so-called Governing Body. Now, religious and administrative duties will be divided, with three newly formed corporations running the group's U.S. operations. President Milton Henschel, 80, and the group's six other board members resigned their posts on Saturday. ... Don Adams, a 50-year veteran of the organization, has been named president of the organization, and seven lower-ranking members will make up the new board. Henschel will remain a member of the Governing Body."
21.Jump up ^ A Humble Defense: Evidence for the Christian Faith by Mark E. Moore, Mark Scott, ©2004, College Press, page 247, "Joseph F. Rutherford ... outdid Russell in writing numerous books, but his greatest strength was in the area of organization. ... During Knorr's presidency, membership grew to well over two million. ... Jehovah's Witnesses experienced some serious crises during the presidency of Frederick Franz. ... Milton Henschel served only eight years. The organization experienced a time of great restructuring. ... Don Adams, the present president, has not had enough time to impact the Society's ministry."
22.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23
23.Jump up ^ Dun&Bradstreet Corporate Reports, 2011, Retrieved 2012-03-23, (site subscription required)
Preceded by
Milton G. Henschel President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 October 7, 2000—present Succeeded by
Incumbent



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1925 births
Living people
Watch Tower Society presidents
American Jehovah's Witnesses




Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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This page was last modified on 12 September 2014, at 06:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Alden_Adams









Hayden C. Covington

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Hayden Cooper Covington (January 19, 1911 – November 21, 1978) was legal counsel for the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society during one of its most difficult periods in the mid-20th century. Hayden Covington has a record 37 victories in the United States Supreme Court, the most since the Judiciary Act of 1869 which fixed the Supreme Court of the United States to 9 Justices. He argued numerous cases before the United States Supreme Court on behalf of Jehovah’s Witnesses in defense of their religious freedoms, winning most of them. In 1967, he famously defended then world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali in his legal battle against the draft during the Vietnam War.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Jehovah's Witnesses 2.1 Cases argued before the Supreme Court
2.2 Meeting with U.S. President Harry Truman
3 Defense of Muhammad Ali
4 See also
5 Sources
6 References
7 External links

Early life[edit]
Covington was born in East Texas, and reared on a farm near Dallas, Texas. His father was a Texas Ranger.
An able student, Covington worked his way through law school in San Antonio, successfully passing the Texas bar exam, with an impressively high score, one year before graduation. He was admitted to the Texas Bar in 1933.
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Covington was attracted to the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses and impressed by the dedication and character of the members, defending several of them in Texas courts prior to formally joining the group himself. His first exposure to their teachings was through listening to the broadcast sermons of Watch Tower Society President Joseph F. Rutherford on radio station KTSA in San Antonio.
Word of Covington's successes in defending the Witnesses reached the New York headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses, and he was asked by President Rutherford to join him in representing the Society on a case before the U.S. Supreme Court. He was then invited to join headquarters staff as general counsel in 1939, succeeding Olin R. Moyle.
“ I suppose [Connecticut householders] had some right of religious freedom themselves, did they not? I suppose they have the right to be left alone and not to be attacked with these scurrilous denunciations of their most cherished faith. What have you to say to that? ”
—United States Supreme Court
Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes,
 Oral arguments, Cantwell v. Connecticut, (1940)




I say we are right !
Hayden C. Covington
 Jehovah's Witness and attorney for Cantwell
Cantwell v. Connecticut, (1940)
When "Judge" Rutherford died in January 1942, his aggressive litigation policy was carried on by Covington. Honoring Rutherford's deathbed wishes, Hayden Covington was even elected Vice-President of the Watch Tower Society succeeding the newly elected President, Nathan H. Knorr, despite having been a Jehovah's Witnesses for only five years. Throughout most of its history, appointment to the board of directors of the Watch Tower Society, and thus by implication to the "Governing Body" of Jehovah's Witnesses, has been limited to those professing to be of the "anointed class" within the group; the "spirit begotten" sons of God who would "rule as Kings" in heaven with Christ. To date, the one exception has been Hayden C. Covington.[1] A subsequent policy change resulted in Covington's resignation from the Vice Presidency and departure from the board in 1945, although remaining on staff as legal counsel.[2][3]
In the following years, Hayden Covington came to be hailed as one of the greatest civil liberties attorneys in American history. During his tenure as the head of the Watch Tower Society's Legal Department, Covington is said to have presented 111 petitions and appeals to the Supreme Court; he won well above 80% of the 44 cases he brought before the Court. The cases dealt with issues ranging from compulsory flag-salute statutes, to street preaching, to door-to-door literature distribution. He eventually resigned as Head of the Watch Tower Society's Legal Department.
Cases argued before the Supreme Court[edit]
##Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940)
##Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 (1941)
##Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)
##West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)
##Jones v. City of Opelika, 319 U.S. 103 (1943)
##Martin v. City of Struthers, 319 U.S. 141(1943)
##Jamison v. State of Texas, 318 U.S. 413 (1943)
##Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943)
##Taylor v. State of Mississippi, 319 U.S. 583 (1943)
##Largent v. Texas, 318 U.S. 418 (1943)
##Follett v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944)
##Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946)
##Tucker v. Texas, 326 U.S. 517 (1946)
##Saia v. New York, 334 U.S. 558 (1948)
##Niemotko v. Maryland, 340 U.S. 268 (1951)
##Fowler v. Rhode Island, 345 U.S. 67 (1953)
##Poulos v. New Hampshire, 345 U.S. 395 (1953)
Meeting with U.S. President Harry Truman[edit]
In its chapter on Covington, Great American lawyers: An Encyclopedia relates:

Covington reported one meeting in which he and Knorr met with President Harry Truman about a pardon for a Witness who had been convicted of evading the draft. Covington claimed that Truman cursed and claimed to have no use "for that SOB who didn't want to die for his country in time of war."[4]
That meeting apparently occurred on Friday, September 6, 1946. President Truman eventually did pardon 136 Jehovah's Witnesses who had been convicted in draft cases.[5] Later, on October 12, 1951, Truman reportedly accepted the offered Jehovah's Witnesses publication What Has Religion Done for Mankind?.[6]
Defense of Muhammad Ali[edit]
Later in his career, in 1966 and 1967, Covington assisted prize-fighter Muhammad Ali in obtaining a draft exemption as a Muslim minister. What may have brought him to the attention of Muhammad Ali was his extensive experience with the U.S. Selective Service System and draft boards across the nation, where he had realized many successes while representing Jehovah's Witnesses. Covington sued Ali to recover $247,000 in legal fees.[7]
See also[edit]

Portal icon Biography portal
##United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses
Sources[edit]
##'Faith On The March'. A.H. Macmillan, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1957.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation", The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, page 28, "ANNUAL meetings of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania have been held since January of 1885. When the ingathering of anointed Christians was underway in the late 19th century, the directors and officers of this corporation had the heavenly hope. In fact, this has almost always been the case. There was one exception. In 1940, Hayden C. Covington—then the Society’s legal counsel and one of the “other sheep,” with the earthly hope—was elected a director of the Society. (John 10:16) He served as the Society’s vice president from 1942 to 1945. At that time, Brother Covington stepped aside as a director to comply with what then seemed to be Jehovah’s will—that all directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation be anointed Christians. Lyman A. Swingle replaced Hayden C. Covington on the board of directors, and Frederick W. Franz was elected vice president. Why did Jehovah’s servants believe that all the directors and officers of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania should be anointed Christians? Because at the time, the board of directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation were closely identified with the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses, which has always been made up entirely of spirit-anointed men.
2.Jump up ^ "Education for the Theocratic Ministry Advanced", The Watchtower, November 1, 1955, page 650, "On September 24, 1945, H. C. Covington graciously declined to serve further as a member of the board of directors and as vice-president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, not as an evasion of responsibilities, but rather as an effort to comply with what appeared to be the Lord’s will for all the members of the directorate and the officers to be of the anointed ones [with a heavenly hope], since his hope was [earthly as] that of one of the “other sheep.” ...Covington has continued to head the Society’s legal department"
3.Jump up ^ "Declaring the Good News Without Letup (1942-1975)", Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, page 91, "In September 1945, Brother Covington graciously declined to serve further as vice president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (of Pennsylvania), explaining that he wished to comply with what was then understood to be Jehovah’s will for all members of the directorate and officers—that they be spirit-anointed Christians, whereas he professed to be one of the “other sheep.”
4.Jump up ^ "Covington, Hayden C." by John R. Vile, Great American Lawyers: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1, page 138
5.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 207, "Friday, September 6, 1946, ...Truman listened intently as the Society’s lawyer [apparently Covington] developed the features of the resolution to the point where executive clemency was requested. Then, he recalls, “Truman broke in with a flare of emotion and said: ‘I don’t have any use for a S—O—B that won’t fight for his country...” ...the president thereafter gave his attention to the Society’s attorney “as he concluded the request for the release of Jehovah’s witnesses being held in prison under the Selective Service Act. Truman then said that he would discuss it with the Attorney General.” In time, President Truman appointed his Amnesty Board. They reviewed thousands of court records and draft board files, recommending some pardons. But on December 23, 1947, Truman pardoned only 136 Witnesses"
6.Jump up ^ "Climax of Clean Worship Assemblies at Washington", The Watchtower, March 15, 1952, page 187
7.Jump up ^ Muhammad Ali: A Biography by Anthony O. Edmonds, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, page 86
External links[edit]
##"Moments In Time: Muhammed Ali". The Courier-Journal. 2004.[dead link]



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Jehovah's Witnesses
American lawyers
St. Mary's University School of Law alumni
People from Dallas, Texas
1911 births
1978 deaths
20th-century lawyers





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Hayden C. Covington

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Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

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 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Hayden Cooper Covington (January 19, 1911 – November 21, 1978) was legal counsel for the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society during one of its most difficult periods in the mid-20th century. Hayden Covington has a record 37 victories in the United States Supreme Court, the most since the Judiciary Act of 1869 which fixed the Supreme Court of the United States to 9 Justices. He argued numerous cases before the United States Supreme Court on behalf of Jehovah’s Witnesses in defense of their religious freedoms, winning most of them. In 1967, he famously defended then world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali in his legal battle against the draft during the Vietnam War.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Jehovah's Witnesses 2.1 Cases argued before the Supreme Court
2.2 Meeting with U.S. President Harry Truman
3 Defense of Muhammad Ali
4 See also
5 Sources
6 References
7 External links

Early life[edit]
Covington was born in East Texas, and reared on a farm near Dallas, Texas. His father was a Texas Ranger.
An able student, Covington worked his way through law school in San Antonio, successfully passing the Texas bar exam, with an impressively high score, one year before graduation. He was admitted to the Texas Bar in 1933.
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Covington was attracted to the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses and impressed by the dedication and character of the members, defending several of them in Texas courts prior to formally joining the group himself. His first exposure to their teachings was through listening to the broadcast sermons of Watch Tower Society President Joseph F. Rutherford on radio station KTSA in San Antonio.
Word of Covington's successes in defending the Witnesses reached the New York headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses, and he was asked by President Rutherford to join him in representing the Society on a case before the U.S. Supreme Court. He was then invited to join headquarters staff as general counsel in 1939, succeeding Olin R. Moyle.
“ I suppose [Connecticut householders] had some right of religious freedom themselves, did they not? I suppose they have the right to be left alone and not to be attacked with these scurrilous denunciations of their most cherished faith. What have you to say to that? ”
—United States Supreme Court
Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes,
 Oral arguments, Cantwell v. Connecticut, (1940)




I say we are right !
Hayden C. Covington
 Jehovah's Witness and attorney for Cantwell
Cantwell v. Connecticut, (1940)
When "Judge" Rutherford died in January 1942, his aggressive litigation policy was carried on by Covington. Honoring Rutherford's deathbed wishes, Hayden Covington was even elected Vice-President of the Watch Tower Society succeeding the newly elected President, Nathan H. Knorr, despite having been a Jehovah's Witnesses for only five years. Throughout most of its history, appointment to the board of directors of the Watch Tower Society, and thus by implication to the "Governing Body" of Jehovah's Witnesses, has been limited to those professing to be of the "anointed class" within the group; the "spirit begotten" sons of God who would "rule as Kings" in heaven with Christ. To date, the one exception has been Hayden C. Covington.[1] A subsequent policy change resulted in Covington's resignation from the Vice Presidency and departure from the board in 1945, although remaining on staff as legal counsel.[2][3]
In the following years, Hayden Covington came to be hailed as one of the greatest civil liberties attorneys in American history. During his tenure as the head of the Watch Tower Society's Legal Department, Covington is said to have presented 111 petitions and appeals to the Supreme Court; he won well above 80% of the 44 cases he brought before the Court. The cases dealt with issues ranging from compulsory flag-salute statutes, to street preaching, to door-to-door literature distribution. He eventually resigned as Head of the Watch Tower Society's Legal Department.
Cases argued before the Supreme Court[edit]
##Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940)
##Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 (1941)
##Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)
##West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)
##Jones v. City of Opelika, 319 U.S. 103 (1943)
##Martin v. City of Struthers, 319 U.S. 141(1943)
##Jamison v. State of Texas, 318 U.S. 413 (1943)
##Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943)
##Taylor v. State of Mississippi, 319 U.S. 583 (1943)
##Largent v. Texas, 318 U.S. 418 (1943)
##Follett v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944)
##Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946)
##Tucker v. Texas, 326 U.S. 517 (1946)
##Saia v. New York, 334 U.S. 558 (1948)
##Niemotko v. Maryland, 340 U.S. 268 (1951)
##Fowler v. Rhode Island, 345 U.S. 67 (1953)
##Poulos v. New Hampshire, 345 U.S. 395 (1953)
Meeting with U.S. President Harry Truman[edit]
In its chapter on Covington, Great American lawyers: An Encyclopedia relates:

Covington reported one meeting in which he and Knorr met with President Harry Truman about a pardon for a Witness who had been convicted of evading the draft. Covington claimed that Truman cursed and claimed to have no use "for that SOB who didn't want to die for his country in time of war."[4]
That meeting apparently occurred on Friday, September 6, 1946. President Truman eventually did pardon 136 Jehovah's Witnesses who had been convicted in draft cases.[5] Later, on October 12, 1951, Truman reportedly accepted the offered Jehovah's Witnesses publication What Has Religion Done for Mankind?.[6]
Defense of Muhammad Ali[edit]
Later in his career, in 1966 and 1967, Covington assisted prize-fighter Muhammad Ali in obtaining a draft exemption as a Muslim minister. What may have brought him to the attention of Muhammad Ali was his extensive experience with the U.S. Selective Service System and draft boards across the nation, where he had realized many successes while representing Jehovah's Witnesses. Covington sued Ali to recover $247,000 in legal fees.[7]
See also[edit]

Portal icon Biography portal
##United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses
Sources[edit]
##'Faith On The March'. A.H. Macmillan, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1957.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation", The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, page 28, "ANNUAL meetings of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania have been held since January of 1885. When the ingathering of anointed Christians was underway in the late 19th century, the directors and officers of this corporation had the heavenly hope. In fact, this has almost always been the case. There was one exception. In 1940, Hayden C. Covington—then the Society’s legal counsel and one of the “other sheep,” with the earthly hope—was elected a director of the Society. (John 10:16) He served as the Society’s vice president from 1942 to 1945. At that time, Brother Covington stepped aside as a director to comply with what then seemed to be Jehovah’s will—that all directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation be anointed Christians. Lyman A. Swingle replaced Hayden C. Covington on the board of directors, and Frederick W. Franz was elected vice president. Why did Jehovah’s servants believe that all the directors and officers of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania should be anointed Christians? Because at the time, the board of directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation were closely identified with the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses, which has always been made up entirely of spirit-anointed men.
2.Jump up ^ "Education for the Theocratic Ministry Advanced", The Watchtower, November 1, 1955, page 650, "On September 24, 1945, H. C. Covington graciously declined to serve further as a member of the board of directors and as vice-president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, not as an evasion of responsibilities, but rather as an effort to comply with what appeared to be the Lord’s will for all the members of the directorate and the officers to be of the anointed ones [with a heavenly hope], since his hope was [earthly as] that of one of the “other sheep.” ...Covington has continued to head the Society’s legal department"
3.Jump up ^ "Declaring the Good News Without Letup (1942-1975)", Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, page 91, "In September 1945, Brother Covington graciously declined to serve further as vice president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (of Pennsylvania), explaining that he wished to comply with what was then understood to be Jehovah’s will for all members of the directorate and officers—that they be spirit-anointed Christians, whereas he professed to be one of the “other sheep.”
4.Jump up ^ "Covington, Hayden C." by John R. Vile, Great American Lawyers: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1, page 138
5.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 207, "Friday, September 6, 1946, ...Truman listened intently as the Society’s lawyer [apparently Covington] developed the features of the resolution to the point where executive clemency was requested. Then, he recalls, “Truman broke in with a flare of emotion and said: ‘I don’t have any use for a S—O—B that won’t fight for his country...” ...the president thereafter gave his attention to the Society’s attorney “as he concluded the request for the release of Jehovah’s witnesses being held in prison under the Selective Service Act. Truman then said that he would discuss it with the Attorney General.” In time, President Truman appointed his Amnesty Board. They reviewed thousands of court records and draft board files, recommending some pardons. But on December 23, 1947, Truman pardoned only 136 Witnesses"
6.Jump up ^ "Climax of Clean Worship Assemblies at Washington", The Watchtower, March 15, 1952, page 187
7.Jump up ^ Muhammad Ali: A Biography by Anthony O. Edmonds, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, page 86
External links[edit]
##"Moments In Time: Muhammed Ali". The Courier-Journal. 2004.[dead link]



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Jehovah's Witnesses
American lawyers
St. Mary's University School of Law alumni
People from Dallas, Texas
1911 births
1978 deaths
20th-century lawyers





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Frederick William Franz

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Frederick William Franz
FrederickWilliamFranz-atBrooklynBethel.png
Frederick William Franz

Born
12 September 1893
Covington, Kentucky, U.S.
Died
22 December 1992 (aged 99)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Frederick William Franz (September 12, 1893 – December 22, 1992) served as President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, the legal entity used to direct the work of Jehovah's Witnesses. He had previously served as Vice President of the same corporation from 1945 until 1977 and as a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses before replacing Nathan H. Knorr as president in June 1977.[1]
Biography[edit]
Franz was born on September 12, 1893 in Covington, Kentucky. He was baptized in the Lutheran Church, but attended Catholic services as a child as a matter of convenience, before later attending the Presbyterian Church.[2] He graduated from Woodward High School in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1911 and attended the University of Cincinnati where he studied liberal arts and later (for two years) Biblical Greek,[1][3] with the intention of becoming a Presbyterian preacher.[2] He learned German and could read Latin and Greek and in later years learned Spanish, Portuguese and French and a basic understanding of Hebrew.[3] His association with the Bible Students began after he read some of the literature of Charles Taze Russell. He was baptized as a Bible Student on either November 30, 1913,[4] or, according to Franz, April 5, 1914.[5]
In 1920 he joined the Watch Tower headquarters staff in Brooklyn, New York[2] and in 1926 became a member of the editorial staff as a Bible researcher and writer for the Society’s publications. Upon the death of Watch Tower president Joseph Rutherford, Franz became head of the editorial department, and in 1945 he replaced Hayden C. Covington as vice-president of the Watch Tower Society.[6] Franz was the Society's leading theologian[7] and has been named as a leading figure in the preparation of the Witnesses' New World Translation of the Bible.[8][9] His nephew and fellow Governing Body member Raymond Franz resigned from the Governing Body and was subsequently disfellowshipped in 1982 during F.W. Franz's presidency.[10]
Franz continued to contribute to Watch Tower Society literature until his death in 1992 at the age of 99.[11] He was succeeded as president of the Watch Tower Society by Milton G. Henschel.
External links[edit]
##Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 111.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower, May 1, 1987, page 22-30.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
4.Jump up ^ "Rewarded With the Crown of Life", The Watchtower, March 15, 1993, page 31, 32.
5.Jump up ^ "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower", May 1, 1987, page 25
6.Jump up ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, examination of Frederick Franz pp. 5-6
7.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 66. ISBN 009-455940-6.
8.Jump up ^ Michael Marlowe editor, The New World Translation, published online by Bible Research
9.Jump up ^ Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, p. 253, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
10.Jump up ^ Witness Under Prosecution, Time Magazine, February 22, 1982
11.Jump up ^ Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
Preceded by
Nathan H. Knorr President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 June 22, 1977-December 22, 1992 Succeeded by
Milton G. Henschel


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Frederick William Franz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Frederick William Franz
FrederickWilliamFranz-atBrooklynBethel.png
Frederick William Franz

Born
12 September 1893
Covington, Kentucky, U.S.
Died
22 December 1992 (aged 99)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Frederick William Franz (September 12, 1893 – December 22, 1992) served as President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, the legal entity used to direct the work of Jehovah's Witnesses. He had previously served as Vice President of the same corporation from 1945 until 1977 and as a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses before replacing Nathan H. Knorr as president in June 1977.[1]
Biography[edit]
Franz was born on September 12, 1893 in Covington, Kentucky. He was baptized in the Lutheran Church, but attended Catholic services as a child as a matter of convenience, before later attending the Presbyterian Church.[2] He graduated from Woodward High School in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1911 and attended the University of Cincinnati where he studied liberal arts and later (for two years) Biblical Greek,[1][3] with the intention of becoming a Presbyterian preacher.[2] He learned German and could read Latin and Greek and in later years learned Spanish, Portuguese and French and a basic understanding of Hebrew.[3] His association with the Bible Students began after he read some of the literature of Charles Taze Russell. He was baptized as a Bible Student on either November 30, 1913,[4] or, according to Franz, April 5, 1914.[5]
In 1920 he joined the Watch Tower headquarters staff in Brooklyn, New York[2] and in 1926 became a member of the editorial staff as a Bible researcher and writer for the Society’s publications. Upon the death of Watch Tower president Joseph Rutherford, Franz became head of the editorial department, and in 1945 he replaced Hayden C. Covington as vice-president of the Watch Tower Society.[6] Franz was the Society's leading theologian[7] and has been named as a leading figure in the preparation of the Witnesses' New World Translation of the Bible.[8][9] His nephew and fellow Governing Body member Raymond Franz resigned from the Governing Body and was subsequently disfellowshipped in 1982 during F.W. Franz's presidency.[10]
Franz continued to contribute to Watch Tower Society literature until his death in 1992 at the age of 99.[11] He was succeeded as president of the Watch Tower Society by Milton G. Henschel.
External links[edit]
##Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 111.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower, May 1, 1987, page 22-30.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
4.Jump up ^ "Rewarded With the Crown of Life", The Watchtower, March 15, 1993, page 31, 32.
5.Jump up ^ "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower", May 1, 1987, page 25
6.Jump up ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, examination of Frederick Franz pp. 5-6
7.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 66. ISBN 009-455940-6.
8.Jump up ^ Michael Marlowe editor, The New World Translation, published online by Bible Research
9.Jump up ^ Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, p. 253, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
10.Jump up ^ Witness Under Prosecution, Time Magazine, February 22, 1982
11.Jump up ^ Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
Preceded by
Nathan H. Knorr President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 June 22, 1977-December 22, 1992 Succeeded by
Milton G. Henschel


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American Jehovah's Witnesses




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Nathan Homer Knorr

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Jump to: navigation, search


Nathan Homer Knorr
NathanHomerKnorr-WTPres.png
Nathan Homer Knorr

Born
23 April 1905
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died
8 June 1977 (aged 72)
Wallkill, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Nathan Homer Knorr (April 23, 1905 - June 8, 1977) was the third president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society,[1] becoming so on January 13, 1942, replacing Joseph Franklin Rutherford, who had served in the position since 1916.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life
2 Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses
3 Organizational adjustments
4 Publications
5 See also
6 Sources
7 References

Life[edit]
Nathan Knorr was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States. He began to show interest in the International Bible Students at age 16. He left the Reformed Church in 1922 and was baptized on July 4, 1923 as a Bible Student following a baptism talk by Frederick W. Franz, with whom Knorr became close friends. Knorr became a volunteer at the Watch Tower headquarters in Brooklyn on September 6, 1923, and became its factory manager in September 1932. On January 11, 1934, at age 28, Knorr was elected director of the Peoples Pulpit Association (now Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.), and was made its vice president the following year. In January 1942, Knorr became president of International Bible Students Association and the corporations now known as Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, and Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York.[2] Knorr was married to Audrey Mock in 1953.
He died from a cerebral tumor June 8, 1977 while receiving hospice care at an extension of world headquarters, quieter Watchtower Farms in Wallkill, New York.[3]
Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Knorr contributed significantly to Jehovah's Witnesses, with an intense educational focus. Within a month of his taking office, arrangements were made for an Advanced Course in Theocratic Ministry, a school that featured Bible research and public speaking. On September 24, 1942, Knorr suggested that the Society establish another school to train missionaries for service in foreign countries. The suggestion was unanimously approved by the board of directors. The first class of the Gilead School - the name given to this missionary school - commenced February 1, 1943.
Knorr arranged for the creation of new branch offices in many countries. In 1942, when he became president, there were 25 branch offices worldwide. By 1946, despite the events of World War II, the number of branch offices increased to 57. Over the next 30 years, the number of branch offices increased to 97.
The doctrine of not accepting blood transfusions was also introduced during Knorr's leadership.
Organizational adjustments[edit]
From October 1, 1972, adjustments began in the oversight of the congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses. The writing of Aid to Bible Understanding led to a new understanding of the Bible's mention of elders and "older men" and seems to have been the catalyst for the religion to adjust its organizational structure.(Franz 21-22) A revision to the Watchtower Society's organizational manual in 1972 explains, "it is noteworthy that the Bible does not say that there was only one 'older man', one overseer, in each congregation. Rather, it indicates that there were a number of such."[4] There would no longer be one congregation servant, or overseer, but a body of elders and ministerial servants. One elder would be designated chairman, but all the elders would have equal authority and share the responsibility for making decisions.
Later, the chairmanship of the Governing Body would also be affected, rotating in alphabetical order. In December 1975, leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses passed from the president of the Watch Tower Society to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. Beginning January 1, 1976 the Governing Body formed several committees to oversee publishing, writing, teaching, service and personnel. Knorr worked with the new arrangement until illness shortly before his death forced his move from the world headquarters in Brooklyn, New York. Following Knorr's death in June 1977, Frederick William Franz succeeded him as corporation president.
Publications[edit]
Some of the publications used by Jehovah's Witnesses which were released during Knorr's stewardship were:
##Equipped For Every Good Work
##Let God Be True
##Make Sure Of All Things
##From Paradise Lost to Paradise Regained
##Awake! magazine, which replaced Consolation
##All Scripture Is Inspired Of God And Beneficial
##New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.
See also[edit]
##Jehovah's Witnesses publications
##Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses
##List of Watch Tower Society publications
Sources[edit]
##Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (Watchtower), pages (96, 98, 101, 592)
##Organization for Kingdom-Preaching and Disciple-Making, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ William Henry Conley served as president for almost four years before the Society's legal incorporation in 1884. See Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania#Presidents
2.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. p. 91.
3.Jump up ^ "Watching the World", Awake!, August 22, 1977, page 29, "On June 8, 1977
4.Jump up ^ Organized to do Jehovah's Will, Watchtower Bible and Tracy Society, page 53
Preceded by
Joseph F. Rutherford President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 January 13, 1942-June 8, 1977 Succeeded by
Frederick W. Franz



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Watch Tower Society presidents
People from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
1905 births
1977 deaths
People from Wallkill, Orange County, New York




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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Homer_Knorr









Nathan Homer Knorr

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Nathan Homer Knorr
NathanHomerKnorr-WTPres.png
Nathan Homer Knorr

Born
23 April 1905
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died
8 June 1977 (aged 72)
Wallkill, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

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Nathan Homer Knorr (April 23, 1905 - June 8, 1977) was the third president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society,[1] becoming so on January 13, 1942, replacing Joseph Franklin Rutherford, who had served in the position since 1916.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life
2 Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses
3 Organizational adjustments
4 Publications
5 See also
6 Sources
7 References

Life[edit]
Nathan Knorr was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States. He began to show interest in the International Bible Students at age 16. He left the Reformed Church in 1922 and was baptized on July 4, 1923 as a Bible Student following a baptism talk by Frederick W. Franz, with whom Knorr became close friends. Knorr became a volunteer at the Watch Tower headquarters in Brooklyn on September 6, 1923, and became its factory manager in September 1932. On January 11, 1934, at age 28, Knorr was elected director of the Peoples Pulpit Association (now Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.), and was made its vice president the following year. In January 1942, Knorr became president of International Bible Students Association and the corporations now known as Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, and Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York.[2] Knorr was married to Audrey Mock in 1953.
He died from a cerebral tumor June 8, 1977 while receiving hospice care at an extension of world headquarters, quieter Watchtower Farms in Wallkill, New York.[3]
Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Knorr contributed significantly to Jehovah's Witnesses, with an intense educational focus. Within a month of his taking office, arrangements were made for an Advanced Course in Theocratic Ministry, a school that featured Bible research and public speaking. On September 24, 1942, Knorr suggested that the Society establish another school to train missionaries for service in foreign countries. The suggestion was unanimously approved by the board of directors. The first class of the Gilead School - the name given to this missionary school - commenced February 1, 1943.
Knorr arranged for the creation of new branch offices in many countries. In 1942, when he became president, there were 25 branch offices worldwide. By 1946, despite the events of World War II, the number of branch offices increased to 57. Over the next 30 years, the number of branch offices increased to 97.
The doctrine of not accepting blood transfusions was also introduced during Knorr's leadership.
Organizational adjustments[edit]
From October 1, 1972, adjustments began in the oversight of the congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses. The writing of Aid to Bible Understanding led to a new understanding of the Bible's mention of elders and "older men" and seems to have been the catalyst for the religion to adjust its organizational structure.(Franz 21-22) A revision to the Watchtower Society's organizational manual in 1972 explains, "it is noteworthy that the Bible does not say that there was only one 'older man', one overseer, in each congregation. Rather, it indicates that there were a number of such."[4] There would no longer be one congregation servant, or overseer, but a body of elders and ministerial servants. One elder would be designated chairman, but all the elders would have equal authority and share the responsibility for making decisions.
Later, the chairmanship of the Governing Body would also be affected, rotating in alphabetical order. In December 1975, leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses passed from the president of the Watch Tower Society to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. Beginning January 1, 1976 the Governing Body formed several committees to oversee publishing, writing, teaching, service and personnel. Knorr worked with the new arrangement until illness shortly before his death forced his move from the world headquarters in Brooklyn, New York. Following Knorr's death in June 1977, Frederick William Franz succeeded him as corporation president.
Publications[edit]
Some of the publications used by Jehovah's Witnesses which were released during Knorr's stewardship were:
##Equipped For Every Good Work
##Let God Be True
##Make Sure Of All Things
##From Paradise Lost to Paradise Regained
##Awake! magazine, which replaced Consolation
##All Scripture Is Inspired Of God And Beneficial
##New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.
See also[edit]
##Jehovah's Witnesses publications
##Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses
##List of Watch Tower Society publications
Sources[edit]
##Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (Watchtower), pages (96, 98, 101, 592)
##Organization for Kingdom-Preaching and Disciple-Making, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ William Henry Conley served as president for almost four years before the Society's legal incorporation in 1884. See Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania#Presidents
2.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. p. 91.
3.Jump up ^ "Watching the World", Awake!, August 22, 1977, page 29, "On June 8, 1977
4.Jump up ^ Organized to do Jehovah's Will, Watchtower Bible and Tracy Society, page 53
Preceded by
Joseph F. Rutherford President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 January 13, 1942-June 8, 1977 Succeeded by
Frederick W. Franz



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Watch Tower Society presidents
People from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
1905 births
1977 deaths
People from Wallkill, Orange County, New York




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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Homer_Knorr









Mickey Spillane

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the gangster, see Mickey Spillane (mobster).

Mickey Spillane
Mickey Spillane Columbo 1974.JPG
Spillane in the "Publish or Perish" episode of Columbo.

Born
Frank Morrison Spillane
March 9, 1918
Brooklyn, New York City,
 United States
Died
July 17, 2006 (aged 88)
Murrells Inlet, South Carolina,
 United States
Resting place
Cremated, Ashes scattered in a creek near his home in South Carolina
Occupation
Novelist
Nationality
American
Period
1947–2006
Genre
Hardboiled crime fiction,
detective fiction
Frank Morrison Spillane (March 9, 1918 – July 17, 2006), better known as Mickey Spillane, was an American author of crime novels, many featuring his signature detective character, Mike Hammer. More than 225 million copies of his books have sold internationally.[1][2] In 1980, Spillane was responsible for seven of the top 15 all-time best-selling fiction titles in the US.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Writing career 2.1 Comic books
2.2 Novels
2.3 Novels
2.4 Short stories
3 Films
4 Critical reactions
5 Quotation
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Spillane was the only child of his Irish bartender father, John Joseph Spillane, and his Scottish mother, Catherine Anne. Spillane attended Erasmus Hall High School, graduating in 1935.[3] He started writing while in high school, briefly attended Fort Hays State College in Kansas and worked a variety of jobs, including summers as a lifeguard at Breezy Point, Queens, and a period as a trampoline artist for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
During World War II Spillane enlisted in the Army Air Corps, becoming a fighter pilot and a flight instructor.[4] While flying over Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, he said, "That is where I want to live."[5] Later, he would use his celebrity status to publicize the Grand Strand on TV, but when it became a popular resort area and traffic became a problem, Spillane said, "I shouldn't have told people about it."[5]




Photo of Lt. Frank M. Spillane from Greenwood Army Air Field yearbook for 1943.

He was an active Jehovah's Witness.[6] Mickey and Mary Ann Spillane had four children (Caroline, Kathy, Michael, Ward), and their marriage ended in 1962. In November 1965, he married his second wife, nightclub singer Sherri Malinou. After that marriage ended in divorce (and a lawsuit) in 1983, Spillane shared his waterfront house in Murrells Inlet with his third wife, Jane Rogers Johnson, whom he married in October 1983, and her two daughters (Jennifer and Margaret Johnson).
In the 1960s, Spillane became a friend of the novelist Ayn Rand. Despite their apparent differences, Rand admired Spillane's literary style, and Spillane became, as he described it, a "fan" of Rand's work.[7]
In 1989, Hurricane Hugo ravaged his Murrells Inlet house to such a degree it had to be almost entirely reconstructed. A television interview showed Spillane standing in the ruins of his house. He received an Edgar Allan Poe Grand Master Award in 1995. Spillane's novels went out of print, but in 2001, the New American Library began reissuing them.
Spillane died July 17, 2006 at his home in Murrells Inlet, of pancreatic carcinoma.[8][9][10] After his death, his friend and literary executor, Max Allan Collins, began the task of editing and completing Spillane's unpublished typescripts, beginning with a Mike Hammer novel, The Goliath Bone (2008).
In July 2011, the town of Murrells Inlet named U.S 17 Business the "Mickey Spillane Waterfront 17 Highway." The proposal first passed the Georgetown County Council in 2006 while Spillane was still alive, but the South Carolina General Assembly rejected the plan then.[5]
He is survived by his wife, Jane Spillane.
Writing career[edit]
Comic books[edit]
Spillane started as a writer for comic books. While working as a salesman in Gimbels department store basement in 1940, he met tie salesman Joe Gill, who later found a lifetime career in scripting for Charlton Comics. Gill told Spillane to meet his brother, Ray Gill, who wrote for Funnies Inc., an outfit that packaged comic books for different publishers. Spillane soon began writing an eight-page story every day. He concocted adventures for major 1940s comic book characters, including Captain Marvel, Superman, Batman and Captain America. Two-page text stories, which he wrote in the mid-1940s for Timely, appeared under his name and were collected in Primal Spillane (Gryphon Books, 2003).
Novels[edit]
Spillane joined the United States Army Air Forces on December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the mid-1940s he was stationed as a flight instructor in Greenwood, Mississippi, where he met and married Mary Ann Pearce in 1945. The couple wanted to buy a country house in the town of Newburgh, New York, 60 miles north of New York City, so Spillane decided to boost his bank account by writing a novel. In 19 days he wrote I, the Jury. At the suggestion of Ray Gill, he sent it to E. P. Dutton.
With the combined total of the 1947 hardcover and the Signet paperback (December 1948), I, the Jury sold six and a half million copies in the United States alone. I, the Jury introduced Spillane's most famous character, hardboiled detective Mike Hammer. Although tame by current standards, his novels featured more sex than competing titles, and the violence was more overt than the usual detective story.[2] An early version of Spillane's Mike Hammer character, called Mike Danger, was submitted in a script for a detective-themed comic book. " 'Mike Hammer originally started out to be a comic book. I was gonna have a Mike Danger comic book,' [Spillane] said in a 1984 interview."[11] Two Mike Danger comic-book stories were published in 1954 without Spillane's knowledge, as well as one featuring Mike Lancer (1942). These were published with other material in "Byline: Mickey Spillane," edited by Max Allan Collins and Lynn F. Myers, Jr. (Crippen & Landru publishers, 2004).
The Signet paperbacks displayed dramatic front cover illustrations. Lou Kimmel did the cover paintings for My Gun Is Quick, Vengeance Is Mine, One Lonely Night and The Long Wait. The cover art for Kiss Me, Deadly was by James Meese.
Novels[edit]
1947 I, the Jury - Mike Hammer
1950 My Gun Is Quick - Mike Hammer
1950 Vengeance Is Mine! - Mike Hammer
1951 One Lonely Night - Mike Hammer
1951 The Big Kill - Mike Hammer
1951 The Long Wait
1952 Kiss Me, Deadly - Mike Hammer
1961 The Deep
1962 The Girl Hunters - Mike Hammer
1963 Me, Hood
1964 Day of the Guns - Tiger Mann
1964 The Snake - Mike Hammer
1964 Return of the Hood
1964 The Flier
1965 Bloody Sunrise - Tiger Mann
1965 The Death Dealers - Tiger Mann
1965 Killer Mine
1965 Man Alone
1966 The By-Pass Control - Tiger Mann
1966 The Twisted Thing - Mike Hammer
1967 The Body Lovers - Mike Hammer
1967 The Delta Factor
1970 Survival... Zero! - Mike Hammer
1972 The Erection Set - a Dogeron Kelly novel; in the Jacqueline Susann mold
1973 The Last Cop Out
1979 The Day The Sea Rolled Back - young adult
1982 The Ship That Never Was - young adult
1984 Tomorrow I Die - collection of short stories
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer
2001 Together We Kill: The Uncollected Stories of Mickey Spillane - collection of short stories
2003 Something Down There - featuring semi-retired spy Mako Hooker
2007 Dead Street - completed by Max Allan Collins[12]
2008 The Goliath Bone - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2009 I'll Die Tomorrow - Mike Hammer (illustrated, limited edition of the short story)
2010 The Big Bang - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 Kiss Her Goodbye - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 The Consummata - sequel to The Delta Factor; completed by Max Allan Collins
2012 Lady, Go Die! - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2013 Complex 90 - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 King of the Weeds - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2015 Kill Me, Darling - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
Short stories[edit]
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1989, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1996, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1998 The Night I Died - Mike Hammer short story published in the anthology Private Eyes - although story was written in 1953, was not published until 1998
2004 The Duke Alexander - Mike Hammer short story published in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane first published in 2004, although it was originally written circa 1956
2008 The Big Switch - Mike Hammer short story; completed by Max Allan Collins - published in The Strand Magazine, reprinted in paperback in The Mammoth Book of the World's Best Crime Stories, 2009
2012 Skin - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 It's In The Book - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
Films[edit]
Spillane portrayed himself as a detective in Ring of Fear (1954), and rewrote the film without credit for John Wayne's and Robert Fellows' Wayne-Fellows Productions. The film was directed by screenwriter James Edward Grant. Several Hammer novels were made into movies, including Kiss Me Deadly (1955). In The Girl Hunters (1963) filmed in England, Spillane appeared as Hammer, one of the few occasions in film history in which an author of a popular literary hero has portrayed his own character. Spillane was scheduled to film The Snake as a follow up, but the film was never made.[13]
On October 25, 1956, Spillane appeared on The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford, with interest on his Mike Hammer novels.[14] In January 1974, he appeared with Jack Cassidy in the television series Columbo in the episode Publish or Perish. He portrayed a writer who is murdered.[15]
In 1969, Spillane formed a production company with Robert Fellows who had produced The Girl Hunters to produce many of his books, but Fellows died soon after and only The Delta Factor was produced.[16]
During the 1980s, he appeared in Miller Lite beer commercials.[17] In the 1990s, Spillane licensed one of his characters to Tekno Comix for use in a science-fiction adventure series, Mike Danger. In his introduction to the series, Spillane said he had conceived of the character decades earlier but never used him.[11]
Critical reactions[edit]
When literary critics had a negative reaction to Spillane's writing, citing the high content of sex and violence, Spillane answered with a few terse comments: "Those big-shot writers could never dig the fact that there are more salted peanuts consumed than caviar... If the public likes you, you're good." Early reaction to Spillane's work was generally hostile: Malcolm Cowley dismissed the Mike Hammer character as "a homicidal paranoiac",[18] John G. Cawelti called Spillane's writing "atrocious",[18] and Julian Symons called Spillane's work "nauseating".[18] By contrast, Ayn Rand publicly praised Spillane's work at a time when critics were almost uniformly hostile. She considered him an underrated if uneven stylist and found congenial the black-and-white morality of the Hammer stories. She later publicly repudiated what she regarded as the amorality of Spillane's Tiger Mann stories.
Spillane's work was later praised by Max Allan Collins, William L. DeAndrea[2] and Robert L. Gale.[18] DeAndrea argued that although Spillane's characters were stereotypes, Spillane had a "flair for fast-action writing", that his work broke new ground for American crime fiction, and that Spillane's prose "is lean and spare and authentically tough, something that writers like Raymond Chandler and Ross Macdonald never achieved".[2] German painter Markus Lüpertz claimed that Spillane's writing influenced his own work, saying that Spillane ranks as one of the major poets of the 20th century. American comic book writer Frank Miller has mentioned Spillane as an influence for his own hardboiled style. Avant-Garde musician John Zorn composed an album influenced by Spillane's writing titled Spillane, consisting of three file-card pieces[clarification needed], as well as a work for voice, string quartet and turntables.
Quotation[edit]
I started off at the high level, in the slick magazines, but they didn't use my name, they used house names. Anyway, then I went downhill to the pulps, then downhill further to the comics - Mickey Spillane
See also[edit]
History of crime fiction
Hard boiled American crime fiction writing
List of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (Darren McGavin) episodes
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Gulley, Andrew (January 2006). "Interview: Mickey Spillane". The Strand Magazine.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d William L DeAndrea, Encyclopedia Mysteriosa : a comprehensive guide to the art of detection in print, film, radio, and television. New York: Prentice Hall General Reference, 1994. ISBN 0671850253 (pp. 336-7).
3.Jump up ^ Boyer, David. "Neighborhood Report: Flatbush: "Grads Hail Erasmus as It Enters a Fourth Century", The New York Times, March 11, 2001. Accessed December 1, 2007.
4.Jump up ^ Rippetoe, Rita Elizabeth Booze and the Private Eye: Alcohol in the Hard Boiled Novel. McFarland, 2004.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Vasselli, Gina (2011-07-11). "New name coming soon for road in Murrells Inlet". The Sun News. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
6.Jump up ^ Adam Bernstein (July 18, 2006). "Mickey Spillane; Tough-Guy Writer Of Mike Hammer Detective Mysteries". Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ McConnell, Scott, ed., "Mickey Spillane", 100 Voices: an Oral History of Ayn Rand, 2010, New American Library, pp. 232-239.
8.Jump up ^ The New York Times obituary
9.Jump up ^ Guardian obituary
10.Jump up ^ "Mystery Novelist Spillane Dies", The Washington Times
11.^ Jump up to: a b CBS News obituary
12.Jump up ^ Spillane, Mickey. Dead Street. Hard Case Crime/Dorchester Publishing, 2007, p. 214.
13.Jump up ^ Time
14.Jump up ^ "The Ford Show, Season One". ernieford.com. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ [1]
16.Jump up ^ p.77 Baker, Robert Allen & Nietzel, Michael T. Private Eyes: One Hundred and One Knights : A Survey of American Detective Fiction, 1922-1984 Popular Press, 1985
17.Jump up ^ "Mickey Spillane dies". The Guardian. July 18, 2006.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert L. Gale, A Mickey Spillane companion Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2003. ISBN 0313058482 (ix)
Further reading[edit]
Collins, Max Allan; Traylor, James L. (2012). Mickey Spillane on screen : a complete study of the television and film adaptations. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 9780786465781.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mickey Spillane
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mickey Spillane.
Mickey Spillane at the Internet Movie Database
Biography of Jack Stang - The Real Mike Hammer
"'Comics Were Great!' A Colorful Conversation with Mickey Spillane", Alter Ego vol. 3, #11, November 2001. Accessed September 5, 2008. WebCitation archive.
"The Religious Affiliation of Writer of Hard-boiled Detective Novels Mickey Spillane", Crime Time August 6, 2001, via Famous Jehovah's Witnesses. WebCitation archive.
Liukkonen, Petri. "Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) - Pseudonym of Frank Morrison Spillane", Books and Writers, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Smith, Kevin Burton. "Authors and Creators: Mickey Spillane (Frank Morrison Spillane) (1918-2006)", Thrilling Detective, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Holland, Steve. "Mickey Spillane: Hardboiled's Most Extreme Stylist or Cynical Exploiter of Machismo?", Crime Time 2.6, December 1999, via MysteryFile.com
Meroney, John. "Man of Mysteries: It'd Been Years Since Spillane Pulled a Job. Could We Find Him? Yeah. It Was Easy", The Washington Post, August 22, 2001, p. C01. WebCitation archive.
Photo


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer


Novels
I, the Jury (1947) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1950) ·
 Vengeance Is Mine (1950) ·
 One Lonely Night (1951) ·
 The Big Kill (1951) ·
 Kiss Me, Deadly (1952) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1962) ·
 The Snake (1964) ·
 The Twisted Thing (1966) ·
 The Body Lovers (1967) ·
 Survival... Zero! (1970) ·
 The Killing Man (1989) ·
 Black Alley (1996) ·
 The Goliath Bone (2008)
 

Films
I, the Jury (1953) ·
 Kiss Me Deadly (1955) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1957) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1963) ·
 Margin for Murder (TV, 1981) ·
 I, the Jury (1982) ·
 Murder Me, Murder You (TV, 1983) ·
 More Than Murder (TV, 1984) ·
 The Return of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (TV, 1986) ·
 Come Die with Me (TV, 1994) ·
 Mike Hammer: Song Bird (V, 2003)
 

Television
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1958-1960) ·
 Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1984-1985) ·
 The New Mike Hammer (1986-1987) ·
 Mike Hammer, Private Eye (1997-1998)
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 12315338 ·
 LCCN: n50021194 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0001 0870 0974 ·
 GND: 115694366 ·
 SELIBR: 286319 ·
 SUDOC: 027146219 ·
 BNF: cb119253427 (data) ·
 BIBSYS: x90055437 ·
 NLA: 000041725874 ·
 NDL: 00457321 ·
 NKC: jn20000605107 ·
 BNE: XX1127806
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1918 births
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20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American anti-communists
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Cancer deaths in South Carolina
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
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Mickey Spillane

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the gangster, see Mickey Spillane (mobster).

Mickey Spillane
Mickey Spillane Columbo 1974.JPG
Spillane in the "Publish or Perish" episode of Columbo.

Born
Frank Morrison Spillane
March 9, 1918
Brooklyn, New York City,
 United States
Died
July 17, 2006 (aged 88)
Murrells Inlet, South Carolina,
 United States
Resting place
Cremated, Ashes scattered in a creek near his home in South Carolina
Occupation
Novelist
Nationality
American
Period
1947–2006
Genre
Hardboiled crime fiction,
detective fiction
Frank Morrison Spillane (March 9, 1918 – July 17, 2006), better known as Mickey Spillane, was an American author of crime novels, many featuring his signature detective character, Mike Hammer. More than 225 million copies of his books have sold internationally.[1][2] In 1980, Spillane was responsible for seven of the top 15 all-time best-selling fiction titles in the US.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Writing career 2.1 Comic books
2.2 Novels
2.3 Novels
2.4 Short stories
3 Films
4 Critical reactions
5 Quotation
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Spillane was the only child of his Irish bartender father, John Joseph Spillane, and his Scottish mother, Catherine Anne. Spillane attended Erasmus Hall High School, graduating in 1935.[3] He started writing while in high school, briefly attended Fort Hays State College in Kansas and worked a variety of jobs, including summers as a lifeguard at Breezy Point, Queens, and a period as a trampoline artist for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
During World War II Spillane enlisted in the Army Air Corps, becoming a fighter pilot and a flight instructor.[4] While flying over Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, he said, "That is where I want to live."[5] Later, he would use his celebrity status to publicize the Grand Strand on TV, but when it became a popular resort area and traffic became a problem, Spillane said, "I shouldn't have told people about it."[5]




Photo of Lt. Frank M. Spillane from Greenwood Army Air Field yearbook for 1943.

He was an active Jehovah's Witness.[6] Mickey and Mary Ann Spillane had four children (Caroline, Kathy, Michael, Ward), and their marriage ended in 1962. In November 1965, he married his second wife, nightclub singer Sherri Malinou. After that marriage ended in divorce (and a lawsuit) in 1983, Spillane shared his waterfront house in Murrells Inlet with his third wife, Jane Rogers Johnson, whom he married in October 1983, and her two daughters (Jennifer and Margaret Johnson).
In the 1960s, Spillane became a friend of the novelist Ayn Rand. Despite their apparent differences, Rand admired Spillane's literary style, and Spillane became, as he described it, a "fan" of Rand's work.[7]
In 1989, Hurricane Hugo ravaged his Murrells Inlet house to such a degree it had to be almost entirely reconstructed. A television interview showed Spillane standing in the ruins of his house. He received an Edgar Allan Poe Grand Master Award in 1995. Spillane's novels went out of print, but in 2001, the New American Library began reissuing them.
Spillane died July 17, 2006 at his home in Murrells Inlet, of pancreatic carcinoma.[8][9][10] After his death, his friend and literary executor, Max Allan Collins, began the task of editing and completing Spillane's unpublished typescripts, beginning with a Mike Hammer novel, The Goliath Bone (2008).
In July 2011, the town of Murrells Inlet named U.S 17 Business the "Mickey Spillane Waterfront 17 Highway." The proposal first passed the Georgetown County Council in 2006 while Spillane was still alive, but the South Carolina General Assembly rejected the plan then.[5]
He is survived by his wife, Jane Spillane.
Writing career[edit]
Comic books[edit]
Spillane started as a writer for comic books. While working as a salesman in Gimbels department store basement in 1940, he met tie salesman Joe Gill, who later found a lifetime career in scripting for Charlton Comics. Gill told Spillane to meet his brother, Ray Gill, who wrote for Funnies Inc., an outfit that packaged comic books for different publishers. Spillane soon began writing an eight-page story every day. He concocted adventures for major 1940s comic book characters, including Captain Marvel, Superman, Batman and Captain America. Two-page text stories, which he wrote in the mid-1940s for Timely, appeared under his name and were collected in Primal Spillane (Gryphon Books, 2003).
Novels[edit]
Spillane joined the United States Army Air Forces on December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the mid-1940s he was stationed as a flight instructor in Greenwood, Mississippi, where he met and married Mary Ann Pearce in 1945. The couple wanted to buy a country house in the town of Newburgh, New York, 60 miles north of New York City, so Spillane decided to boost his bank account by writing a novel. In 19 days he wrote I, the Jury. At the suggestion of Ray Gill, he sent it to E. P. Dutton.
With the combined total of the 1947 hardcover and the Signet paperback (December 1948), I, the Jury sold six and a half million copies in the United States alone. I, the Jury introduced Spillane's most famous character, hardboiled detective Mike Hammer. Although tame by current standards, his novels featured more sex than competing titles, and the violence was more overt than the usual detective story.[2] An early version of Spillane's Mike Hammer character, called Mike Danger, was submitted in a script for a detective-themed comic book. " 'Mike Hammer originally started out to be a comic book. I was gonna have a Mike Danger comic book,' [Spillane] said in a 1984 interview."[11] Two Mike Danger comic-book stories were published in 1954 without Spillane's knowledge, as well as one featuring Mike Lancer (1942). These were published with other material in "Byline: Mickey Spillane," edited by Max Allan Collins and Lynn F. Myers, Jr. (Crippen & Landru publishers, 2004).
The Signet paperbacks displayed dramatic front cover illustrations. Lou Kimmel did the cover paintings for My Gun Is Quick, Vengeance Is Mine, One Lonely Night and The Long Wait. The cover art for Kiss Me, Deadly was by James Meese.
Novels[edit]
1947 I, the Jury - Mike Hammer
1950 My Gun Is Quick - Mike Hammer
1950 Vengeance Is Mine! - Mike Hammer
1951 One Lonely Night - Mike Hammer
1951 The Big Kill - Mike Hammer
1951 The Long Wait
1952 Kiss Me, Deadly - Mike Hammer
1961 The Deep
1962 The Girl Hunters - Mike Hammer
1963 Me, Hood
1964 Day of the Guns - Tiger Mann
1964 The Snake - Mike Hammer
1964 Return of the Hood
1964 The Flier
1965 Bloody Sunrise - Tiger Mann
1965 The Death Dealers - Tiger Mann
1965 Killer Mine
1965 Man Alone
1966 The By-Pass Control - Tiger Mann
1966 The Twisted Thing - Mike Hammer
1967 The Body Lovers - Mike Hammer
1967 The Delta Factor
1970 Survival... Zero! - Mike Hammer
1972 The Erection Set - a Dogeron Kelly novel; in the Jacqueline Susann mold
1973 The Last Cop Out
1979 The Day The Sea Rolled Back - young adult
1982 The Ship That Never Was - young adult
1984 Tomorrow I Die - collection of short stories
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer
2001 Together We Kill: The Uncollected Stories of Mickey Spillane - collection of short stories
2003 Something Down There - featuring semi-retired spy Mako Hooker
2007 Dead Street - completed by Max Allan Collins[12]
2008 The Goliath Bone - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2009 I'll Die Tomorrow - Mike Hammer (illustrated, limited edition of the short story)
2010 The Big Bang - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 Kiss Her Goodbye - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 The Consummata - sequel to The Delta Factor; completed by Max Allan Collins
2012 Lady, Go Die! - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2013 Complex 90 - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 King of the Weeds - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2015 Kill Me, Darling - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
Short stories[edit]
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1989, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1996, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1998 The Night I Died - Mike Hammer short story published in the anthology Private Eyes - although story was written in 1953, was not published until 1998
2004 The Duke Alexander - Mike Hammer short story published in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane first published in 2004, although it was originally written circa 1956
2008 The Big Switch - Mike Hammer short story; completed by Max Allan Collins - published in The Strand Magazine, reprinted in paperback in The Mammoth Book of the World's Best Crime Stories, 2009
2012 Skin - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 It's In The Book - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
Films[edit]
Spillane portrayed himself as a detective in Ring of Fear (1954), and rewrote the film without credit for John Wayne's and Robert Fellows' Wayne-Fellows Productions. The film was directed by screenwriter James Edward Grant. Several Hammer novels were made into movies, including Kiss Me Deadly (1955). In The Girl Hunters (1963) filmed in England, Spillane appeared as Hammer, one of the few occasions in film history in which an author of a popular literary hero has portrayed his own character. Spillane was scheduled to film The Snake as a follow up, but the film was never made.[13]
On October 25, 1956, Spillane appeared on The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford, with interest on his Mike Hammer novels.[14] In January 1974, he appeared with Jack Cassidy in the television series Columbo in the episode Publish or Perish. He portrayed a writer who is murdered.[15]
In 1969, Spillane formed a production company with Robert Fellows who had produced The Girl Hunters to produce many of his books, but Fellows died soon after and only The Delta Factor was produced.[16]
During the 1980s, he appeared in Miller Lite beer commercials.[17] In the 1990s, Spillane licensed one of his characters to Tekno Comix for use in a science-fiction adventure series, Mike Danger. In his introduction to the series, Spillane said he had conceived of the character decades earlier but never used him.[11]
Critical reactions[edit]
When literary critics had a negative reaction to Spillane's writing, citing the high content of sex and violence, Spillane answered with a few terse comments: "Those big-shot writers could never dig the fact that there are more salted peanuts consumed than caviar... If the public likes you, you're good." Early reaction to Spillane's work was generally hostile: Malcolm Cowley dismissed the Mike Hammer character as "a homicidal paranoiac",[18] John G. Cawelti called Spillane's writing "atrocious",[18] and Julian Symons called Spillane's work "nauseating".[18] By contrast, Ayn Rand publicly praised Spillane's work at a time when critics were almost uniformly hostile. She considered him an underrated if uneven stylist and found congenial the black-and-white morality of the Hammer stories. She later publicly repudiated what she regarded as the amorality of Spillane's Tiger Mann stories.
Spillane's work was later praised by Max Allan Collins, William L. DeAndrea[2] and Robert L. Gale.[18] DeAndrea argued that although Spillane's characters were stereotypes, Spillane had a "flair for fast-action writing", that his work broke new ground for American crime fiction, and that Spillane's prose "is lean and spare and authentically tough, something that writers like Raymond Chandler and Ross Macdonald never achieved".[2] German painter Markus Lüpertz claimed that Spillane's writing influenced his own work, saying that Spillane ranks as one of the major poets of the 20th century. American comic book writer Frank Miller has mentioned Spillane as an influence for his own hardboiled style. Avant-Garde musician John Zorn composed an album influenced by Spillane's writing titled Spillane, consisting of three file-card pieces[clarification needed], as well as a work for voice, string quartet and turntables.
Quotation[edit]
I started off at the high level, in the slick magazines, but they didn't use my name, they used house names. Anyway, then I went downhill to the pulps, then downhill further to the comics - Mickey Spillane
See also[edit]
History of crime fiction
Hard boiled American crime fiction writing
List of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (Darren McGavin) episodes
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Gulley, Andrew (January 2006). "Interview: Mickey Spillane". The Strand Magazine.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d William L DeAndrea, Encyclopedia Mysteriosa : a comprehensive guide to the art of detection in print, film, radio, and television. New York: Prentice Hall General Reference, 1994. ISBN 0671850253 (pp. 336-7).
3.Jump up ^ Boyer, David. "Neighborhood Report: Flatbush: "Grads Hail Erasmus as It Enters a Fourth Century", The New York Times, March 11, 2001. Accessed December 1, 2007.
4.Jump up ^ Rippetoe, Rita Elizabeth Booze and the Private Eye: Alcohol in the Hard Boiled Novel. McFarland, 2004.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Vasselli, Gina (2011-07-11). "New name coming soon for road in Murrells Inlet". The Sun News. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
6.Jump up ^ Adam Bernstein (July 18, 2006). "Mickey Spillane; Tough-Guy Writer Of Mike Hammer Detective Mysteries". Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ McConnell, Scott, ed., "Mickey Spillane", 100 Voices: an Oral History of Ayn Rand, 2010, New American Library, pp. 232-239.
8.Jump up ^ The New York Times obituary
9.Jump up ^ Guardian obituary
10.Jump up ^ "Mystery Novelist Spillane Dies", The Washington Times
11.^ Jump up to: a b CBS News obituary
12.Jump up ^ Spillane, Mickey. Dead Street. Hard Case Crime/Dorchester Publishing, 2007, p. 214.
13.Jump up ^ Time
14.Jump up ^ "The Ford Show, Season One". ernieford.com. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ [1]
16.Jump up ^ p.77 Baker, Robert Allen & Nietzel, Michael T. Private Eyes: One Hundred and One Knights : A Survey of American Detective Fiction, 1922-1984 Popular Press, 1985
17.Jump up ^ "Mickey Spillane dies". The Guardian. July 18, 2006.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert L. Gale, A Mickey Spillane companion Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2003. ISBN 0313058482 (ix)
Further reading[edit]
Collins, Max Allan; Traylor, James L. (2012). Mickey Spillane on screen : a complete study of the television and film adaptations. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 9780786465781.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mickey Spillane
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mickey Spillane.
Mickey Spillane at the Internet Movie Database
Biography of Jack Stang - The Real Mike Hammer
"'Comics Were Great!' A Colorful Conversation with Mickey Spillane", Alter Ego vol. 3, #11, November 2001. Accessed September 5, 2008. WebCitation archive.
"The Religious Affiliation of Writer of Hard-boiled Detective Novels Mickey Spillane", Crime Time August 6, 2001, via Famous Jehovah's Witnesses. WebCitation archive.
Liukkonen, Petri. "Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) - Pseudonym of Frank Morrison Spillane", Books and Writers, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Smith, Kevin Burton. "Authors and Creators: Mickey Spillane (Frank Morrison Spillane) (1918-2006)", Thrilling Detective, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Holland, Steve. "Mickey Spillane: Hardboiled's Most Extreme Stylist or Cynical Exploiter of Machismo?", Crime Time 2.6, December 1999, via MysteryFile.com
Meroney, John. "Man of Mysteries: It'd Been Years Since Spillane Pulled a Job. Could We Find Him? Yeah. It Was Easy", The Washington Post, August 22, 2001, p. C01. WebCitation archive.
Photo


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer


Novels
I, the Jury (1947) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1950) ·
 Vengeance Is Mine (1950) ·
 One Lonely Night (1951) ·
 The Big Kill (1951) ·
 Kiss Me, Deadly (1952) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1962) ·
 The Snake (1964) ·
 The Twisted Thing (1966) ·
 The Body Lovers (1967) ·
 Survival... Zero! (1970) ·
 The Killing Man (1989) ·
 Black Alley (1996) ·
 The Goliath Bone (2008)
 

Films
I, the Jury (1953) ·
 Kiss Me Deadly (1955) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1957) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1963) ·
 Margin for Murder (TV, 1981) ·
 I, the Jury (1982) ·
 Murder Me, Murder You (TV, 1983) ·
 More Than Murder (TV, 1984) ·
 The Return of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (TV, 1986) ·
 Come Die with Me (TV, 1994) ·
 Mike Hammer: Song Bird (V, 2003)
 

Television
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1958-1960) ·
 Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1984-1985) ·
 The New Mike Hammer (1986-1987) ·
 Mike Hammer, Private Eye (1997-1998)
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 12315338 ·
 LCCN: n50021194 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0001 0870 0974 ·
 GND: 115694366 ·
 SELIBR: 286319 ·
 SUDOC: 027146219 ·
 BNF: cb119253427 (data) ·
 BIBSYS: x90055437 ·
 NLA: 000041725874 ·
 NDL: 00457321 ·
 NKC: jn20000605107 ·
 BNE: XX1127806
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1918 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American anti-communists
American crime fiction writers
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American male novelists
American people of Irish descent
Cancer deaths in South Carolina
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
Writers from Brooklyn
People from Elizabeth, New Jersey
People from Georgetown County, South Carolina
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Shamus Award winners
Edgar Award winners
















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Milton George Henschel

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Milton George Henschel
MiltonGeorgeHenschel.png
Milton George Henschel

Born
9 August 1920
Pomona, New Jersey, U.S.
Died
22 March 2003 (aged 82)
Brooklyn, NY, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Spouse(s)
Lucille Henschel

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 This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (September 2009)
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Milton George Henschel (August 9, 1920 - March 22, 2003) was a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and succeeded Frederick W. Franz as president of the Watch Tower Society in 1992.


Contents  [hide]
1 Personal life
2 Professional life
3 References
4 Additional reading

Personal life[edit]
Milton Henschel was born in Pomona, New Jersey.[1] His father, Herman George Henschel assisted in the establishment of the Watch Tower Society's farm on Staten Island, working with and mentoring the staff about once each week during the 1920s.[2] The family relocated to Brooklyn, New York in 1934 to enable Herman to work on construction projects in the printeries and residences for Jehovah's Witnesses' headquarters there.[3]
Milton was baptized as a Jehovah's Witness minister in 1934,[4] and joined the full-time Watch Tower staff in 1939.[5] His older brother, Warren, was a full-time minister assigned to Oregon until he was invited to serve at the Brooklyn facility around 1940.[6] In 1956, Henschel married Lucille Bennett, a graduate of the 14th class of the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead and a former missionary in Venezuela.[7] Henschel died on March 22, 2003 at age 82, survived by his wife Lucille and brother Warren.[8]
Professional life[edit]
In 1939, Henschel was appointed secretary to Nathan H. Knorr, who was overseeing work at the Watch Tower printery. After Knorr became president of the Watch Tower Society in 1942, Henschel continued as his assistant. Henschel was often with Knorr in his travels, visiting at least 150 countries during this time. By 1945, Henschel was a featured speaker at international events though only 25 years old.[9]
By 1947 Henschel had claimed to be "anointed"[10]—not unusual among Jehovah's Witnesses at the time—which was a criterion at the time for appointment as a director of the Watch Tower Society. Henschel was elected to the board of directors in 1947,[11] after the death of W. E. Van Amburgh (since 1903 Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society), who died on February 7 of that year.[12]
By 1960, Henschel was a zone overseer,[13] supervising and auditing the administrative and ministry activities of about 10% of the Watch Tower Society's branch offices.[14]
In March, 1963, Henschel was among a large group of Jehovah's Witnesses who were detained and assaulted during a religious conference in Liberia.[15] He returned a few months later to meet with Liberia's president to discuss freedom of worship for Jehovah's Witnesses. In June, 1963, Henschel was a guest on a talk show hosted by Larry King.[16]
In a July, 1968 interview with the Detroit Free Press, Henschel was asked about the Watch Tower Society's recently stated opposition to organ transplants,[17] to which he responded that "transplanting organs is really cannibalism",[18] a position that was abandoned in 1980.[19] In the same interview, Henschel described the Watch Tower view of the immediate future, making reference to the impending battle of Armageddon. He conceded that there was no specific date for the outbreak of Armageddon, but stated, "1975 is a year to watch," alluding to Jehovah's Witnesses' belief that 6000 years of mankind's existence would be reached that year, an apparent precursor to Christ's millennial reign.[20]
By 1973, Henschel was "branch overseer for the United States".[21] Henschel contributed to the book Religions of America (1975), edited by Leo Rosten, with the chapter "Who are Jehovah's Witnesses?". In 1984, Henschel was the chairman for the centennial commemoration of the incorporation of the Watch Tower Society.
In February 1990, Henschel met with the chairman of the Committee of Religious Affairs in Moscow, along with eleven Russian elders representing local Jehovah's Witnesses, which led to the official recognition of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Russia by March 1991.[22]
Henschel became president of the Watch Tower Society December 30, 1992 and remained in that position until 2000. Major organizational changes took place in 2000, as the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses was separated from the Society's board of directors. As a result, members of the Governing Body stepped aside from their capacities in the Watch Tower Society, and Don A. Adams was appointed president. Henschel remained a member of the Governing Body until his death in 2003.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
2.Jump up ^ "My Part in Advancing Right Worship", The Watchtower, June 15, 1965, pages 381-382
3.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
4.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
5.Jump up ^ "Obituaries in the News: Milton Henschel", Associated Press, March 31, 2003
6.Jump up ^ "Taught by Jehovah From My Youth", The Watchtower, November 1, 2003, page 20
7.Jump up ^ "Gilead School—50 Years Old and Going Strong!", The Watchtower, June 1, 1993, page 26
8.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
9.Jump up ^ "A Privileged Share in Postwar Expansion", The Watchtower, October 1, 2002, page 23
10.Jump up ^ 1974 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 46-47 (see also The Watchtower, July 1, 1947)
11.Jump up ^ "All Nations Expansion Assembly", The Watchtower, December 15, 1947, page 381
12.Jump up ^ "Resignation and New Appointment", The Watchtower, March 1, 1947 page 66
13.Jump up ^ "The Philippines", 1978 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 126
14.Jump up ^ "Ending the Fourth, Beginning the Fifth Decade of Kingdom Operation", The Watchtower, April 1, 1956, page 223
15.Jump up ^ 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 171-7.
16.Jump up ^ "Something Better Than Fame", Awake!, August 22, 2004, page 22
17.Jump up ^ Heart Transplants Held Cannibalism, The Detroit Free Press, July, 1968, by Hiley H. Ward.
18.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 11/15/1967, Questions from Readers.
19.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 3/15/1980, Questions from Readers.
20.Jump up ^ See Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God (PDF). Watch Tower Society. 1966. pp. 29–35..
21.Jump up ^ "Response to the Need for Workers", Awake!, November 8, 1973, page 26
22.Jump up ^ "Russia", 2008 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 198, 203
Additional reading[edit]
He Loved Kindness, The Watchtower, pg.31, August 15, 2003.
Preceded by
Frederick W. Franz President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 December 30, 1992-October 7, 2000 Succeeded by
Don A. Adams



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Jehovah's Witnesses
Watch Tower Society presidents
Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
1920 births
2003 deaths






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Milton George Henschel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Milton George Henschel
MiltonGeorgeHenschel.png
Milton George Henschel

Born
9 August 1920
Pomona, New Jersey, U.S.
Died
22 March 2003 (aged 82)
Brooklyn, NY, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Spouse(s)
Lucille Henschel

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Milton George Henschel (August 9, 1920 - March 22, 2003) was a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and succeeded Frederick W. Franz as president of the Watch Tower Society in 1992.


Contents  [hide]
1 Personal life
2 Professional life
3 References
4 Additional reading

Personal life[edit]
Milton Henschel was born in Pomona, New Jersey.[1] His father, Herman George Henschel assisted in the establishment of the Watch Tower Society's farm on Staten Island, working with and mentoring the staff about once each week during the 1920s.[2] The family relocated to Brooklyn, New York in 1934 to enable Herman to work on construction projects in the printeries and residences for Jehovah's Witnesses' headquarters there.[3]
Milton was baptized as a Jehovah's Witness minister in 1934,[4] and joined the full-time Watch Tower staff in 1939.[5] His older brother, Warren, was a full-time minister assigned to Oregon until he was invited to serve at the Brooklyn facility around 1940.[6] In 1956, Henschel married Lucille Bennett, a graduate of the 14th class of the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead and a former missionary in Venezuela.[7] Henschel died on March 22, 2003 at age 82, survived by his wife Lucille and brother Warren.[8]
Professional life[edit]
In 1939, Henschel was appointed secretary to Nathan H. Knorr, who was overseeing work at the Watch Tower printery. After Knorr became president of the Watch Tower Society in 1942, Henschel continued as his assistant. Henschel was often with Knorr in his travels, visiting at least 150 countries during this time. By 1945, Henschel was a featured speaker at international events though only 25 years old.[9]
By 1947 Henschel had claimed to be "anointed"[10]—not unusual among Jehovah's Witnesses at the time—which was a criterion at the time for appointment as a director of the Watch Tower Society. Henschel was elected to the board of directors in 1947,[11] after the death of W. E. Van Amburgh (since 1903 Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society), who died on February 7 of that year.[12]
By 1960, Henschel was a zone overseer,[13] supervising and auditing the administrative and ministry activities of about 10% of the Watch Tower Society's branch offices.[14]
In March, 1963, Henschel was among a large group of Jehovah's Witnesses who were detained and assaulted during a religious conference in Liberia.[15] He returned a few months later to meet with Liberia's president to discuss freedom of worship for Jehovah's Witnesses. In June, 1963, Henschel was a guest on a talk show hosted by Larry King.[16]
In a July, 1968 interview with the Detroit Free Press, Henschel was asked about the Watch Tower Society's recently stated opposition to organ transplants,[17] to which he responded that "transplanting organs is really cannibalism",[18] a position that was abandoned in 1980.[19] In the same interview, Henschel described the Watch Tower view of the immediate future, making reference to the impending battle of Armageddon. He conceded that there was no specific date for the outbreak of Armageddon, but stated, "1975 is a year to watch," alluding to Jehovah's Witnesses' belief that 6000 years of mankind's existence would be reached that year, an apparent precursor to Christ's millennial reign.[20]
By 1973, Henschel was "branch overseer for the United States".[21] Henschel contributed to the book Religions of America (1975), edited by Leo Rosten, with the chapter "Who are Jehovah's Witnesses?". In 1984, Henschel was the chairman for the centennial commemoration of the incorporation of the Watch Tower Society.
In February 1990, Henschel met with the chairman of the Committee of Religious Affairs in Moscow, along with eleven Russian elders representing local Jehovah's Witnesses, which led to the official recognition of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Russia by March 1991.[22]
Henschel became president of the Watch Tower Society December 30, 1992 and remained in that position until 2000. Major organizational changes took place in 2000, as the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses was separated from the Society's board of directors. As a result, members of the Governing Body stepped aside from their capacities in the Watch Tower Society, and Don A. Adams was appointed president. Henschel remained a member of the Governing Body until his death in 2003.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
2.Jump up ^ "My Part in Advancing Right Worship", The Watchtower, June 15, 1965, pages 381-382
3.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
4.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
5.Jump up ^ "Obituaries in the News: Milton Henschel", Associated Press, March 31, 2003
6.Jump up ^ "Taught by Jehovah From My Youth", The Watchtower, November 1, 2003, page 20
7.Jump up ^ "Gilead School—50 Years Old and Going Strong!", The Watchtower, June 1, 1993, page 26
8.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
9.Jump up ^ "A Privileged Share in Postwar Expansion", The Watchtower, October 1, 2002, page 23
10.Jump up ^ 1974 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 46-47 (see also The Watchtower, July 1, 1947)
11.Jump up ^ "All Nations Expansion Assembly", The Watchtower, December 15, 1947, page 381
12.Jump up ^ "Resignation and New Appointment", The Watchtower, March 1, 1947 page 66
13.Jump up ^ "The Philippines", 1978 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 126
14.Jump up ^ "Ending the Fourth, Beginning the Fifth Decade of Kingdom Operation", The Watchtower, April 1, 1956, page 223
15.Jump up ^ 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 171-7.
16.Jump up ^ "Something Better Than Fame", Awake!, August 22, 2004, page 22
17.Jump up ^ Heart Transplants Held Cannibalism, The Detroit Free Press, July, 1968, by Hiley H. Ward.
18.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 11/15/1967, Questions from Readers.
19.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 3/15/1980, Questions from Readers.
20.Jump up ^ See Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God (PDF). Watch Tower Society. 1966. pp. 29–35..
21.Jump up ^ "Response to the Need for Workers", Awake!, November 8, 1973, page 26
22.Jump up ^ "Russia", 2008 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 198, 203
Additional reading[edit]
He Loved Kindness, The Watchtower, pg.31, August 15, 2003.
Preceded by
Frederick W. Franz President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 December 30, 1992-October 7, 2000 Succeeded by
Don A. Adams



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Jehovah's Witnesses
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Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
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2003 deaths






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A.B. Quintanilla

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Jump to: navigation, search



 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2012)

A.B. Quintanilla

Birth name
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla III
Also known as
A.B. Quintanilla III
 A.B. Quintanilla
 King of Kumbia
Born
December 13, 1963 (age 51)
Toppenish, Washington, United States
Origin
Lake Jackson, Texas, United States
Genres
Cumbia, Tejano, Reggae, Latin pop, R&B
Occupation(s)
Record producer, songwriter, composer, musician
Instruments
Bass guitar, guitar, vocals
Years active
1982–present
Labels
EMI Latin (1989–present)
Capitol Latin (2009–present)
Universal Music Latin Entertainment (2012–present)
Associated acts
Selena, Selena y Los Dinos, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., Chris Pérez, Cruz Martínez, Frankie J, DJ Kane, Abel Talamantez, Pee Wee, Melissa Jiménez, Kumbia Kings, Kumbia All Starz, Los Super Reyes
Website
http://www.abquintanilla3.com
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla III (born December 13, 1963), better known as A.B. Quintanilla III or A.B. Quintanilla, is an American record producer, songwriter, and musician. He is the older brother of "The Queen of Tejano music" Selena. Along with Selena, his other sister Suzette, and his father Abraham, he became a member of Los Dinos in 1980 which would later include Selena's husband (later widower) Chris Pérez as a guitarist. As a member of Los Dinos, A.B. would play bass guitar, produce and write songs for Selena which became successful singles such as "Como La Flor", "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más".


Contents  [hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Discography
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Career[edit]
While living in Lake Jackson, Texas, A.B. learned to play the guitar and bass. Alongside Selena, his sister Suzette, and their father, Abraham, he became a member of the successful band Los Dinos. A.B. also became Selena's producer.
He co-wrote Selena's hit songs like "Como La Flor" (Like A Flower) and "Amor Prohibido" (Forbidden Love).
A.B.'s sister, Selena, was murdered on March 31, 1995, which greatly devastated him. He helped produce "Como Te Extraño" (How I Miss You) by Pedro "Pete" Astudillo, which was written for Selena as well as Astudillo's late grandmother. The song earned Astudillo a Premios Lo Nuestro award for Best Song of the Year in 1996.[1]
A.B. Quintanilla later resurfaced with the Kumbia Kings, which mixed cumbia and pop music. Kumbia Kings went on an international tour, had several CD releases and participated on such shows as Cristina Saralegui's El Show de Cristina. Quintanilla also produced for such entertainers as Thalía, Alicia Villarreal, Verónica Castro and Cristian Castro.
He produced and arranged the 2004 CD, A.B. Quintanilla III Presents Joe Lopez, which includes "Cuando Estoy Contigo" [When I Am With You] and "Soy Tan Feliz" [I'm So Happy], co-written by Quintanilla and Luigi Giraldo.
A.B. Quintanilla left Kumbia Kings in mid-2006 due to a controversy with member Cruz Martínez. A.B., along with new members and ex-Kumbia Kings Chris Pérez (A.B.'s brother-in-law, Selena's widower) and Pee Wee; started the group Kumbia All Starz in 2006. This new group had hits such as "Chiquilla", "Parece Que Va a Llover", and "Speedy Gonzales". The Kumbia All Starz have become immensely popular in South America, especially in Bolivia, where they are performing a series of concerts in 2014.
Personal life[edit]
Quintanilla has eight children, including sons Svani (b. about 1991) and Gianni (b. about 2000)[2] as well as four other sons and two daughters born between 1990 and 2007.[2] He is the oldest of the three children of Abraham Quintanilla Jr., including Selena Quintanilla and Suzette Quintanilla. He married his longtime girlfriend Rikkie Leigh Robertson on November 12, 2011. [3] In the movie describing Selena's life, A.B. was played by Mexican-born American actor Jacob Vargas (Rafael Tamayo played the part of A.B. when he was a child).
Discography[edit]
Main article: A.B. Quintanilla discography
See also: Selena albums discography, Kumbia Kings discography and Kumbia All Starz discography
Albums with Selena##Mis Primeras Grabaciones (1984)
##The New Girl in Town (1985)
##Alpha (1986)
##Muñequito de Trapo (1987)
##And the Winner Is... (1987)
##Preciosa (1988)
##Dulce Amor (1988)
##Selena (1989)
##Ven Conmigo (1990)
##Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
##Selena Live! (1993)
##Amor Prohibido (1994)
##Dreaming of You (1995)
Albums with Kumbia Kings##Amor, Familia y Respeto (1999)
##Shhh! (2001)
##All Mixed Up: Los Remixes (2002)
##4 (2003)
##Presents Kumbia Kings (2003)
##La Historia (2003)
##Los Remixes 2.0 (2004)
##Fuego (2004)
##Duetos (2005)
##Kumbia Kings Live (2006)
##Greatest Hits (2007)
Albums with Kumbia All Starz##Ayer Fue Kumbia Kings, Hoy Es Kumbia All Starz (2006)
##Planeta Kumbia (2008)
##La Vida de un Genio (2010)
##Blanco y Negro (2013)
##Éxitos En Vivo (2014)
See also[edit]

Portal icon Biography portal
##Kumbia All Starz
##Kumbia Kings
##Selena
##Latin American music
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Lo Nuestro 1996". Premios Lo Nuestro. Univision. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
2.^ Jump up to: a b (No author.) "A.B. Quintanilla poses with sons for People en Espanol," People.com, "Moms & Babies" section, 7 April 2008.
3.Jump up ^ "A.B. Quintanilla Marries Girlfriend! (Photos)". January 27, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
External links[edit]
##Official website
##A.B. Quintanilla at the Internet Movie Database
##A.B. Quintanilla at Allmusic


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Categories: A.B. Quintanilla
1963 births
American bass guitarists
American child musicians
American expatriates in Mexico
American guitarists
American musicians of Mexican descent
American record producers
Capitol Latin artists
Cumbia musicians
EMI Latin artists
Kumbia All Starz members
Kumbia Kings members
Latin Grammy Award winners
Lead guitarists
Living people
Los Dinos members
Mariachi musicians
Musicians from Texas
People from Brazoria County, Texas
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
People from Toppenish, Washington
Rock en Español musicians
Selena
Songwriters from Texas
Tejano pop musicians
Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists








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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B._Quintanilla









A.B. Quintanilla

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search



 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2012)

A.B. Quintanilla

Birth name
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla III
Also known as
A.B. Quintanilla III
 A.B. Quintanilla
 King of Kumbia
Born
December 13, 1963 (age 51)
Toppenish, Washington, United States
Origin
Lake Jackson, Texas, United States
Genres
Cumbia, Tejano, Reggae, Latin pop, R&B
Occupation(s)
Record producer, songwriter, composer, musician
Instruments
Bass guitar, guitar, vocals
Years active
1982–present
Labels
EMI Latin (1989–present)
Capitol Latin (2009–present)
Universal Music Latin Entertainment (2012–present)
Associated acts
Selena, Selena y Los Dinos, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., Chris Pérez, Cruz Martínez, Frankie J, DJ Kane, Abel Talamantez, Pee Wee, Melissa Jiménez, Kumbia Kings, Kumbia All Starz, Los Super Reyes
Website
http://www.abquintanilla3.com
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla III (born December 13, 1963), better known as A.B. Quintanilla III or A.B. Quintanilla, is an American record producer, songwriter, and musician. He is the older brother of "The Queen of Tejano music" Selena. Along with Selena, his other sister Suzette, and his father Abraham, he became a member of Los Dinos in 1980 which would later include Selena's husband (later widower) Chris Pérez as a guitarist. As a member of Los Dinos, A.B. would play bass guitar, produce and write songs for Selena which became successful singles such as "Como La Flor", "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más".


Contents  [hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Discography
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Career[edit]
While living in Lake Jackson, Texas, A.B. learned to play the guitar and bass. Alongside Selena, his sister Suzette, and their father, Abraham, he became a member of the successful band Los Dinos. A.B. also became Selena's producer.
He co-wrote Selena's hit songs like "Como La Flor" (Like A Flower) and "Amor Prohibido" (Forbidden Love).
A.B.'s sister, Selena, was murdered on March 31, 1995, which greatly devastated him. He helped produce "Como Te Extraño" (How I Miss You) by Pedro "Pete" Astudillo, which was written for Selena as well as Astudillo's late grandmother. The song earned Astudillo a Premios Lo Nuestro award for Best Song of the Year in 1996.[1]
A.B. Quintanilla later resurfaced with the Kumbia Kings, which mixed cumbia and pop music. Kumbia Kings went on an international tour, had several CD releases and participated on such shows as Cristina Saralegui's El Show de Cristina. Quintanilla also produced for such entertainers as Thalía, Alicia Villarreal, Verónica Castro and Cristian Castro.
He produced and arranged the 2004 CD, A.B. Quintanilla III Presents Joe Lopez, which includes "Cuando Estoy Contigo" [When I Am With You] and "Soy Tan Feliz" [I'm So Happy], co-written by Quintanilla and Luigi Giraldo.
A.B. Quintanilla left Kumbia Kings in mid-2006 due to a controversy with member Cruz Martínez. A.B., along with new members and ex-Kumbia Kings Chris Pérez (A.B.'s brother-in-law, Selena's widower) and Pee Wee; started the group Kumbia All Starz in 2006. This new group had hits such as "Chiquilla", "Parece Que Va a Llover", and "Speedy Gonzales". The Kumbia All Starz have become immensely popular in South America, especially in Bolivia, where they are performing a series of concerts in 2014.
Personal life[edit]
Quintanilla has eight children, including sons Svani (b. about 1991) and Gianni (b. about 2000)[2] as well as four other sons and two daughters born between 1990 and 2007.[2] He is the oldest of the three children of Abraham Quintanilla Jr., including Selena Quintanilla and Suzette Quintanilla. He married his longtime girlfriend Rikkie Leigh Robertson on November 12, 2011. [3] In the movie describing Selena's life, A.B. was played by Mexican-born American actor Jacob Vargas (Rafael Tamayo played the part of A.B. when he was a child).
Discography[edit]
Main article: A.B. Quintanilla discography
See also: Selena albums discography, Kumbia Kings discography and Kumbia All Starz discography
Albums with Selena##Mis Primeras Grabaciones (1984)
##The New Girl in Town (1985)
##Alpha (1986)
##Muñequito de Trapo (1987)
##And the Winner Is... (1987)
##Preciosa (1988)
##Dulce Amor (1988)
##Selena (1989)
##Ven Conmigo (1990)
##Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
##Selena Live! (1993)
##Amor Prohibido (1994)
##Dreaming of You (1995)
Albums with Kumbia Kings##Amor, Familia y Respeto (1999)
##Shhh! (2001)
##All Mixed Up: Los Remixes (2002)
##4 (2003)
##Presents Kumbia Kings (2003)
##La Historia (2003)
##Los Remixes 2.0 (2004)
##Fuego (2004)
##Duetos (2005)
##Kumbia Kings Live (2006)
##Greatest Hits (2007)
Albums with Kumbia All Starz##Ayer Fue Kumbia Kings, Hoy Es Kumbia All Starz (2006)
##Planeta Kumbia (2008)
##La Vida de un Genio (2010)
##Blanco y Negro (2013)
##Éxitos En Vivo (2014)
See also[edit]

Portal icon Biography portal
##Kumbia All Starz
##Kumbia Kings
##Selena
##Latin American music
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Lo Nuestro 1996". Premios Lo Nuestro. Univision. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
2.^ Jump up to: a b (No author.) "A.B. Quintanilla poses with sons for People en Espanol," People.com, "Moms & Babies" section, 7 April 2008.
3.Jump up ^ "A.B. Quintanilla Marries Girlfriend! (Photos)". January 27, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
External links[edit]
##Official website
##A.B. Quintanilla at the Internet Movie Database
##A.B. Quintanilla at Allmusic


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
A.B. Quintanilla singles





































































































Category
Portal




[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Kumbia All Starz








































































[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Kumbia Kings
















































































































Wikipedia book
Category
Portal




[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Selena











































































































Wikipedia book
Category
Portal
Template




[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Selena y Los Dinos band members


















Authority control
VIAF: 43933726 ·
 MusicBrainz: 7d22a2e9-8108-4faa-b907-8e740c4264db
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: A.B. Quintanilla
1963 births
American bass guitarists
American child musicians
American expatriates in Mexico
American guitarists
American musicians of Mexican descent
American record producers
Capitol Latin artists
Cumbia musicians
EMI Latin artists
Kumbia All Starz members
Kumbia Kings members
Latin Grammy Award winners
Lead guitarists
Living people
Los Dinos members
Mariachi musicians
Musicians from Texas
People from Brazoria County, Texas
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
People from Toppenish, Washington
Rock en Español musicians
Selena
Songwriters from Texas
Tejano pop musicians
Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists








Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Contents
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Upload file
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Cite this page

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Printable version

Languages
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This page was last modified on 19 May 2015, at 17:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B._Quintanilla









Selena y Los Dinos

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Jump to: navigation, search


Selena y Los Dinos (Stylized as Selena & The Dinos)
Selenaylosdinos1995.jpg
The Original members from 1990-1995

Background information

Origin
Lake Jackson, Texas, United States
Genres
Tejano, pop music, traditional rock
Years active
1982–1995, 2005, 2015
Labels
Freddie Records (1983-1985), Cara Records (1985-1985), GP Records (1986-1989), EMI Latin (1989-present).
Associated acts
Pete Astudillo
Alvaro Torres
 Ida Saenz
Abraham Quintanilla III
Ricky Vela
Juan Gabriel
 Jose Behar
 Frane Goldb
Tom Snow
Keith Thomas
 Norman Saleet
Edward James Olmos
Tony Joe White
Barrio Boyzz
Chris Pérez
 Buffy
Wyclef Jean
Website
[1]


Past members
Selena (Deceased)
Abraham Quintailla III
Suzette Quintanilla
 Rena Dearman
 Rodney Pyeatt
Mike Dean
 Del Balint
Ricky Vela
Roger Garcia
 Joe Ortega
Pete Astudillo
 Mike Orosco
Chris Pérez
Arturo Meza
 Don Shelton (Deceased)
Freddie Corea
Selena y Los Dinos (English: Selena and the Guys) was the band in which Tejano music singer Selena performed, until her murder on March 31, 1995.[1] Selena fronted the band since 1980, started by her father Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.. When Selena was signed with EMI Latin,[1] EMI president Jose Behar told Selena that the world wanted Selena, not Los Dinos. Selena then began releasing her studio albums under her own logo title Selena and not Selena y Los Dinos.[1] Before Selena was signed with EMI, the band had sold more than 80,000 copies in the state of Texas alone, with the Tejano labels GP, Cara Records, Manny, and Freddie Records before 1989.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Band history 1.1 Beginnings (1957–1982)
1.2 Mainstream success (1982–1988)
1.3 Chris Pérez (1988–)
1.4 The Reunion: Selena ¡Vive! (2005)
2 Band members
3 Discography
4 References

Band history[edit]
Beginnings (1957–1982)[edit]
Between 1957 and 1971, Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. had played with Los Dinos. He loved to play music, and even persuade Selena to play music until she actually loved to play.[1] Selena herself joined the family band at the age of eight, and they turned professional two years later.[1] Selena not only sang in some concerts that her father arranged, but she also sang in school whenever she was asked.[2] Selena's father discovered her amazing voice, and spread musical talents (which he pursued himself in his earlier days) among his two other children: Abraham III (A.B.), was put on the bass guitar,[2] and Suzette, was put on drums.[2] The family first showcased their band on street corners, at quinceañeras, and at other family gatherings until Selena's father opened up a much-needed Mexican restaurant in Lake Jackson, Texas called Papágayos (English: Parrots) in 1980.[3] While her parents took care of the restaurant, Selena performed for the first time in public at the age of ten[4] with her siblings to entertain the diners.[2] However, the restaurant began to lose its customers when the recession of 1982 hit south Texas [2] and the restaurant was forced into foreclosure. Soon after the restaurant's closure, Selena's family moved their musical aspirations to Corpus Christi, Texas. There, Selena began to gain popularity and respect as a child singer.[2]
Within a year, the family's restaurant went bankrupt[5] and the family was forced to move in with relatives, as Abraham[5] had quit his job to manage the restaurant full-time.[5] The band then performed wherever they could, including weddings, street corners, fairs, and Quinceañeras. At some places, the band began to gain a lot of appreciation, while at other performances, where Mexican-Americans were not accepted, it began to be booed. On one occasion while performing at a wedding, the band was booed and then food was thrown on stage.[5]
Mainstream success (1982–1988)[edit]
In 1982, Corpus Christi, Texas-based Freddie Records signed Selena y Los Dinos to a recording contract.[5] By 1983, the label began promoting the yet-to-be released debut album by selling singles from tracks off the album in local stores. Selena y Los Dinos began to perform in more local Texas clubs and fairs as their names began to spread around Texas. In 1984, Freddie released the band's very first full-length album entitled Selena y Los Dinos.[5] When the album was completed, the president and owner of Freddie Records told Abraham that his band, Selena y Los Dinos, were not professionally ready to record and release a full-length album. Undeterred, Abraham dropped the record deal with Freddie Records and walked out. While still under the record deal, Selena's father came upon another small local Texas record company called Cara Records. The rumored album The New Girl in Town was never sold in stores, but singles from Cara Records were sold separately and promotionally around the state of Texas. In 1986, GP Productions, which discovered Selena y Los Dinos performing, signed the group for a yearly record contract. Selena y Los Dinos were in the recording studio soon after the agreement. That same year, Selena y Los Dinos recorded their first full-length album Alpha (A in the Greek alphabet), which was the first album to be released without legal actions or threats.[5]
In 1987, Munequito De Trapo (Rag Doll) was released and an increase in sales began to spread the news about the band, which was promoted and showcased in the Tejano Music Awards,.[5] Selena won best "Female Vocalist of The Year",[5] which she then won eight consecutive times.[5] The band as well received and won awards separately. In 1987, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., who was proud of the band's winnings and awards, released And The Winner Is... and made Selena sing more Tejano and Mexican songs which followed their roots in order to gain more recognition in the Tejano world.[5] In 1988, Selena y Los Dinos released Preciosa (Precious), a nickname that was given to Selena as a child, which sold 20,000 units in Texas alone. No other record or single sales were ever documented outside the U.S.[5] By 1988, Selena's albums began to sell 20,000 units apiece.[5] Selena y Los Dinos' last independent studio album was released in 1988 under the title Dulce Amor (Sweet Love). The album helped Selena to be noticed during the 1989 Tejano Music Awards by Jose Behar, who had just opened the Latin division of EMI Records; EMI Latin. Jose Behar recalled seeing Selena perform and the whole place "blew up" from so much excitement and enthusiasm emanating from the charismatic Selena. Soon after her performance, Behar signed Selena as a solo artist.[5] Selena began releasing her albums with her new logo titled after her name, while the band Los Dinos was still beside Selena in concerts.[5]
Chris Pérez (1988–)[edit]
Selena's brother A.B. met Chris Pérez in 1988 and they became fast friends. When one of the guitar players for the band would leave, Abraham Quintanilla Jr. would let out an open call for anyone in the state of Texas who was willing to participate with them and tour alongside the band. Pérez was interviewed and performed for one of the open calls at Abraham Quintanilla's house.[5] A.B., who had told Chris to come, was confronted by his father, who did not like the energy and image of Chris Pérez, who had his own Rock band and performed entirely in the English-language. A.B. insisted that Pérez would learn the music quickly, convincing him to hire Pérez as the new lead guitarist.[5] Pérez's addition to the band proved to be more than anticipated. He and Selena fell in love, but her father, who wanted to keep the band's clean-cut image, only saw envy in Pérez. He confronted Pérez and Selena and told them that the relationship had to end or the band would break up.[5] Pérez quit, while Selena stayed with the band. However, they were secretly married on April 2, 1992, and Selena added Perez's last name to hers.[5] She tried to hide the marriage from the rest of the family, but the news quickly spread to radio stations and newscasts.[5] The senior Quintanilla later accepted Pérez into the family and allowed him to re-join the band.[5] Soon after Selena's murder, Pérez left to form the "Chris Pérez Project". He dedicated a song to his late wife, calling it "The Best I Can". That band broke up in 2002, and he joined with Selena's brother A.B. in the Kumbia All Starz. A.B. is now honoring Selena by using her name in his songs.
The Reunion: Selena ¡Vive! (2005)[edit]
The surviving band members reunited for a historic massive tribute concert in honor of Selena on April 7, 2005.[5] The concert, Selena ¡VIVE!, was held at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.The event not only sold out, but it became the highest-rated and most viewed Spanish-language TV special ever.[5][6] In attendance were Gloria Estefan, Kumbia Kings, and an introduction by Jennifer Lopez, who portrayed Selena in the film made about her life. Suzette Quintanilla, Selena's sister, the former drum player for Selena y Los Dinos, announced that the band Los Dinos were reuniting to record a new song for A.B. Quintanilla's group Kumbia All Starz with surprise guest recording artists on the album La Vida De Un Genio.
Band members[edit]
Selena - lead singer
Chris Pérez[7] - lead & rhythm guitars (1989–1995)
Ricky Vela[7] - keyboards
Joe Ojeda[7] - keyboards
A.B. Quintanilla[7] - bass, backing vocals
Suzette "Suzy" Quintanilla[7] - drums, percussion, backing vocals
Jesse "O'Jay" Martinez[7]- drums, percussion
Arturo Meza[7] - percussion, congas
Pete Astudillo[7] - backing vocals
Don Shelton[7] - backing vocals
Freddie Corea[7] - backing vocals
Discography[edit]
Main articles: Selena y Los Dinos discography and Selena albums discography
Independent studio albumsSelena y Los Dinos/Mis Primeras Grabaciones (1984)
The New Girl in Town (1985)
Alpha (1986)
Munequito De Trapo (1986)
And The Winner Is... (1987)
Preciosa (1988)
Dulce Amor (1988)
Selena solo albums
Selena
Ven Conmigo
Entre A Mi Mundo
Selena Live!
Amor Prohibido
Dreaming of You
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "QUINTANILLA PÉREZ, SELENA", Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Assoc., 2011, webpage: TH: noted Tejano labels GP, Cara, Manny, and Freddie before 1989.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Selena - Biography of Queen of Tejano Music Selena". About.com. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
3.Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
4.Jump up ^ Harkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Sutherland, William. "Selena Biography". Selena Forever. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
6.Jump up ^ "Selena Vive Breaks Audience Records". Spanishtown.ca. April 11, 2005. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Los Dinos". Selena Forever. Retrieved July 10, 2011.


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Selena y Los Dinos

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Selena y Los Dinos (Stylized as Selena & The Dinos)
Selenaylosdinos1995.jpg
The Original members from 1990-1995

Background information

Origin
Lake Jackson, Texas, United States
Genres
Tejano, pop music, traditional rock
Years active
1982–1995, 2005, 2015
Labels
Freddie Records (1983-1985), Cara Records (1985-1985), GP Records (1986-1989), EMI Latin (1989-present).
Associated acts
Pete Astudillo
Alvaro Torres
 Ida Saenz
Abraham Quintanilla III
Ricky Vela
Juan Gabriel
 Jose Behar
 Frane Goldb
Tom Snow
Keith Thomas
 Norman Saleet
Edward James Olmos
Tony Joe White
Barrio Boyzz
Chris Pérez
 Buffy
Wyclef Jean
Website
[1]


Past members
Selena (Deceased)
Abraham Quintailla III
Suzette Quintanilla
 Rena Dearman
 Rodney Pyeatt
Mike Dean
 Del Balint
Ricky Vela
Roger Garcia
 Joe Ortega
Pete Astudillo
 Mike Orosco
Chris Pérez
Arturo Meza
 Don Shelton (Deceased)
Freddie Corea
Selena y Los Dinos (English: Selena and the Guys) was the band in which Tejano music singer Selena performed, until her murder on March 31, 1995.[1] Selena fronted the band since 1980, started by her father Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.. When Selena was signed with EMI Latin,[1] EMI president Jose Behar told Selena that the world wanted Selena, not Los Dinos. Selena then began releasing her studio albums under her own logo title Selena and not Selena y Los Dinos.[1] Before Selena was signed with EMI, the band had sold more than 80,000 copies in the state of Texas alone, with the Tejano labels GP, Cara Records, Manny, and Freddie Records before 1989.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Band history 1.1 Beginnings (1957–1982)
1.2 Mainstream success (1982–1988)
1.3 Chris Pérez (1988–)
1.4 The Reunion: Selena ¡Vive! (2005)
2 Band members
3 Discography
4 References

Band history[edit]
Beginnings (1957–1982)[edit]
Between 1957 and 1971, Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. had played with Los Dinos. He loved to play music, and even persuade Selena to play music until she actually loved to play.[1] Selena herself joined the family band at the age of eight, and they turned professional two years later.[1] Selena not only sang in some concerts that her father arranged, but she also sang in school whenever she was asked.[2] Selena's father discovered her amazing voice, and spread musical talents (which he pursued himself in his earlier days) among his two other children: Abraham III (A.B.), was put on the bass guitar,[2] and Suzette, was put on drums.[2] The family first showcased their band on street corners, at quinceañeras, and at other family gatherings until Selena's father opened up a much-needed Mexican restaurant in Lake Jackson, Texas called Papágayos (English: Parrots) in 1980.[3] While her parents took care of the restaurant, Selena performed for the first time in public at the age of ten[4] with her siblings to entertain the diners.[2] However, the restaurant began to lose its customers when the recession of 1982 hit south Texas [2] and the restaurant was forced into foreclosure. Soon after the restaurant's closure, Selena's family moved their musical aspirations to Corpus Christi, Texas. There, Selena began to gain popularity and respect as a child singer.[2]
Within a year, the family's restaurant went bankrupt[5] and the family was forced to move in with relatives, as Abraham[5] had quit his job to manage the restaurant full-time.[5] The band then performed wherever they could, including weddings, street corners, fairs, and Quinceañeras. At some places, the band began to gain a lot of appreciation, while at other performances, where Mexican-Americans were not accepted, it began to be booed. On one occasion while performing at a wedding, the band was booed and then food was thrown on stage.[5]
Mainstream success (1982–1988)[edit]
In 1982, Corpus Christi, Texas-based Freddie Records signed Selena y Los Dinos to a recording contract.[5] By 1983, the label began promoting the yet-to-be released debut album by selling singles from tracks off the album in local stores. Selena y Los Dinos began to perform in more local Texas clubs and fairs as their names began to spread around Texas. In 1984, Freddie released the band's very first full-length album entitled Selena y Los Dinos.[5] When the album was completed, the president and owner of Freddie Records told Abraham that his band, Selena y Los Dinos, were not professionally ready to record and release a full-length album. Undeterred, Abraham dropped the record deal with Freddie Records and walked out. While still under the record deal, Selena's father came upon another small local Texas record company called Cara Records. The rumored album The New Girl in Town was never sold in stores, but singles from Cara Records were sold separately and promotionally around the state of Texas. In 1986, GP Productions, which discovered Selena y Los Dinos performing, signed the group for a yearly record contract. Selena y Los Dinos were in the recording studio soon after the agreement. That same year, Selena y Los Dinos recorded their first full-length album Alpha (A in the Greek alphabet), which was the first album to be released without legal actions or threats.[5]
In 1987, Munequito De Trapo (Rag Doll) was released and an increase in sales began to spread the news about the band, which was promoted and showcased in the Tejano Music Awards,.[5] Selena won best "Female Vocalist of The Year",[5] which she then won eight consecutive times.[5] The band as well received and won awards separately. In 1987, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., who was proud of the band's winnings and awards, released And The Winner Is... and made Selena sing more Tejano and Mexican songs which followed their roots in order to gain more recognition in the Tejano world.[5] In 1988, Selena y Los Dinos released Preciosa (Precious), a nickname that was given to Selena as a child, which sold 20,000 units in Texas alone. No other record or single sales were ever documented outside the U.S.[5] By 1988, Selena's albums began to sell 20,000 units apiece.[5] Selena y Los Dinos' last independent studio album was released in 1988 under the title Dulce Amor (Sweet Love). The album helped Selena to be noticed during the 1989 Tejano Music Awards by Jose Behar, who had just opened the Latin division of EMI Records; EMI Latin. Jose Behar recalled seeing Selena perform and the whole place "blew up" from so much excitement and enthusiasm emanating from the charismatic Selena. Soon after her performance, Behar signed Selena as a solo artist.[5] Selena began releasing her albums with her new logo titled after her name, while the band Los Dinos was still beside Selena in concerts.[5]
Chris Pérez (1988–)[edit]
Selena's brother A.B. met Chris Pérez in 1988 and they became fast friends. When one of the guitar players for the band would leave, Abraham Quintanilla Jr. would let out an open call for anyone in the state of Texas who was willing to participate with them and tour alongside the band. Pérez was interviewed and performed for one of the open calls at Abraham Quintanilla's house.[5] A.B., who had told Chris to come, was confronted by his father, who did not like the energy and image of Chris Pérez, who had his own Rock band and performed entirely in the English-language. A.B. insisted that Pérez would learn the music quickly, convincing him to hire Pérez as the new lead guitarist.[5] Pérez's addition to the band proved to be more than anticipated. He and Selena fell in love, but her father, who wanted to keep the band's clean-cut image, only saw envy in Pérez. He confronted Pérez and Selena and told them that the relationship had to end or the band would break up.[5] Pérez quit, while Selena stayed with the band. However, they were secretly married on April 2, 1992, and Selena added Perez's last name to hers.[5] She tried to hide the marriage from the rest of the family, but the news quickly spread to radio stations and newscasts.[5] The senior Quintanilla later accepted Pérez into the family and allowed him to re-join the band.[5] Soon after Selena's murder, Pérez left to form the "Chris Pérez Project". He dedicated a song to his late wife, calling it "The Best I Can". That band broke up in 2002, and he joined with Selena's brother A.B. in the Kumbia All Starz. A.B. is now honoring Selena by using her name in his songs.
The Reunion: Selena ¡Vive! (2005)[edit]
The surviving band members reunited for a historic massive tribute concert in honor of Selena on April 7, 2005.[5] The concert, Selena ¡VIVE!, was held at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.The event not only sold out, but it became the highest-rated and most viewed Spanish-language TV special ever.[5][6] In attendance were Gloria Estefan, Kumbia Kings, and an introduction by Jennifer Lopez, who portrayed Selena in the film made about her life. Suzette Quintanilla, Selena's sister, the former drum player for Selena y Los Dinos, announced that the band Los Dinos were reuniting to record a new song for A.B. Quintanilla's group Kumbia All Starz with surprise guest recording artists on the album La Vida De Un Genio.
Band members[edit]
Selena - lead singer
Chris Pérez[7] - lead & rhythm guitars (1989–1995)
Ricky Vela[7] - keyboards
Joe Ojeda[7] - keyboards
A.B. Quintanilla[7] - bass, backing vocals
Suzette "Suzy" Quintanilla[7] - drums, percussion, backing vocals
Jesse "O'Jay" Martinez[7]- drums, percussion
Arturo Meza[7] - percussion, congas
Pete Astudillo[7] - backing vocals
Don Shelton[7] - backing vocals
Freddie Corea[7] - backing vocals
Discography[edit]
Main articles: Selena y Los Dinos discography and Selena albums discography
Independent studio albumsSelena y Los Dinos/Mis Primeras Grabaciones (1984)
The New Girl in Town (1985)
Alpha (1986)
Munequito De Trapo (1986)
And The Winner Is... (1987)
Preciosa (1988)
Dulce Amor (1988)
Selena solo albums
Selena
Ven Conmigo
Entre A Mi Mundo
Selena Live!
Amor Prohibido
Dreaming of You
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "QUINTANILLA PÉREZ, SELENA", Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Assoc., 2011, webpage: TH: noted Tejano labels GP, Cara, Manny, and Freddie before 1989.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Selena - Biography of Queen of Tejano Music Selena". About.com. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
3.Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
4.Jump up ^ Harkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Sutherland, William. "Selena Biography". Selena Forever. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
6.Jump up ^ "Selena Vive Breaks Audience Records". Spanishtown.ca. April 11, 2005. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Los Dinos". Selena Forever. Retrieved July 10, 2011.


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Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups from Texas




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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_y_Los_Dinos









Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.

Birth name
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla Jr[1]
Also known as
Abraham, Abraham Quintanilla
Born
February 20, 1939 (age 76)
Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
Origin
Corpus Christi, Texas
Genres
Polka, Doo-wop, Tejano
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter, record producer
Instruments
Vocals
Years active
1957–present
Labels
Falcon Records, J.W. Fox, Bernal records, Epitome
Associated acts
Los Dinos
Selena y Los Dinos
Selena (deceased daughter)
A.B. Quintanilla (son)
Suzette Quintanilla (daughter)
Chris Pérez (widower son-in-law)
Website
www.q-productions.com
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla, Jr. (born February 20, 1939)[2] is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. He is the father of singer Selena.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career 2.1 Early years
2.2 With Selena y Los Dinos
3 Death of Selena
4 Discography
5 Filmography
6 Notes
7 References
8 Works cited
9 External links

Early life[edit]
Quintanilla was born in Corpus Christi, Texas, the middle child of six siblings, to Mexican immigrant parents Abraham Quintanilla, Sr. (born: Abrán Quintanilla) (1912-1997) and Mary Calderon Quintanilla (born: María Calderon, March 29, 1919 – January 18, 1972). Quintanilla's parents worked along the Rio Grande in Texas, gleaning vegetables, cotton and fruits.[2] When he was fourteen, his parents left the Catholic Church and converted to Jehovah's Witnesses. Quintanilla's mother began to go door-to-door to preach to other Hispanic and Latino Americans.[3] Quintanilla's father later worked as an autobody repairman.[4]
Quintanilla attended Roy Miller High School and soon joined with two of his friends to form a high school choir called the Gumdrops.[3] Abraham dropped out of Roy Miller High School when he was a senior to pursue his career.[5] Mary strongly disapproved of her son's desire to become a professional singer.[4]
Career[edit]
Early years[edit]
In 1957, Quintanilla encountered his alumni class mates performing at a high school dance.[5] He quickly recognized their voices and was hooked. While learning that one of their lead vocalist was quitting the band: Abraham quickly approached the "Dinos" and asked if he can be part of their singing group.[5] The group decided to give Abraham a chance by practicing with them. Quintanilla's wishes were granted when the Dinos crowned him as the "third voice". During the beginning stages of the group, the Dinos were paid thirty United States dollars in booked venues. Los Dinos cited their musical inspirations were musical ensembles The Four Aces and Mills Brothers.[5] In 1959, Los Dinos released their first single "So Hard to Tell" on the J.W. Fox label that was owned by Johnny Herrera. The single became a classic hit on KEYS and helped the band to be booked at personal appearances at sock hops in Corpus, Kingsville and Woodsboro, Texas.
The Dino's second single "Give Me One Chance", was composed by Teddy Randazzo who'd written songs for Little Anthony and the Imperials, sold 150,000 copiesa. The single began getting extensive airplay throughout South Texas and on KILT-FM.[6] Los Dino's popularity prosper after the record sales of "Give Me One Chance". The band recorded ten English-language revolutions per minutes and covered songs of The Beatles, Ray Stevens, Johnny Tillotson, Tommy Roe, Sam & Dave and the Five Americans.




"Con Esta Copa" (1964)







One of Los Dino's most-known songs during their era in the 1960s.

Problems playing this file? See media help.
The band faced racism and discrimination due to being of Mexican descent. A club owner, who thought the band were Italian, was surprised to learn that Los Dinos were Mexican Americans. The club owner decided not to pay them. Los Dinos were turned down motel rooms and other venues that were predominantly white neighborhoods.
The band's next singles "Twistin' Irene", "Ride Your Pony", and "Lover's Holiday" sold poorly. In October 1961, Quintanilla was drafted into the military and was stationed at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, near Tacoma, Washington. While on duty, he met Marcella Samora, who is half-Mexican American and half-Cherokee Indian. Marcella's father originated from Amarillo, while her mother was from Colorado.[7] Quintanilla and Marcella married on June 8, 1963.
On December 13, 1963, Quintanilla was discharged from active duty and while doing so, Marcella gave birth to their first child, Abraham "A.B." Quintanilla III. Within a month, Quintanilla moved his family and relocated in Corpus Christi. While back, he re-joined with Los Dinos and began singing American pop and Rock and roll music. While performing to a crowd of Mexican people, Los Dinos were told to play Spanish-language Mexican music. They were later booed and were called "queers". The people at the club were refunded their money, after the band confess of not knowing any Mexican music. This angered people who wanted to dance and chased the band out of the building. Local Corpus Christi police had to be called in to escort the band out.[8] The band changed their musical genres to Chicano rock due to costs in creating English-language popular music and the popularity of the band. Los Dinos recorded their first record Con Esta Copa (With This Cup) in 1964 on Arnoldo Ramirez label Falcon Records. The single "Con esta copa" became an instant hit in Texas and had heavy airplay, at the time of its release on Epitome. The single was also played in neighboring states.[9]
The band released three more records with Falcon until they moved on to Bernal records. On June 29, 1967, Marcella gave birth to their second child and first daughter, Suzette Michelle Quintanilla. By 1969, Los Dino's popularity faded in numbers and their record sales began to decline. Quintanilla later quit the band, while the rest of the group went on without him.[10]
Los Dinos continued to record music and by 1974, the band recorded twenty 45s and six LP records. The band then officially ended their careers.[10]
With Selena y Los Dinos[edit]
Main article: Selena y Los Dinos
In the early 1970s, Quintanilla moved to Lake Jackson, Texas and began working full-time to support his wife and two kids. He worked for Dow Chemical, while trying to get over his passion for music. While settling in, Marcella was told by doctors that she had a tumor and it needed to be removed. Marcella and Quintanilla decided to get a second opinion before performing the removal. While visiting a second doctor, the couple were told that Marcella was pregnant. Marcella and Abraham were told that they were going to have another son and picked the name: Marc Antony (Quintanilla). But on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1971; Marcella and Abraham delivered a girl at Freeport Community Hospital. A woman who shared the room, offered the name "Selena".[11]
One day, while Quintanilla was teaching his oldest child, A.B. to play a guitar, Selena came in the room and began singing along with her father. Quintanilla noticed that Selena had a gift and wasted no time, and began working to develop her vocal talents.[12] Quintanilla formed a new group, based on his childhood band; Selena y Los Dinos (Selena And The Guys). Quintanilla, with the help of his former recording studio manager and friend, began recording songs with Selena and began building a foundation of awareness for his children.[13][14]




"Give Me One More Chance" (1984)







"Give Me One More Chance" is one of Los Dino's signature songs in the 1960s. After the band's split, Quintanilla worked with his daughter, Selena, into the world of music. She recorded the song "Give Me One More Chance" for her début album in 1984.

Problems playing this file? See media help.
In 1982, Quintanilla opened up a Mexican restaurant called PapaGayos (Parrots) and built a platform for his children to perform in front of patrons, while they enjoy their meals. Shortly after the restaurant opened, it suffered the recession of 1983, and was forced to close. He then took his musical aspirations and re-located back to Corpus Christi, after he was evicted from his home. Selena y Los Dinos, along with Quintanilla, performed at street corners, parties, weddings, and other social-activities that would offer income for the family. In 1984, Selena y Los Dinos were signed to Freddie Records; they recorded and released their début album entitled Selena Y Los Dinos. Selena was criticized by Freddie Martinez (CEO of Freddie Records), for being a young female in a male-dominate genre. Quintanilla moved his children to Cara Records who released their second album The New Girl in Town. The album helped Selena y Los Dinos to appear as musical guests on the Johnny Canales Show.[15][16]
By 1989, Selena released eight long plays on Manny Guerra's independent labels GP Productions and Record Producer Productions. These albums led Selena to win and dominate awards at the Tejano Music Awards, starting in 1986.[17] While performing at the TMA's, Selena caught the eyes of José Behar, the former head of Sony Music Latin. Behar signed Selena with Capitol/EMI.[18] He later said that he signed Selena because he thought he had discovered the next Gloria Estefan.
In 1993, Selena won a Grammy Award for "Best Mexican-American Album" for Selena Live!.[19] In 1994, Selena's album Amor Prohibido became the biggest selling Latin album of all time, being certified 20x Platinum (Latin type) by the RIAA for selling over two million copies, while selling over five million copies worldwide.[20] Selena's sales and fan base increased, paving the way for Selena's dream of recording a crossover album in prospective.[14][21]
Death of Selena[edit]
Main article: Murder of Selena
On March 31, 1995, Quintanilla's youngest child, Selena, was murdered by the president of the Selena Fan Club, manager of Selena's boutiques, Selena Etc. and friend, Yolanda Saldívar.[18] Selena's death was devastating to Quintanilla, who began to experience emotional trauma, distress, and depression.[22]
After Selena's death, Quintanilla has been involved in every development of albums, documentaries, and other productions that involves or talks about Selena.[23] Soon after Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla and his family started The Selena Foundation,[1] a charitable organization which assists children in crisis.[24] Abraham Quintanilla has appeared in numerous television specials about Selena.[25] Quintanilla continues to produce new acts in the music and film industries with his record company, Q-Productions.[25]
Discography[edit]
Studio albums
Album information[26]
Los Dinos (The Guys) Released: 1963

Con Esta Copa (With This Cup) Released: 1964

The Dinos (Falcon release) Released: 1965

2000 Released: 1962

Unknown fifth release (Bernal release) Released: 1967

Unknown sixth release (Bernal release) Released: 1974

Filmography[edit]

Film

Year[1]
Film
Role
Notes
1997 Selena  Executive Producer
1997 Selena Remembered  Producer
2003 Greatest Hits DVD  Producer
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995–present Tejano Music Awards himself, receiving awards for Selena TV appearances
1998 American Justice: Selena episode himself
1998 Behind The Music: Selena the movie himself
1999 Corpus: A Home Video for Selena himself
2004 Noche de estrellas: Premio lo Nuestro 2004 himself, receiving awards for Selena
2005 Don Francisco presenta himself
2005 Selena: Noche de estrellas himself
2005 Selena !VIVE! himself
2005 Selena ¡vive!, acceso total himself
2007 Selena: Queen of Tejano himself
2007 Making of Selena: 10 Years Later himself
Notes[edit]
^a In his book Selena Como La Flor, Patoski says Give Me One Chance‍ '​s putative sales of 150,000 may have been exaggerated by Manny Guerra.[27]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c "Abraham Quintanilla's filmography". imdb.com. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
2.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 2
3.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 9
4.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 33
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski page 10
6.Jump up ^ Patoski page 21
7.Jump up ^ Patoski page 22
8.Jump up ^ Patoski page 23
9.Jump up ^ Patoski page 29
10.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 30
11.Jump up ^ Patoski page 34
12.Jump up ^ Patoski page 37
13.Jump up ^ Patoski page 38
14.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 39
15.Jump up ^ Patoski page 40
16.Jump up ^ Patoski page 42
17.Jump up ^ "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBSNews.com, October 17, 2002. Retrieved on July 9, 2006.
18.^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, Rick. "Selena" at the Wayback Machine (archived July 9, 2007). Houston Chronicle, May 21, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
19.Jump up ^ Sam Howe Verhovek (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1.
20.Jump up ^ RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – Amor Prohibido. RIAA.com.
21.Jump up ^ Patoski page 47
22.Jump up ^ Richmond page 36
23.Jump up ^ Richmond page 201
24.Jump up ^ "The Selena Foundation". Retrieved January 2, 2011.
25.^ Jump up to: a b "Management of Q-Productions". Retrieved January 2, 2011.
26.Jump up ^ 30th Tejano Music Awards (Television production) (in Spanish). July 11, 2010. 80 minutes in.
27.Jump up ^ Patoski page 8
Works cited[edit]
Joe Nick Patoski. Selena Como La Flor. Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69378-2.
Clint Richmond. Selena: The Phenomenal Life and Tragic Death of the Tejano Music Queen/Selena!. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-54522-1. du
Ck
External links[edit]
IMDB profile
Q-Productions.com web site


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Selena


Albums discography ·
 Singles discography ·
 Songs ·
 Videography ·
 Filmography ·
 Tours ·
 Awards
 

Studio albums
Selena ·
 Ven Conmigo ·
 Entre a Mi Mundo ·
 Amor Prohibido ·
 Dreaming of You
 

Soundtrack albums
Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
 

Live albums
Selena Live! ·
 Live! The Last Concert ·
 Unforgettable: The Live Album ·
 Selena ¡VIVE!
 

Remix albums
Siempre Selena ·
 Anthology ·
 Enamorada de Ti
 

Compilation albums
Mis Mejores Canciones - 17 Super Éxitos ·
 12 Super Éxitos ·
 Las Reinas Del Pueblo ·
 Éxitos y Recuerdos ·
 All My Hits Vol. 1 ·
 All My Hits Vol. 2 ·
 Ones ·
 Greatest Hits ·
 Momentos Intimos ·
 Unforgettable ·
 Dos Historias ·
 Through the Years/A Traves de los Años ·
 La Leyenda ·
 Lo Mejor de Selena
 

Video albums
Selena Remembered ·
 Live! The Last Concert ·
 Performances
 

Filmography
Don Juan DeMarco ·
 Dos Mujeres, Un Camino ·
 Johnny Canales Show ·
 Tejano Music Awards ·
 Selena ·
 Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena
 

Retail
Selena Etc. ·
 Forever ·
 Como La Flor
 

People
A.B. Quintanilla ·
 Chris Pérez ·
 Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. ·
 Suzette Quintanilla ·
 Ricky Vela ·
 Pete Astudillo ·
 Yolanda Saldívar
 

Related articles
Murder of Selena (trial) ·
 List of people influenced by Selena ·
 The Selena Foundation ·
 Q-Productions ·
 Selena y Los Dinos ·
 EMI Latin ·
 People en Español ·
 Selena Forever ·
 Selena ¡VIVE! ·
 Selenidad
 

Wikipedia book Book ·
 Category Category ·
 PortalPortal ·
 Template Template
 







 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Living people
1939 births
A.B. Quintanilla
American folk singers
American male singers
American music video directors
American musicians of Mexican descent
American record producers
American male television actors
Chicano rock musicians
Latin pop singers
Los Dinos members
Mariachi musicians
Musicians from Texas
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Polka musicians
American ranchera singers
Selena
Spanish-language singers of the United States
Dow Chemical Company employees







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This page was last modified on 19 May 2015, at 17:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Quintanilla,_Jr.








Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.

Birth name
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla Jr[1]
Also known as
Abraham, Abraham Quintanilla
Born
February 20, 1939 (age 76)
Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
Origin
Corpus Christi, Texas
Genres
Polka, Doo-wop, Tejano
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter, record producer
Instruments
Vocals
Years active
1957–present
Labels
Falcon Records, J.W. Fox, Bernal records, Epitome
Associated acts
Los Dinos
Selena y Los Dinos
Selena (deceased daughter)
A.B. Quintanilla (son)
Suzette Quintanilla (daughter)
Chris Pérez (widower son-in-law)
Website
www.q-productions.com
Abraham Isaac Quintanilla, Jr. (born February 20, 1939)[2] is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. He is the father of singer Selena.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career 2.1 Early years
2.2 With Selena y Los Dinos
3 Death of Selena
4 Discography
5 Filmography
6 Notes
7 References
8 Works cited
9 External links

Early life[edit]
Quintanilla was born in Corpus Christi, Texas, the middle child of six siblings, to Mexican immigrant parents Abraham Quintanilla, Sr. (born: Abrán Quintanilla) (1912-1997) and Mary Calderon Quintanilla (born: María Calderon, March 29, 1919 – January 18, 1972). Quintanilla's parents worked along the Rio Grande in Texas, gleaning vegetables, cotton and fruits.[2] When he was fourteen, his parents left the Catholic Church and converted to Jehovah's Witnesses. Quintanilla's mother began to go door-to-door to preach to other Hispanic and Latino Americans.[3] Quintanilla's father later worked as an autobody repairman.[4]
Quintanilla attended Roy Miller High School and soon joined with two of his friends to form a high school choir called the Gumdrops.[3] Abraham dropped out of Roy Miller High School when he was a senior to pursue his career.[5] Mary strongly disapproved of her son's desire to become a professional singer.[4]
Career[edit]
Early years[edit]
In 1957, Quintanilla encountered his alumni class mates performing at a high school dance.[5] He quickly recognized their voices and was hooked. While learning that one of their lead vocalist was quitting the band: Abraham quickly approached the "Dinos" and asked if he can be part of their singing group.[5] The group decided to give Abraham a chance by practicing with them. Quintanilla's wishes were granted when the Dinos crowned him as the "third voice". During the beginning stages of the group, the Dinos were paid thirty United States dollars in booked venues. Los Dinos cited their musical inspirations were musical ensembles The Four Aces and Mills Brothers.[5] In 1959, Los Dinos released their first single "So Hard to Tell" on the J.W. Fox label that was owned by Johnny Herrera. The single became a classic hit on KEYS and helped the band to be booked at personal appearances at sock hops in Corpus, Kingsville and Woodsboro, Texas.
The Dino's second single "Give Me One Chance", was composed by Teddy Randazzo who'd written songs for Little Anthony and the Imperials, sold 150,000 copiesa. The single began getting extensive airplay throughout South Texas and on KILT-FM.[6] Los Dino's popularity prosper after the record sales of "Give Me One Chance". The band recorded ten English-language revolutions per minutes and covered songs of The Beatles, Ray Stevens, Johnny Tillotson, Tommy Roe, Sam & Dave and the Five Americans.




"Con Esta Copa" (1964)







One of Los Dino's most-known songs during their era in the 1960s.

Problems playing this file? See media help.
The band faced racism and discrimination due to being of Mexican descent. A club owner, who thought the band were Italian, was surprised to learn that Los Dinos were Mexican Americans. The club owner decided not to pay them. Los Dinos were turned down motel rooms and other venues that were predominantly white neighborhoods.
The band's next singles "Twistin' Irene", "Ride Your Pony", and "Lover's Holiday" sold poorly. In October 1961, Quintanilla was drafted into the military and was stationed at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, near Tacoma, Washington. While on duty, he met Marcella Samora, who is half-Mexican American and half-Cherokee Indian. Marcella's father originated from Amarillo, while her mother was from Colorado.[7] Quintanilla and Marcella married on June 8, 1963.
On December 13, 1963, Quintanilla was discharged from active duty and while doing so, Marcella gave birth to their first child, Abraham "A.B." Quintanilla III. Within a month, Quintanilla moved his family and relocated in Corpus Christi. While back, he re-joined with Los Dinos and began singing American pop and Rock and roll music. While performing to a crowd of Mexican people, Los Dinos were told to play Spanish-language Mexican music. They were later booed and were called "queers". The people at the club were refunded their money, after the band confess of not knowing any Mexican music. This angered people who wanted to dance and chased the band out of the building. Local Corpus Christi police had to be called in to escort the band out.[8] The band changed their musical genres to Chicano rock due to costs in creating English-language popular music and the popularity of the band. Los Dinos recorded their first record Con Esta Copa (With This Cup) in 1964 on Arnoldo Ramirez label Falcon Records. The single "Con esta copa" became an instant hit in Texas and had heavy airplay, at the time of its release on Epitome. The single was also played in neighboring states.[9]
The band released three more records with Falcon until they moved on to Bernal records. On June 29, 1967, Marcella gave birth to their second child and first daughter, Suzette Michelle Quintanilla. By 1969, Los Dino's popularity faded in numbers and their record sales began to decline. Quintanilla later quit the band, while the rest of the group went on without him.[10]
Los Dinos continued to record music and by 1974, the band recorded twenty 45s and six LP records. The band then officially ended their careers.[10]
With Selena y Los Dinos[edit]
Main article: Selena y Los Dinos
In the early 1970s, Quintanilla moved to Lake Jackson, Texas and began working full-time to support his wife and two kids. He worked for Dow Chemical, while trying to get over his passion for music. While settling in, Marcella was told by doctors that she had a tumor and it needed to be removed. Marcella and Quintanilla decided to get a second opinion before performing the removal. While visiting a second doctor, the couple were told that Marcella was pregnant. Marcella and Abraham were told that they were going to have another son and picked the name: Marc Antony (Quintanilla). But on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1971; Marcella and Abraham delivered a girl at Freeport Community Hospital. A woman who shared the room, offered the name "Selena".[11]
One day, while Quintanilla was teaching his oldest child, A.B. to play a guitar, Selena came in the room and began singing along with her father. Quintanilla noticed that Selena had a gift and wasted no time, and began working to develop her vocal talents.[12] Quintanilla formed a new group, based on his childhood band; Selena y Los Dinos (Selena And The Guys). Quintanilla, with the help of his former recording studio manager and friend, began recording songs with Selena and began building a foundation of awareness for his children.[13][14]




"Give Me One More Chance" (1984)







"Give Me One More Chance" is one of Los Dino's signature songs in the 1960s. After the band's split, Quintanilla worked with his daughter, Selena, into the world of music. She recorded the song "Give Me One More Chance" for her début album in 1984.

Problems playing this file? See media help.
In 1982, Quintanilla opened up a Mexican restaurant called PapaGayos (Parrots) and built a platform for his children to perform in front of patrons, while they enjoy their meals. Shortly after the restaurant opened, it suffered the recession of 1983, and was forced to close. He then took his musical aspirations and re-located back to Corpus Christi, after he was evicted from his home. Selena y Los Dinos, along with Quintanilla, performed at street corners, parties, weddings, and other social-activities that would offer income for the family. In 1984, Selena y Los Dinos were signed to Freddie Records; they recorded and released their début album entitled Selena Y Los Dinos. Selena was criticized by Freddie Martinez (CEO of Freddie Records), for being a young female in a male-dominate genre. Quintanilla moved his children to Cara Records who released their second album The New Girl in Town. The album helped Selena y Los Dinos to appear as musical guests on the Johnny Canales Show.[15][16]
By 1989, Selena released eight long plays on Manny Guerra's independent labels GP Productions and Record Producer Productions. These albums led Selena to win and dominate awards at the Tejano Music Awards, starting in 1986.[17] While performing at the TMA's, Selena caught the eyes of José Behar, the former head of Sony Music Latin. Behar signed Selena with Capitol/EMI.[18] He later said that he signed Selena because he thought he had discovered the next Gloria Estefan.
In 1993, Selena won a Grammy Award for "Best Mexican-American Album" for Selena Live!.[19] In 1994, Selena's album Amor Prohibido became the biggest selling Latin album of all time, being certified 20x Platinum (Latin type) by the RIAA for selling over two million copies, while selling over five million copies worldwide.[20] Selena's sales and fan base increased, paving the way for Selena's dream of recording a crossover album in prospective.[14][21]
Death of Selena[edit]
Main article: Murder of Selena
On March 31, 1995, Quintanilla's youngest child, Selena, was murdered by the president of the Selena Fan Club, manager of Selena's boutiques, Selena Etc. and friend, Yolanda Saldívar.[18] Selena's death was devastating to Quintanilla, who began to experience emotional trauma, distress, and depression.[22]
After Selena's death, Quintanilla has been involved in every development of albums, documentaries, and other productions that involves or talks about Selena.[23] Soon after Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla and his family started The Selena Foundation,[1] a charitable organization which assists children in crisis.[24] Abraham Quintanilla has appeared in numerous television specials about Selena.[25] Quintanilla continues to produce new acts in the music and film industries with his record company, Q-Productions.[25]
Discography[edit]
Studio albums
Album information[26]
Los Dinos (The Guys) Released: 1963

Con Esta Copa (With This Cup) Released: 1964

The Dinos (Falcon release) Released: 1965

2000 Released: 1962

Unknown fifth release (Bernal release) Released: 1967

Unknown sixth release (Bernal release) Released: 1974

Filmography[edit]

Film

Year[1]
Film
Role
Notes
1997 Selena  Executive Producer
1997 Selena Remembered  Producer
2003 Greatest Hits DVD  Producer
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995–present Tejano Music Awards himself, receiving awards for Selena TV appearances
1998 American Justice: Selena episode himself
1998 Behind The Music: Selena the movie himself
1999 Corpus: A Home Video for Selena himself
2004 Noche de estrellas: Premio lo Nuestro 2004 himself, receiving awards for Selena
2005 Don Francisco presenta himself
2005 Selena: Noche de estrellas himself
2005 Selena !VIVE! himself
2005 Selena ¡vive!, acceso total himself
2007 Selena: Queen of Tejano himself
2007 Making of Selena: 10 Years Later himself
Notes[edit]
^a In his book Selena Como La Flor, Patoski says Give Me One Chance‍ '​s putative sales of 150,000 may have been exaggerated by Manny Guerra.[27]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c "Abraham Quintanilla's filmography". imdb.com. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
2.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 2
3.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 9
4.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 33
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski page 10
6.Jump up ^ Patoski page 21
7.Jump up ^ Patoski page 22
8.Jump up ^ Patoski page 23
9.Jump up ^ Patoski page 29
10.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 30
11.Jump up ^ Patoski page 34
12.Jump up ^ Patoski page 37
13.Jump up ^ Patoski page 38
14.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski page 39
15.Jump up ^ Patoski page 40
16.Jump up ^ Patoski page 42
17.Jump up ^ "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBSNews.com, October 17, 2002. Retrieved on July 9, 2006.
18.^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, Rick. "Selena" at the Wayback Machine (archived July 9, 2007). Houston Chronicle, May 21, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
19.Jump up ^ Sam Howe Verhovek (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1.
20.Jump up ^ RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – Amor Prohibido. RIAA.com.
21.Jump up ^ Patoski page 47
22.Jump up ^ Richmond page 36
23.Jump up ^ Richmond page 201
24.Jump up ^ "The Selena Foundation". Retrieved January 2, 2011.
25.^ Jump up to: a b "Management of Q-Productions". Retrieved January 2, 2011.
26.Jump up ^ 30th Tejano Music Awards (Television production) (in Spanish). July 11, 2010. 80 minutes in.
27.Jump up ^ Patoski page 8
Works cited[edit]
Joe Nick Patoski. Selena Como La Flor. Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69378-2.
Clint Richmond. Selena: The Phenomenal Life and Tragic Death of the Tejano Music Queen/Selena!. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-54522-1. du
Ck
External links[edit]
IMDB profile
Q-Productions.com web site


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Selena


Albums discography ·
 Singles discography ·
 Songs ·
 Videography ·
 Filmography ·
 Tours ·
 Awards
 

Studio albums
Selena ·
 Ven Conmigo ·
 Entre a Mi Mundo ·
 Amor Prohibido ·
 Dreaming of You
 

Soundtrack albums
Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
 

Live albums
Selena Live! ·
 Live! The Last Concert ·
 Unforgettable: The Live Album ·
 Selena ¡VIVE!
 

Remix albums
Siempre Selena ·
 Anthology ·
 Enamorada de Ti
 

Compilation albums
Mis Mejores Canciones - 17 Super Éxitos ·
 12 Super Éxitos ·
 Las Reinas Del Pueblo ·
 Éxitos y Recuerdos ·
 All My Hits Vol. 1 ·
 All My Hits Vol. 2 ·
 Ones ·
 Greatest Hits ·
 Momentos Intimos ·
 Unforgettable ·
 Dos Historias ·
 Through the Years/A Traves de los Años ·
 La Leyenda ·
 Lo Mejor de Selena
 

Video albums
Selena Remembered ·
 Live! The Last Concert ·
 Performances
 

Filmography
Don Juan DeMarco ·
 Dos Mujeres, Un Camino ·
 Johnny Canales Show ·
 Tejano Music Awards ·
 Selena ·
 Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena
 

Retail
Selena Etc. ·
 Forever ·
 Como La Flor
 

People
A.B. Quintanilla ·
 Chris Pérez ·
 Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. ·
 Suzette Quintanilla ·
 Ricky Vela ·
 Pete Astudillo ·
 Yolanda Saldívar
 

Related articles
Murder of Selena (trial) ·
 List of people influenced by Selena ·
 The Selena Foundation ·
 Q-Productions ·
 Selena y Los Dinos ·
 EMI Latin ·
 People en Español ·
 Selena Forever ·
 Selena ¡VIVE! ·
 Selenidad
 

Wikipedia book Book ·
 Category Category ·
 PortalPortal ·
 Template Template
 







 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Living people
1939 births
A.B. Quintanilla
American folk singers
American male singers
American music video directors
American musicians of Mexican descent
American record producers
American male television actors
Chicano rock musicians
Latin pop singers
Los Dinos members
Mariachi musicians
Musicians from Texas
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Polka musicians
American ranchera singers
Selena
Spanish-language singers of the United States
Dow Chemical Company employees







Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Contents
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Random article
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Upload file
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Cite this page

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Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last modified on 19 May 2015, at 17:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
  

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Quintanilla,_Jr.









Chris Pérez

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the baseball player, see Chris Perez (baseball).

Chris Pérez
Man in jeans and T-shirt playing red electric guitar
Pérez in 2012

Background information

Birth name
Christopher Gilbert Pérez
Born
August 14, 1969 (age 45)
San Antonio, Texas
Genres
Heavy metal,[1] rock, Latin rock, cumbia, Tejano
Occupation(s)
Guitarist, songwriter, author
Instruments
Electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Years active
1986–present
Labels
EMI Latin, Hollywood, Q-Zone
Associated acts
Selena, Selena y Los Dinos, A.B. Quintanilla, Kumbia Kings, Kumbia All Starz, Shelly Lares, Elida Reyna, The Chris Pérez Band, The Chris Pérez Project
Christopher Gilbert "Chris" Pérez (born August 14, 1969) is an American guitarist, songwriter and author best known as lead guitarist for the Tejano band Selena y Los Dinos. He married the frontwoman of the group, Selena, on April 2, 1992. Pérez grew up in San Antonio, Texas as one of two children of Gilbert Pérez and Carmen Medina. In 1986, he joined Shelly Lares' band. By the late 1980s, Pérez was reputed among Tejano musicians for his guitar skills. This caught A.B. Quintanilla's attention; at the time, Quintanilla was seeking another guitarist for the band he produced, Selena y Los Dinos. Shortly after Pérez joined the band, he and Selena began a personal relationship.
Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., forced them to end their relationship because he felt Pérez' image might damage Selena's career. They ignored his threats to disband the group, and continued their relationship. Quintanilla Jr. fired Pérez from the band, forbidding Selena to go with him. They later eloped, and Selena's father accepted the relationship. Pérez was asked to collaborate on several of Selena's songs with A.B. and other members of the band, using his guitar to piece out melodies and incorporating a number of musical genres into their songs.
During the early 1990s Pérez was arrested for driving under the influence in San Antonio, but was released without charge. Within months of his first arrest, Pérez was involved in a trashed-hotel-room incident; he and two members of Selena y Los Dinos were intoxicated and began wrestling in a room, breaking the door and punching holes in the walls. On March 31, 1995 Selena was killed by her former friend and former manager of her boutiques, Yolanda Saldivar. Her death devastated Pérez, who began abusing drugs and alcohol.
In 1998 he met Venessa Villanueva through his friend John Garza, and began dating her. That year, Pérez formed the Chris Pérez Band and began writing songs for their debut album. They signed with Hollywood Records and released their first album, Resurrection, which won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album. The band disbanded after their second album, Una Noche Mas (2002), was released. Pérez and Villanueva had two children, Cassie and Noah, before divorcing in 2008. Pérez continued in the music business and often played with A.B.'s groups, the Kumbia Kings and the Kumbia All-Starz. He left both groups and formed another band (the Chris Pérez Project, which included Puerto Rican singer Angel Ferrer) in 2010. In 2012 Pérez wrote a book about his and Selena's relationship entitled To Selena, With Love, which received a positive reception from critics and fans.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career 2.1 1989—1995: Selena y Los Dinos and legal problems 2.1.1 Relationship with Selena
2.2 1995–1998: After Selena, remarriage and fatherhood
2.3 1999–2009: Chris Perez Band and other projects
2.4 2010 to present
3 Personality and musical influences
4 Discography
5 Published works
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links

Early life[edit]
Chris Pérez was born on August 14, 1969 in San Antonio, Texas to Gilbert Pérez, a computer programmer,[2] and Carmen Medina. He is of Mexican American ancestry. Perez's parents divorced in 1974, when he was four years old. His mother remarried in 1978.[3]
Chris Perez learned to play the French horn in middle school and joined his school's concert band with his mother's support. He decided to teach himself to play electric guitar despite his mother's disapproval due to the negative stereotypes associated with the rock-and-roll world.[4]
[5] Pérez's favorite musicians were Van Halen, Mötley Crüe, Def Leppard,[6] Kiss,[7] the Scorpions,[8] Ozzy Osbourne and Iron Maiden.[2] He also grew to admire Ricky Martin during the 1990s.[9] Many of his guitar solos are inspired by Carlos Santana.[10]
Chris Perez wanted to run away to Los Angeles, California to start a rock band when he was seventeen. At the time he shared an apartment with his father and worked at a library.[6][11] Pérez was asked by Tony Lares to join his cousin Shelly Lares' band in 1986.[12] Tony Lares told Pérez that Shelly performed Tejano music—a mixture of traditional Mexican folk music, polkas and country music sung in Spanish or English. Chris disliked Tejano music and wrote in To Selena, With Love that he joined Shelly's band with "foot-dragging resistance" because this job paid more than working at the library.[13] He became Shelly's musical director after Tony left the group, [14] and co-wrote three songs for Shelly's debut album in 1998.[15] His guitar playing received a positive reception from the band and its fans.[16] Around this time he also formed a rock band with two friends and planned to leave Shelly's band.[17]
Career[edit]
1989—1995: Selena y Los Dinos and legal problems[edit]
Roger Garcia, lead guitarist for Selena y Los Dinos, married and left the music business in 1989.[16] The group's bassist, A.B. Quintanilla III, had heard good things about Pérez from other Tejano groups. He and other band members went to watch Chris rehearse with Shelly.[16][12] Quintanilla invited Chris to one of Selena's performances, and asked if he was interested in playing with Selena y Los Dinos. Chris accepted.[17] His decision was based on Los Dinos's sound, which was more "hip and sophisticated" than other Tejano bands, and he hoped to learn more about musical arrangement from A.B., whose work he admired).[17]
Chris auditioned for the group's manager, A.B.'s father Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. Abraham Sr. initially disliked Chris' rocker image and insisted that he change his appearance for the band. The elder Quintanilla feared that allowing Pérez in the group might affect his daughter Selena's "perfect image" and ruin her career. A.B. Jr. convinced his father to accept Pérez,[18][12]and encouraged Chris to explore different musical genres and mold their sounds to his own tastes.[19] He and A.B became close friends occasionally collaborated on writing songs for Selena's next recording.[20] Chris, like Selena, knew little Spanish, and lead keyboardist Ricky Vela tutored him.[21]
In 1991, Chris was arrested for driving under the influence and speeding in San Antonio, Texas. A police officer became involved in an altercation with his cousin, and Chris came to his cousin's aid.[22] After the brawl, police handcuffed Chris and his cousin but freed their friend, telling him to "run, don't walk" and to "not even turn around". When Chris was booked, police reported that they initiated a high-speed chase and were following his car. Chris Perez reported that the officers were lying, but decided not to pursue the matter because it would be "[his] word against theirs."[23] He was released without charges, but told Selena and Abraham about his run-in with the police. They appreciated being informed and this helped gain their trust.[24]
Several months after his arrest, he was sharing a hotel room with two road crew members of Selena y Los Dinos when the two brothers (who were intoxicated), began wrestling. Chris was also drunk and joined in.the rough horseplay. One brother knocked the door off its hinges, and holes in the wall were found inside the room. Chris decided to sleep at home instead of at the hotel.[20] Abraham Sr. fired the brothers from the band the next morning, but accepted Chris' apology and gave him another chance.[25]
Relationship with Selena[edit]
In 1989 Chris and A.B. wrote Selena's Coca-Cola commercial jingle. After the company accepted the lyrics and Selena filmed the commercial, A.B. treated the band to a vacation in Acapulco, Mexico.[18] During the trip Chris realized he was attracted to Selena although he had a girlfriend in San Antonio.[11] Chris thought it best for both of them if he tried to distance himself from her, but found it difficult and decided to try building a relationship with her.[26] They expressed their feelings for each other at a Pizza Hut restaurant, and shortly afterwards became a couple.[27][28] They hid their relationship from her father out of fear that Abraham would try to break them up.[29][30] This stressed Selena, who did not want to hide her feelings.[24]
The band's drummer, Selena's sister Suzette Quintanilla, found them flirting with each other.[31] Suzette reported this to Abraham, who took Chris off the bus and informed him that the relationship was over.[32] The couple continued their relationship secretly despite Abraham's disapproval.[33][34] Selena took hope from the fact that her mother Marcella approved of their courtship, until[35] one day when Abraham stopped the tour bus and went to the back where Chris and Selena were sitting. He shouted that their relationship was over and Selena screamed back at him. Chris tried to calm them both down, but joined in the argument after Abraham insulted him by calling him a "cancer in my family."[36] Finally Abraham threatened to disband the group if they didn't break up. Intimidated, Selena and Chris backed off. Abraham fired him from the band and prevented Selena from running off with him.[37]
After he was fired from the band,[38] he moved back in with his father and began playing music wherever he could. He wrote that "free of that nerve-racking situation with her father and the other members of Los Dinos, I started enjoying my life again." Selena, however, suffered from their separation and the two tried to keep in touch while she was touring.[39] On the morning of April 2, 1992, Selena pounded on his hotel-room door. She forced her way in and began to cry, saying she could not go on without him. Selena wanted to get married that day, but Chris argued it wasn't the right thing to do at the moment. Selena insisted her father would never accept their relationship, and would not attend any wedding they planned.[40] Chris agreed and they eloped in Nueces County, Texas.[41][36]
Selena was sure her father would leave them alone if they were married, and they could be together openly.[42] They planned to keep the elopement a secret until she found the right moment to reveal her marriage, but the media announced their elopement over the radio within hours of the marriage ceremony.[43] Selena's family tried to track her down. Abraham did not take the news well, and alienated himself for a time.[43] Selena and Pérez moved into an apartment in Corpus Christi.[44] until Abraham approached them, apologized, accepted the marriage and Chris back into the band.[45]
Chris became a fully accepted member of the Quintanilla family after the marriage, and Abraham Sr. asked Chris to write songs for a rock band he was managing after he opened a recording studio, Q-Productions, in late 1993.[46]
That collaboration resulted in a posthumous recording for Selena when the lead vocalist for that rock group, Nando "Guerro" Dominguez, went to Selena's house to begin a recording. Chris was ending the recording session several hours later when Selena asked to record Dominguez' demo.[47] Her version of the song was unreleased until 2004, when it was added to her posthumous compilation album Momentos Intimos as "Puede Ser". A.B. wrote "Ya No", the last recording for Selena's studio album Amor Prohibido (1994). He wanted to turn it into a rock song and asked for Pérez' assistance.[48]
1995–1998: After Selena, remarriage and fatherhood[edit]
Main article: Murder of Selena
In spring 1995 Abraham found out Yolanda Saldívar, who managed Selena's boutiques and fan club, was embezzling money. They held a meeting in early March, with Saldivar denying she had anything to do with fiscal discrepancies in checks that were found written in her name. Selena tried to repair her friendship with Saldivar despite her father's warnings.[49] On March 30, 1995, Selena and Chris met with Saldivar at a motel to recover missing financial papers for tax purposes.[50] When Selena arrived home she found that Saldivar did not give her the correct documents. She phoned Saldivar, who tried to convince Selena to return to her motel room alone. Chris insisted that it was too late, and he did not want Selena driving alone at night. Selena then agreed to meet with Saldivar the next morning.
On March 31, she met with Saldivar, who delayed the transfer of papers with a story about having been raped in Mexico.[51] Selena took Saldivar to a local hospital, where doctors found no evidence of rape. When they returned to the motel room, Selena ended their four-year working relationship. As she turned to leave, Saldivar reached into her handbag, pulled out a Taurus Model 85 .38 caliber revolver, pointed it at Selena and pulled the trigger.[52] The bullet pierced Selena's aorta. She ran to the motel lobby and as she collapsed named Saldivar as her assailant.[53] Selena was transferred to a nearby hospital, where doctors found the damage irreparable. She was pronounced dead within the hour.[54]
Chris couldn't eat for two days after his wife's murder.[55] In his book he says that when he could not sleep he began abusing alcohol and other drugs,[56] and went into seclusion. Family members noticed he was rapidly losing weight.[57] Chris felt guilty for not protecting Selena from Saldivar.[58]
In 1996, he moved out of his Corpus Christi house and back in with his father in San Antonio. John Garza introduced him to Venessa Villanueva, and after getting to know each other they became a couple in 1998.[2][59] In 2001 Chris married Villanueva and they had two children, a boy and a girl.[34][60]
Although it was rumored that Villanueva did not want to divorce, and wanted to try and work things out in their relationship, the couple finally decided their relationship was irreconcilable. They filed for divorce in 2008.[61][62]
1999–2009: Chris Perez Band and other projects[edit]




"Best I Can"







The rock ballad[63] "Best I Can", which centers around the difficulty of Pérez' life without Selena, was received favorably by critics.[64][65] Vocals by John Garza, with lyrics by Pérez[66]

Problems playing this file? See media help.
Chris friend, John Garza moved in with him six months after Selena's death. They began writing music, which Chris found healing.[67] In 1998 he formed a rock band with Garza, Rudy Martinez (former member of La Mafia) on bass, former Selena y Los Dinos keyboardist Joe Ojeda and Jesse Esquivel on drums. The band's name (the Chris Pérez Band) was chosen by Garza, Martinez, Ojeda and Esquivel.[68] Chris preferred the name Cinco Souls, but the other band members wanted to utilize his "reluctant celebrity."[2] The band was signed to Hollywood Records, and went to A&M Studios (now Henson Studios) in Los Angeles to begin recording their debut album. Chris wrote the song "Best I Can" to explore his feelings about losing Selena and his struggle to continue without her.[69][64] The song was not planned for the album, for fear that listeners would think he included the track for commercial reasons, but Hollywood Records and the band convinced him to include it on the album after hearing the demo.[70]
"Another Day" (about devotion to Selena) was included on the album.[70] Ojeda wrote "Solo Tu", a romantic ballad which Chris changed into a rock song.[68] Resurrection was released on May 18, 1999, and won the 2000 Grammy Award for Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album.[34] The record company released two promotional singles (one English and one Spanish: the title track and the ballad "Por Que Tu Fuiste") to radio stations with intent to appeal to both audiences.[71] The Los Angeles Times wrote that the album was "upbeat and danceable, the lyrics speak almost uniformly of loss, anger, violence and abandonment".[2] The Chris Perez Band was the opening act for Mexican band Mana. In March 2000, Chris began preparing for his second studio album;[72] On April 16, the band released its second and final album, Una Noche Más, before breaking up.[73] Chris joined his brother-in-law A.B.'s band, the Kumbia All-Starz, in 2005 and left it in 2009 to form his own band.[73][74] On April 7, 2005, Los Dinos reunited at the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert.[75]
2010 to present[edit]
In the early 2010s he formed a new group (the Chris Pérez Project) with Puerto Rican singer Angel Ferrer, releasing "Todo es Diferente".[76]
In March 2012 Chris published To Selena, With Love, which described their relationship and struggles.[77] He had been reluctant to write the book, saying that fans asked him to write it.[62][78] He didn't seek the approval of the Quintanilla family's approval to write To Selena, With Love and did not disclose the project in fear of their reaction.[34] He approached Abraham after the book was finished. Abraham approved of it.[34] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Chris said writing To Selena, With Love helped him "move forward".[34] The book was praised by critics and fans.[58][61][79] To Selena, With Love dispelled the rumor that Selena was pregnant when she died (which had appeared in media reports after her death).[80]
Personality and musical influences[edit]
According to The Dallas Morning News,[65] Hollywood.com,[81] Justice for Selena,[82] They Died Too Young[30] and Selena: Como La Flor,[83] Chris Pérez is a shy person. He was the antithesis of Abraham Qunintanilla's "clean-cut, nice kids" in his early career as a guitarist for Selena y Los Dinos,[84] a rebellious rocker and a "long-haired tough guy".[81] In an interview with the Corpus Christi Caller-Times, he admitted discomfort at being an entertainer.[78] Until the release of his book, he had kept quiet about his personal life and shied away from media attention.[36][85][86] Carlos Valdez, the District Attorney who prosecuted Yolanda Saldivar, described Chris as "shy and uncomfortable when in the spotlight", and this was echoed by the Corpus Christi Caller-Times.[78] His inability to talk about himself when interviewed was also discussed in Valdez' book. Valdez said the music business was not work for Chris, who enjoyed being a guitarist and called it his "reason for [his] existence". Valdez considers him "honest, sincere, and someone who could be trusted and believed [in]."[82]
Leila Cobo of Billboard magazine believed his musical styles included contemporary cumbia music, reminiscent of music produced by A.B., R&B, rap and funk music.[87] Chuck Taylor, a Billboard editor, called The Chris Pérez Project debut album a "lot of classic rock elements".[88] David Cazares of the Sun Sentinel called Pérez' debut album "average rock" music.[89] The San Antonio Express-News said that Resurrection was a fusion of "pop rock grooves and Tejano soul".[90] Pérez is known for tapping into Latin genres, such as cumbia and Latin rock.[88][91]
Discography[edit]
Selena y Los DinosVen Conmigo (1990)
Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
Selena Live! (1993)
Amor Prohibido (1994)
Dreaming of You (1995)
Chris Perez BandResurrection (1999)
Una Noche Más (2002)
 Kumbia KingsDuetos (2005)
Kumbia All-StarzAyer Fue Kumbia Kings, Hoy Es Kumbia All Starz (2006)
Planeta Kumbia (2008)
La Vida De Un Genio (2010)

Published works[edit]
To Selena, With Love (2012)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 22.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (May 9, 1999). "He's Fine. Trust Us". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
3.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 32.
4.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 33.
5.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 98.
6.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 15.
7.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 133.
8.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 229.
9.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 116.
10.Jump up ^ Harris, Beth (24 February 2000). "Santana Gets Six Pre-show Grammys". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
11.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 12.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c Novas 1995, p. 46.
13.Jump up ^ Ruiz 2006, p. 372.
14.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 17.
15.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 21.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c Pérez 2012, p. 23.
17.^ Jump up to: a b c Pérez 2012, p. 24.
18.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 9.
19.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 60.
20.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 61.
21.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 121.
22.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 56.
23.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 57.
24.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 58.
25.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 63.
26.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 28.
27.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 50.
28.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 49.
29.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 52.
30.^ Jump up to: a b Jones 2000, p. 23.
31.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 72.
32.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 73.
33.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 75.
34.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Aguila, Justino (22 March 2012). "Selena's Widower Shows a Different Side of Singer in New Book (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
35.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 53.
36.^ Jump up to: a b c Gostin, Nicki (30 March 2012). "Chris Perez on his book 'To Selena, With Love'". CNN. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
37.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 79.
38.Jump up ^ "The New York Times Film Reviews 1997-1998". The New York Times. 2 January 2001. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
39.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 81.
40.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 91.
41.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 93.
42.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 92.
43.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 99.
44.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 26.
45.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 105.
46.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 216.
47.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 217.
48.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 232.
49.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 183.
50.Jump up ^ "Testimony of Richard Fredrickson". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
51.Jump up ^ "12 October 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
52.Jump up ^ "Selena". Famous Crime Scene. Season 1. Episode 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
53.Jump up ^ "Friday, 13 October, testimony of Shawna Vela". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
54.Jump up ^ Sam Howe Verhovek (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
55.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 277.
56.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 278.
57.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 279.
58.^ Jump up to: a b Saldaña, Hector (March 30, 2012). "Chris Perez talks about life with Tejano music icon Selena". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
59.Jump up ^ "The Chris Perez". Miami Herald. 8 August 1999. Retrieved 9 June 2013. (subscription required)
60.Jump up ^ Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (19 May 1999). "Too happy to be too sad Chris Perez, Selena's widower, has his life and music back on track". Kansas City Star. Retrieved 9 June 2013.(subscription required)
61.^ Jump up to: a b Tamara, E.J. (March 8, 2012). "Chris Perez: Widower Of Selena Quintanilla Shares Memories Of Life Together In New Book, 'To Selena, With Love'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
62.^ Jump up to: a b Castillo, Amaris (March 7, 2012). "Bookmarked: ‘To Selena, With Love’ by Chris Perez". Univision. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ "music: Chris Perez (Photo Only)". San Antonio Express-News. 28 April 2000. Retrieved 11 June 2013. (subscription required)
64.^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Daniel (29 May 1999). "Chris Perez Seeks To Regain". The Vindicator. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
65.^ Jump up to: a b Tarradell, Mario (16 May 1999). "Chris Perez moves out of Selena's shadow". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 11 June 2013. (subscription required)
66.Jump up ^ Torres, Richard (2 May 1999). "The Best of Selena Lives On". Newsday. Retrieved 11 June 2013. (subscription required)
67.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 280.
68.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 282.
69.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 283.
70.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 284.
71.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 285.
72.Jump up ^ Ross, Paige (March 2000). "Chris Perez now". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
73.^ Jump up to: a b "Hace 10 años fue asesinada 'la reina del tex mex'". El Universal. March 31, 2005. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
74.Jump up ^ "Kumbia All-Starz pondrán a bailar todo". Terra. November 21, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
75.Jump up ^ Clark, Michael D. (April 8, 2005). "Modern, traditional mix in vibrant Selena tribute". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
76.Jump up ^ Saldaña, Hector (November 3, 2011). "Hector Saldaña: Chris Perez: Todo es diferente". San Antonio-Express News. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
77.Jump up ^ "To Selena, With Love Review". Goodreads.com. Goodreads Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
78.^ Jump up to: a b c "Chris Perez, Selena's husband, authors book about their lives together due out Tuesday". Corpus Christi Caller Times. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
79.Jump up ^ Martinez, Brenda (April 18, 2012). "Selena, la flor perenne". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved May 3, 2013.
80.Jump up ^ "Selena, una flor que nunca se marchitará". Univision (in Spanish). Univision Communications. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
81.^ Jump up to: a b Deming, Mark. "Selena (1997) Review". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
82.^ Jump up to: a b Valdez 2005, p. 127.
83.Jump up ^ Patoski 1997, p. 113.
84.Jump up ^ Patoski 1997, p. 120.
85.Jump up ^ Puga, Kristina (6 March 2012). "Selena’s husband opens up in new book "To Selena, With Love"". NBC Latino. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
86.Jump up ^ Aquino, Lydia. "Chris Perez: All About Selena". Entertainment Affair.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
87.Jump up ^ Cobo, Leila (27 November 2004). "Kumbia Kings Continue Their Reign". Billboard 116 (48). Retrieved 9 June 2013.
88.^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Chuck (29 May 1999). "Singles Review". Billboard 11 (22). Retrieved 9 June 2013.
89.Jump up ^ Cazares, David (31 March 2000). "Latin Rock Grammy Winner Not Very Latin". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 10 June 2013. (subscription required)
90.Jump up ^ "Music: Chris Perez". San Antonio Express-News. 28 April 2000. Retrieved 10 June 2013. (subscription required)
91.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (19 April 2003). "Winners Unveiled At Tejano Awards". Billboard 115 (16). Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Patoski, Joe (1997), Selena Como La Flor, Little, Brown and Company, p. 356, ISBN 978-0-316-69378-3
Pérez, Chris (2012), To Selena, With Love, Celebra Books, p. 294, ISBN 0-451-41404-7
Ruiz, Vickie; Sánchez Korrol, Virginia (2006), Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia, Indiana University Press, p. 944, ISBN 0253111692
Valdez, Carlos (2005), Justice for Selena: The State Versus Yolanda Saldivar, Trafford Publishing, p. 428, ISBN 1412065259
Novas, Himilce; Silva, Rosemary (1995), Remembering Selena: A Tribute In Pictures & Words / Recordando Selena: Un Tributo en Palabras y Fotos, St. Martin's Press, p. 128, ISBN 9780312141608
Jones, Veda (2000), They Died Too Young, Chelsea House Publications, p. 48, ISBN 0791052303
External links[edit]
Chris Pérez on Facebook
Chris Pérez's channel on YouTube
Chris Pérez at the Internet Movie Database
Chris Pérez at AllMusic
Chris Pérez at VH1.com


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Chris Pérez

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For the baseball player, see Chris Perez (baseball).

Chris Pérez
Man in jeans and T-shirt playing red electric guitar
Pérez in 2012

Background information

Birth name
Christopher Gilbert Pérez
Born
August 14, 1969 (age 45)
San Antonio, Texas
Genres
Heavy metal,[1] rock, Latin rock, cumbia, Tejano
Occupation(s)
Guitarist, songwriter, author
Instruments
Electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Years active
1986–present
Labels
EMI Latin, Hollywood, Q-Zone
Associated acts
Selena, Selena y Los Dinos, A.B. Quintanilla, Kumbia Kings, Kumbia All Starz, Shelly Lares, Elida Reyna, The Chris Pérez Band, The Chris Pérez Project
Christopher Gilbert "Chris" Pérez (born August 14, 1969) is an American guitarist, songwriter and author best known as lead guitarist for the Tejano band Selena y Los Dinos. He married the frontwoman of the group, Selena, on April 2, 1992. Pérez grew up in San Antonio, Texas as one of two children of Gilbert Pérez and Carmen Medina. In 1986, he joined Shelly Lares' band. By the late 1980s, Pérez was reputed among Tejano musicians for his guitar skills. This caught A.B. Quintanilla's attention; at the time, Quintanilla was seeking another guitarist for the band he produced, Selena y Los Dinos. Shortly after Pérez joined the band, he and Selena began a personal relationship.
Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., forced them to end their relationship because he felt Pérez' image might damage Selena's career. They ignored his threats to disband the group, and continued their relationship. Quintanilla Jr. fired Pérez from the band, forbidding Selena to go with him. They later eloped, and Selena's father accepted the relationship. Pérez was asked to collaborate on several of Selena's songs with A.B. and other members of the band, using his guitar to piece out melodies and incorporating a number of musical genres into their songs.
During the early 1990s Pérez was arrested for driving under the influence in San Antonio, but was released without charge. Within months of his first arrest, Pérez was involved in a trashed-hotel-room incident; he and two members of Selena y Los Dinos were intoxicated and began wrestling in a room, breaking the door and punching holes in the walls. On March 31, 1995 Selena was killed by her former friend and former manager of her boutiques, Yolanda Saldivar. Her death devastated Pérez, who began abusing drugs and alcohol.
In 1998 he met Venessa Villanueva through his friend John Garza, and began dating her. That year, Pérez formed the Chris Pérez Band and began writing songs for their debut album. They signed with Hollywood Records and released their first album, Resurrection, which won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album. The band disbanded after their second album, Una Noche Mas (2002), was released. Pérez and Villanueva had two children, Cassie and Noah, before divorcing in 2008. Pérez continued in the music business and often played with A.B.'s groups, the Kumbia Kings and the Kumbia All-Starz. He left both groups and formed another band (the Chris Pérez Project, which included Puerto Rican singer Angel Ferrer) in 2010. In 2012 Pérez wrote a book about his and Selena's relationship entitled To Selena, With Love, which received a positive reception from critics and fans.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career 2.1 1989—1995: Selena y Los Dinos and legal problems 2.1.1 Relationship with Selena
2.2 1995–1998: After Selena, remarriage and fatherhood
2.3 1999–2009: Chris Perez Band and other projects
2.4 2010 to present
3 Personality and musical influences
4 Discography
5 Published works
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links

Early life[edit]
Chris Pérez was born on August 14, 1969 in San Antonio, Texas to Gilbert Pérez, a computer programmer,[2] and Carmen Medina. He is of Mexican American ancestry. Perez's parents divorced in 1974, when he was four years old. His mother remarried in 1978.[3]
Chris Perez learned to play the French horn in middle school and joined his school's concert band with his mother's support. He decided to teach himself to play electric guitar despite his mother's disapproval due to the negative stereotypes associated with the rock-and-roll world.[4]
[5] Pérez's favorite musicians were Van Halen, Mötley Crüe, Def Leppard,[6] Kiss,[7] the Scorpions,[8] Ozzy Osbourne and Iron Maiden.[2] He also grew to admire Ricky Martin during the 1990s.[9] Many of his guitar solos are inspired by Carlos Santana.[10]
Chris Perez wanted to run away to Los Angeles, California to start a rock band when he was seventeen. At the time he shared an apartment with his father and worked at a library.[6][11] Pérez was asked by Tony Lares to join his cousin Shelly Lares' band in 1986.[12] Tony Lares told Pérez that Shelly performed Tejano music—a mixture of traditional Mexican folk music, polkas and country music sung in Spanish or English. Chris disliked Tejano music and wrote in To Selena, With Love that he joined Shelly's band with "foot-dragging resistance" because this job paid more than working at the library.[13] He became Shelly's musical director after Tony left the group, [14] and co-wrote three songs for Shelly's debut album in 1998.[15] His guitar playing received a positive reception from the band and its fans.[16] Around this time he also formed a rock band with two friends and planned to leave Shelly's band.[17]
Career[edit]
1989—1995: Selena y Los Dinos and legal problems[edit]
Roger Garcia, lead guitarist for Selena y Los Dinos, married and left the music business in 1989.[16] The group's bassist, A.B. Quintanilla III, had heard good things about Pérez from other Tejano groups. He and other band members went to watch Chris rehearse with Shelly.[16][12] Quintanilla invited Chris to one of Selena's performances, and asked if he was interested in playing with Selena y Los Dinos. Chris accepted.[17] His decision was based on Los Dinos's sound, which was more "hip and sophisticated" than other Tejano bands, and he hoped to learn more about musical arrangement from A.B., whose work he admired).[17]
Chris auditioned for the group's manager, A.B.'s father Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. Abraham Sr. initially disliked Chris' rocker image and insisted that he change his appearance for the band. The elder Quintanilla feared that allowing Pérez in the group might affect his daughter Selena's "perfect image" and ruin her career. A.B. Jr. convinced his father to accept Pérez,[18][12]and encouraged Chris to explore different musical genres and mold their sounds to his own tastes.[19] He and A.B became close friends occasionally collaborated on writing songs for Selena's next recording.[20] Chris, like Selena, knew little Spanish, and lead keyboardist Ricky Vela tutored him.[21]
In 1991, Chris was arrested for driving under the influence and speeding in San Antonio, Texas. A police officer became involved in an altercation with his cousin, and Chris came to his cousin's aid.[22] After the brawl, police handcuffed Chris and his cousin but freed their friend, telling him to "run, don't walk" and to "not even turn around". When Chris was booked, police reported that they initiated a high-speed chase and were following his car. Chris Perez reported that the officers were lying, but decided not to pursue the matter because it would be "[his] word against theirs."[23] He was released without charges, but told Selena and Abraham about his run-in with the police. They appreciated being informed and this helped gain their trust.[24]
Several months after his arrest, he was sharing a hotel room with two road crew members of Selena y Los Dinos when the two brothers (who were intoxicated), began wrestling. Chris was also drunk and joined in.the rough horseplay. One brother knocked the door off its hinges, and holes in the wall were found inside the room. Chris decided to sleep at home instead of at the hotel.[20] Abraham Sr. fired the brothers from the band the next morning, but accepted Chris' apology and gave him another chance.[25]
Relationship with Selena[edit]
In 1989 Chris and A.B. wrote Selena's Coca-Cola commercial jingle. After the company accepted the lyrics and Selena filmed the commercial, A.B. treated the band to a vacation in Acapulco, Mexico.[18] During the trip Chris realized he was attracted to Selena although he had a girlfriend in San Antonio.[11] Chris thought it best for both of them if he tried to distance himself from her, but found it difficult and decided to try building a relationship with her.[26] They expressed their feelings for each other at a Pizza Hut restaurant, and shortly afterwards became a couple.[27][28] They hid their relationship from her father out of fear that Abraham would try to break them up.[29][30] This stressed Selena, who did not want to hide her feelings.[24]
The band's drummer, Selena's sister Suzette Quintanilla, found them flirting with each other.[31] Suzette reported this to Abraham, who took Chris off the bus and informed him that the relationship was over.[32] The couple continued their relationship secretly despite Abraham's disapproval.[33][34] Selena took hope from the fact that her mother Marcella approved of their courtship, until[35] one day when Abraham stopped the tour bus and went to the back where Chris and Selena were sitting. He shouted that their relationship was over and Selena screamed back at him. Chris tried to calm them both down, but joined in the argument after Abraham insulted him by calling him a "cancer in my family."[36] Finally Abraham threatened to disband the group if they didn't break up. Intimidated, Selena and Chris backed off. Abraham fired him from the band and prevented Selena from running off with him.[37]
After he was fired from the band,[38] he moved back in with his father and began playing music wherever he could. He wrote that "free of that nerve-racking situation with her father and the other members of Los Dinos, I started enjoying my life again." Selena, however, suffered from their separation and the two tried to keep in touch while she was touring.[39] On the morning of April 2, 1992, Selena pounded on his hotel-room door. She forced her way in and began to cry, saying she could not go on without him. Selena wanted to get married that day, but Chris argued it wasn't the right thing to do at the moment. Selena insisted her father would never accept their relationship, and would not attend any wedding they planned.[40] Chris agreed and they eloped in Nueces County, Texas.[41][36]
Selena was sure her father would leave them alone if they were married, and they could be together openly.[42] They planned to keep the elopement a secret until she found the right moment to reveal her marriage, but the media announced their elopement over the radio within hours of the marriage ceremony.[43] Selena's family tried to track her down. Abraham did not take the news well, and alienated himself for a time.[43] Selena and Pérez moved into an apartment in Corpus Christi.[44] until Abraham approached them, apologized, accepted the marriage and Chris back into the band.[45]
Chris became a fully accepted member of the Quintanilla family after the marriage, and Abraham Sr. asked Chris to write songs for a rock band he was managing after he opened a recording studio, Q-Productions, in late 1993.[46]
That collaboration resulted in a posthumous recording for Selena when the lead vocalist for that rock group, Nando "Guerro" Dominguez, went to Selena's house to begin a recording. Chris was ending the recording session several hours later when Selena asked to record Dominguez' demo.[47] Her version of the song was unreleased until 2004, when it was added to her posthumous compilation album Momentos Intimos as "Puede Ser". A.B. wrote "Ya No", the last recording for Selena's studio album Amor Prohibido (1994). He wanted to turn it into a rock song and asked for Pérez' assistance.[48]
1995–1998: After Selena, remarriage and fatherhood[edit]
Main article: Murder of Selena
In spring 1995 Abraham found out Yolanda Saldívar, who managed Selena's boutiques and fan club, was embezzling money. They held a meeting in early March, with Saldivar denying she had anything to do with fiscal discrepancies in checks that were found written in her name. Selena tried to repair her friendship with Saldivar despite her father's warnings.[49] On March 30, 1995, Selena and Chris met with Saldivar at a motel to recover missing financial papers for tax purposes.[50] When Selena arrived home she found that Saldivar did not give her the correct documents. She phoned Saldivar, who tried to convince Selena to return to her motel room alone. Chris insisted that it was too late, and he did not want Selena driving alone at night. Selena then agreed to meet with Saldivar the next morning.
On March 31, she met with Saldivar, who delayed the transfer of papers with a story about having been raped in Mexico.[51] Selena took Saldivar to a local hospital, where doctors found no evidence of rape. When they returned to the motel room, Selena ended their four-year working relationship. As she turned to leave, Saldivar reached into her handbag, pulled out a Taurus Model 85 .38 caliber revolver, pointed it at Selena and pulled the trigger.[52] The bullet pierced Selena's aorta. She ran to the motel lobby and as she collapsed named Saldivar as her assailant.[53] Selena was transferred to a nearby hospital, where doctors found the damage irreparable. She was pronounced dead within the hour.[54]
Chris couldn't eat for two days after his wife's murder.[55] In his book he says that when he could not sleep he began abusing alcohol and other drugs,[56] and went into seclusion. Family members noticed he was rapidly losing weight.[57] Chris felt guilty for not protecting Selena from Saldivar.[58]
In 1996, he moved out of his Corpus Christi house and back in with his father in San Antonio. John Garza introduced him to Venessa Villanueva, and after getting to know each other they became a couple in 1998.[2][59] In 2001 Chris married Villanueva and they had two children, a boy and a girl.[34][60]
Although it was rumored that Villanueva did not want to divorce, and wanted to try and work things out in their relationship, the couple finally decided their relationship was irreconcilable. They filed for divorce in 2008.[61][62]
1999–2009: Chris Perez Band and other projects[edit]




"Best I Can"







The rock ballad[63] "Best I Can", which centers around the difficulty of Pérez' life without Selena, was received favorably by critics.[64][65] Vocals by John Garza, with lyrics by Pérez[66]

Problems playing this file? See media help.
Chris friend, John Garza moved in with him six months after Selena's death. They began writing music, which Chris found healing.[67] In 1998 he formed a rock band with Garza, Rudy Martinez (former member of La Mafia) on bass, former Selena y Los Dinos keyboardist Joe Ojeda and Jesse Esquivel on drums. The band's name (the Chris Pérez Band) was chosen by Garza, Martinez, Ojeda and Esquivel.[68] Chris preferred the name Cinco Souls, but the other band members wanted to utilize his "reluctant celebrity."[2] The band was signed to Hollywood Records, and went to A&M Studios (now Henson Studios) in Los Angeles to begin recording their debut album. Chris wrote the song "Best I Can" to explore his feelings about losing Selena and his struggle to continue without her.[69][64] The song was not planned for the album, for fear that listeners would think he included the track for commercial reasons, but Hollywood Records and the band convinced him to include it on the album after hearing the demo.[70]
"Another Day" (about devotion to Selena) was included on the album.[70] Ojeda wrote "Solo Tu", a romantic ballad which Chris changed into a rock song.[68] Resurrection was released on May 18, 1999, and won the 2000 Grammy Award for Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album.[34] The record company released two promotional singles (one English and one Spanish: the title track and the ballad "Por Que Tu Fuiste") to radio stations with intent to appeal to both audiences.[71] The Los Angeles Times wrote that the album was "upbeat and danceable, the lyrics speak almost uniformly of loss, anger, violence and abandonment".[2] The Chris Perez Band was the opening act for Mexican band Mana. In March 2000, Chris began preparing for his second studio album;[72] On April 16, the band released its second and final album, Una Noche Más, before breaking up.[73] Chris joined his brother-in-law A.B.'s band, the Kumbia All-Starz, in 2005 and left it in 2009 to form his own band.[73][74] On April 7, 2005, Los Dinos reunited at the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert.[75]
2010 to present[edit]
In the early 2010s he formed a new group (the Chris Pérez Project) with Puerto Rican singer Angel Ferrer, releasing "Todo es Diferente".[76]
In March 2012 Chris published To Selena, With Love, which described their relationship and struggles.[77] He had been reluctant to write the book, saying that fans asked him to write it.[62][78] He didn't seek the approval of the Quintanilla family's approval to write To Selena, With Love and did not disclose the project in fear of their reaction.[34] He approached Abraham after the book was finished. Abraham approved of it.[34] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Chris said writing To Selena, With Love helped him "move forward".[34] The book was praised by critics and fans.[58][61][79] To Selena, With Love dispelled the rumor that Selena was pregnant when she died (which had appeared in media reports after her death).[80]
Personality and musical influences[edit]
According to The Dallas Morning News,[65] Hollywood.com,[81] Justice for Selena,[82] They Died Too Young[30] and Selena: Como La Flor,[83] Chris Pérez is a shy person. He was the antithesis of Abraham Qunintanilla's "clean-cut, nice kids" in his early career as a guitarist for Selena y Los Dinos,[84] a rebellious rocker and a "long-haired tough guy".[81] In an interview with the Corpus Christi Caller-Times, he admitted discomfort at being an entertainer.[78] Until the release of his book, he had kept quiet about his personal life and shied away from media attention.[36][85][86] Carlos Valdez, the District Attorney who prosecuted Yolanda Saldivar, described Chris as "shy and uncomfortable when in the spotlight", and this was echoed by the Corpus Christi Caller-Times.[78] His inability to talk about himself when interviewed was also discussed in Valdez' book. Valdez said the music business was not work for Chris, who enjoyed being a guitarist and called it his "reason for [his] existence". Valdez considers him "honest, sincere, and someone who could be trusted and believed [in]."[82]
Leila Cobo of Billboard magazine believed his musical styles included contemporary cumbia music, reminiscent of music produced by A.B., R&B, rap and funk music.[87] Chuck Taylor, a Billboard editor, called The Chris Pérez Project debut album a "lot of classic rock elements".[88] David Cazares of the Sun Sentinel called Pérez' debut album "average rock" music.[89] The San Antonio Express-News said that Resurrection was a fusion of "pop rock grooves and Tejano soul".[90] Pérez is known for tapping into Latin genres, such as cumbia and Latin rock.[88][91]
Discography[edit]
Selena y Los DinosVen Conmigo (1990)
Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
Selena Live! (1993)
Amor Prohibido (1994)
Dreaming of You (1995)
Chris Perez BandResurrection (1999)
Una Noche Más (2002)
 Kumbia KingsDuetos (2005)
Kumbia All-StarzAyer Fue Kumbia Kings, Hoy Es Kumbia All Starz (2006)
Planeta Kumbia (2008)
La Vida De Un Genio (2010)

Published works[edit]
To Selena, With Love (2012)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 22.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (May 9, 1999). "He's Fine. Trust Us". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
3.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 32.
4.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 33.
5.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 98.
6.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 15.
7.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 133.
8.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 229.
9.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 116.
10.Jump up ^ Harris, Beth (24 February 2000). "Santana Gets Six Pre-show Grammys". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
11.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 12.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c Novas 1995, p. 46.
13.Jump up ^ Ruiz 2006, p. 372.
14.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 17.
15.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 21.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c Pérez 2012, p. 23.
17.^ Jump up to: a b c Pérez 2012, p. 24.
18.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 9.
19.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 60.
20.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 61.
21.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 121.
22.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 56.
23.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 57.
24.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 58.
25.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 63.
26.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 28.
27.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 50.
28.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 49.
29.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 52.
30.^ Jump up to: a b Jones 2000, p. 23.
31.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 72.
32.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 73.
33.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 75.
34.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Aguila, Justino (22 March 2012). "Selena's Widower Shows a Different Side of Singer in New Book (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
35.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 53.
36.^ Jump up to: a b c Gostin, Nicki (30 March 2012). "Chris Perez on his book 'To Selena, With Love'". CNN. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
37.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 79.
38.Jump up ^ "The New York Times Film Reviews 1997-1998". The New York Times. 2 January 2001. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
39.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 81.
40.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 91.
41.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 93.
42.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 92.
43.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 99.
44.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 26.
45.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 105.
46.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 216.
47.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 217.
48.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 232.
49.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 183.
50.Jump up ^ "Testimony of Richard Fredrickson". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
51.Jump up ^ "12 October 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
52.Jump up ^ "Selena". Famous Crime Scene. Season 1. Episode 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
53.Jump up ^ "Friday, 13 October, testimony of Shawna Vela". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
54.Jump up ^ Sam Howe Verhovek (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
55.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 277.
56.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 278.
57.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 279.
58.^ Jump up to: a b Saldaña, Hector (March 30, 2012). "Chris Perez talks about life with Tejano music icon Selena". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
59.Jump up ^ "The Chris Perez". Miami Herald. 8 August 1999. Retrieved 9 June 2013. (subscription required)
60.Jump up ^ Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (19 May 1999). "Too happy to be too sad Chris Perez, Selena's widower, has his life and music back on track". Kansas City Star. Retrieved 9 June 2013.(subscription required)
61.^ Jump up to: a b Tamara, E.J. (March 8, 2012). "Chris Perez: Widower Of Selena Quintanilla Shares Memories Of Life Together In New Book, 'To Selena, With Love'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
62.^ Jump up to: a b Castillo, Amaris (March 7, 2012). "Bookmarked: ‘To Selena, With Love’ by Chris Perez". Univision. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ "music: Chris Perez (Photo Only)". San Antonio Express-News. 28 April 2000. Retrieved 11 June 2013. (subscription required)
64.^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Daniel (29 May 1999). "Chris Perez Seeks To Regain". The Vindicator. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
65.^ Jump up to: a b Tarradell, Mario (16 May 1999). "Chris Perez moves out of Selena's shadow". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 11 June 2013. (subscription required)
66.Jump up ^ Torres, Richard (2 May 1999). "The Best of Selena Lives On". Newsday. Retrieved 11 June 2013. (subscription required)
67.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 280.
68.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 282.
69.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 283.
70.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 284.
71.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 285.
72.Jump up ^ Ross, Paige (March 2000). "Chris Perez now". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
73.^ Jump up to: a b "Hace 10 años fue asesinada 'la reina del tex mex'". El Universal. March 31, 2005. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
74.Jump up ^ "Kumbia All-Starz pondrán a bailar todo". Terra. November 21, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
75.Jump up ^ Clark, Michael D. (April 8, 2005). "Modern, traditional mix in vibrant Selena tribute". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
76.Jump up ^ Saldaña, Hector (November 3, 2011). "Hector Saldaña: Chris Perez: Todo es diferente". San Antonio-Express News. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
77.Jump up ^ "To Selena, With Love Review". Goodreads.com. Goodreads Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
78.^ Jump up to: a b c "Chris Perez, Selena's husband, authors book about their lives together due out Tuesday". Corpus Christi Caller Times. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
79.Jump up ^ Martinez, Brenda (April 18, 2012). "Selena, la flor perenne". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved May 3, 2013.
80.Jump up ^ "Selena, una flor que nunca se marchitará". Univision (in Spanish). Univision Communications. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
81.^ Jump up to: a b Deming, Mark. "Selena (1997) Review". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
82.^ Jump up to: a b Valdez 2005, p. 127.
83.Jump up ^ Patoski 1997, p. 113.
84.Jump up ^ Patoski 1997, p. 120.
85.Jump up ^ Puga, Kristina (6 March 2012). "Selena’s husband opens up in new book "To Selena, With Love"". NBC Latino. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
86.Jump up ^ Aquino, Lydia. "Chris Perez: All About Selena". Entertainment Affair.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
87.Jump up ^ Cobo, Leila (27 November 2004). "Kumbia Kings Continue Their Reign". Billboard 116 (48). Retrieved 9 June 2013.
88.^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Chuck (29 May 1999). "Singles Review". Billboard 11 (22). Retrieved 9 June 2013.
89.Jump up ^ Cazares, David (31 March 2000). "Latin Rock Grammy Winner Not Very Latin". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 10 June 2013. (subscription required)
90.Jump up ^ "Music: Chris Perez". San Antonio Express-News. 28 April 2000. Retrieved 10 June 2013. (subscription required)
91.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (19 April 2003). "Winners Unveiled At Tejano Awards". Billboard 115 (16). Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Patoski, Joe (1997), Selena Como La Flor, Little, Brown and Company, p. 356, ISBN 978-0-316-69378-3
Pérez, Chris (2012), To Selena, With Love, Celebra Books, p. 294, ISBN 0-451-41404-7
Ruiz, Vickie; Sánchez Korrol, Virginia (2006), Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia, Indiana University Press, p. 944, ISBN 0253111692
Valdez, Carlos (2005), Justice for Selena: The State Versus Yolanda Saldivar, Trafford Publishing, p. 428, ISBN 1412065259
Novas, Himilce; Silva, Rosemary (1995), Remembering Selena: A Tribute In Pictures & Words / Recordando Selena: Un Tributo en Palabras y Fotos, St. Martin's Press, p. 128, ISBN 9780312141608
Jones, Veda (2000), They Died Too Young, Chelsea House Publications, p. 48, ISBN 0791052303
External links[edit]
Chris Pérez on Facebook
Chris Pérez's channel on YouTube
Chris Pérez at the Internet Movie Database
Chris Pérez at AllMusic
Chris Pérez at VH1.com


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Murder of Selena

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Murder of Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Perez's grave.jpg
Selena's grave site in Corpus Christi, Texas, where fans have left flowers and coins.

Location
Days Inn, Corpus Christi, Texas
Coordinates
27°48′08″N 97°27′12″WCoordinates: 27°48′08″N 97°27′12″W
Date
March 31, 1995
 11:48 am (CST) (Central Time Zone)
Target
Selena (possible others)

Attack type
 Murder by revolver
Weapons
.38 special caliber
Deaths
1 (Selena)

Non-fatal injuries
 0
Perpetrator
Yolanda Saldívar
Selena (April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995) was an American musician, spokesperson, actress, and fashion designer, who gained worldwide fame as one of the members of Selena y Los Dinos and for her subsequent solo career. Her father and manager Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. decided to appoint Yolanda Saldívar as president of Selena's fan club in 1991, after Saldívar constantly asked permission to start one. In January 1994, she was promoted to manager of the singer's boutiques. Selena began receiving complaints from employees, her fashion designer, and her cousin about Saldívar's managing styles. In January 1995, Quintanilla, Jr. began receiving phone calls and letters from angry fans who sent in their membership payments and received nothing. He began an investigation and found evidence that Saldívar had embezzled $60,000 in forged checks from the fan club and the boutiques. Saldívar bought a gun after she was confronted by the Quintanilla family. She lured Selena into her Days Inn motel room and shot the singer in the back. After doctors tried to revive Selena for 50 minutes, she was pronounced dead at 1:05 pm (CST) from loss of blood and cardiac arrest.
The Hispanic community were the most affected by the news of the singer's death. Many traveled thousands of miles to the singer's house, boutiques, and the crime scene, while churches with a high population of Hispanics held prayers in her name. All major networks in the United States interrupted their regular programming to break the news. Her death reactions was compared to the reactions following the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and US president John F. Kennedy. Some White and European Americans reacted to the news differently, calling the event "not important" and telling Hispanics to "get over it". Radio personality Howard Stern mocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, criticized her music, and played her songs with gunshots in the background, causing an uproar among the Hispanic population. On April 12, 1995, two weeks after her death, George W. Bush—governor of Texas at the time—declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas. This caused a negative reaction from some Americans who were offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday.
At the time of Selena's death, Tejano music was among the most popular Latin music subgenres in the United States. She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" and became the first Hispanic artist to have a predominately Spanish-language album debut and peak at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart with Dreaming of You (1995). After her death, Tejano music suffered and its popularity waned. Saldívar claimed that in an attempt to end her own life she accidentally shot Selena, but the jury at her trial did not believe her; she was sentenced to life imprisonment. The Selena murder trial was called the "trial of the century" and the most important trial to the Hispanic population. Jennifer Lopez was cast to play the role of Selena in the 1997 biopic film about her life, and was elevated to fame after the film's release. Spanish-language networks often air documentaries on Selena annually marking the anniversary of her death. They are among the most-watched programs in the history of American television, and often score record ratings for networks.


Contents  [hide]
1 Events preceding her death 1.1 The Selena fan club
1.2 Selena Etc. boutiques
1.3 Selena and Saldívar's relationship
1.4 Saldívar's termination of employment
1.5 Failed attempts to kill Selena
2 Murder 2.1 Standoff and post-mortem examination
3 Impact 3.1 Media response
3.2 Hispanic community
3.3 Celebrities and politicians reactions
3.4 Other reactions
3.5 Music industry
4 Funeral and tributes
5 Trial
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References 8.1 Sources


Events preceding her death[edit]
The Selena fan club[edit]
Selena was born on April 16, 1971 in Lake Jackson, Texas to Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., a former musician, and Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla (née Samora).[1][2] Selena was introduced into the music industry by Quintanilla, Jr. who said in interviews that he saw "a way back into the music business" after discovering Selena's "perfect timing and pitch".[3] He quickly organized his children into a band called Selena y Los Dinos, which included A.B. Quintanilla III on bass, Suzette Quintanilla on drums, and Selena as their lead singer.[3] The band became the family's primary source of income after they were evicted from their home during the Texas oil bust of 1982.[3] They filed for bankruptcy after Quintanilla, Jr.'s Mexican restaurant suffered as a result of the oil bust. The family relocated to Corpus Christi, Texas and Selena y Los Dinos began recording music professionally.[3][4] In 1984, the band released their first LP record, Selena y Los Dinos, with a small independent record company.[5] Quintanilla, Jr. wanted his children to record Tejano music—a male-dominated music genre popularized by Mexican Americans in the United States.[6][7] Selena's popularity as a singer grew after she won the Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year in 1987.[8] She landed her first major record deal with Capitol EMI Latin in 1989.[9]
In mid-1991, Yolanda Saldívar attended one of Selena's concerts in San Antonio, Texas.[10] Saldívar had become a fan of Tejano music in the mid 1980s.[10][11] Saldívar disliked Selena because she had won awards over Saldívar's favorite Tejano musicians at the time.[12] She decided to give Selena a try after her niece invited her to the concert.[10] After attending the concert, Saldívar became an ardent fan of Selena and expressed that she enjoyed the singer's stage presence.[10] She especially liked "Baila Esta Cumbia" from Selena.[12] The following day, Saldívar tried searching newsstands for anything to do with the concert as a souvenir, to no avail.[10] She got the idea of starting a Selena fan club in her area since the newspaper was not promoting the singer.[10] According to Quintanilla, Jr. Saldívar tried contacting him and left him a total of 15 messages; Saldívar said she left only three.[10] Quintanilla, Jr. contacted Saldívar who requested his permission to start a fan club in the San Antonio area.[10] Quintanilla, Jr. decided to set up a meeting with Saldívar, during which he approved of her intentions and the two parted with a mutual agreement.[10]
Saldívar became the founder and acting president of the Selena fan club in San Antonio in June 1991. As president, she was responsible for membership benefits, collecting a $22 fee in exchange for members to receive products promoting Selena,[13] a T-shirt bearing the singer's name, exclusive interviews with the band, a fact sheet about Selena y Los Dinos, and notifications of upcoming concerts.[12] Proceeds of the fan club were donated to charities.[13] Suzette was the contact person between Saldívar and the Quintanilla family. She did not meet Selena until December 1991.[13] The two became close friends and she was trusted by the Quintanilla family.[12][14] Saldívar successfully had more than 8,000 people sign up to the Selena fan club by 1994.[13] According to news reporter and TV anchorwoman María Celeste Arrarás in her book, Saldívar had become Selena's "most efficient assistant" that the singer ever had.[15] She wrote that people noticed how eager Saldívar was in trying to impress Selena, who did anything the singer told her to do. One person told Arrarás that "if Selena would say, 'Jump!', [Saldívar] would jump three times."[15] Saldívar gave up her career as an in-home nurse for patients with terminal cancer and as a nurse who took care of patients with respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.[16] She decided to fully invest herself to the Selena fan club, although she was earning less than her job as a nurse.[17]
Selena Etc. boutiques[edit]
In 1994, Selena opened two boutiques equipped with in-house beauty salons called Selena Etc. in Corpus Christi and one in San Antonio. Quintanilla, Jr. appointed Saldívar as a potential candidate to run the businesses, because the family would be touring the country.[14] He believed Saldívar was the best choice because of her successful job of running the Selena fan club. The family agreed, and in January 1994, Saldívar became the manager of both the Selena fan club and both Selena Etc. boutiques. In September 1994, Selena signed Saldívar as her registered agent in San Antonio, Texas.[18] After being hired for the boutiques, Saldívar moved from South San Antonio to Corpus Christi to be closer to Selena. In an interview with Primer Impacto in 1995, Quintanilla, Jr. expressed that he "always mistrusted Saldívar", though the family never found anything odd about Saldívar's behavior.[14] Saldívar was given authorization of writing and cashing checks and had access to all bank accounts associated with the fan club and boutiques.[19]
Selena gave Saldívar her American Express card for the purpose of conducting company business. Saldívar used the credit card to rent Lincoln Town Cars, entertain associates in fancy restaurants and purchase two cellular phones which she carried.[20] She also altered Ellen Tracy designer jackets made for the boutiques, backing up her authority to do so with the card.[20] Staff members at Selena Etc. complained that Saldívar was always "nice" when Selena was around; when she was not, Saldívar treated everyone terribly.[21][22] In December 1994, the boutiques began to suffer. The company's bank accounts lacked sufficient funds to pay checks ordered by the bank.[23] Staff at both stores had been reduced from 38 to 14 employees, largely because Saldívar fired anyone she did not personally like.[24] The remaining employees began complaining to Selena about Saldívar, but Selena did not believe that her friend would do anything to hurt her or her business.[24] The employees then began to take their concerns to Quintanilla, Jr., who cautioned Selena that Saldívar might be a dangerous person. Selena did not suspect that Saldívar would turn on her because her father had always distrusted people.[24]
Debra Ramirez, Selena's cousin, was hired to work in the boutiques in January 1995, and to help Selena expand the fashion venture into Mexico.[22] Ramirez quit within a week, telling Saldívar that she was dissatisfied with staff members' failure to report sales.[25] She also found receipts related to the sale of several items from the boutiques missing.[22] Saldívar told her to "mind [her] business" and that it was not her concern.[22] Martin Gomez, fashion designer for Selena, and Saldívar frequently clashed, with Gomez complaining that Saldívar was mismanaging Selena's affairs. Their animosity intensified during Selena's fashion shows; Gomez accused Saldívar of mutilating (or destroying) some of his original creations, and claiming that she never paid bills.[25] Gomez stated that Saldívar had "established a reign of terror", and the two were constantly complaining about each other to Selena.[19] Saldívar began recording Gomez's conversations without his consent.[19] She wanted to convince Selena that Gomez was not looking out for the boutiques' best interest. Gomez was then demoted to supporting role, as Selena was convinced that she should design her clothes on her own.[19] Between late 1994 and early 1995, Saldívar often traveled to Monterrey, Mexico to expedite the process of opening another Selena Etc. store.[26] When Saldívar visited the factory in Mexico, she intimidated the seamstresses by telling them to either leave or side with her.[25]
Selena and Saldívar's relationship[edit]
Saldívar was receiving "tokens of affection from [Selena]", which Saldívar was not accustomed to.[17] Saldívar's room was covered with Selena posters and pictures, burning votive candles and a library of Selena videos (which she used to entertain guests). During an interview with Saldívar in 1995, reporters from The Dallas Morning News believed that Saldívar's devotion to Selena bordered on obsession.[18] Employees at Selena Etc. were told by Saldívar that she wanted to "be like Selena".[20] According to an unnamed former employee, Saldívar was "possessive" of her relationship with Selena, who tried to distance Selena from other employees. The unnamed former employee believed that Saldívar's goal was to "have more control over [the employees] and over Selena."[22] Saldívar claimed that her reasons for distancing the employees from Selena were to "shield" the singer from the "petty issues" of managing her boutiques.[22] Among the responsibilities of running the boutiques, Saldívar accompanied Selena on trips and had keys to the singer's house.[19]
When Saldívar became a business associate, their relationship began to fall apart.[18] In September 1994, Selena met Dr. Ricardo Martinez, who lived in Monterrey, Mexico.[27] Selena wanted to mass market her boutiques and wanted to open her Selena Etc. store in Monterrey.[27] According to Martinez, he had contacts in Mexico who could help Selena open a store without being overwhelming for her.[27] Martinez became a business adviser for Selena,[27] though her family disputes any connections Martinez had with Selena besides being a fan who posed in several pictures with her. Saldívar became envious of Selena's dependency on Martinez,[28] who began sending flowers to Selena's hotel room. Saldívar warned the singer that the doctor might have had unprofessional intentions.[28] Selena began visiting Monterrey more frequently in disguise.[28] Sebastian D'Silva, the then-assistant of Martinez, would often pick up Selena from the airport and reported that he noticed she was wearing wigs and using her husband's Chris Pérez's surname so that others would not know who she was.[28] According to Martinez, he had lent several thousand dollars to Selena because she was short on cash.[23]
Saldívar's termination of employment[edit]
Starting in January 1995, Quintanilla, Jr. began receiving phone calls and letters from angry fans who claimed to have paid their enrollment fee and had not received the promised memorabilia.[29] Upon investigation, Quintanilla, Jr. discovered that Saldívar had embezzled more than $60,000 in forged checks from both the fan club and the boutiques.[30] Saldívar's brother, Armando Saldívar, supposedly contacted Gomez and "made up a story" that Saldívar was stealing money from the fan club.[29] Gomez then contacted one of Selena's uncles about the phone call who then in turn told Quintanilla, Jr.[29] Armando stated that he was angry with Saldívar about an issue he had with her, he did not want the issue between them to be made public, and later said he felt guilty for starting the rumor.[29] He went on Primer Impacto where reporters found his comments illogical.[29]
Quintanilla, Jr. held a closed meeting the night of March 9, 1995 with Selena and Suzette Quintanilla, at Q-Productions to confront Saldívar.[31][32] Quintanilla, Jr. presented Saldívar with the inconsistencies concerning the disappearing funds.[31] He reported that Saldívar simply stared at him without answering any of his questions.[31] Quintanilla, Jr. told Saldívar that if she didn't come up with evidence that disproved his accusations, then he was going to get the police involved.[31] When Quintanilla, Jr. asked her why fans were not receiving their promised gift packages, Saldívar claimed that those fans were trying to get them for free.[32] Quintanilla, Jr. found out Saldívar had opened the fan club's bank account under the name "Maria Elida", which was Saldívar's sister.[33] He asked her why she had done so, she replied that the bank did not allow her to open a bank account under her name, which she didn't know why the bank refused to do so.[33] Without saying a word, Saldívar abruptly got up and left the meeting. Quintanilla, Jr. then banned Saldívar from contacting Selena. However, Selena did not want to dissolve their friendship; she felt that Saldívar was essential to whether the clothing line would take off in Mexico. Selena also wanted to keep Saldívar close because she had bank records, statements and financial records necessary for tax preparation.[31]
After the meeting, Quintanilla, Jr. found out that the fan club's checks were signed with Maria Elida's signature, which was identical to Saldívar's handwriting.[33] Quintanilla, Jr.'s conclusion was that Saldívar was writing forged checks using her sister's name and then cashing them and keeping the funds.[30] When Quintanilla, Jr. was trying to retrieve the fan club's bank statements, he reported that they "vanished".[34] A letter found by Quintanilla, Jr. with Saldívar's handwriting was found. In it, the letter states that Maria Elida had to close the bank account because of a major problem.[34] According to the letter, a member of the fan club Yvonne Perales, was sent to the bank to deposit $3,000, however, Perales did not deposit the money and was nowhere to be found.[34] The letter states that Maria Elida found out about the situation "too late" and that Perales and the money were missing, she then wrote checks to be cashed by Saldívar, even though the bank account had no funds.[34] She then explains in the letter for that reason she is closing the account and the bank would have to cover the checks.[34] Quintanilla, Jr. confronted Saldívar about who Perales was, he said that Saldívar did not know anything about her.[34] Quintanilla, Jr. reported that Saldívar did not trust the treasurer of the fan club, but she trusted a complete stranger to deposit three thousand dollars. He told Saldívar to "tell that lie to someone else."[34] He concluded that Perales did not exist since no one who worked in the fan club had ever met her.[35]
Failed attempts to kill Selena[edit]



 6.5×55mm hollow-point bullet before and after expanding. This type of bullets is specifically designed to expand the type of injury that a normal bullet would inflict, potentially causing more severe damage.
The day after Saldívar was banned from contacting Selena, Quintanilla, Jr. drove to Q-Productions and chased her off the premises.[31] He told her that she was no longer welcome there.[31] The same day, Selena and Saldívar engaged in an argument over the phone; Selena hung up and told Pérez that she could no longer trust Saldívar.[31] According to Quintanilla, Jr., there were four attempts to murder Selena.[36] Selena removed Saldívar's name off the boutique's bank account on March 10, 1995,[36] and she was replaced as fan club president by Irene Herrera.[37] The next day, Saldívar purchased a gun at A Place To Shoot,[36] a gun shop and shooting range in south San Antonio, and bought a Taurus Model 85 snub-nosed .38-caliber revolver.[31] She also bought .38 caliber hollow-point bullets.[31] Hollow-point bullets are specifically designed to expand the type of injury that a normal bullet would inflict, potentially causing more severe damage.[31] Saldívar told the clerk that she needed protection for her job (as an in-home nurse caring for terminally ill patients), because a patient's relatives had threatened her.[31]
On March 13, Saldívar went to her lawyer and wrote her resignation, which Quintanilla, Jr. believed was her alibi.[36] That same day, Saldívar drove to Corpus Christi and checked into the Sand and Sea motel.[38] However, the singer was in Miami, Florida at the time. Quintanilla, Jr. believed this would have been the first attempt to kill Selena.[38] When Selena arrived in Corpus Christi on March 14, Saldívar contacted Selena to schedule a meeting with her.[38] Saldívar told Selena that there was too much traffic and had asked her to meet her at a parking lot, which was 25 miles away from Corpus Christi.[38] Upon arriving, Selena told Saldívar that she could remain in charge of her business affairs in Mexico.[38] According to Quintanilla, Jr., Selena wanted to keep Saldívar until she could find someone else to replace her. Saldívar showed Selena the gun that she bought. Selena told her to "get rid of it" and that she would protect Saldívar from her father, according to Saldívar and Pérez.[38][39][40] This, Quintanilla, Jr. believed, had calmed Saldívar down and was the reason why she did not kill Selena at the parking lot.[38] The next day, Saldívar returned the gun,[38] claiming that her father had given her a .22-caliber pistol.[37] On March 26, Saldívar stole a perfume sample and more bank statements from Selena in Mexico.[41]
Saldívar accompanied Selena to her Tennessee trip so that the singer could finish recording one of her songs for her crossover album.[38] Selena told Saldívar that there were bank statements missing and asked her to return them to her as soon as they arrived back to Texas.[38] Saldívar then bought the gun back on March 27 and asked Selena to meet with her alone at a motel room, her second attempt to kill her.[38] When Selena arrived, news about her arrival spread and she was soon mobbed by fans.[42] Quintanilla, Jr. believed that it was her fans who saved her that day as there were "too many witnesses".[42] The third attempt to kill Selena, according to Quintanilla, Jr. was one of Saldívar's trip to Monterrey in the last week of March.[42] Dr. Martinez received phone calls from Saldívar hysterically crying that she had been raped[42] on March 29.[41] The next day, Saldívar made another call to Dr. Martinez, who said that the calls seemed as though someone was snatching the phone away from Saldívar.[42] He sent an employee to Saldívar's motel room to investigate and found out Saldívar had left the motel a few minutes earlier.[42]
On March 30, Saldívar returned from her Monterrey trip and checked into the Days Inn motel.[42] She contacted Selena and told her that she had been raped.[42] According to Quintanilla, Jr. this was the last message they received from Saldívar, which he believed was her new alibi.[42] Saldívar asked Selena to visit her at her motel room alone, however, Perez accompanied her.[43] According to Perez, he waited by his truck as Selena went alone inside Saldívar's motel room.[43] As Perez was driving back to their house, Selena noticed that Saldívar failed to give her the right bank statements she needed. Saldívar tried contacting Selena through her beeper, she desperately wanted the singer to take her to a hospital that night.[43] She told Selena that she was bleeding due to her rape, Quintanilla, Jr. believed that Saldívar was trying to get Selena to return to the motel alone.[43] Pérez told Selena that it was "too late" and did not want her to go out alone.[43] Selena agreed to meet her the next morning, unbeknownst to Pérez.[43][44]
Murder[edit]



 An example of a Days Inn motel with a pool area, similar to the one in Corpus Christi where Selena ran past after she was shot.
On March 30, 1995, Selena contacted Leonard Wong about the perfume designs he had made for her.[45] According to Wong, Selena told him that she would be meeting with Saldívar the next morning to pick up the perfume samples she stole from her.[45] She told another employee at the boutiques that same day that she is expecting to fire Saldívar.[46] At 7:30 am (CST) March 31, Selena got out of bed and wore green workout sweats and departed from her home to Saldívar's motel room.[47] At the motel, Saldívar told Selena that she had been raped in Mexico.[48][49] The singer took her to Doctors Regional Hospital, where medical staff noticed that Saldívar showed symptoms of depression.[50] Saldívar claimed that she bled out "a little" to the doctor.[50] The physician noticed that Selena was angry at Saldívar and told him that she claimed she was bleeding copiously the day before.[50] At the hospital, the doctor did not find any evidence of rape and told Saldívar that she had to go to San Antonio to get a gynecological exam. According to Texas law on rape cases, they were unable to perform the exam because Saldívar was a resident of San Antonio and the rape occurred outside the country.[50][48][51] While driving back to the Days Inn motel, Selena told Saldívar that it would be best if they stay apart for a while so that Quintanilla, Jr. would not get mad.[48] According to Dr. Martinez, Selena had tried contacting him that morning but was unable to get to the phone as he was performing surgery.[52] At 10:00 am (CST), Quintanilla, Jr. contacted Pérez regarding the whereabouts of Selena; she was due to record a song at Q-Productions that morning and had not showed up.[48] Pérez called Selena on her cell phone and told her about the scheduled recording, she told him "Oh no, I forgot", and told him that she was "taking care of one last business" and that she would be at Q-Productions soon after. This was the last phone call Selena answered, and was the last time Pérez heard her voice.[48]
Back at the motel room, Selena and Saldívar began arguing.[48] Motel guests complained about loud noises coming from Saldívar's motel room. They said that they heard two women arguing over business-related material. Selena told Saldívar that she could no longer be trusted,[53] and demanded Saldívar give back her financial papers.[4] The singer then dumped Saldívar's satchel that contained bank statements onto the bed and Selena saw the gun. At 11:48 am (CST), Saldívar pointed it at Selena.[48][4] As Selena attempted to flee, Saldívar shot her once on the right lower shoulder,[48][54] severing an artery and resulting in a massive loss of blood.[53] Trinidad Espinoza, the hotel's janitor, reported a "loud bang", believing it might have been a light blowout.[55] Critically wounded, Selena ran towards the lobby, leaving a trail of blood 392 feet (119 m) long.[53] She was seen clutching her chest screaming "Help me! Help me! I've been shot!" while Saldívar was still chasing after her with a gun, pointing at her and calling her a "bitch".[56][57][58] Selena collapsed on the floor as Barbara Schultz, hotel clerk of the Days Inn, called 9-1-1. The singer identified Saldívar as her assailant and gave the room number where she had been shot.[56][59][60] Selena arrived at the lobby at 11:49 am (CST) as Shawna Vela and hotel manager Ruben DeLeon tried stopping the outpouring of blood.[56] Selena's condition began to deteriorate rapidly as motel staff attended to her.[53] Selena screamed to hotel staff telling them to "lock the door, she'll shoot me again".[61] DeLeon tried to talk to her, but noted that she was beginning to fade away; he stated that she was moaning and moving less.[53] DeLeon noticed that Selena's eyes rolled back and that she went limp.[55]



 This computer animation still from Famous Crime Scene, showing how the bullet entered and exited Selena's chest cavity as she attempted to flee her assailant.
An ambulance arrived at the scene in one minute and 55 seconds.[53] The paramedics ripped the green sweater where the bleeding was taking place and applied a Vaseline gauze to Selena's wound, which stopped the surface bleeding.[53][62] By now Selena's heartbeat was very slow, and a paramedic performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation to keep her blood circulating.[53] According to paramedic Richard Fredrickson, "it was too late" when he arrived in the lobby, finding blood as "thick from her neck to her knees, all the way around on both sides." Fredrickson could not locate a pulse; when he placed his fingers on her neck, he felt only muscle twitches.[63]
During this time, a paramedic tried inserting an IV needle into Selena, but due to the massive blood loss and low (or no) blood pressure, her veins had collapsed making the insertion extremely difficult.[53] Navigation Boulevard was shut down by local police.[53] When paramedics delivered Selena to Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital at 12:00 pm (CST), her pupils were fixed and dilated, there was no evidence of neurological function, and she had no vital signs.[64] Doctors were able to establish an "erratic heartbeat" long enough to transfer Selena to the trauma room.[65] Doctors and surgeons began blood transfusions in an attempt to reestablish blood circulation after opening Selena's chest and finding massive internal bleeding.[53] Selena's right lung was damaged, her collarbone was shattered, and her veins were emptied of blood.[64] Doctors widened her chest and administered drugs into her heart and applied pressure on her wounds. Dr. Louis Elkins said that a "pencil-size artery leading from the heart had been cut in two by the hollow-point bullet" and that six units of blood from the transfusion had spilled out and were not in her blood system.[66] After 50 minutes the doctors realized that the damage was irreparable.[53] Selena was pronounced dead at 1:05 pm (CST) from blood loss and cardiac arrest.[53][67][68][69]
Standoff and post-mortem examination[edit]
Saldívar got into her pickup truck and attempted to leave the motel after the shooting occurred.[53] Motel employee Rosario Garza saw Saldívar come out of her motel room with a wrapped towel.[58][70] It was believed that she was on her way to Q-Productions to shoot Quintanilla, Jr. and others who were waiting for Selena to arrive.[71] However, she was spotted by a responding police cruiser. An officer emerged from the cruiser, drew his gun and ordered Saldívar to come out of the truck. Saldívar did not comply. Instead, she backed up and parked adjacent to two cars, with her truck then being blocked in by the police cruiser.[53] Saldívar then picked up the pistol, pointed it at her right temple, and threatened to commit suicide.[69] A SWAT team and the FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit were brought in.[69] Musicologist Himilce Novas commented that the event was reminiscent of O.J. Simpson's planned suicide ten months earlier.[72]
Larry Young and Issac Valencia began negotiating with Saldívar. They ran a phone line to their base of operations (adjacent to Saldívar's pickup truck) as the standoff continued.[53] Lead negotiator Young tried to establish a rapport with Saldívar and persuade her to give herself up.[53] Valencia suggested that the shooting was accidental; Saldívar later changed her story, claiming that the "gun went off" by itself.[53] Motel guests were ordered to remain in their rooms until police escorted them out.[73] During the third hour, an autopsy was performed due to overwhelming media interest.[53] It revealed that the bullet had entered Selena's lower back, passed through her chest cavity (severing the right subclavian artery) and exited her right upper chest.[53] Doctors also found that if the bullet had been only one millimeter higher or lower, the wound would not have been as severe.[53]
After the standoff entered its fourth hour, Valencia succeeded in getting Saldívar to confess that she had intended to shoot herself.[53] Saldívar claimed that Selena tried to tell her not to kill herself, while Saldívar pointed the gun to her head. When Selena opened the door to leave, Saldívar stated that she told Selena to close it.[53] Saldívar also claimed that the gun went off when Selena left. During the sixth hour, Saldívar agreed to give herself up; however, when she saw a police officer pointing a rifle at her, she panicked and ran back to her truck, picked up the revolver and placed it on her head again.[53] Saldívar finally surrendered, after nearly nine-and-a-half hours.[4] By that time, hundreds of fans had gathered at the scene; many wept as police took Saldívar away.[4][53] Within hours of Selena's murder, a press conference was called. Assistant Police Chief Ken Bung and Quintanilla, Jr., informed the press that the possible motive was that Selena went to the Days Inn motel to terminate "her" employment; Saldívar was still unidentified by name in media reports. Rudy Treviño, director of the Texas Talent Music Association and sponsor of the Tejano Music Awards, declared that March 31, 1995 would be known as "Black Friday".[74][75][76]
Impact[edit]
Media response[edit]
When radio station KEDA-AM broke the news, many people accused the staff of lying, considering the following day after her death was April Fool's Day.[77] In San Antonio, major Spanish-language radio stations (including Tejano 107, KXTN-FM, KRIO-FM and KEDA-AM) began monitoring the developments on Selena's death.[77] All major networks in the United States interrupted their regular programming to break the news.[78] The lead item on national network evening news programs in Corpus Christi had been the end of the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike; within thirty minutes, Selena's murder was the lead item on all television stations in South Texas.[74] Her death was front-page news in The New York Times for two days,[79] and was featured prominently on the BBC World News.[80] News of the singer's death reached Japan, where David Byrne first heard of the shooting.[81] Local news reporters began pouring into the crime scene after hearing of the shooting.[82] Univision and Telemundo were among the first major news stations to have arrived at the crime scene.[82] Newsstands were swarmed for anything concerning Selena.[83] A People magazine issue was released several days after her murder. Its publishers believed that interest would soon wane; they released a commemorative issue within a week when it became apparent that it was growing. The issue sold nearly a million copies,[84] selling the entire first and second run within two weeks. It became a collector's item, a first in the history of People.[85] Betty Cortina, editor of People, told Biography that they never had an issue that was completely sold out; "it was unheard of".[85] In the following months the company released People en Español (aimed at the Hispanic market), due to the success of the Selena issue.[85] This was followed by Newsweek en Espanol and Latina magazine.[86] Puerto Rican American actress Jennifer Lopez was cast to play the role of Selena in the 1997 biopic film about her life, which drew criticism because of her ancestry.[87] After the film's release, fans changed their views on Lopez after seeing her performance in the movie.[88][89] Lopez was elevated to fame after the film's release.[90][91][92][93][94]
Selena's life and career was covered by a number of programs, including The Oprah Winfrey Show,[95] E! True Hollywood Story, VH1's Behind The Music, American Justice, Snapped, and Famous Crime Scene.[96][97][98] Other networks to have aired specials on Selena include MTV,[96] Investigation Discovery, The Biography Channel, A&E Network,[97][99] while Spanish-language networks often air specials on Selena annually marking her death anniversary.[100] Spanish-language documentaries airing on the death anniversary of Selena are among the most-watched programs in the history of American television, and often score record ratings for networks.[101][102][103] One of the first documentary on Selena was on Univison's Primer Impacto on 4 April 1995.[104] The documentary, titled Selena, A Star is Dimmed, was viewed by 2.09 million people becoming the second most viewed Spanish-language show in the history of American television, at the time.[104] Networks were competing with each other to interview Saldívar about the shooting.[105] When news broke that Arrarás was able to interview Saldívar, Univision's phone line were inundated with phone calls from major networks as far as Germany, requesting to use the interview on their networks.[105] The interview on Primer Impacto was watched by 4.5 million viewers, becoming the number one program that night according to Nielsen ratings, and was among the most-watched Spanish-language program in American television history.[102]
Hispanic community[edit]
The news struck the Hispanic community extremely hard; many traveled thousands of miles to Selena's house, boutiques and the crime scene.[77][106] By mid-afternoon, police were asked to form a detour as a line of automobiles began backing up traffic from the Quintanillas' houses.[74] On the street where Selena had lived, gang graffiti and cacti distinguished the blue-collar community from other subdivisions across America.[74] The chain-link fence in front of Selena's house became a shrine, festooned with mementoes.[107] Fans from Puerto Rico and Wisconsin left messages and notes to Selena and the Quintanilla family.[108] The majority of cars in Corpus Christi and cars traveling to Interstate 37 from Mexico turned their headlights on in her memory.[80] Fans scribbled notes and messages on the door where Selena had been shot, and left handwritten messages on the doorstep.[109] Soon after learning of Selena's death, people began theorizing about who had murdered her. Emilio Navaira's wife was believed to have shot Selena by fans, since many believed she was jealous of Selena and Navaira's relationship.[77] Johnny Pasillas, Emilio's brother-in-law and manager, frantically called radio stations in an attempt to quash the jealous-lover rumor.[77] Among the celebrities who believed in the rumor were record producer Manny Guerra, Pete Rodriguez, and American singer Ramon Hernandez.[110] According to anchorwoman Arrarás, the death of Selena became "the most important news of the year for Hispanics."[111] Texas Monthly editor Pamela Colloff wrote that the death reactions of Selena was equivalent of the reactions of a political assassination.[112]
She had a "cult-like" following among Hispanics.[113][114] She became a household name in the United States following her death and became part of the American pop culture.[115] She became more popular in death than when she was alive.[116][112] Her death reaction was compared to the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and the assassination of US president John F. Kennedy.[117][118] Selena became a cultural icon for Latinos who was seen as "a woman who was proud of her roots and achieved her dreams."[119] According to Antonio Lopez of the Santa Fe New Mexican, the day Selena was killed "is a bookmark in time in the memories of many Latinos."[120] According to Arrarás, "women imitated her, men worshiped her".[121] Two deaths in California were reported following the outbreak of Selena's death.[122] A drag queen planned to dress up as Selena for one of his upcoming performances, he was hit by a car and was left to die.[122] Gloria de la Cruz auditioned for the role of Selena, she was later found dumped in a Los Angeles dumpster. Her killer had strangled her and set her body on fire.[122]
Celebrities and politicians reactions[edit]
See also: List of people influenced by Selena
Spanish singer Julio Iglesias interrupted a recording session in Miami for a moment of silence. Among the celebrities who contacted the Quintanilla family following the news were Gloria Estefan, Celia Cruz, Iglesias, and Madonna.[82] Concerts throughout Texas were canceled.[107] La Mafia canceled their Guatemala concert and flew back to Texas.[107] Tejano singer Ramiro Herrera and dozens of other Tejano artists canceled their concerts.[123] American singer-songwriter Rhett Lawrence published an ad on Billboard magazine's 22 April 1995 issue that said "music I heard with you was more than music. You will be deeply missed."[124] Other celebrities took to radio stations to expressed their thoughts about Selena's death, including Stefanie Ridel, Jaime DeAnda (of Los Chamacos), and Shelly Lares.[107] Talk show host Oprah Winfrey called Selena's life "short but significant" during her March 1997 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show.[95] American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey told MTV that Selena's death was shocking to her because of "the way it had happened so abruptly in a young life."[125] State senator Carlos Truan and state representative Solomon P. Ortiz reportedly mourned Selena's death.[126] American music industry executive Daniel Glass told Texas Monthly that he believed Selena would have enjoyed greater career success had it not been for her death.[112]
A few days later, Howard Stern mocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, and criticized her music. Stern said, "This music does absolutely nothing for me. Alvin and the Chipmunks have more soul ... Spanish people have the worst taste in music. They have no depth." Stern's comments outraged and infuriated the Hispanic community in Texas.[127] Stern played Selena's songs with gunshots in the background.[128][129] After a disorderly conduct arrest warrant was issued in his name, Stern made an on-air statement, in Spanish, for his comments that he stressed were not made to cause "more anguish to her family, friends and those who loved her."[130][131] The League of United Latin American Citizens boycotted Stern's show, finding his apology unacceptable.[132] Texas retailers removed any products that were related to Stern. Sears and McDonalds sent out a disapproval letter to the media that addressed their stance against Stern's comments after fans believed they sponsored his show.[133] Within a week, on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Stern and Robin Quivers (his African-American co-host) were asked if Stern's remarks about Selena were acceptable. Quivers decided not to talk about the situation, to avoid arguing with Stern. When Linda Ronstadt (a pop singer of Mexican-American heritage) appeared on the show, she and Quivers quickly got into an argument when Ronstadt defended Selena.[134]
Other reactions[edit]



I grew up around these people. The reaction was typical of the majority of Texans, to whom the murder of Selena was just another senseless shooting. To those people, though, the five million Texans of Mexican descent, the death of Selena was Black Friday, a day of infamy even darker and more evil than the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
European American Selena fan, explaining differences in reaction to the death of Selena between European-Americans and Mexican-Americans in Texas.[135]
On April 12, 1995, two weeks after her death, George W. Bush (governor of Texas at the time) declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas.[136][137][138] Bush said that Selena represented "the essence of south Texas culture."[139] On Selena Day, 1,000 fans gathered at her grave and began to sing traditional Mexican folk songs; police were brought in to control the crowd.[140] On the same day, a crowd of 3,000 attended an organized mass of the resurrection for Selena at Johnnyland Concert Park.[140]
Some European Americans in Texas wrote to the editor of the Brazosport Facts during April and May, asking what the big deal was; some were also offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday. Others agreed that "Easter is more important than Selena Day", and believed that everyone should let Selena rest in peace and go on with their lives.[141] Mexican Americans in Texas wrote vociferously to the newspaper. Some agreed that others were too critical of Selena Day, and stated that they did not need to celebrate the day and should not have responded so rudely.[142] Hispanic filmmaker Lourdes Portillo expressed that she didn't know who Selena was when everyone around her were saying that Selena was shot.[143]
White Americans reported that when the news of Selena's death broke out, many of them asked who Selena was and said she was "not that important", telling Hispanics to "get over it".[144][145] Author and Texas Monthly magazine contributor Joe Nick Patoski said that Anglo-Americans and Mexican Americans were divided in their reactions to Selena's death. Patoski said that Anglo-Americans "didn't understand what all the fuss was about."[112] The line "Who's Selena?" was used in the 1997 biopic film on Selena when a White American store manager asked Hispanics running towards the singer for an autograph.[146] White Americans felt that the scene with the White manager and Selena was "irrelevant" and "over dramatized", who were seen by Hispanic crowds as the only topic that they gathered from the movie.[147] One fan expressed that to Hispanics the scene "happens all the time" to them and their friends and that they feel their community has been "ignored".[147] Lauraine Miller also expressed that "Selena has opened my eyes", stating that she had become "more American". Another fan commented that in the United States "nobody ever lets you forget you are Mexican American."[147]
Music industry[edit]
At the time of Selena's death, 52% of all Latin music sales were generated by regional Mexican music, mostly Tejano music, which became one of the most popular Latin music genres.[148][149] Selena catapulted the genre into its 1990s renaissance and brought Tejano music into its first marketable era.[123][150][151][152][153] She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" by many media outlets.[a] Major record companies including EMI Records, SBK Records, Warner Music Group, CBS Records, and Sony Music began signing Tejano artists to compete in the Latin music industry.[154][155][156] The Tejano market suffered and its popularity waned following Selena's death. Radio stations in the United States that played Tejano music switched to regional Mexican music, and by 1997, KQQK was the only radio station in the United States that played Tejano music non-stop.[148] By the mid 2000s, radio stations in the United States no longer played Tejano music, larger auditoriums stopped hosting Tejano artists by 2007,[157] and major record companies abandoned their Tejano artists after 1995.[158] Selena remains the best-selling Tejano artist of all time,[150][159][160] who continues to outsell living Tejano artists,[155] and the last Tejano musician to have appeared on the US Billboard 200 chart since 2000.[155] After Selena's death, Tejano music was replaced with Latin pop in the United States as the most popular Latin music genre.[155]
On the day Selena was killed, record stores sold out of Selena's albums within hours; EMI Latin began pressing several million CDs and cassettes to meet the expected demand.[123][80] Gloria Ballesteros, a sales representative of Southwestern Wholesalers in San Antonio, told Billboard that their inventory of 5,000 copies of Selena albums was sold out by the afternoon of Selena's death.[123] Record stores who ordered more copies of the singer's recordings were told by EMI Latin representatives that they wouldn't be able to restock for a few days.[123] EMI Latin shipped 500,000 units of Selena's recordings to record stores in two weeks following Selena's death.[124] Her song, "Fotos y Recuerdos", was number four on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart the day Selena was killed, and it peaked at number one on 15 April 1995.[123] Four of her singles, "No Me Queda Mas", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "Como la Flor", and "Amor Prohibido", re-entered the Hot Latin Tracks and the Regional Mexican Airplay chart on the issue dated 15 April 1995 on Billboard magazine.[123] Selena's 1994 album, Amor Prohibido, re-entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 92, representing a 520% increase in sales with 12,040 units sold in the week Selena was murdered.[123] The following week, the album rose to number 32 with 28,238 units sold, representing a 135% increase.[124] Amor Prohibido, which was positioned at number four on March 31, took the first slot on the Top Latin Albums chart on the issue dated 15 April 1995.[123] Three other recordings including, Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), Live! (1993), and 12 Super Exitos (1994), re-entered the Top Latin Albums chart, while Selena's albums took the numbers one through four slots on the Regional Mexican Albums chart that same week.[123] Her albums sparked a buying frenzy for Latin music in Japan, Germany, and China.[161]
Selena's crossover album that she was working on at the time of her death, Dreaming of You, was released in July 1995. The recording sold 175,000 copies its day of release in the U.S.—a then-record for a female vocalist—and sold 331,000 copies its first week.[162][163] Selena became the third female artist in history to sell over 300,000 units in one week, after Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey.[164] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first album by a Hispanic artist to do so.[165][166][167] Dreaming of You helped Selena to become the first solo artist to debut a posthumous album at number one.[168] The recording was among the top ten best-selling debuts for a musician, and was the best-selling debut by a female act.[169] Dreaming of You joined five of Selena's studio albums on the Billboard 200 chart simultaneously, making Selena the first female artist in Billboard history to accomplish this feat.[170] The album was certified 35x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipping more than 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone.[171][172] As of 2015, the recording has sold five million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Latin album of all-time in the United States.[173] Five of Selena's albums generated $4 million in sales within five years.[174] Selena was inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame,[175] the Hard Rock Cafe's Hall of Fame in 1995,[176] the South Texas Music Hall of Fame,[177] and the Tejano Music Hall of Fame in 2001.[178] In December 1999, Selena was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits.[179]
Funeral and tributes[edit]



 Selena's tombstone in Seaside Memorial Cemetery in Corpus Christi
On the day Selena was killed, vigils and memorials were held throughout the states of Texas and California.[109] Tejano 107 sponsored a candlelight vigil at the Sunken Gardens, while KRIO-FM sponsored its own at South Park Mall which was attended by 5,000 on March 31.[107] Radio stations in Texas played her music non-stop.[49] On April 1, Bayfront Plaza in Corpus Christi held a vigil which drew 3,000 fans.[180][181] During the event, it was announced that a public viewing of the casket would be held at the Bayfront Auditorium the following day. Fans lined up for almost a mile.[180] An hour before the doors opened rumors began circulating that the casket was empty, which prompted the Quintanilla family to have an open-casket viewing.[80][182] About 30,000 to 40,000 fans passed by Selena's coffin.[182][183][184] More than 78,000 signatures were signed in a condolence book.[185] The same day an unannounced bilingual Sunday morning mass for Selena was held at the San Fernando Cathedral in downtown San Antonio, featuring a mariachi choir.[180] Churches in the United States with a high population of Hispanics, Mexico, and Spain, held prayers for Selena.[186] A reporter noticed the overflow of "mythic symbols" that were "attached to Selena" by fans such as the Christian symbols of angel, saint, healer, and savior.[187] There was a tribute for the singer during a St. Patrick's Day celebration in a Catholic church in Houston, Texas.[188] Father Sal DeGeorge decided to have a tribute to Selena on that day after people and especially children asked him what was being planned for the singer.[188] That same day, a disc-jockey played Selena's music near the Church in a small park.[188]
On April 3, 1995, six hundred guests (mostly family members) attended the burial of Selena at Seaside Memorial Park, which was broadcast live by a Corpus Christi and San Antonio radio station without the consent of her family.[189] A Jehovah's Witness minister from Lake Jackson preached in English, quoting Paul the Apostle's words in 1 Corinthians 15.[189] Hundreds of cars began circling the area.[189] A special mass at the Los Angeles Sports Arena the same day drew a crowd of 4,000.[190] Selena had been booked there that night for her Amor Prohibido Tour.[80] The promoter charged admission, which upset Quintanilla, Jr.[80] Modesto Lopez Portillo drove from El Salvador to Los Angeles to be the officiating priest for the gathering; the consul general of El Salvador attended as well.[190] In Lake Jackson, 1,000 fans and friends gathered at the municipal park in neighboring Clute (where she had played at the Mosquito Festival in July 1994).[191] The next day Our Lady of the Pillar, a church in Spain, held a mass for Selena which drew 450 people to their 225-seat church.[186] In the weeks following her death, cars throughout Texas were seen painted with Selena's picture on them.[188] On April 28, during a fireworks display for Buccaneer Days in Corpus Christi, the music was reworked to include "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" in memory of Selena.[192] Selena Etc. became a shrine to the singer as fans left balloons, flowers, pictures, and poems.[147] Street murals across Texas were found after Selena's death.[147] In the months following her death, an average of 12,000 people visited her grave site and the Days Inn motel.[185] The motel's manager rearranged the room numbers preventing people who did not want to sleep in the room where Selena had been shot.[193] The singer became part of the Day of the dead celebration.[147] In 1997 Selena was commemorated with a museum and a bronze life-sized statue (Mirador de la Flor in Corpus Christi), which are visited by hundreds of fans each week.[194] Fans flocked to her statue and murals as a symbolism of self-identity, unionism, religious expression, resistance, self-expression, equality, liberation, passion, optimism, possibility, and "encouragement and hope to the poor."[147]



 The Mirador de la Flor was erected in 1997 and is located near the Corpus Christi Bay.
Musicians took to music to express their thoughts on Selena or recorded compositions as tributes to the singer. Singers such as American country artist Tony Joe White,[195] Haitian singer-songwriter Wyclef Jean,[196] American tejano artists Pete Astudillo, Puerto Rican American group the Barrio Boyzz, Mexican American singer Graciela Beltran, American tejano artist Jennifer Pena, American hip-hop singer Lil Ray, American tejano artists Emilio Navaria, Bobby Pulido,[197] Cuban salsa singer Celia Cruz, Dominican salsa singer José Alberto "El Canario", Puerto Rican American salsa singers Ray Sepulveda, Michael Stuart, Manny Manuel, Puerto Rican American jazz singer Hilton Ruiz,[198] American singer Jenni Rivera,[199] Mexican singer Lupillo Rivera,[200] Venezuelan rock singer Mikel Erentxun,[201] Puerto Rican American singer Tony Garcia,[202] and American rapper King L.[203]
Selena's family and her former band, Los Dinos, held a tribute concert a week after the 10th anniversary of her murder on April 7, 2005. The concert, entitled Selena ¡VIVE!, was broadcast live on Univision and achieved a 35.9 household rating.[101][204] It was the highest-rated and most-viewed Spanish-language television special in the history of American television.[173] The special was also the number-one program (regardless of language) among adults ages 18 to 34 in Los Angeles, Chicago and San Francisco; it tied for first in New York, beating that night's episode of Fox's American Idol.[101] Among Hispanic viewers, Selena ¡VIVE! outperformed Super Bowl XLV between the Packers and the Steelers and the telenovela Soy Tu Dueña during the "most-watched NFL season ever among Hispanics".[205][206]
In January 2015, it was announced that Selena would be celebrated with a two-day event called Fiesta de la Flor to mark two decades since her death in Corpus Christi. It is believed by the Corpus Christi Convention & Visitors Bureau that the event will attract about 50,000 visitors and bring $1 million to the local economy. Musical acts include Kumbia All-Starz, Perez, Los Lobos, Jay Perez, Little Joe y la Familia, Los Palominos, Stefani Montiel of Las 3 Divas, Girl in a Coma's Nina Diaz, Las Fenix, and previous The Voice competitor Clarissa Serna.[207][208][209]
Trial[edit]

Brick wall and arch sign reading "Mountain View Unit"

Mountain View Unit where Saldívar is being held
Main article: People of the State of Texas v. Yolanda Saldívar
Within 20 minutes of Saldívar's surrender, she was taken to the downtown police station and placed in an interrogation room with Paul and Ray Rivera.[210] Paul Rivera, who had investigated homicides since 1978, informed Saldívar of her right to an attorney, which she waived.[210] When police investigators surrounded Saldívar's truck she had cried out, "I can't believe I killed my best friend".[211] Within hours, she claimed that the shooting was accidental.[212] Saldívar's bond was initially set at $100,000, but District Attorney Carlos Valdez had it raised to $500,000.[210] When the bail was announced, people asked why the death penalty was not requested for Saldívar.[213] The Nueces County jail was deluged with death threats and public calls for vigilante justice. Even some gang members in Texas were reported to have taken up collections to raise the bond for Saldívar so they could kill her when she was released.[210] In prison, she faced more death threats from inmates.[210] The Mexican Mafia, a dominant gang in the Texas penal system, reportedly placed a price on her head and spread the word that anyone who committed the crime would be a hero.[210]
Saldívar's crime was punishable to up to 99 years in prison and a $10,000 fine.[214] Saldívar was kept at Nueces County jail under a suicide watch before her trial.[182] The state had difficulty arranging defense counsel for Saldívar;[215] a spokesperson commented that any lawyer defending Saldívar could face death threats.[215] She was assigned to Douglas Tinker, paid by the people of Texas. His wife was fearful that they would suffer from community retribution, she asked Tinker not to take the case.[216] Arnold Garcia, a former district prosecutor, was chosen by Tinker as his legal counsel.[217] Valdez, who lived a few blocks away from the Quintanilla family, chose Mark Skurka as his legal counsel in the case.[217] Mike Westergren presided over the case, which was moved to the Harris County Courthouse in Houston, Texas in fear that the case would not have an impartial jury.[217] According to the Chicago Tribune, the Selena murder trial's publicity "rivaled that of the O.J. Simpson proceedings."[218] Westergren ordered that the entire trial would not be televised or be taped recorded and limited the number of reporters in the courtroom to avoid a "repeat of the Simpson circus".[218] The Chicago Tribune noticed how the divide in interest to the Selena murder trial was among Hispanics and White Americans. Donna Dickerson, a White American magazine publisher, told the Chicago Tribune that she had no interest in the trial because of Selena's "Hispanic background" and argued that Mexican Americans did not show the same enthusiasm when Elvis Presley was found dead.[218] The Selena murder trial was called the "trial of the century" and the most important trial to the Hispanic population.[147][219][220][221] The trial generated interest from Europe, South America, Australia, and Japan.[112]
Saldívar pleaded not guilty, explaining that the shooting was accidental.[218] In his opening statement, Valdez said he believed Saldívar "deliberately killed Selena." Valdez also called it a "senseless and cowardly" act because Selena was shot in the back.[218] Tinker said that the shooting was accidental and denied rumors that Saldívar wanted to be romantically involved with Selena.[218] On October 23, 1995, the jury deliberated for two hours before finding Saldívar guilty of murder.[222] She received the maximum sentence of life in prison with parole eligibility in 30 years.[223] On November 22, 1995, she arrived at the Gatesville Unit (now the Christina Crain Unit) in Gatesville, Texas, for processing.[224] Saldívar is currently serving her sentence at Mountain View Unit in Gatesville, operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. She will be eligible for parole on March 30, 2025.[225] Because of multiple internal death threats from incarcerated Selena fans, Saldívar was placed in isolation and spends 23 of every 24 hours alone in her 9 by 6 feet (2.7 by 1.8 m) cell.[226]
See also[edit]
Book icon Book: Selena

1995 in music
1995 in the United States
Governorship of George W. Bush
History of the United States (1991–present)
History of Texas


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Notes[edit]
a.Jump up ^ Outlets describing Selena as "Queen of Tejano music" includes: Entertainment Weekly,[227] Billboard magazine,[228] Los Angeles Magazine,[229] Vibe magazine,[230] The Huffington Post,[231] and The New York Times.[4]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Pérez Dávila, Angie (31 March 2005). "A 10 años de la muerte de Selena". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2011.
2.Jump up ^ "Selena, the Queen of Tejano Music". Legacy.com. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d Hewitt, Bill (17 April 1995). "Before Her Time". People (Time Inc.) 43 (15). Retrieved 29 January 2015.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sam Howe Verhovek (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
5.Jump up ^ Schone, Mark (31 October 2004). "Sweet Music". Bloomberg Businessweek (Bloomberg L.P.). Retrieved 29 January 2015.
6.Jump up ^ Miguel 2002, p. 118.
7.Jump up ^ Latin Music USA. 30 minutes in. PBS. "Selena wanted to sing American pop music, but her father had learned some hard lessons playing music in Texas with a band he'd had years before called Los Dinos"
8.Jump up ^ Morales, Tatiana (16 October 2002). "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBS News. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
9.Jump up ^ Lopetegui, Enrique (8 April 1995). "A Crossover Dream Halted Prematurely, Tragically Some Ambitious Plans Were Under Way to Bring Selena to Mainstream U.S. Audience". Los Angeles Times (Austin Beutner). Retrieved 21 July 2011.
10.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Arrarás 1997, p. 72.
11.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 110.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 111.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 73.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c Arrarás 1997, p. 77.
15.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 74.
16.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, pp. 71, 75.
17.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 75.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 146.
19.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Arrarás 1997, p. 79.
20.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 147.
21.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 169.
22.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Arrarás 1997, p. 78.
23.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 82.
24.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 182.
25.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 170.
26.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 83.
27.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 80.
28.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 81.
29.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Arrarás 1997, p. 84.
30.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, pp. 228-229.
31.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Patoski 1996, p. 183.
32.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 85.
33.^ Jump up to: a b c Arrarás 1997, p. 228.
34.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Arrarás 1997, p. 229.
35.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 230.
36.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 231.
37.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 184.
38.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Arrarás 1997, p. 232.
39.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 86.
40.Jump up ^ "Chris Perez publishes Selena book". San Antonio Current (Michael Wagner). 28 February 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
41.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 185.
42.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Arrarás 1997, p. 233.
43.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Arrarás 1997, p. 234.
44.Jump up ^ "Testimony of Richard Fredrickson". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
45.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 157.
46.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 158.
47.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 159.
48.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Patoski 1996, p. 160.
49.^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, Rick. "Selena". Houston Chronicle, May 21, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
50.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, pp. 39-40.
51.Jump up ^ "12 October 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
52.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 181.
53.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Famous Crime Scene. Season 1. Episode 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
54.Jump up ^ Doeden 2012, p. 39.
55.^ Jump up to: a b Erin Brockovich (producer) (2012). "Selena: Death of a Superstar". Reel Crime Reel Story. Season 1. Episode 104. 60 minutes in. Investigation Discovery.
56.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 161.
57.Jump up ^ "12 October 1995, the testimony of Norma Martinez". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
58.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 37.
59.Jump up ^ "Friday, 13 October, testimony of Shawna Vela". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
60.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 132.
61.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 133.
62.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 134.
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64.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 154.
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66.Jump up ^ Reinert, Patty (19 October 1995). "Selena was beyond aid, doctor says". Houston Chronicle.
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68.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 155.
69.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 162.
70.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 8.
71.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 235.
72.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 10.
73.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 12.
74.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 200.
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76.Jump up ^ Corcoran, Michael (3 April 2005). "Dreaming of Selena". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 14 November 2011. (subscription required)
77.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Patoski 1996, p. 199.
78.Jump up ^ "In the spirit of Selena: Tributes, a book and an impending film testify to the Tejano singer's enduring". by Gregory Rodriguez. Pacific News, March 21, 1997. Retrieved on July 18, 2006.
79.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 174.
80.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Patoski 1996, p. 211.
81.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 164.
82.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 165.
83.Jump up ^ "Selena: Biography". Biography. November 27, 2008. 60 minutes in. A&E.
84.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (1995). "Latin pride". Billboard 107 (23): 112.
85.^ Jump up to: a b c "Biography TV Series, Selena episode". Biography (in English). 26 November 2010. 60 minutes in. The Biography Channel.
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91.Jump up ^ "'The Boy Next Door' Trailer Launched, Release Date Officially Set, And Updates: Ryan Guzman Talks About His Love Scene With Jennifer Lopez". Franchise Herald. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
92.Jump up ^ Longo, Federica (4 April 2013). "Jenni Rivera Movie: Who Will Play The Leading Lady?". The Huffington Post (AOL). Retrieved 9 March 2015.
93.Jump up ^ "Jenni Rivera Movie: Jennifer Lopez Wants to Produce Biopic On Deceased Singer". Latinos Post (Latin Post Company LLC). 15 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
94.Jump up ^ Lopez, Oscar (1 May 2014). "Edward James Olmos Vs. Jennifer Lopez: 'Not Latina Enough,' Says Actor Who Played Her Dad In 'Selena’ Movie". Newsweek (IBT Media). Retrieved 9 March 2015.
95.^ Jump up to: a b The Oprah Winfrey Show. Season 11. March 21, 1997. 60 minutes in. ABC.
96.^ Jump up to: a b "Selena Murder Case". TV Guide. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
97.^ Jump up to: a b "Famous Crime Scene". TV Guide. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
98.Jump up ^ "Reel Crime/Reel Story episode guide". Investigation Discovery. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
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100.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack doesn't catch Selena's allure". San Jose Mercury News. March 21, 1997. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
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102.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, pp. 218-219.
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105.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 218.
106.Jump up ^ Jesse Katz (April 2, 1995). "For Barrio, Selena's Death Strikes a Poignant Chord Tragedy: Fans descend on superstar's home in Texas community. Idolized singer didn't forget her roots". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
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108.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 210.
109.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 214.
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124.^ Jump up to: a b c Lannert, John (22 April 1995). "Selena's Albums Soar". Billboard 107 (16). Retrieved 9 March 2015.
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127.Jump up ^ Asin, Stephanie and Dyer, R.A. "Selena's public outraged: Shock jock Howard Stern's comments hit raw nerve." at the Wayback Machine (archived July 10, 2007) Houston Chronicle, April 6, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
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129.Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (March 26, 1996). "Howard Stern Returns, by Syndication to Hartford Station he left in 1980". Hartford Courant (Tribune Publishing Company). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
130.Jump up ^ "A real shocker from Stern: Apology for Selena comments". New York Daily News. 7 Apr 1995. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
131.Jump up ^ Marikar, Sheila (14 May 2012). "Howard Stern's Five Most Outrageous Offenses". ABC Good Morning America. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
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140.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 222.
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144.Jump up ^ Misemer 2008, p. 145.
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150.^ Jump up to: a b Untiedt 2013, p. 127.
151.Jump up ^ Schone, Mark (April 20, 1995). "A Postmortem Star In death, Selena is a crossover success". Newsday. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
152.Jump up ^ Shaw 2005, p. 50.
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154.Jump up ^ Untiedt 2013, p. 126.
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159.Jump up ^ Doeden 2012, p. 38.
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169.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (2 September 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (35): 120. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
170.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (23): 112. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
171.Jump up ^ "American certifications – Selena – Dreaming of You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
172.Jump up ^ "Awards Show". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 108 (18): 122. 4 May 1996. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
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174.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 61.
175.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (June 10, 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters The Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media) 107 (23): 58. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
176.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 34.
177.Jump up ^ Jasinski 2012.
178.Jump up ^ Meier 2003, p. 372.
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180.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 108.
181.Jump up ^ "Tejano fans mourning for Selena - Yolanda Saldívar, who held a Corpus Christi police SWAT team at bay for nearly 10 hours after the shooting, has been charged with murder". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 2, 1995. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
182.^ Jump up to: a b c Ross E. Milloy (April 3, 1995). "For Slain Singer's Father, Memories and Questions". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
183.Jump up ^ "Thousands Mourn Selena's Death". Charlotte Observer. April 3, 1995. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
184.Jump up ^ "More than 30,000 view Selena's casket". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 3, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
185.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 28.
186.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 218.
187.Jump up ^ Mazur 2001, p. 85.
188.^ Jump up to: a b c d Villafranca, Armando (18 March 1996). "Young, old remember slain singer". Houston Chronicle.
189.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 215.
190.^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Frank B; Lopetegui, Enrique (3 April 1995). "Mourning Selena : Nearly 4,000 Gather at L.A. Sports Arena Memorial for Slain Singer". Latin Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
191.Jump up ^ "Tribute to Selena set". San Antonio Express-News. April 7, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
192.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 223.
193.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 29.
194.Jump up ^ Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the performance of memory. Duke Univ Pr. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8223-4502-2. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
195.Jump up ^ One Hot July (Media notes). Mercury Records. 1999. 731455889420.
196.Jump up ^ Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs of an Immigrant (Media notes). Sony Music. 2007. 886971569629.
197.Jump up ^ Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Media notes). EMI Latin/Warner Bros. Music. 1997. 724354097003.
198.Jump up ^ Recordando a Selena (Media notes). RMM Records. 1996. 602828201326.
199.Jump up ^ El Columpio (Media notes). Cintas Acuario. 2011. ASIN B00EHF5YF0.
200.Jump up ^ Selena La Estrella: Lupillo Rivera Con La Rebelion Nortena (Media notes). 1995. ASIN B00PL24EVS.
201.Jump up ^ Acrobatas (Media notes). WM Spain. 1998. ASIN B0013JVDV2.
202.Jump up ^ Real Love (Media notes). High Power Records. 1996.
203.Jump up ^ "Drake pays tribute to Selena Quintanilla". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
204.Jump up ^ "Univision’s "Selena ¡Vive!" Breaks Audience Records". Univision. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
205.Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert. "Super Bowl XLV Most-Watched Show in U.S. TV History Among Hispanic Viewers; Tops World Cup Final". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
206.Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill. "NFL 2010 Hispanic TV Recap, Most-Watched NFL Season Ever Among Hispanics". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
207.Jump up ^ Nunez, Alana. "Selena Is Getting Her Own Festival to Honor the 20th Anniversary of Her Death". Cosmopolitan. Hearst Magazines. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
208.Jump up ^ Flores, Adofo. "Mexican-American Icon Selena Will Be Honored In Texas Festival 20 Years After Her Death". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
209.Jump up ^ Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Tejano star Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
210.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Patoski 1996, p. 203.
211.Jump up ^ Deborah Roberts (reporter) (1995). "20/20: Selena's Killer". 20/20. 30 minutes in. CBS.
212.Jump up ^ "Star's Death: An Accident Or a Murder?". The New York Times. 22 October 1995. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
213.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, pp. 43-44.
214.Jump up ^ "Fan club president admits shooting of Tejano singer Selena, police say". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 4, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
215.^ Jump up to: a b "Attorney sought for Selena slaying defendant death threats reported in case". Dallas Morning News. April 5, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
216.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 42.
217.^ Jump up to: a b c Arrarás 1997, p. 43.
218.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f de la Gaza, Paul (12 October 1995). "Trial In Selena's Killing Exposes Cultural Divide". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
219.Jump up ^ Mazur 2001, p. 83.
220.Jump up ^ Legon, Jeordan (16 October 1995). "Selena trial becomes obsession to Latinos". Sun Journal (James R. Costello Sr.). Retrieved 10 March 2015.
221.Jump up ^ "Latinos Eagerly Await Trial Of Selena's Accused Killer". Orlando Sentinel. 16 October 1995. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
222.Jump up ^ Yolanda Saldívar found guilty of Selena's murder. CNN, October 23, 1995. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
223.Jump up ^ Selena's killer receives life sentence of prison. CNN, October 26, 1995. Retrieved September 26, 2010
224.Jump up ^ Bennett, David. "Somber Saldívar delivered to prison – Convicted murderer of Tejano star Selena keeps head down during processing." San Antonio Express-News. November 23, 1995. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
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226.Jump up ^ Graczyk, Michael (October 28, 1995). "A grim, isolated life in prison seems likely for Selena's killer". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 14, 2011.(subscription required)
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230.Jump up ^ "The Year In Review". Vibe (Vibe Media) 6 (7). September 1998. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
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Selena


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Studio albums
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Soundtrack albums
Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
 

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Remix albums
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Compilation albums
Mis Mejores Canciones - 17 Super Éxitos ·
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Video albums
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Filmography
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 Corpus: A Home Movie About Selena
 

Retail
Selena Etc. ·
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People
A.B. Quintanilla ·
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Related articles
Murder of Selena (trial) ·
 List of people influenced by Selena ·
 The Selena Foundation ·
 Q-Productions ·
 Selena y Los Dinos ·
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Categories: Selena
1995 in music
1995 in Texas
1995 murders in the United States
Deaths by person
History of Corpus Christi, Texas
People murdered in Texas









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Murder of Selena

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Murder of Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Perez's grave.jpg
Selena's grave site in Corpus Christi, Texas, where fans have left flowers and coins.

Location
Days Inn, Corpus Christi, Texas
Coordinates
27°48′08″N 97°27′12″WCoordinates: 27°48′08″N 97°27′12″W
Date
March 31, 1995
 11:48 am (CST) (Central Time Zone)
Target
Selena (possible others)

Attack type
 Murder by revolver
Weapons
.38 special caliber
Deaths
1 (Selena)

Non-fatal injuries
 0
Perpetrator
Yolanda Saldívar
Selena (April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995) was an American musician, spokesperson, actress, and fashion designer, who gained worldwide fame as one of the members of Selena y Los Dinos and for her subsequent solo career. Her father and manager Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. decided to appoint Yolanda Saldívar as president of Selena's fan club in 1991, after Saldívar constantly asked permission to start one. In January 1994, she was promoted to manager of the singer's boutiques. Selena began receiving complaints from employees, her fashion designer, and her cousin about Saldívar's managing styles. In January 1995, Quintanilla, Jr. began receiving phone calls and letters from angry fans who sent in their membership payments and received nothing. He began an investigation and found evidence that Saldívar had embezzled $60,000 in forged checks from the fan club and the boutiques. Saldívar bought a gun after she was confronted by the Quintanilla family. She lured Selena into her Days Inn motel room and shot the singer in the back. After doctors tried to revive Selena for 50 minutes, she was pronounced dead at 1:05 pm (CST) from loss of blood and cardiac arrest.
The Hispanic community were the most affected by the news of the singer's death. Many traveled thousands of miles to the singer's house, boutiques, and the crime scene, while churches with a high population of Hispanics held prayers in her name. All major networks in the United States interrupted their regular programming to break the news. Her death reactions was compared to the reactions following the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and US president John F. Kennedy. Some White and European Americans reacted to the news differently, calling the event "not important" and telling Hispanics to "get over it". Radio personality Howard Stern mocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, criticized her music, and played her songs with gunshots in the background, causing an uproar among the Hispanic population. On April 12, 1995, two weeks after her death, George W. Bush—governor of Texas at the time—declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas. This caused a negative reaction from some Americans who were offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday.
At the time of Selena's death, Tejano music was among the most popular Latin music subgenres in the United States. She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" and became the first Hispanic artist to have a predominately Spanish-language album debut and peak at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart with Dreaming of You (1995). After her death, Tejano music suffered and its popularity waned. Saldívar claimed that in an attempt to end her own life she accidentally shot Selena, but the jury at her trial did not believe her; she was sentenced to life imprisonment. The Selena murder trial was called the "trial of the century" and the most important trial to the Hispanic population. Jennifer Lopez was cast to play the role of Selena in the 1997 biopic film about her life, and was elevated to fame after the film's release. Spanish-language networks often air documentaries on Selena annually marking the anniversary of her death. They are among the most-watched programs in the history of American television, and often score record ratings for networks.


Contents  [hide]
1 Events preceding her death 1.1 The Selena fan club
1.2 Selena Etc. boutiques
1.3 Selena and Saldívar's relationship
1.4 Saldívar's termination of employment
1.5 Failed attempts to kill Selena
2 Murder 2.1 Standoff and post-mortem examination
3 Impact 3.1 Media response
3.2 Hispanic community
3.3 Celebrities and politicians reactions
3.4 Other reactions
3.5 Music industry
4 Funeral and tributes
5 Trial
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References 8.1 Sources


Events preceding her death[edit]
The Selena fan club[edit]
Selena was born on April 16, 1971 in Lake Jackson, Texas to Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., a former musician, and Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla (née Samora).[1][2] Selena was introduced into the music industry by Quintanilla, Jr. who said in interviews that he saw "a way back into the music business" after discovering Selena's "perfect timing and pitch".[3] He quickly organized his children into a band called Selena y Los Dinos, which included A.B. Quintanilla III on bass, Suzette Quintanilla on drums, and Selena as their lead singer.[3] The band became the family's primary source of income after they were evicted from their home during the Texas oil bust of 1982.[3] They filed for bankruptcy after Quintanilla, Jr.'s Mexican restaurant suffered as a result of the oil bust. The family relocated to Corpus Christi, Texas and Selena y Los Dinos began recording music professionally.[3][4] In 1984, the band released their first LP record, Selena y Los Dinos, with a small independent record company.[5] Quintanilla, Jr. wanted his children to record Tejano music—a male-dominated music genre popularized by Mexican Americans in the United States.[6][7] Selena's popularity as a singer grew after she won the Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year in 1987.[8] She landed her first major record deal with Capitol EMI Latin in 1989.[9]
In mid-1991, Yolanda Saldívar attended one of Selena's concerts in San Antonio, Texas.[10] Saldívar had become a fan of Tejano music in the mid 1980s.[10][11] Saldívar disliked Selena because she had won awards over Saldívar's favorite Tejano musicians at the time.[12] She decided to give Selena a try after her niece invited her to the concert.[10] After attending the concert, Saldívar became an ardent fan of Selena and expressed that she enjoyed the singer's stage presence.[10] She especially liked "Baila Esta Cumbia" from Selena.[12] The following day, Saldívar tried searching newsstands for anything to do with the concert as a souvenir, to no avail.[10] She got the idea of starting a Selena fan club in her area since the newspaper was not promoting the singer.[10] According to Quintanilla, Jr. Saldívar tried contacting him and left him a total of 15 messages; Saldívar said she left only three.[10] Quintanilla, Jr. contacted Saldívar who requested his permission to start a fan club in the San Antonio area.[10] Quintanilla, Jr. decided to set up a meeting with Saldívar, during which he approved of her intentions and the two parted with a mutual agreement.[10]
Saldívar became the founder and acting president of the Selena fan club in San Antonio in June 1991. As president, she was responsible for membership benefits, collecting a $22 fee in exchange for members to receive products promoting Selena,[13] a T-shirt bearing the singer's name, exclusive interviews with the band, a fact sheet about Selena y Los Dinos, and notifications of upcoming concerts.[12] Proceeds of the fan club were donated to charities.[13] Suzette was the contact person between Saldívar and the Quintanilla family. She did not meet Selena until December 1991.[13] The two became close friends and she was trusted by the Quintanilla family.[12][14] Saldívar successfully had more than 8,000 people sign up to the Selena fan club by 1994.[13] According to news reporter and TV anchorwoman María Celeste Arrarás in her book, Saldívar had become Selena's "most efficient assistant" that the singer ever had.[15] She wrote that people noticed how eager Saldívar was in trying to impress Selena, who did anything the singer told her to do. One person told Arrarás that "if Selena would say, 'Jump!', [Saldívar] would jump three times."[15] Saldívar gave up her career as an in-home nurse for patients with terminal cancer and as a nurse who took care of patients with respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.[16] She decided to fully invest herself to the Selena fan club, although she was earning less than her job as a nurse.[17]
Selena Etc. boutiques[edit]
In 1994, Selena opened two boutiques equipped with in-house beauty salons called Selena Etc. in Corpus Christi and one in San Antonio. Quintanilla, Jr. appointed Saldívar as a potential candidate to run the businesses, because the family would be touring the country.[14] He believed Saldívar was the best choice because of her successful job of running the Selena fan club. The family agreed, and in January 1994, Saldívar became the manager of both the Selena fan club and both Selena Etc. boutiques. In September 1994, Selena signed Saldívar as her registered agent in San Antonio, Texas.[18] After being hired for the boutiques, Saldívar moved from South San Antonio to Corpus Christi to be closer to Selena. In an interview with Primer Impacto in 1995, Quintanilla, Jr. expressed that he "always mistrusted Saldívar", though the family never found anything odd about Saldívar's behavior.[14] Saldívar was given authorization of writing and cashing checks and had access to all bank accounts associated with the fan club and boutiques.[19]
Selena gave Saldívar her American Express card for the purpose of conducting company business. Saldívar used the credit card to rent Lincoln Town Cars, entertain associates in fancy restaurants and purchase two cellular phones which she carried.[20] She also altered Ellen Tracy designer jackets made for the boutiques, backing up her authority to do so with the card.[20] Staff members at Selena Etc. complained that Saldívar was always "nice" when Selena was around; when she was not, Saldívar treated everyone terribly.[21][22] In December 1994, the boutiques began to suffer. The company's bank accounts lacked sufficient funds to pay checks ordered by the bank.[23] Staff at both stores had been reduced from 38 to 14 employees, largely because Saldívar fired anyone she did not personally like.[24] The remaining employees began complaining to Selena about Saldívar, but Selena did not believe that her friend would do anything to hurt her or her business.[24] The employees then began to take their concerns to Quintanilla, Jr., who cautioned Selena that Saldívar might be a dangerous person. Selena did not suspect that Saldívar would turn on her because her father had always distrusted people.[24]
Debra Ramirez, Selena's cousin, was hired to work in the boutiques in January 1995, and to help Selena expand the fashion venture into Mexico.[22] Ramirez quit within a week, telling Saldívar that she was dissatisfied with staff members' failure to report sales.[25] She also found receipts related to the sale of several items from the boutiques missing.[22] Saldívar told her to "mind [her] business" and that it was not her concern.[22] Martin Gomez, fashion designer for Selena, and Saldívar frequently clashed, with Gomez complaining that Saldívar was mismanaging Selena's affairs. Their animosity intensified during Selena's fashion shows; Gomez accused Saldívar of mutilating (or destroying) some of his original creations, and claiming that she never paid bills.[25] Gomez stated that Saldívar had "established a reign of terror", and the two were constantly complaining about each other to Selena.[19] Saldívar began recording Gomez's conversations without his consent.[19] She wanted to convince Selena that Gomez was not looking out for the boutiques' best interest. Gomez was then demoted to supporting role, as Selena was convinced that she should design her clothes on her own.[19] Between late 1994 and early 1995, Saldívar often traveled to Monterrey, Mexico to expedite the process of opening another Selena Etc. store.[26] When Saldívar visited the factory in Mexico, she intimidated the seamstresses by telling them to either leave or side with her.[25]
Selena and Saldívar's relationship[edit]
Saldívar was receiving "tokens of affection from [Selena]", which Saldívar was not accustomed to.[17] Saldívar's room was covered with Selena posters and pictures, burning votive candles and a library of Selena videos (which she used to entertain guests). During an interview with Saldívar in 1995, reporters from The Dallas Morning News believed that Saldívar's devotion to Selena bordered on obsession.[18] Employees at Selena Etc. were told by Saldívar that she wanted to "be like Selena".[20] According to an unnamed former employee, Saldívar was "possessive" of her relationship with Selena, who tried to distance Selena from other employees. The unnamed former employee believed that Saldívar's goal was to "have more control over [the employees] and over Selena."[22] Saldívar claimed that her reasons for distancing the employees from Selena were to "shield" the singer from the "petty issues" of managing her boutiques.[22] Among the responsibilities of running the boutiques, Saldívar accompanied Selena on trips and had keys to the singer's house.[19]
When Saldívar became a business associate, their relationship began to fall apart.[18] In September 1994, Selena met Dr. Ricardo Martinez, who lived in Monterrey, Mexico.[27] Selena wanted to mass market her boutiques and wanted to open her Selena Etc. store in Monterrey.[27] According to Martinez, he had contacts in Mexico who could help Selena open a store without being overwhelming for her.[27] Martinez became a business adviser for Selena,[27] though her family disputes any connections Martinez had with Selena besides being a fan who posed in several pictures with her. Saldívar became envious of Selena's dependency on Martinez,[28] who began sending flowers to Selena's hotel room. Saldívar warned the singer that the doctor might have had unprofessional intentions.[28] Selena began visiting Monterrey more frequently in disguise.[28] Sebastian D'Silva, the then-assistant of Martinez, would often pick up Selena from the airport and reported that he noticed she was wearing wigs and using her husband's Chris Pérez's surname so that others would not know who she was.[28] According to Martinez, he had lent several thousand dollars to Selena because she was short on cash.[23]
Saldívar's termination of employment[edit]
Starting in January 1995, Quintanilla, Jr. began receiving phone calls and letters from angry fans who claimed to have paid their enrollment fee and had not received the promised memorabilia.[29] Upon investigation, Quintanilla, Jr. discovered that Saldívar had embezzled more than $60,000 in forged checks from both the fan club and the boutiques.[30] Saldívar's brother, Armando Saldívar, supposedly contacted Gomez and "made up a story" that Saldívar was stealing money from the fan club.[29] Gomez then contacted one of Selena's uncles about the phone call who then in turn told Quintanilla, Jr.[29] Armando stated that he was angry with Saldívar about an issue he had with her, he did not want the issue between them to be made public, and later said he felt guilty for starting the rumor.[29] He went on Primer Impacto where reporters found his comments illogical.[29]
Quintanilla, Jr. held a closed meeting the night of March 9, 1995 with Selena and Suzette Quintanilla, at Q-Productions to confront Saldívar.[31][32] Quintanilla, Jr. presented Saldívar with the inconsistencies concerning the disappearing funds.[31] He reported that Saldívar simply stared at him without answering any of his questions.[31] Quintanilla, Jr. told Saldívar that if she didn't come up with evidence that disproved his accusations, then he was going to get the police involved.[31] When Quintanilla, Jr. asked her why fans were not receiving their promised gift packages, Saldívar claimed that those fans were trying to get them for free.[32] Quintanilla, Jr. found out Saldívar had opened the fan club's bank account under the name "Maria Elida", which was Saldívar's sister.[33] He asked her why she had done so, she replied that the bank did not allow her to open a bank account under her name, which she didn't know why the bank refused to do so.[33] Without saying a word, Saldívar abruptly got up and left the meeting. Quintanilla, Jr. then banned Saldívar from contacting Selena. However, Selena did not want to dissolve their friendship; she felt that Saldívar was essential to whether the clothing line would take off in Mexico. Selena also wanted to keep Saldívar close because she had bank records, statements and financial records necessary for tax preparation.[31]
After the meeting, Quintanilla, Jr. found out that the fan club's checks were signed with Maria Elida's signature, which was identical to Saldívar's handwriting.[33] Quintanilla, Jr.'s conclusion was that Saldívar was writing forged checks using her sister's name and then cashing them and keeping the funds.[30] When Quintanilla, Jr. was trying to retrieve the fan club's bank statements, he reported that they "vanished".[34] A letter found by Quintanilla, Jr. with Saldívar's handwriting was found. In it, the letter states that Maria Elida had to close the bank account because of a major problem.[34] According to the letter, a member of the fan club Yvonne Perales, was sent to the bank to deposit $3,000, however, Perales did not deposit the money and was nowhere to be found.[34] The letter states that Maria Elida found out about the situation "too late" and that Perales and the money were missing, she then wrote checks to be cashed by Saldívar, even though the bank account had no funds.[34] She then explains in the letter for that reason she is closing the account and the bank would have to cover the checks.[34] Quintanilla, Jr. confronted Saldívar about who Perales was, he said that Saldívar did not know anything about her.[34] Quintanilla, Jr. reported that Saldívar did not trust the treasurer of the fan club, but she trusted a complete stranger to deposit three thousand dollars. He told Saldívar to "tell that lie to someone else."[34] He concluded that Perales did not exist since no one who worked in the fan club had ever met her.[35]
Failed attempts to kill Selena[edit]



 6.5×55mm hollow-point bullet before and after expanding. This type of bullets is specifically designed to expand the type of injury that a normal bullet would inflict, potentially causing more severe damage.
The day after Saldívar was banned from contacting Selena, Quintanilla, Jr. drove to Q-Productions and chased her off the premises.[31] He told her that she was no longer welcome there.[31] The same day, Selena and Saldívar engaged in an argument over the phone; Selena hung up and told Pérez that she could no longer trust Saldívar.[31] According to Quintanilla, Jr., there were four attempts to murder Selena.[36] Selena removed Saldívar's name off the boutique's bank account on March 10, 1995,[36] and she was replaced as fan club president by Irene Herrera.[37] The next day, Saldívar purchased a gun at A Place To Shoot,[36] a gun shop and shooting range in south San Antonio, and bought a Taurus Model 85 snub-nosed .38-caliber revolver.[31] She also bought .38 caliber hollow-point bullets.[31] Hollow-point bullets are specifically designed to expand the type of injury that a normal bullet would inflict, potentially causing more severe damage.[31] Saldívar told the clerk that she needed protection for her job (as an in-home nurse caring for terminally ill patients), because a patient's relatives had threatened her.[31]
On March 13, Saldívar went to her lawyer and wrote her resignation, which Quintanilla, Jr. believed was her alibi.[36] That same day, Saldívar drove to Corpus Christi and checked into the Sand and Sea motel.[38] However, the singer was in Miami, Florida at the time. Quintanilla, Jr. believed this would have been the first attempt to kill Selena.[38] When Selena arrived in Corpus Christi on March 14, Saldívar contacted Selena to schedule a meeting with her.[38] Saldívar told Selena that there was too much traffic and had asked her to meet her at a parking lot, which was 25 miles away from Corpus Christi.[38] Upon arriving, Selena told Saldívar that she could remain in charge of her business affairs in Mexico.[38] According to Quintanilla, Jr., Selena wanted to keep Saldívar until she could find someone else to replace her. Saldívar showed Selena the gun that she bought. Selena told her to "get rid of it" and that she would protect Saldívar from her father, according to Saldívar and Pérez.[38][39][40] This, Quintanilla, Jr. believed, had calmed Saldívar down and was the reason why she did not kill Selena at the parking lot.[38] The next day, Saldívar returned the gun,[38] claiming that her father had given her a .22-caliber pistol.[37] On March 26, Saldívar stole a perfume sample and more bank statements from Selena in Mexico.[41]
Saldívar accompanied Selena to her Tennessee trip so that the singer could finish recording one of her songs for her crossover album.[38] Selena told Saldívar that there were bank statements missing and asked her to return them to her as soon as they arrived back to Texas.[38] Saldívar then bought the gun back on March 27 and asked Selena to meet with her alone at a motel room, her second attempt to kill her.[38] When Selena arrived, news about her arrival spread and she was soon mobbed by fans.[42] Quintanilla, Jr. believed that it was her fans who saved her that day as there were "too many witnesses".[42] The third attempt to kill Selena, according to Quintanilla, Jr. was one of Saldívar's trip to Monterrey in the last week of March.[42] Dr. Martinez received phone calls from Saldívar hysterically crying that she had been raped[42] on March 29.[41] The next day, Saldívar made another call to Dr. Martinez, who said that the calls seemed as though someone was snatching the phone away from Saldívar.[42] He sent an employee to Saldívar's motel room to investigate and found out Saldívar had left the motel a few minutes earlier.[42]
On March 30, Saldívar returned from her Monterrey trip and checked into the Days Inn motel.[42] She contacted Selena and told her that she had been raped.[42] According to Quintanilla, Jr. this was the last message they received from Saldívar, which he believed was her new alibi.[42] Saldívar asked Selena to visit her at her motel room alone, however, Perez accompanied her.[43] According to Perez, he waited by his truck as Selena went alone inside Saldívar's motel room.[43] As Perez was driving back to their house, Selena noticed that Saldívar failed to give her the right bank statements she needed. Saldívar tried contacting Selena through her beeper, she desperately wanted the singer to take her to a hospital that night.[43] She told Selena that she was bleeding due to her rape, Quintanilla, Jr. believed that Saldívar was trying to get Selena to return to the motel alone.[43] Pérez told Selena that it was "too late" and did not want her to go out alone.[43] Selena agreed to meet her the next morning, unbeknownst to Pérez.[43][44]
Murder[edit]



 An example of a Days Inn motel with a pool area, similar to the one in Corpus Christi where Selena ran past after she was shot.
On March 30, 1995, Selena contacted Leonard Wong about the perfume designs he had made for her.[45] According to Wong, Selena told him that she would be meeting with Saldívar the next morning to pick up the perfume samples she stole from her.[45] She told another employee at the boutiques that same day that she is expecting to fire Saldívar.[46] At 7:30 am (CST) March 31, Selena got out of bed and wore green workout sweats and departed from her home to Saldívar's motel room.[47] At the motel, Saldívar told Selena that she had been raped in Mexico.[48][49] The singer took her to Doctors Regional Hospital, where medical staff noticed that Saldívar showed symptoms of depression.[50] Saldívar claimed that she bled out "a little" to the doctor.[50] The physician noticed that Selena was angry at Saldívar and told him that she claimed she was bleeding copiously the day before.[50] At the hospital, the doctor did not find any evidence of rape and told Saldívar that she had to go to San Antonio to get a gynecological exam. According to Texas law on rape cases, they were unable to perform the exam because Saldívar was a resident of San Antonio and the rape occurred outside the country.[50][48][51] While driving back to the Days Inn motel, Selena told Saldívar that it would be best if they stay apart for a while so that Quintanilla, Jr. would not get mad.[48] According to Dr. Martinez, Selena had tried contacting him that morning but was unable to get to the phone as he was performing surgery.[52] At 10:00 am (CST), Quintanilla, Jr. contacted Pérez regarding the whereabouts of Selena; she was due to record a song at Q-Productions that morning and had not showed up.[48] Pérez called Selena on her cell phone and told her about the scheduled recording, she told him "Oh no, I forgot", and told him that she was "taking care of one last business" and that she would be at Q-Productions soon after. This was the last phone call Selena answered, and was the last time Pérez heard her voice.[48]
Back at the motel room, Selena and Saldívar began arguing.[48] Motel guests complained about loud noises coming from Saldívar's motel room. They said that they heard two women arguing over business-related material. Selena told Saldívar that she could no longer be trusted,[53] and demanded Saldívar give back her financial papers.[4] The singer then dumped Saldívar's satchel that contained bank statements onto the bed and Selena saw the gun. At 11:48 am (CST), Saldívar pointed it at Selena.[48][4] As Selena attempted to flee, Saldívar shot her once on the right lower shoulder,[48][54] severing an artery and resulting in a massive loss of blood.[53] Trinidad Espinoza, the hotel's janitor, reported a "loud bang", believing it might have been a light blowout.[55] Critically wounded, Selena ran towards the lobby, leaving a trail of blood 392 feet (119 m) long.[53] She was seen clutching her chest screaming "Help me! Help me! I've been shot!" while Saldívar was still chasing after her with a gun, pointing at her and calling her a "bitch".[56][57][58] Selena collapsed on the floor as Barbara Schultz, hotel clerk of the Days Inn, called 9-1-1. The singer identified Saldívar as her assailant and gave the room number where she had been shot.[56][59][60] Selena arrived at the lobby at 11:49 am (CST) as Shawna Vela and hotel manager Ruben DeLeon tried stopping the outpouring of blood.[56] Selena's condition began to deteriorate rapidly as motel staff attended to her.[53] Selena screamed to hotel staff telling them to "lock the door, she'll shoot me again".[61] DeLeon tried to talk to her, but noted that she was beginning to fade away; he stated that she was moaning and moving less.[53] DeLeon noticed that Selena's eyes rolled back and that she went limp.[55]



 This computer animation still from Famous Crime Scene, showing how the bullet entered and exited Selena's chest cavity as she attempted to flee her assailant.
An ambulance arrived at the scene in one minute and 55 seconds.[53] The paramedics ripped the green sweater where the bleeding was taking place and applied a Vaseline gauze to Selena's wound, which stopped the surface bleeding.[53][62] By now Selena's heartbeat was very slow, and a paramedic performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation to keep her blood circulating.[53] According to paramedic Richard Fredrickson, "it was too late" when he arrived in the lobby, finding blood as "thick from her neck to her knees, all the way around on both sides." Fredrickson could not locate a pulse; when he placed his fingers on her neck, he felt only muscle twitches.[63]
During this time, a paramedic tried inserting an IV needle into Selena, but due to the massive blood loss and low (or no) blood pressure, her veins had collapsed making the insertion extremely difficult.[53] Navigation Boulevard was shut down by local police.[53] When paramedics delivered Selena to Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital at 12:00 pm (CST), her pupils were fixed and dilated, there was no evidence of neurological function, and she had no vital signs.[64] Doctors were able to establish an "erratic heartbeat" long enough to transfer Selena to the trauma room.[65] Doctors and surgeons began blood transfusions in an attempt to reestablish blood circulation after opening Selena's chest and finding massive internal bleeding.[53] Selena's right lung was damaged, her collarbone was shattered, and her veins were emptied of blood.[64] Doctors widened her chest and administered drugs into her heart and applied pressure on her wounds. Dr. Louis Elkins said that a "pencil-size artery leading from the heart had been cut in two by the hollow-point bullet" and that six units of blood from the transfusion had spilled out and were not in her blood system.[66] After 50 minutes the doctors realized that the damage was irreparable.[53] Selena was pronounced dead at 1:05 pm (CST) from blood loss and cardiac arrest.[53][67][68][69]
Standoff and post-mortem examination[edit]
Saldívar got into her pickup truck and attempted to leave the motel after the shooting occurred.[53] Motel employee Rosario Garza saw Saldívar come out of her motel room with a wrapped towel.[58][70] It was believed that she was on her way to Q-Productions to shoot Quintanilla, Jr. and others who were waiting for Selena to arrive.[71] However, she was spotted by a responding police cruiser. An officer emerged from the cruiser, drew his gun and ordered Saldívar to come out of the truck. Saldívar did not comply. Instead, she backed up and parked adjacent to two cars, with her truck then being blocked in by the police cruiser.[53] Saldívar then picked up the pistol, pointed it at her right temple, and threatened to commit suicide.[69] A SWAT team and the FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit were brought in.[69] Musicologist Himilce Novas commented that the event was reminiscent of O.J. Simpson's planned suicide ten months earlier.[72]
Larry Young and Issac Valencia began negotiating with Saldívar. They ran a phone line to their base of operations (adjacent to Saldívar's pickup truck) as the standoff continued.[53] Lead negotiator Young tried to establish a rapport with Saldívar and persuade her to give herself up.[53] Valencia suggested that the shooting was accidental; Saldívar later changed her story, claiming that the "gun went off" by itself.[53] Motel guests were ordered to remain in their rooms until police escorted them out.[73] During the third hour, an autopsy was performed due to overwhelming media interest.[53] It revealed that the bullet had entered Selena's lower back, passed through her chest cavity (severing the right subclavian artery) and exited her right upper chest.[53] Doctors also found that if the bullet had been only one millimeter higher or lower, the wound would not have been as severe.[53]
After the standoff entered its fourth hour, Valencia succeeded in getting Saldívar to confess that she had intended to shoot herself.[53] Saldívar claimed that Selena tried to tell her not to kill herself, while Saldívar pointed the gun to her head. When Selena opened the door to leave, Saldívar stated that she told Selena to close it.[53] Saldívar also claimed that the gun went off when Selena left. During the sixth hour, Saldívar agreed to give herself up; however, when she saw a police officer pointing a rifle at her, she panicked and ran back to her truck, picked up the revolver and placed it on her head again.[53] Saldívar finally surrendered, after nearly nine-and-a-half hours.[4] By that time, hundreds of fans had gathered at the scene; many wept as police took Saldívar away.[4][53] Within hours of Selena's murder, a press conference was called. Assistant Police Chief Ken Bung and Quintanilla, Jr., informed the press that the possible motive was that Selena went to the Days Inn motel to terminate "her" employment; Saldívar was still unidentified by name in media reports. Rudy Treviño, director of the Texas Talent Music Association and sponsor of the Tejano Music Awards, declared that March 31, 1995 would be known as "Black Friday".[74][75][76]
Impact[edit]
Media response[edit]
When radio station KEDA-AM broke the news, many people accused the staff of lying, considering the following day after her death was April Fool's Day.[77] In San Antonio, major Spanish-language radio stations (including Tejano 107, KXTN-FM, KRIO-FM and KEDA-AM) began monitoring the developments on Selena's death.[77] All major networks in the United States interrupted their regular programming to break the news.[78] The lead item on national network evening news programs in Corpus Christi had been the end of the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike; within thirty minutes, Selena's murder was the lead item on all television stations in South Texas.[74] Her death was front-page news in The New York Times for two days,[79] and was featured prominently on the BBC World News.[80] News of the singer's death reached Japan, where David Byrne first heard of the shooting.[81] Local news reporters began pouring into the crime scene after hearing of the shooting.[82] Univision and Telemundo were among the first major news stations to have arrived at the crime scene.[82] Newsstands were swarmed for anything concerning Selena.[83] A People magazine issue was released several days after her murder. Its publishers believed that interest would soon wane; they released a commemorative issue within a week when it became apparent that it was growing. The issue sold nearly a million copies,[84] selling the entire first and second run within two weeks. It became a collector's item, a first in the history of People.[85] Betty Cortina, editor of People, told Biography that they never had an issue that was completely sold out; "it was unheard of".[85] In the following months the company released People en Español (aimed at the Hispanic market), due to the success of the Selena issue.[85] This was followed by Newsweek en Espanol and Latina magazine.[86] Puerto Rican American actress Jennifer Lopez was cast to play the role of Selena in the 1997 biopic film about her life, which drew criticism because of her ancestry.[87] After the film's release, fans changed their views on Lopez after seeing her performance in the movie.[88][89] Lopez was elevated to fame after the film's release.[90][91][92][93][94]
Selena's life and career was covered by a number of programs, including The Oprah Winfrey Show,[95] E! True Hollywood Story, VH1's Behind The Music, American Justice, Snapped, and Famous Crime Scene.[96][97][98] Other networks to have aired specials on Selena include MTV,[96] Investigation Discovery, The Biography Channel, A&E Network,[97][99] while Spanish-language networks often air specials on Selena annually marking her death anniversary.[100] Spanish-language documentaries airing on the death anniversary of Selena are among the most-watched programs in the history of American television, and often score record ratings for networks.[101][102][103] One of the first documentary on Selena was on Univison's Primer Impacto on 4 April 1995.[104] The documentary, titled Selena, A Star is Dimmed, was viewed by 2.09 million people becoming the second most viewed Spanish-language show in the history of American television, at the time.[104] Networks were competing with each other to interview Saldívar about the shooting.[105] When news broke that Arrarás was able to interview Saldívar, Univision's phone line were inundated with phone calls from major networks as far as Germany, requesting to use the interview on their networks.[105] The interview on Primer Impacto was watched by 4.5 million viewers, becoming the number one program that night according to Nielsen ratings, and was among the most-watched Spanish-language program in American television history.[102]
Hispanic community[edit]
The news struck the Hispanic community extremely hard; many traveled thousands of miles to Selena's house, boutiques and the crime scene.[77][106] By mid-afternoon, police were asked to form a detour as a line of automobiles began backing up traffic from the Quintanillas' houses.[74] On the street where Selena had lived, gang graffiti and cacti distinguished the blue-collar community from other subdivisions across America.[74] The chain-link fence in front of Selena's house became a shrine, festooned with mementoes.[107] Fans from Puerto Rico and Wisconsin left messages and notes to Selena and the Quintanilla family.[108] The majority of cars in Corpus Christi and cars traveling to Interstate 37 from Mexico turned their headlights on in her memory.[80] Fans scribbled notes and messages on the door where Selena had been shot, and left handwritten messages on the doorstep.[109] Soon after learning of Selena's death, people began theorizing about who had murdered her. Emilio Navaira's wife was believed to have shot Selena by fans, since many believed she was jealous of Selena and Navaira's relationship.[77] Johnny Pasillas, Emilio's brother-in-law and manager, frantically called radio stations in an attempt to quash the jealous-lover rumor.[77] Among the celebrities who believed in the rumor were record producer Manny Guerra, Pete Rodriguez, and American singer Ramon Hernandez.[110] According to anchorwoman Arrarás, the death of Selena became "the most important news of the year for Hispanics."[111] Texas Monthly editor Pamela Colloff wrote that the death reactions of Selena was equivalent of the reactions of a political assassination.[112]
She had a "cult-like" following among Hispanics.[113][114] She became a household name in the United States following her death and became part of the American pop culture.[115] She became more popular in death than when she was alive.[116][112] Her death reaction was compared to the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and the assassination of US president John F. Kennedy.[117][118] Selena became a cultural icon for Latinos who was seen as "a woman who was proud of her roots and achieved her dreams."[119] According to Antonio Lopez of the Santa Fe New Mexican, the day Selena was killed "is a bookmark in time in the memories of many Latinos."[120] According to Arrarás, "women imitated her, men worshiped her".[121] Two deaths in California were reported following the outbreak of Selena's death.[122] A drag queen planned to dress up as Selena for one of his upcoming performances, he was hit by a car and was left to die.[122] Gloria de la Cruz auditioned for the role of Selena, she was later found dumped in a Los Angeles dumpster. Her killer had strangled her and set her body on fire.[122]
Celebrities and politicians reactions[edit]
See also: List of people influenced by Selena
Spanish singer Julio Iglesias interrupted a recording session in Miami for a moment of silence. Among the celebrities who contacted the Quintanilla family following the news were Gloria Estefan, Celia Cruz, Iglesias, and Madonna.[82] Concerts throughout Texas were canceled.[107] La Mafia canceled their Guatemala concert and flew back to Texas.[107] Tejano singer Ramiro Herrera and dozens of other Tejano artists canceled their concerts.[123] American singer-songwriter Rhett Lawrence published an ad on Billboard magazine's 22 April 1995 issue that said "music I heard with you was more than music. You will be deeply missed."[124] Other celebrities took to radio stations to expressed their thoughts about Selena's death, including Stefanie Ridel, Jaime DeAnda (of Los Chamacos), and Shelly Lares.[107] Talk show host Oprah Winfrey called Selena's life "short but significant" during her March 1997 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show.[95] American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey told MTV that Selena's death was shocking to her because of "the way it had happened so abruptly in a young life."[125] State senator Carlos Truan and state representative Solomon P. Ortiz reportedly mourned Selena's death.[126] American music industry executive Daniel Glass told Texas Monthly that he believed Selena would have enjoyed greater career success had it not been for her death.[112]
A few days later, Howard Stern mocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, and criticized her music. Stern said, "This music does absolutely nothing for me. Alvin and the Chipmunks have more soul ... Spanish people have the worst taste in music. They have no depth." Stern's comments outraged and infuriated the Hispanic community in Texas.[127] Stern played Selena's songs with gunshots in the background.[128][129] After a disorderly conduct arrest warrant was issued in his name, Stern made an on-air statement, in Spanish, for his comments that he stressed were not made to cause "more anguish to her family, friends and those who loved her."[130][131] The League of United Latin American Citizens boycotted Stern's show, finding his apology unacceptable.[132] Texas retailers removed any products that were related to Stern. Sears and McDonalds sent out a disapproval letter to the media that addressed their stance against Stern's comments after fans believed they sponsored his show.[133] Within a week, on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Stern and Robin Quivers (his African-American co-host) were asked if Stern's remarks about Selena were acceptable. Quivers decided not to talk about the situation, to avoid arguing with Stern. When Linda Ronstadt (a pop singer of Mexican-American heritage) appeared on the show, she and Quivers quickly got into an argument when Ronstadt defended Selena.[134]
Other reactions[edit]



I grew up around these people. The reaction was typical of the majority of Texans, to whom the murder of Selena was just another senseless shooting. To those people, though, the five million Texans of Mexican descent, the death of Selena was Black Friday, a day of infamy even darker and more evil than the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
European American Selena fan, explaining differences in reaction to the death of Selena between European-Americans and Mexican-Americans in Texas.[135]
On April 12, 1995, two weeks after her death, George W. Bush (governor of Texas at the time) declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas.[136][137][138] Bush said that Selena represented "the essence of south Texas culture."[139] On Selena Day, 1,000 fans gathered at her grave and began to sing traditional Mexican folk songs; police were brought in to control the crowd.[140] On the same day, a crowd of 3,000 attended an organized mass of the resurrection for Selena at Johnnyland Concert Park.[140]
Some European Americans in Texas wrote to the editor of the Brazosport Facts during April and May, asking what the big deal was; some were also offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday. Others agreed that "Easter is more important than Selena Day", and believed that everyone should let Selena rest in peace and go on with their lives.[141] Mexican Americans in Texas wrote vociferously to the newspaper. Some agreed that others were too critical of Selena Day, and stated that they did not need to celebrate the day and should not have responded so rudely.[142] Hispanic filmmaker Lourdes Portillo expressed that she didn't know who Selena was when everyone around her were saying that Selena was shot.[143]
White Americans reported that when the news of Selena's death broke out, many of them asked who Selena was and said she was "not that important", telling Hispanics to "get over it".[144][145] Author and Texas Monthly magazine contributor Joe Nick Patoski said that Anglo-Americans and Mexican Americans were divided in their reactions to Selena's death. Patoski said that Anglo-Americans "didn't understand what all the fuss was about."[112] The line "Who's Selena?" was used in the 1997 biopic film on Selena when a White American store manager asked Hispanics running towards the singer for an autograph.[146] White Americans felt that the scene with the White manager and Selena was "irrelevant" and "over dramatized", who were seen by Hispanic crowds as the only topic that they gathered from the movie.[147] One fan expressed that to Hispanics the scene "happens all the time" to them and their friends and that they feel their community has been "ignored".[147] Lauraine Miller also expressed that "Selena has opened my eyes", stating that she had become "more American". Another fan commented that in the United States "nobody ever lets you forget you are Mexican American."[147]
Music industry[edit]
At the time of Selena's death, 52% of all Latin music sales were generated by regional Mexican music, mostly Tejano music, which became one of the most popular Latin music genres.[148][149] Selena catapulted the genre into its 1990s renaissance and brought Tejano music into its first marketable era.[123][150][151][152][153] She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" by many media outlets.[a] Major record companies including EMI Records, SBK Records, Warner Music Group, CBS Records, and Sony Music began signing Tejano artists to compete in the Latin music industry.[154][155][156] The Tejano market suffered and its popularity waned following Selena's death. Radio stations in the United States that played Tejano music switched to regional Mexican music, and by 1997, KQQK was the only radio station in the United States that played Tejano music non-stop.[148] By the mid 2000s, radio stations in the United States no longer played Tejano music, larger auditoriums stopped hosting Tejano artists by 2007,[157] and major record companies abandoned their Tejano artists after 1995.[158] Selena remains the best-selling Tejano artist of all time,[150][159][160] who continues to outsell living Tejano artists,[155] and the last Tejano musician to have appeared on the US Billboard 200 chart since 2000.[155] After Selena's death, Tejano music was replaced with Latin pop in the United States as the most popular Latin music genre.[155]
On the day Selena was killed, record stores sold out of Selena's albums within hours; EMI Latin began pressing several million CDs and cassettes to meet the expected demand.[123][80] Gloria Ballesteros, a sales representative of Southwestern Wholesalers in San Antonio, told Billboard that their inventory of 5,000 copies of Selena albums was sold out by the afternoon of Selena's death.[123] Record stores who ordered more copies of the singer's recordings were told by EMI Latin representatives that they wouldn't be able to restock for a few days.[123] EMI Latin shipped 500,000 units of Selena's recordings to record stores in two weeks following Selena's death.[124] Her song, "Fotos y Recuerdos", was number four on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart the day Selena was killed, and it peaked at number one on 15 April 1995.[123] Four of her singles, "No Me Queda Mas", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "Como la Flor", and "Amor Prohibido", re-entered the Hot Latin Tracks and the Regional Mexican Airplay chart on the issue dated 15 April 1995 on Billboard magazine.[123] Selena's 1994 album, Amor Prohibido, re-entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 92, representing a 520% increase in sales with 12,040 units sold in the week Selena was murdered.[123] The following week, the album rose to number 32 with 28,238 units sold, representing a 135% increase.[124] Amor Prohibido, which was positioned at number four on March 31, took the first slot on the Top Latin Albums chart on the issue dated 15 April 1995.[123] Three other recordings including, Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), Live! (1993), and 12 Super Exitos (1994), re-entered the Top Latin Albums chart, while Selena's albums took the numbers one through four slots on the Regional Mexican Albums chart that same week.[123] Her albums sparked a buying frenzy for Latin music in Japan, Germany, and China.[161]
Selena's crossover album that she was working on at the time of her death, Dreaming of You, was released in July 1995. The recording sold 175,000 copies its day of release in the U.S.—a then-record for a female vocalist—and sold 331,000 copies its first week.[162][163] Selena became the third female artist in history to sell over 300,000 units in one week, after Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey.[164] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first album by a Hispanic artist to do so.[165][166][167] Dreaming of You helped Selena to become the first solo artist to debut a posthumous album at number one.[168] The recording was among the top ten best-selling debuts for a musician, and was the best-selling debut by a female act.[169] Dreaming of You joined five of Selena's studio albums on the Billboard 200 chart simultaneously, making Selena the first female artist in Billboard history to accomplish this feat.[170] The album was certified 35x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipping more than 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone.[171][172] As of 2015, the recording has sold five million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Latin album of all-time in the United States.[173] Five of Selena's albums generated $4 million in sales within five years.[174] Selena was inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame,[175] the Hard Rock Cafe's Hall of Fame in 1995,[176] the South Texas Music Hall of Fame,[177] and the Tejano Music Hall of Fame in 2001.[178] In December 1999, Selena was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits.[179]
Funeral and tributes[edit]



 Selena's tombstone in Seaside Memorial Cemetery in Corpus Christi
On the day Selena was killed, vigils and memorials were held throughout the states of Texas and California.[109] Tejano 107 sponsored a candlelight vigil at the Sunken Gardens, while KRIO-FM sponsored its own at South Park Mall which was attended by 5,000 on March 31.[107] Radio stations in Texas played her music non-stop.[49] On April 1, Bayfront Plaza in Corpus Christi held a vigil which drew 3,000 fans.[180][181] During the event, it was announced that a public viewing of the casket would be held at the Bayfront Auditorium the following day. Fans lined up for almost a mile.[180] An hour before the doors opened rumors began circulating that the casket was empty, which prompted the Quintanilla family to have an open-casket viewing.[80][182] About 30,000 to 40,000 fans passed by Selena's coffin.[182][183][184] More than 78,000 signatures were signed in a condolence book.[185] The same day an unannounced bilingual Sunday morning mass for Selena was held at the San Fernando Cathedral in downtown San Antonio, featuring a mariachi choir.[180] Churches in the United States with a high population of Hispanics, Mexico, and Spain, held prayers for Selena.[186] A reporter noticed the overflow of "mythic symbols" that were "attached to Selena" by fans such as the Christian symbols of angel, saint, healer, and savior.[187] There was a tribute for the singer during a St. Patrick's Day celebration in a Catholic church in Houston, Texas.[188] Father Sal DeGeorge decided to have a tribute to Selena on that day after people and especially children asked him what was being planned for the singer.[188] That same day, a disc-jockey played Selena's music near the Church in a small park.[188]
On April 3, 1995, six hundred guests (mostly family members) attended the burial of Selena at Seaside Memorial Park, which was broadcast live by a Corpus Christi and San Antonio radio station without the consent of her family.[189] A Jehovah's Witness minister from Lake Jackson preached in English, quoting Paul the Apostle's words in 1 Corinthians 15.[189] Hundreds of cars began circling the area.[189] A special mass at the Los Angeles Sports Arena the same day drew a crowd of 4,000.[190] Selena had been booked there that night for her Amor Prohibido Tour.[80] The promoter charged admission, which upset Quintanilla, Jr.[80] Modesto Lopez Portillo drove from El Salvador to Los Angeles to be the officiating priest for the gathering; the consul general of El Salvador attended as well.[190] In Lake Jackson, 1,000 fans and friends gathered at the municipal park in neighboring Clute (where she had played at the Mosquito Festival in July 1994).[191] The next day Our Lady of the Pillar, a church in Spain, held a mass for Selena which drew 450 people to their 225-seat church.[186] In the weeks following her death, cars throughout Texas were seen painted with Selena's picture on them.[188] On April 28, during a fireworks display for Buccaneer Days in Corpus Christi, the music was reworked to include "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" in memory of Selena.[192] Selena Etc. became a shrine to the singer as fans left balloons, flowers, pictures, and poems.[147] Street murals across Texas were found after Selena's death.[147] In the months following her death, an average of 12,000 people visited her grave site and the Days Inn motel.[185] The motel's manager rearranged the room numbers preventing people who did not want to sleep in the room where Selena had been shot.[193] The singer became part of the Day of the dead celebration.[147] In 1997 Selena was commemorated with a museum and a bronze life-sized statue (Mirador de la Flor in Corpus Christi), which are visited by hundreds of fans each week.[194] Fans flocked to her statue and murals as a symbolism of self-identity, unionism, religious expression, resistance, self-expression, equality, liberation, passion, optimism, possibility, and "encouragement and hope to the poor."[147]



 The Mirador de la Flor was erected in 1997 and is located near the Corpus Christi Bay.
Musicians took to music to express their thoughts on Selena or recorded compositions as tributes to the singer. Singers such as American country artist Tony Joe White,[195] Haitian singer-songwriter Wyclef Jean,[196] American tejano artists Pete Astudillo, Puerto Rican American group the Barrio Boyzz, Mexican American singer Graciela Beltran, American tejano artist Jennifer Pena, American hip-hop singer Lil Ray, American tejano artists Emilio Navaria, Bobby Pulido,[197] Cuban salsa singer Celia Cruz, Dominican salsa singer José Alberto "El Canario", Puerto Rican American salsa singers Ray Sepulveda, Michael Stuart, Manny Manuel, Puerto Rican American jazz singer Hilton Ruiz,[198] American singer Jenni Rivera,[199] Mexican singer Lupillo Rivera,[200] Venezuelan rock singer Mikel Erentxun,[201] Puerto Rican American singer Tony Garcia,[202] and American rapper King L.[203]
Selena's family and her former band, Los Dinos, held a tribute concert a week after the 10th anniversary of her murder on April 7, 2005. The concert, entitled Selena ¡VIVE!, was broadcast live on Univision and achieved a 35.9 household rating.[101][204] It was the highest-rated and most-viewed Spanish-language television special in the history of American television.[173] The special was also the number-one program (regardless of language) among adults ages 18 to 34 in Los Angeles, Chicago and San Francisco; it tied for first in New York, beating that night's episode of Fox's American Idol.[101] Among Hispanic viewers, Selena ¡VIVE! outperformed Super Bowl XLV between the Packers and the Steelers and the telenovela Soy Tu Dueña during the "most-watched NFL season ever among Hispanics".[205][206]
In January 2015, it was announced that Selena would be celebrated with a two-day event called Fiesta de la Flor to mark two decades since her death in Corpus Christi. It is believed by the Corpus Christi Convention & Visitors Bureau that the event will attract about 50,000 visitors and bring $1 million to the local economy. Musical acts include Kumbia All-Starz, Perez, Los Lobos, Jay Perez, Little Joe y la Familia, Los Palominos, Stefani Montiel of Las 3 Divas, Girl in a Coma's Nina Diaz, Las Fenix, and previous The Voice competitor Clarissa Serna.[207][208][209]
Trial[edit]

Brick wall and arch sign reading "Mountain View Unit"

Mountain View Unit where Saldívar is being held
Main article: People of the State of Texas v. Yolanda Saldívar
Within 20 minutes of Saldívar's surrender, she was taken to the downtown police station and placed in an interrogation room with Paul and Ray Rivera.[210] Paul Rivera, who had investigated homicides since 1978, informed Saldívar of her right to an attorney, which she waived.[210] When police investigators surrounded Saldívar's truck she had cried out, "I can't believe I killed my best friend".[211] Within hours, she claimed that the shooting was accidental.[212] Saldívar's bond was initially set at $100,000, but District Attorney Carlos Valdez had it raised to $500,000.[210] When the bail was announced, people asked why the death penalty was not requested for Saldívar.[213] The Nueces County jail was deluged with death threats and public calls for vigilante justice. Even some gang members in Texas were reported to have taken up collections to raise the bond for Saldívar so they could kill her when she was released.[210] In prison, she faced more death threats from inmates.[210] The Mexican Mafia, a dominant gang in the Texas penal system, reportedly placed a price on her head and spread the word that anyone who committed the crime would be a hero.[210]
Saldívar's crime was punishable to up to 99 years in prison and a $10,000 fine.[214] Saldívar was kept at Nueces County jail under a suicide watch before her trial.[182] The state had difficulty arranging defense counsel for Saldívar;[215] a spokesperson commented that any lawyer defending Saldívar could face death threats.[215] She was assigned to Douglas Tinker, paid by the people of Texas. His wife was fearful that they would suffer from community retribution, she asked Tinker not to take the case.[216] Arnold Garcia, a former district prosecutor, was chosen by Tinker as his legal counsel.[217] Valdez, who lived a few blocks away from the Quintanilla family, chose Mark Skurka as his legal counsel in the case.[217] Mike Westergren presided over the case, which was moved to the Harris County Courthouse in Houston, Texas in fear that the case would not have an impartial jury.[217] According to the Chicago Tribune, the Selena murder trial's publicity "rivaled that of the O.J. Simpson proceedings."[218] Westergren ordered that the entire trial would not be televised or be taped recorded and limited the number of reporters in the courtroom to avoid a "repeat of the Simpson circus".[218] The Chicago Tribune noticed how the divide in interest to the Selena murder trial was among Hispanics and White Americans. Donna Dickerson, a White American magazine publisher, told the Chicago Tribune that she had no interest in the trial because of Selena's "Hispanic background" and argued that Mexican Americans did not show the same enthusiasm when Elvis Presley was found dead.[218] The Selena murder trial was called the "trial of the century" and the most important trial to the Hispanic population.[147][219][220][221] The trial generated interest from Europe, South America, Australia, and Japan.[112]
Saldívar pleaded not guilty, explaining that the shooting was accidental.[218] In his opening statement, Valdez said he believed Saldívar "deliberately killed Selena." Valdez also called it a "senseless and cowardly" act because Selena was shot in the back.[218] Tinker said that the shooting was accidental and denied rumors that Saldívar wanted to be romantically involved with Selena.[218] On October 23, 1995, the jury deliberated for two hours before finding Saldívar guilty of murder.[222] She received the maximum sentence of life in prison with parole eligibility in 30 years.[223] On November 22, 1995, she arrived at the Gatesville Unit (now the Christina Crain Unit) in Gatesville, Texas, for processing.[224] Saldívar is currently serving her sentence at Mountain View Unit in Gatesville, operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. She will be eligible for parole on March 30, 2025.[225] Because of multiple internal death threats from incarcerated Selena fans, Saldívar was placed in isolation and spends 23 of every 24 hours alone in her 9 by 6 feet (2.7 by 1.8 m) cell.[226]
See also[edit]
Book icon Book: Selena

1995 in music
1995 in the United States
Governorship of George W. Bush
History of the United States (1991–present)
History of Texas


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Notes[edit]
a.Jump up ^ Outlets describing Selena as "Queen of Tejano music" includes: Entertainment Weekly,[227] Billboard magazine,[228] Los Angeles Magazine,[229] Vibe magazine,[230] The Huffington Post,[231] and The New York Times.[4]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Pérez Dávila, Angie (31 March 2005). "A 10 años de la muerte de Selena". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2011.
2.Jump up ^ "Selena, the Queen of Tejano Music". Legacy.com. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d Hewitt, Bill (17 April 1995). "Before Her Time". People (Time Inc.) 43 (15). Retrieved 29 January 2015.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sam Howe Verhovek (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
5.Jump up ^ Schone, Mark (31 October 2004). "Sweet Music". Bloomberg Businessweek (Bloomberg L.P.). Retrieved 29 January 2015.
6.Jump up ^ Miguel 2002, p. 118.
7.Jump up ^ Latin Music USA. 30 minutes in. PBS. "Selena wanted to sing American pop music, but her father had learned some hard lessons playing music in Texas with a band he'd had years before called Los Dinos"
8.Jump up ^ Morales, Tatiana (16 October 2002). "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBS News. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
9.Jump up ^ Lopetegui, Enrique (8 April 1995). "A Crossover Dream Halted Prematurely, Tragically Some Ambitious Plans Were Under Way to Bring Selena to Mainstream U.S. Audience". Los Angeles Times (Austin Beutner). Retrieved 21 July 2011.
10.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Arrarás 1997, p. 72.
11.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 110.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 111.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 73.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c Arrarás 1997, p. 77.
15.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 74.
16.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, pp. 71, 75.
17.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 75.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 146.
19.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Arrarás 1997, p. 79.
20.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 147.
21.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 169.
22.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Arrarás 1997, p. 78.
23.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 82.
24.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 182.
25.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 170.
26.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 83.
27.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 80.
28.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 81.
29.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Arrarás 1997, p. 84.
30.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, pp. 228-229.
31.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Patoski 1996, p. 183.
32.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 85.
33.^ Jump up to: a b c Arrarás 1997, p. 228.
34.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Arrarás 1997, p. 229.
35.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 230.
36.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, p. 231.
37.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 184.
38.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Arrarás 1997, p. 232.
39.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 86.
40.Jump up ^ "Chris Perez publishes Selena book". San Antonio Current (Michael Wagner). 28 February 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
41.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 185.
42.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Arrarás 1997, p. 233.
43.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Arrarás 1997, p. 234.
44.Jump up ^ "Testimony of Richard Fredrickson". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
45.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 157.
46.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 158.
47.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 159.
48.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Patoski 1996, p. 160.
49.^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, Rick. "Selena". Houston Chronicle, May 21, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
50.^ Jump up to: a b c d Arrarás 1997, pp. 39-40.
51.Jump up ^ "12 October 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
52.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 181.
53.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Famous Crime Scene. Season 1. Episode 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
54.Jump up ^ Doeden 2012, p. 39.
55.^ Jump up to: a b Erin Brockovich (producer) (2012). "Selena: Death of a Superstar". Reel Crime Reel Story. Season 1. Episode 104. 60 minutes in. Investigation Discovery.
56.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 161.
57.Jump up ^ "12 October 1995, the testimony of Norma Martinez". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
58.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 37.
59.Jump up ^ "Friday, 13 October, testimony of Shawna Vela". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
60.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 132.
61.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 133.
62.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 134.
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64.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 154.
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68.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 155.
69.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 162.
70.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 8.
71.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 235.
72.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 10.
73.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 12.
74.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 200.
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76.Jump up ^ Corcoran, Michael (3 April 2005). "Dreaming of Selena". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 14 November 2011. (subscription required)
77.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Patoski 1996, p. 199.
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79.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 174.
80.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Patoski 1996, p. 211.
81.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 164.
82.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 165.
83.Jump up ^ "Selena: Biography". Biography. November 27, 2008. 60 minutes in. A&E.
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85.^ Jump up to: a b c "Biography TV Series, Selena episode". Biography (in English). 26 November 2010. 60 minutes in. The Biography Channel.
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91.Jump up ^ "'The Boy Next Door' Trailer Launched, Release Date Officially Set, And Updates: Ryan Guzman Talks About His Love Scene With Jennifer Lopez". Franchise Herald. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
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93.Jump up ^ "Jenni Rivera Movie: Jennifer Lopez Wants to Produce Biopic On Deceased Singer". Latinos Post (Latin Post Company LLC). 15 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
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95.^ Jump up to: a b The Oprah Winfrey Show. Season 11. March 21, 1997. 60 minutes in. ABC.
96.^ Jump up to: a b "Selena Murder Case". TV Guide. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
97.^ Jump up to: a b "Famous Crime Scene". TV Guide. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
98.Jump up ^ "Reel Crime/Reel Story episode guide". Investigation Discovery. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
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101.^ Jump up to: a b c Leila Cobo (April 23, 2005). "Selena's Appeal Still Strong". Billboard. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
102.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, pp. 218-219.
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105.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 218.
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108.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 210.
109.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 214.
110.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 163.
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124.^ Jump up to: a b c Lannert, John (22 April 1995). "Selena's Albums Soar". Billboard 107 (16). Retrieved 9 March 2015.
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130.Jump up ^ "A real shocker from Stern: Apology for Selena comments". New York Daily News. 7 Apr 1995. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
131.Jump up ^ Marikar, Sheila (14 May 2012). "Howard Stern's Five Most Outrageous Offenses". ABC Good Morning America. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
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135.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 207.
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142.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 226.
143.Jump up ^ "Corpus: A Home Movie For Selena". PBS. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
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150.^ Jump up to: a b Untiedt 2013, p. 127.
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152.Jump up ^ Shaw 2005, p. 50.
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154.Jump up ^ Untiedt 2013, p. 126.
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159.Jump up ^ Doeden 2012, p. 38.
160.Jump up ^ Candelaria 2004, p. 755.
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167.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (26 March 2005). "Upcoming Selena Tribute". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 117 (13): 56. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
168.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (5 August 1995). "Latin Notas". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (31). Retrieved 25 May 2013.
169.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (2 September 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (35): 120. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
170.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (23): 112. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
171.Jump up ^ "American certifications – Selena – Dreaming of You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
172.Jump up ^ "Awards Show". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 108 (18): 122. 4 May 1996. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
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174.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 61.
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176.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 34.
177.Jump up ^ Jasinski 2012.
178.Jump up ^ Meier 2003, p. 372.
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180.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 108.
181.Jump up ^ "Tejano fans mourning for Selena - Yolanda Saldívar, who held a Corpus Christi police SWAT team at bay for nearly 10 hours after the shooting, has been charged with murder". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 2, 1995. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
182.^ Jump up to: a b c Ross E. Milloy (April 3, 1995). "For Slain Singer's Father, Memories and Questions". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
183.Jump up ^ "Thousands Mourn Selena's Death". Charlotte Observer. April 3, 1995. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
184.Jump up ^ "More than 30,000 view Selena's casket". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 3, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
185.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 28.
186.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 218.
187.Jump up ^ Mazur 2001, p. 85.
188.^ Jump up to: a b c d Villafranca, Armando (18 March 1996). "Young, old remember slain singer". Houston Chronicle.
189.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 215.
190.^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Frank B; Lopetegui, Enrique (3 April 1995). "Mourning Selena : Nearly 4,000 Gather at L.A. Sports Arena Memorial for Slain Singer". Latin Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
191.Jump up ^ "Tribute to Selena set". San Antonio Express-News. April 7, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
192.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 223.
193.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 29.
194.Jump up ^ Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the performance of memory. Duke Univ Pr. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8223-4502-2. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
195.Jump up ^ One Hot July (Media notes). Mercury Records. 1999. 731455889420.
196.Jump up ^ Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs of an Immigrant (Media notes). Sony Music. 2007. 886971569629.
197.Jump up ^ Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Media notes). EMI Latin/Warner Bros. Music. 1997. 724354097003.
198.Jump up ^ Recordando a Selena (Media notes). RMM Records. 1996. 602828201326.
199.Jump up ^ El Columpio (Media notes). Cintas Acuario. 2011. ASIN B00EHF5YF0.
200.Jump up ^ Selena La Estrella: Lupillo Rivera Con La Rebelion Nortena (Media notes). 1995. ASIN B00PL24EVS.
201.Jump up ^ Acrobatas (Media notes). WM Spain. 1998. ASIN B0013JVDV2.
202.Jump up ^ Real Love (Media notes). High Power Records. 1996.
203.Jump up ^ "Drake pays tribute to Selena Quintanilla". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
204.Jump up ^ "Univision’s "Selena ¡Vive!" Breaks Audience Records". Univision. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
205.Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert. "Super Bowl XLV Most-Watched Show in U.S. TV History Among Hispanic Viewers; Tops World Cup Final". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
206.Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill. "NFL 2010 Hispanic TV Recap, Most-Watched NFL Season Ever Among Hispanics". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
207.Jump up ^ Nunez, Alana. "Selena Is Getting Her Own Festival to Honor the 20th Anniversary of Her Death". Cosmopolitan. Hearst Magazines. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
208.Jump up ^ Flores, Adofo. "Mexican-American Icon Selena Will Be Honored In Texas Festival 20 Years After Her Death". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
209.Jump up ^ Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Tejano star Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
210.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Patoski 1996, p. 203.
211.Jump up ^ Deborah Roberts (reporter) (1995). "20/20: Selena's Killer". 20/20. 30 minutes in. CBS.
212.Jump up ^ "Star's Death: An Accident Or a Murder?". The New York Times. 22 October 1995. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
213.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, pp. 43-44.
214.Jump up ^ "Fan club president admits shooting of Tejano singer Selena, police say". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 4, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
215.^ Jump up to: a b "Attorney sought for Selena slaying defendant death threats reported in case". Dallas Morning News. April 5, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
216.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 42.
217.^ Jump up to: a b c Arrarás 1997, p. 43.
218.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f de la Gaza, Paul (12 October 1995). "Trial In Selena's Killing Exposes Cultural Divide". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
219.Jump up ^ Mazur 2001, p. 83.
220.Jump up ^ Legon, Jeordan (16 October 1995). "Selena trial becomes obsession to Latinos". Sun Journal (James R. Costello Sr.). Retrieved 10 March 2015.
221.Jump up ^ "Latinos Eagerly Await Trial Of Selena's Accused Killer". Orlando Sentinel. 16 October 1995. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
222.Jump up ^ Yolanda Saldívar found guilty of Selena's murder. CNN, October 23, 1995. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
223.Jump up ^ Selena's killer receives life sentence of prison. CNN, October 26, 1995. Retrieved September 26, 2010
224.Jump up ^ Bennett, David. "Somber Saldívar delivered to prison – Convicted murderer of Tejano star Selena keeps head down during processing." San Antonio Express-News. November 23, 1995. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
225.Jump up ^ "Offender Information Detail Saldívar, Yolanda." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. October 26, 1995. Retrieved December 30, 2010. Enter the SID "05422564."
226.Jump up ^ Graczyk, Michael (October 28, 1995). "A grim, isolated life in prison seems likely for Selena's killer". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 14, 2011.(subscription required)
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228.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (6 April 1996). "Tejano Music Awards: Bigger, But Not Necessarily Better". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 108 (14). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
229.Jump up ^ Katz, Jesse (December 2002). "The Curse of Zapata". Los Angeles Magazine (Emmis Communications) 47 (12). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
230.Jump up ^ "The Year In Review". Vibe (Vibe Media) 6 (7). September 1998. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
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Sources[edit]
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Arrarás, María Celeste (1997). Selena's Secret: The Revealing Story Behind Her Tragic Death. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684831937.
Doeden, Matt (2012). American Latin Music: Rumba Rhythms, Bossa Nova, and the Salsa Sound. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 1467701475.
Misemer, Sarah M. (2008). Secular Saints: Performing Frida Kahlo, Carlos Gardel, Eva Perón, and Selena. Tamesis Books. ISBN 1855661616.
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Selena


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Murder of Selena (trial) ·
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Categories: Selena
1995 in music
1995 in Texas
1995 murders in the United States
Deaths by person
History of Corpus Christi, Texas
People murdered in Texas









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Birthday hoopla is prohibited
Selena statue won't be ready for what would have been her 25th birthday

By:  By ELLEN BERNSTEIN /Caller-Times
Posted: 6:00 AM, Apr 16, 1997
 
Tag: selena

   


CORPUS CHRISTI - Selena's family was relieved when they heard that a life-size statue of the late Tejano singer would not be finished by today - what would have been her 25th birthday, sculptor Buddy Tatum said.
Though inactive Jehovah's Witnesses, the Quintanilla family ascribe to the principles of the religion which prohibits birthday fanfare, said Bert Quintanilla, Selena's uncle and marketing director of the family-owned Q Productions.
The festivities that surround famed musicians who've died young, such as Buddy Holly in Lubbock, and Janis Joplin in Port Arthur, usually center on their birthdays, officials from those cities say.
The family would not want attention drawn to Selena on her birthday, said Abraham Quintanilla Jr., Selena's father, who managed her career. ``When you have a birthday, all the attention is given to that individual. We believe that the attention should go to the almighty creator,'' he said.
Construction of a life-size statue and a seawall pavilion in Selena's honor was to have been ready by today, said local philanthropist Dusty Durrill, whose foundation is funding the project.
The $600,000 pavilion and statue, to be built at the entrance to the Peoples Street T-Head on Shoreline Boulevard, has the support of the Quintanilla family and the authorization of the City Council.
A new completion date is set for the end of May, Durrill said. The statue, which is being cast now, stands 5 feet 8 inches. The bronze figure of the singer is wearing boots and holds a white rose.
Jehovah's Witnesses use the Bible as their sole guide to belief. The Bible records two birthday events, both of which are stained in blood. Two of God's servants, John the Baptist and a breadmaker in ancient Israel, were killed on the birthdays of reigning leaders who persecuted them.
The honoring of Jesus and God instead of people colors the Quintanilla family's vision of how Selena should be memorialized.
Durrill says he found this out the hard way. ``Finding out her religion didn't recognize birthdays caused some problems. But we also had to change a tile design on the pavilion to be sensitive to their religion.''
An original mosaic design featured a white rose disintegrating into the white light of the heavens. The white rose, Selena's favorite flower, has come to symbolize the singer, who was gunned down by her fan club president two years ago.
The family objected to the design because the Bible says that death rids the body of consciousness. ``You stop to exist as a living person,'' Abraham Quintanilla said, ``and you are kept in God's memory for a future time when the resurrection of the righteous and the unrighteous will take place.''
The pavilion will feature a simple bronze rose instead of the celestial design, Durrill said.

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Birthday hoopla is prohibited
Selena statue won't be ready for what would have been her 25th birthday

By:  By ELLEN BERNSTEIN /Caller-Times
Posted: 6:00 AM, Apr 16, 1997
 
Tag: selena

   


CORPUS CHRISTI - Selena's family was relieved when they heard that a life-size statue of the late Tejano singer would not be finished by today - what would have been her 25th birthday, sculptor Buddy Tatum said.
Though inactive Jehovah's Witnesses, the Quintanilla family ascribe to the principles of the religion which prohibits birthday fanfare, said Bert Quintanilla, Selena's uncle and marketing director of the family-owned Q Productions.
The festivities that surround famed musicians who've died young, such as Buddy Holly in Lubbock, and Janis Joplin in Port Arthur, usually center on their birthdays, officials from those cities say.
The family would not want attention drawn to Selena on her birthday, said Abraham Quintanilla Jr., Selena's father, who managed her career. ``When you have a birthday, all the attention is given to that individual. We believe that the attention should go to the almighty creator,'' he said.
Construction of a life-size statue and a seawall pavilion in Selena's honor was to have been ready by today, said local philanthropist Dusty Durrill, whose foundation is funding the project.
The $600,000 pavilion and statue, to be built at the entrance to the Peoples Street T-Head on Shoreline Boulevard, has the support of the Quintanilla family and the authorization of the City Council.
A new completion date is set for the end of May, Durrill said. The statue, which is being cast now, stands 5 feet 8 inches. The bronze figure of the singer is wearing boots and holds a white rose.
Jehovah's Witnesses use the Bible as their sole guide to belief. The Bible records two birthday events, both of which are stained in blood. Two of God's servants, John the Baptist and a breadmaker in ancient Israel, were killed on the birthdays of reigning leaders who persecuted them.
The honoring of Jesus and God instead of people colors the Quintanilla family's vision of how Selena should be memorialized.
Durrill says he found this out the hard way. ``Finding out her religion didn't recognize birthdays caused some problems. But we also had to change a tile design on the pavilion to be sensitive to their religion.''
An original mosaic design featured a white rose disintegrating into the white light of the heavens. The white rose, Selena's favorite flower, has come to symbolize the singer, who was gunned down by her fan club president two years ago.
The family objected to the design because the Bible says that death rids the body of consciousness. ``You stop to exist as a living person,'' Abraham Quintanilla said, ``and you are kept in God's memory for a future time when the resurrection of the righteous and the unrighteous will take place.''
The pavilion will feature a simple bronze rose instead of the celestial design, Durrill said.

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Selena

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the singer. For other uses, see Selena (disambiguation).

Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.jpg
Selena as photographed by Agree shampoo staff in 1995

Born
Selena Quintanilla
April 16, 1971
Lake Jackson, Texas, U.S.
Died
March 31, 1995(aged 23)
Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.

Cause of death
 Gunshot wound

Resting place
 Seaside Memorial Park
Corpus Christi, Texas
Monuments
Mirador de la Flor
Other names
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez
Occupation
Singer·
songwriter·
actress·
spokesperson·
fashion designer

Years active
1982–1995
Spouse(s)
Chris Pérez (m. 1992–95)(her death)
Parent(s)
Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.
Marcella Ofelia Samora

Relatives
Suzette Quintanilla(sister), A.B. Quintanilla III(brother)
Awards
List of awards and nominations
Musical career
Genres
Tejano·
Mexican cumbia·
mariachi·
ranchera·
pop·
R&B

Labels
EMI Latin·
Q-Productions

Associated acts
Selena y Los Dinos·
Pete Astudillo·
Alvaro Torres·
Barrio Boyzz·
Emilio Navaira

Signature
SelenaQSignature.svg
Website
selenaqradio.com
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez(April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995), known by the mononymSelena, was an American singer, songwriter, spokesperson, actress, and fashion designer. Called the Queen of Tejano music, her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican Americanentertainers of the late 20th century. Billboardmagazinenamed her the "top Latin artist of the '90s", the "best selling Latin artist of the decade". She is often called the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonnafor her clothing choices, by media outlets.[a]She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all-time and is credited for catapulting a music genre into mainstream.[1][2]
The youngest child of the Quintanilla family, she debuted on the music scene in 1980 as a member of the band Selena y Los Dinos, which also included her elder siblings A.B. Quintanillaand Suzette Quintanilla. Selena began recording professionally in 1982. In the 1980s, she was often criticized and was refused bookings at venues across Texas for performing Tejano music—a male-dominated music genre. However, her popularity grew after she won the Tejano Music Awardfor Female Vocalist of the Yearin 1986, which she won nine consecutive times. Selena signed with Capitol EMI Latinin 1989 and released her self-titled debut albumthe same year, while her brother became her principal music producer and songwriter. Her 1990 album Ven Conmigowas the first recording by a female Tejano artist to achieve gold statusby the Recording Industry Association of America(RIAA).
Selena released Entre a Mi Mundo(1992), which peaked at number one on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albumschart for eight consecutive months. The album's commercial success led music critics to call the album the "breakthrough" recording of her musical career. One of its singles, "Como La Flor", became one of her most popular signature songs. Live!(1993) won Best Mexican/American Albumat the 1994 Grammy Awards, becoming the first recording by a Tejano artist to do so. In 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido, which became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States. It was critically acclaimed as being responsible for Tejano music's first marketable era as it became one of the most popular Latin musicsubgenres at the time. Selena began recording English-language songs for her crossoveralbum.
Aside from music, Selena was active in her community and donated her time to civic causes. Coca-Cola appointed her its spokesperson in Texas. Selena became a sex icon; she was often criticized for wearing suggestive outfits in light of her comments about being a role model for young women. Selena and her guitarist, Chris Pérez, eloped in April 1992 after her father raised concerns over their relationship. On March 31, 1995, Selena was shot deadby Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former employee of her Selena Etc. boutiques. Hispanics reacted negatively to the news of her death, which was compared to the reactions following the deaths of John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. presidentJohn F. Kennedy. Her posthumous crossover album, Dreaming of You(1995), debuted atop the Billboard200, making Selena the first Latin artist to accomplish this feat. Two weeks after her death, George W. Bush—governor of Texas at the time—declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas. In 1997, Warner Bros.released Selena, a film about her life and career, which starred Jennifer Lopezas Selena. As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.[3][4]


Contents [hide]
1Life and career1.11971–88: Early life and career beginnings
1.21989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez
1.31990–91: Ven Conmigoand the Selena fan club
1.41992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
1.51994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
2Murder2.1Impact
3Artistry
4Public image
5Philanthropy
6Legacy and influence6.1Posthumous film and honors
7Discography
8Filmography8.1Film
8.2Television8.2.1Appearances as self in life
8.2.2Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases
8.2.3True crime documentaries

9See also
10Notes
11References11.1Sources
12External links

Life and career
1971–88: Early life and career beginnings
Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971, in Lake Jackson, Texas.[5][6]She had Cherokeeancestry[7]and was the youngest child of Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla (née Samora) and Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., a former Mexican Americanmusician.[8]Selena was raised as a Jehovah's Witness.[9]Quintanilla, Jr. noticed her musical abilities when she was six years old. He told Peoplemagazine, "Her timing, her pitch were perfect, I could see it from day one".[10]In 1980 in Lake Jackson, Quintanilla, Jr. opened his first Tex-Mex restaurant, where Selena and her siblings Abraham III(on bass guitar) and Suzette Quintanilla (on drums) would often perform.[10]The following year, the restaurant was forced to close after a recession caused by the 1980s oil glut. The family declared bankruptcy and were evicted from their home.[10][11]They settled in Corpus Christi, Texas; Quintanilla, Jr. became manager of the newly formed band Selena y Los Dinosand began promoting it.[10][12][13]They needed money and played on street corners, at weddings, at quinceañeras, and at fairs.[10][14]
As her popularity as a singer grew, the demands of Selena's performance and travel schedule began to interfere with her education. Her father took her out of school when she was in the eighth grade.[15]Her teacher Marilyn Greer disapproved of Selena's musical career.[16]She threatened to report Quintanilla, Jr. to the Texas Board of Education, believing the conditions to which Selena was exposed were inappropriate for a girl her age. Quintanilla, Jr. told Greer to "mind her business". Other teachers expressed their concerns when they noticed how tired Selena appeared when she arrived at school.[16]At seventeen, Selena earned a high school diploma from the American School of Correspondencein Chicago,[17]and was also accepted at Louisiana State University.[18]She enrolled at Pacific Western University, taking up business administration as her major subject.[19]
Quintanilla, Jr. refurbished an old bus; he named it "Big Bertha" and the family used it as their tour bus.[20]In the first years of touring, the family sang for food and barely had enough money to pay for gasoline.[20]In 1984, Selena recorded her first LP record, Selena y Los Dinos, for Freddie Records.[21]Despite wanting to record English-language songs, Selena recorded Tejano musiccompositions; a male-dominated, Spanish-language genre[22]with German influences[23]of polka, jazz, and country music, popularized by Mexicans living in the United States.[24]Quintanilla, Jr. believed Selena should record musical compositions related to her heritage.[25]During the recording sessions for the album, Selena had to learn Spanish phonetically with guidance from her father.[26]In 1985, to promote the album, Selena appeared on the Johnny Canales Show, a popular Spanish-language radio program, on which she continued to appear for several years. Selena was discovered by Rick Trevi, founder of the Tejano Music Awards, where she won the Female Vocalist of the Yearaward in 1987 and for nine consecutive years after.[27]The band was often turned down by Texas music venues because of the members' ages and because Selena was their lead singer.[28]By 1988, Selena had released five more LP records; Alpha(1986), Munequito de Trapo(1987), And the Winner is...(1987), Preciosa(1988), and Dulce Amor(1988).[29]
1989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez




Chris Pérez (far right) and Selena began a relationship, despite her father's disapproval.
Jose Behar of newly formed label EMI LatinRecords, together with the new head of Sony Music Latin, watched Selena perform at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards.[30]Behar was searching for new Latin acts and wanted to sign Selena to EMI's label Capitol Records, while Sony Music Latin offered Quintanilla, Jr. twice Capitol's signing fee.[30]Behar thought he had discovered the "next Gloria Estefan" but his superior called Behar illogical because he had been in South Texas less than a week.[15][31]Quintanilla, Jr. chose EMI Latin's offer because of the potential for a crossoveralbum, and becoming the first artist to sign to the label.[32]Before Selena began recording for her debut album, Behar and Stephen Finferrequested a crossover album for her.[33]She recorded three English-language compositions for the heads of EMI's pop division. Behar and Finfer's request for a crossover album was denied and Selena was told she needed a bigger fan base to sell such an album.[34]Behar thought EMI Records and the public did not believe that a Mexican American woman could have "crossover potential".[31]
Selena released her self-titled debut albumon October 17, 1989. Selena recorded most of the songs at AMEN Studios in San Antonio, Texas; "Sukiyaki" and "My Love" were recorded at Sunrise Studios in Houston. Selena wrote "My Love" and wanted the song to be included on her first recording. Her brother Quintanilla III became Selena's principal record producer and songwriter for most of her musical career.[35]Quintanilla III did not write the tracks "Sukiyaki", "Contigo Quiero Estar", and "No Te Vayas". "Sukiyaki" was originally recorded in Japanese in the 1960s by Kyu Sakamoto; Selena used a traslation into Spanish of an English version of the song by Janice Marie Johnson.[36]The lead single, "Contigo Quiero Estar", peaked at number eight on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songschart, while the album peaked at number seven on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albumschart,[37]becoming Selena's first single and album to debut on a national music chart.[38]Selenaperformed better than albums from other contemporaneous female Tejano singers.[38]
In the same year, Coca-Colawanted Selena to become one of their spokespeople in Texas.[39]The jingle used in her first two commercials for the company were composed by Quintanilla III and Chris Pérez—the latter of whom had joined Selena y Los Dinos several months earlier as the band's new guitarist.[40]Pérez began having romantic feelings for Selena, despite having a girlfriend in San Antonio.[41]After a trip to Mexico with the band, Pérez thought it would be best for them both to distance himself from her, but found it difficult and decided to try building a relationship with her.[42]They expressed their feelings for each other at a Pizza Hutrestaurant, and shortly afterwards became a couple.[43][44]Pérez and Selena hid their relationship, fearing Quintanilla, Jr. would try to break it up.[45][46]
1990–91: Ven Conmigoand the Selena fan club
Selena released her second studio album, Ven Conmigo, in 1990, and became Selena's first album to be certified goldby the Recording Industry Association of America(RIAA), denoting shipments of 50,000 copies. It was also the first album by a female Tejano singer to be certified gold in the United States.[47]Three tracks from Ven Conmigowere released as singles; "Ya Ves", "La Tracalera", and "Baila Esta Cumbia".[48]The latter, a Mexican cumbiasong, became one of Selena's biggest singles. Its popularity grew in Mexico, where a compilation album bearing the single's name was released there. The album was certified platinum by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas(AMPROFON), denoting sales of 150,000 units.[49][50]
A registered nurse and fan named Yolanda Saldívarasked Quintanilla, Jr. to start a fan club in San Antonio.[51]Saldívar had the idea after she had attended one of Selena's concerts. Quintanilla, Jr. approved Saldívar's request; he believed the fan club would bring more exposure for the band. Saldívar soon became a close friend to Selena and the family; she was trusted and became the acting president of the fan club in 1991.[52]That same year, Salvadoransinger Álvaro Torrescomposed a duet he wanted to record with Selena.[30]The song, "Buenos Amigos", was produced by Enrique Elizondo and was released on Torres' tenth studio album Nada Se Compara Contigo(1991).[53]"Buenos Amigos" peaked at number one on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songs chart, giving Selena her first number one single. The song's music video earned Selena and Torres two nominations at the 1992 BillboardMusic Awards.[54]The track was also nominated for Duo of the Year at the 1992 Tejano Music Awards.[55]Deborah Parédez wrote that the track enabled Selena to tour the west and east coasts of the United States.[56]According to John Lannert of Billboardmagazine, "Buenos Amigos" was helped by increased airplay on regional Mexican and Tejano radio stations, which had previously dismissed Selena's recordings.[57]
1992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
Selena's sister Suzette found Selena and Pérez flirting with each other and immediately informed their father.[58]Quintanilla, Jr. took Pérez off the bus and told him his relationship with Selena was over.[59]Selena and Pérez continued their relationship despite Quintanilla, Jr's disapproval;[60][61]Selena's mother Marcella approved of their relationship.[62]Quintanilla, Jr. saw Selena and Pérez romantically together on the bus; he pulled over and an argument between Quintanilla, Jr. and Selena ensued. He called Pérez a "cancer in my family" and threatened to disband the group if they continued their relationship.[63]Selena and Pérez relented; Quintanilla, Jr. fired Pérez from the band and prevented Selena from leaving with him.[64]After his dismissal, Pérez and Selena secretly continued their relationship. On the morning of April 2, 1992, Selena and Pérez decided to elope, believing Quintanilla, Jr. would never approve of their relationship.[63][65]Selena thought Quintanilla, Jr. would leave them alone if they were married, and they would not have to hide their feelings for each other. Within hours of their marriage, the media announced the couple's elopement.[66]Selena's family tried to find her; Quintanilla, Jr. did not take the news well and alienated himself for some time.[66]Selena and Pérez moved into an apartment in Corpus Christi.[67]Quintanilla, Jr. approached Pérez, apologized, accepted the marriage, and took Pérez back into the band.[68]
A month after her elopement, Selena released her third studio album, Entre a Mi Mundo, in May 1992. The album was critically acclaimed as her "breakthrough album".[69][70][71]The recording peaked at number one on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months;[72]it was certified 6x Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 600,000 copies.[73]In Mexico, the album was certified gold for sales of 300,000 units.[74]Entre a Mi Mundobecame the first Tejano album by a female artist to sell over 300,000 copies.[b]Selena's album outsold those of male Tejano singers, according to editors of the Miami Heraldand the San Jose Mercury News.[75][76]The album produced four singles; "Como La Flor", "¿Qué Creías?", "La Carcacha", and "Amame". The lead single, "Como La Flor", became Selena's signature recording;[77]it was critically acclaim by music critics as a career launcher for Selena.[78]"Como La Flor" helped Selena to dominate the Latin music charts and become immensely popular in Mexico—where Mexican-Americans were generally not liked among citizens—which was well received by critics.[79]The track was nominated for Song of the Year at the 1993 Tejano Music Awards.[80]The single peaked at number six on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songs chart.[81]
Selena released Live!in 1993; it was recorded during a free concert at the Memorial Coliseumin Corpus Christi, on February 7, 1993.[82]The album included previously released tracks that were sung live and three studio recordings; "No Debes Jugar", "La Llamada", and "Tú Robaste Mi Corazón"—a duet with Tejano musician Emilio Navaira. The tracks "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada" peaked within the top five on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songs chart.[83][83]Live!won the Grammy Awardfor Best Mexican/American Albumat the 36th Grammy Awards.[84]In May 1994, Live!was named Album of the Year by the BillboardLatin Music Awards.[85]At the 1994 Tejano Music Awards, Live!won Album of the Year.[86]At the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards, the album was nominated for Regional Mexican Album of the Year.[87]Live!was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 copies, while in Mexico it sold 250,000 units.[88]Selena briefly appeared opposite Erik Estradain a Mexican telenovelatitled Dos Mujeres, Un Camino.[51]In 1995 she entered negotiations to star in another telenovela produced by Emilio Larrosa.[51]She appeared in two episodes, which garnered a record viewing figures for the series.[51]
1994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
Aside from music, in 1994, Selena began designing and manufacturing a line of clothing; she opened two boutiques called Selena Etc., one in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio. Both were equipped with in-house beauty salons.[89]She was in negotiations to open more stores in Monterrey, Mexico, and Puerto Rico.[90]Saldívar managed both boutiques after the Quintanilla family were impressed with the way she managed the fan club.[91]Hispanic Businessmagazine reported that the singer earned over five million dollars from these boutiques.[92]She became the twentieth-wealthiest Hispanic musician in 1993 and 1994.[93]Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido, in March 1994. The recording debuted at number three on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Albumschart[94]and number one on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albums charts.[95]After peaking at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart, the album remained in the top five for the reminder of the year and into early 1995.[96]Amor Prohibidobecame the second Tejano album to reach year-end sales of 500,000 copies, which had previously only been accomplished by La Mafia.[97][98]It became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States.[99][100]Amor Prohibidospawned four number one singles; the title track, "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and "Fotos y Recuerdos".[c]The album was certified double Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of two million copies in the United States.[101]Amor Prohibidowas among the best selling U.S. albumsof 1995.[102]The album was named on Tom Moon's list of the 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List(2008).[103]
The album popularized Tejano music among a younger and wider audience than at any other time in the genre's history.[104][105]The two singles, "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más", were the most successful U.S. Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively, according to Billboardmagazine.[106][107]The album's commercial success led to a Grammy nomination for Best Mexican/American Album at the 37th Grammy Awardsin 1995.[108]It won Record of the Year at the 1995 Tejano Music Awards[86]and Regional/Mexican Album of the Year at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[97]Selena was named "one of Latin music's most successful touring acts" during her "Amor Prohibido" tour.[109]After Amor Prohibido‍ '​s release, Selena was considered "bigger than Tejano itself", and broke barriers in the Latin music world.[110]She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" by many media outlets.[d]Sales of the album and its titular single represented Tejano music's first commercial success in Puerto Rico.[110]Selena recorded a duet titled "Donde Quiera Que Estés" with the Barrio Boyzz, which was released on their album of the same name in 1994. The song reached number one on the Top Latin Songs chart,[111]which enabled Selena to tour in New York City, Argentina, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Central America, where she was not well known.[112][113]In late 1994, EMI chairman Charles Koppelmandecided Selena had achieved her goals in the Spanish-speaking market. He wanted to promote her as an English-language, American, solo pop artist. Selena continued touring while EMI began preparing the crossover album, engaging Grammy Award-winning composers.[114]By the time Selena performed to a record-breaking, sold out concert at the Houston Astrodomein February 1995, work had already begun on her crossover album.[114]In 1995, she made a cameo appearancein Don Juan DeMarco, which starred Marlon Brando, Johnny Depp, and Faye Dunaway.[115]
Murder
Main articles: Murder of Selenaand People of the State of Texas v. Yolanda Saldívar
The Quintanilla family appointed Saldívar manager of Selena's boutiques in early 1994.[52]Eight months later, Selena signed Saldívar as her registered agentin San Antonio, Texas. After the agreement, Saldívar moved from San Antonio to Corpus Christi to be closer to Selena.[91]In December 1994, the boutiques began to suffer after the number of staff for both stores decreased.[116]According to staff members, Saldívar often dismissed employees she personally disliked.[117]Staff at the stores constantly complained about Saldívar's behavior to Selena, who dismissed the claims, believing Saldívar would not negatively impose on her fashion venture.[117]According to Quintanilla, Jr., the staff later turned their attention to him and began informing him about Saldívar's behavior. Quintanilla, Jr. took the claims seriously; he told Selena to "be careful" and said Saldívar may not be a good influence.[117]Selena dismissed her father's inquires because he had often distrusted people in the past.[117]By January 1995, Selena's cousin, her fashion designer Martin Gomez, and clients expressed their concerns over Saldívar's behavior and management skills.[117][118]During an interview with Saldívar in 1995, reporters from The Dallas Morning Newssaid her devotion to Selena bordered on obsession.[91]
According to Quintanilla, Jr., in January 1995 he began receiving telephone calls from fans who said they had paid for membership of the Selena fan club and received nothing, and he began an investigation.[119]Quintanilla, Jr. discovered that Saldívar was embezzling more than $60,000 in forged checks from both the fan club and the boutiques.[119]Quintanilla, Jr. held a meeting with Selena and Suzette on the night of March 9 at Q-Productionsto confront Saldívar. Quintanilla, Jr. presented Saldívar with the inconsistencies concerning the disappearing funds. Quintanilla, Jr. told her that if she did not provide evidence that disproved his accusations, he would involve the local police. Quintanilla, Jr. banned Saldívar from having any contact with Selena.[119]However, Selena did not want to dissolve their friendship; she thought Saldívar was essential to the success of the clothing line in Mexico. Selena also wanted to keep her close because she had bank records, statements, and financial records necessary for tax preparation.[119]
On the morning of March 31, 1995, Selena met with Saldívar at her Days Innmotel room in Corpus Christi.[12]At the motel, Selena demanded the financial papers; Saldívar delayed the handover by saying she had been raped in Mexico.[15]Selena then drove Saldívar to Doctors Regional Hospital, where doctors found no evidence of rape.[120]At 11:48 am, Saldívar drew a gun from her purse[121]and pointed it at Selena.[122]As Selena attempted to flee, Saldívar shot her once on the right lower shoulder, severing an artery and causing a massive loss of blood.[122]Critically wounded, Selena ran towards the lobby, leaving a 392-foot (119 m)-long trail of blood.[122]She collapsed on the floor as the clerk called the emergency services, with Saldívar still chasing after her and calling her a "bitch".[123]Before collapsing, Selena named Saldívar as her assailant and gave the number of the room where she had been shot.[124]Meanwhile, Saldívar got into her pickup truck and tried to leave the motel. However, she was spotted by a responding police cruiser.[122]Saldívar surrendered after a nearly nine-and-a-half hour standoff with police and the FBI.[12]By that time, hundreds of fans had gathered at the scene; many wept as police took Saldívar away.[12][122]After 50 minutes of surgery, the doctors realized that the damage to Selena's pierced artery was irreparable. She was pronounced dead from blood lossand cardiac arrestat 1:05 pm (CST).[122][125]
Impact
Selena's murder had a widespread impact. Reactions to her death were compared to those following the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. presidentJohn F. Kennedy.[126][84]Major television networks interrupted their regular programming to break the news; Tom Brokawreferred to Selena as "The Mexican Madonna".[127]Her death was front page news in The New York Timesfor two days.[128]Numerous vigils and memorials were held in her honor, and radio stations in Texas played her music non-stop.[15]Her funeral drew 60,000 mourners, many of whom traveled from outside the United States.[15]The news struck the Hispanic community extremely hard; many fans traveled thousands of miles to see Selena's house and boutiques, and the crime scene.[129][130]By mid-afternoon, police were asked to form a detourbecause a line of cars began backing up traffic from the Quintanillas' houses.[131]Among the celebrities who were reported to have contacted the Quintanilla family to express their condolences were Gloria Estefan, Celia Cruz, Julio Iglesias, and Madonna.[132]Other celebrities—including Stefanie Ridel, Jaime DeAnda (of Los Chamacos), and Shelly Lares—appeared on radio stations to express their thoughts about Selena's death.[133]An issue of Peoplemagazine was released several days after her murder. Its publishers believed interest would soon wane; they released a commemorative issue within a week when it became apparent it was growing. The issue sold nearly a million copies,[134]selling the entire first and second print runs within two weeks. It became a collector's item, a first in the history of People.[135]Betty Cortina, editor of People, told Biographythey never had an issue that was completely sold out; "it was unheard of".[135]In the following months, the company released People en Españolaimed at the Hispanic market, due to the success of the Selena issue.[135]This was followed by Newsweek en Espanoland Latinamagazine.[136]
A few days later, Howard Sternmocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, and criticized her music. Stern said, "This music does absolutely nothing for me. Alvin and the Chipmunkshave more soul ... Spanish people have the worst taste in music. They have no depth." Stern's comments outraged and infuriated the Hispanic community in Texas.[137]Stern played Selena's songs with gunshots in the background.[138][139]After a disorderly conductarrest warrant was issued in his name, Stern made an on-air statement, in Spanish, saying his comments were not made to cause "more anguish to her family, friends and those who loved her".[140][141]The League of United Latin American Citizensboycotted Stern's show, finding his apology unacceptable.[142]Texas retailers removed any products that were related to Stern, while Searsand McDonald'ssent a letter stating their disapproval of Stern's comments to the media, because some fans believed the companies sponsored Stern's show.[143]Within a week, on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Stern and Robin Quivers(his co-host) were asked whether Stern's remarks about Selena were acceptable. Quivers decided not to talk about the situation to avoid arguing with Stern. When Linda Ronstadt—a pop singer of Mexican-American heritage—appeared on the show, she and Quivers argued when Ronstadt defended Selena.[144]
On April 12, 1995, two weeks after Selena's death, George W. Bush, governor of Texas at the time, declared her birthday, April 16, Selena Dayin the state.[39][145][146]He said Selena represented "the essence of south Texas culture." who never forgot where she came from.[147]Some European Americans in Texas wrote to the editor of the Brazosport Factsduring April and May, asking what the big deal was; some were offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday. Others said, "Easter is moreimportant than Selena Day", and that they believed people should let Selena rest in peace and continue with their lives.[148]Mexican Americans in Texas wrote vociferously to the newspaper. Some said others were too critical of Selena Day, and should not have responded so rudely.[149]In October 1995, a Houston jury convicted Saldívar of first-degree murderand sentenced her to life in prison with the possibility of parole in 2025.[150][151]In 2002, under a judge's order, the gun used to kill Selena was destroyed and the pieces were thrown into Corpus Christi Bay.[152][153]Fans and historians disapproved of the decision to destroy the gun, saying the event was historical and the gun should have been in a museum.[19]
Artistry
Selena's vocal rangewas soprano.[154]In an April 1995 interview with Billboardmagazine, Behar said he saw Selena as a "cross between Janet Jacksonand Whitney Houstonin style, feel, and vocal range".[155]Although Selena did not write most of her songs, she incorporated R&B,[156]Latin pop, techno-pop,[157]country and western, and discointo her Tejano music repertoire.[158]Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning Newssaid that during her music career, Selena "merges Tejano's infectious cumbia rhythm with street-savvy R&B, old-school soul, dancehall reggae, sizzling salsa, and trippy, loopy funk".[159]Selena's recordings expressed "love and pain, as well as strength and passion", according to Charles Tatum.[160]She also recorded independently driven, female-empowerment-themed compositions; "Si La Quieres", "¿Qué Creías?", "Ya Ves" and "Ya No", which centered around inappropriate relationships and recovery from domestic violence.[161]Peter Watrous of The New York Timessaid Selena's voice "sometimes quivered", and that she "roughed it up a bit". He continued, "[a]t its best, it had a coolness, a type of unadorned passion".[162]Ilan Stavanscalled her music "cursi-melodramatic, cheesy, overemotional, not too far from Juan Gabrieland a relative of Iglesias".[163]Richard Corlissof Timemagazine said her songs "are perky, cheerful rather than soulful", and that earlier recordings, "with their tinny, Tijuana Brass charts, and keyboards that evoke calliopes, are ideal for the fairground or merry-go-round". Corliss calls Selena's singing an "expert mimicry of everything from Édith Piaf's melodramatic contralto to the coloratura riffs of Mariah Carey. But the sounds are still lightly Hispanic."[164]




"Dreaming of You" (1995)







"Dreaming of You", an English-language recording, became one of four English cuts Selena recorded for her crossover from Spanish into English pop music.

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Newsweekmagazine called Selena's English-language recordings "a blend of urban pop and Latin warmth".[165]According to Texas Monthly, Selena's brother modernized her music into a more "funk and hip hop" sound.[166]Selena's use of emotive range during her musical career has been praised by critics as being her trademark.[167][168]Quintanilla III wrote increasingly Cumbia-influenced songs for Ven Conmigo(1990); Ramiro Burr of Billboardsaid Selena and her band had "evolved a rhythmic style that demonstrated its increasing prowess for catchy cumbias such as 'Baila Esta Cumbia' and the title track".[169]Italian essayist Gaetano Prampolini wrote that "Selena's voice projected a sonorous warmth and joyfulness" during her review of Selena's Cumbia recordings.[170]In his review of the remix album Enamorada de Ti(2012), Stephen Thomas Erlewineof AllMusicwrote that Selena's songs were "rooted in the '90s and sound that way—but [Enamorada de Ti] is a relatively fresher repackaging of her music than many of her posthumous releases".[171]
Public image
Quintanilla, Jr. sought to maintain Selena's image clean and family-oriented.[172]In 1989, she was offered sponsorship from beer companies but her father turned them down.[135]Selena was often refused gigs at Tejano venues because she was a female singer in a male-dominated music scene.[173]Manuel Peña wrote that after 1989, Selena's popularity increased and she became a sex icon following the release of her debut album.[172]Charles Tatum said Selena drew most attention was for her "beauty, sexuality, and youthful impact on the Tejano music scene".[160]Selena said she never wanted to record suggestive songs because of her upbringing and because her fan base consisted largely of young children, who regarded her as a role model.[174]She further commented on the question of her sexual appealto men during her crossover attempt, asserting that she will "stay the same" and that her English-language recordings will refrain from foul language and sexual themes.[174]In 1997, María Celeste Arraráswrote in her book about Selena's death that the singer was a "sweet and charismatic girl".[175]According to Arrarás, Selena "trusted everyone"; she often went shopping alone, despite her father's concerns over her safety.[176]
Betty Cortina of Peoplemagazine said Selena's provocative choice of clothing was an acceptable emulation of Janet Jackson and Madonna, and that she wore "sexy outfits that extenuated a body of a Latina woman".[135][177]Cortina also stated that Selena had a "flamboyant style, an unbelievable body, curves and booty".[135]Arrarás wrote that Selena "began wearing clothes designed to emphasize her curvaceous figure" and that she "never came across as cheap-simply sexy".[178]She also said Selena's makeup regimen was not being "painted up or vulgar".[178]Arrarás also noted Selena's "fun-loving stage manner" and said she was "playful onstage and off".[179]Matt S. Meier wrote in his book The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia(2010) that Selena exhibited "contagious energy" during her concerts and said she displayed "warmth, passion, and sexuality" while exuding a "down-to-earth persona of the wholesome young girl next door".[180]Selena wore outfits that accented her physical attributes and was not afraid to wear outfits she liked,[135]despite criticism from parents who thought Selena's choice of outfits were inappropriate for young girls, who began emulating Selena.[181]Her views on public image in the fashion industry were bothersome; she said she was opposed to the image that all woman should be "rail-thin" and the notion that they must wear certain outfits and be "super-young to be beautiful".[182]
In the early 1990s, Selena began wearing decorative bustiers, spandex or tight pants, and attractive, unbuttoned jackets during her concerts.[181]She was inspired by Paula Abdul, Janet Jackson, and Madonna.[181]During a 1992 interview, Selena said her choice of clothing does not reflect her personality.[135]NBC Newscalled Selena's outfit "provocative".[183]Because of her choices of outfits and dance moves, she was named by her fans as the "Mexican Madonna".[184][185]According to Suzette, Selena often designed and sewed her own outfits backstage with her designers, moments before she was due on stage.[135]Quintanilla, Jr. disapproved of Selena's outfits, but he later accepted it when Selena discussed about it being a fashion trend.[135]Selena became an inactive member of the Jehovah's Witnesses due to her exotic clothing.[186]During the photo shoot for Entre a Mi Mundo(1992), a photographer remarked on the ways Selena's choice of clothing affected Quintanilla, Jr. tremendously; he often left sessions when Selena appeared in revealing outfits.[187]Selena was credited as the first women to change public perceptions of feminine beauty; a feminist, she blazed a trail for other female artists during her career.[135][188]
Following Selena's death, some celebrities questioned her status as a role model among Hispanic women. In her 1999 documentaryabout the singer, filmmaker Lourdes Portilloexpressed concerns whether Selena was a great role model to young women.[189]Portillo believed Selena was sending the wrong message to young girls by dancing in clothing that suggested hypersexualization.[190]American author Sandra Cisnerosagreed with Portillo's assessment that Selena was "not a good role model to Latina women".[191]Media outlets also shared Portillo's views; they said the "fairy tale story" of Selena was one that her family would want to preserve, questioning Quintanilla, Jr.'s role for pushing an image that Selena had "never made mistakes" into the media, calling it "lies" and "not the real story".[192][193]
Philanthropy
During her childhood, Selena helped organizations such as Toys for Tots.[194]She was active in the U.S. Latino community,[195]visiting local schools to talk to students about the importance of education.[195]At Fulmore Junior High School in Austin, she educated two hundred high school students about positive attitudes and setting life-goals in their adult lives.[194]Selena urged children to stay in school, and that alcohol and drugs will lead them nowhere in life.[196]She spent her free time helping her community. Selena performed in Washington D.C.to celebrate the forming of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus.[195]Following the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew, Selena helped victims in Florida by performing at a Houston benefit concert.[195][112]
In August 1994, Selena hosted a charity baseball game to raise money for unspecified charities.[197]She also donated her time to civic organizations such as D.A.R.E.and planned a fund raising concert to help AIDSpatients.[19]Selena participated with the Texas Prevention Partnership which was sponsored by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Dep Corporation), which released an educational video that was sent to students for free.[19]Her pro-education videos included "My Music" and "Selena Agrees". She was in the works for a Dallas-Fort Worth, TexasBoys & Girls Clubs of Americabenefit concert.[19]
In January 1995, Selena headlined the Teach the Children festival in San Antonio. The concert funded a non-profit program to provide school supplies to needy children.[112]Selena was a spokesperson for women in abusive relationships.[198]She also helped out at homeless shelters.[112]According to the A&Etelevision series Biography, Selena's fans were often minorities; she encouraged them to make the most of their lives.[135]Her biggest fear was that no-one would attend her concerts.[199]
Legacy and influence
See also: List of people influenced by Selena
Selena has been credited for helping redefine Latin music[200]and its subgenres of Tejano,[201][202]Cumbia, and Latin pop.[203][204]Selena broke barriers in the Latin music world.[154][205][206]She is considered "one of the most significant Mexican American singers of the end of the twentieth century".[207]Selena also became one of the "most celebrated cultural products" of the United States-Mexico borderlands.[208]Selena was called the "Queen of Tejano music", and was described as "the most important and popular Tejano star of all time".[209]Her death was "the most devastating loss" in Tejano music history.[206]At the time of her death, Selena became one of the most widely known Mexican-American vocal artists[210][211]and the most popular Latin artist in the United States.[211]She had a "cult-like" following among Hispanics.[212]
Selena has been named one of the most influential Latin artists of all-time and has been credited for elevating a music genre into the mainstreammarket.[1][2]Latin Postcalled the singer "one of the most iconic artists in Latin American music history",[213]while The New York Timescalled her "arguably the most important Latina musician in the country, on her way to becoming one of the most important, period."[214]Selena became a household name in the United States and in Mexico following her death and became part of the American pop culture.[214][215]She became more popular in death than when she was alive.[216]After her death, her popularity among the Hispanic population was compared to those of Marilyn Monroeand Madonna in Anglo-American culture.[217]Selena was named "one of the most popular Latina singers of the 1990s".[218]Selena's popularity was drawn in by the LGBT community and minority groups in the United States.[219]The popularity of Tejano music waned after her death, and as of 2015, has not recovered.[220][221]John Lannert of Billboardsaid in an interview with Biographyin 2007 that when Selena died the "Tejano market died with her".[135]
Dreaming of You, the crossover album Selena had been working on at the time of her death, was released in July 1995. It sold 175,000 copies on the day of its release in the U.S.—a then-record for a female vocalist—and sold 331,000 copies its first week.[222][223]Selena became the third female artist to sell over 300,000 units in one week, after Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey.[224]It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard200chart, becoming the first album by a Hispanic artist to do so.[225][226][227]Dreaming of Youhelped Selena to become the first solo artist to debut a posthumous album at number one.[228]The recording was among the top-ten best-selling debuts for a musician, and was the best-selling debut by a female act.[229]Dreaming of Youjoined five of Selena's studio albums on the Billboard200 chart simultaneously, making Selena the first female artist in Billboardhistory to do so.[230]The album was certified 35x platinum by the RIAA, for shipping more than 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone.[231][232]As of 2015, the recording has sold five million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Latin album of all-time in the United States.[233]In 2008, Joey Guerraof the Houston Chroniclesaid its lead single, "I Could Fall in Love", had "made the Tejano goddess a posthumous crossover star".[234]Her death was believed to have sparked an interest in Latin music by people who were unaware of its existence.[235][200][236]It was also believed her death "open[ed] the doors" to other Latin musicians such as Jennifer Lopez,[237]Ricky Martin, and Shakira.[238]
In the same year, the United States Social Security Administrationranked the name Selena one of the 100 most popular names for newborn girls.[239]In December 1999, Selena was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboardfor her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits.[240]She was the best-selling Latin female singer of the 1990s in the U.S. and Mexico.[241]Selena was named "Best Female Vocalist of the '80s" and "Best Female Vocalist of the '90s" at the 2010 Tejano Music Awards.[86]
Posthumous film and honors
In the months following her death, a number of honors and tributes were erected. Several proposals were made, such as renaming streets, public parks, food products,[242]and auditoriums.[243]Two months later, a tribute was held at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[244]The Spirit of Hope Award was created in Selena's honor in 1996;[245]it was awarded to Latin artists who participated in humanitarian and civic causes.[246]On March 16, 2011, the United States Postal Servicereleased a "Latin Legends" memorial stamp to honor Selena, Carlos Gardel, Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, and Carmen Miranda.[247]In February 2014, the Albany, NY Times Unionnamed her one of "100 Coolest Americans in History".[248]In 1997 Selena was commemorated with a museum and a life-size bronze statue, which are visited by hundreds of fans each week.[249]
In 1995, Selena was inducted into the BillboardLatin Music Hall of Fame,[250]the Hard Rock Cafe's Hall of Fame,[100]the South Texas Music Hall of Fame,[90]and the Tejano Music Hall of Fame in 2001.[180]She was named one of the 20 most influential Texans of all time.[90]She was ranked fifth of the "100 most influential Latin musicians of the 20th century" according to the Orange County Register.[251]The singer has been given many epithets by media outlets, including the "Queen of Latin music",[252]the "Queen of Cumbia",[253]the "Chicana Elvis",[254]the "Queen of hybrid pop culture", the "Hispanic Marilyn Monroe",[163]the "Tupac Shakurof Latin music",[255]the "Corpus Christi queen",[256]and the "people's princess".[257][258]Media have compared Selena's fashion sense to that of Madonna more times than any other celebrity.[259][260][12][261]
In 1995, Mexican actress Salma Hayekwas chosen to play the role of Selena in a biopic film produced by the Quintanilla family and Warner Bros.[262]Hayek turned the role down; she said she felt it was "too early" to base a movie on Selena and that it would be emotional because Selena's death was still being covered on U.S. television.[263][264]Puerto Rican-American actress Jennifer Lopez replaced Hayek, which drew criticism because of Lopez' ancestry.[265]Over 21,000 people auditioned for the title role, becoming the second largest audition since the search for Scarlett O'Harain Gone With the Wind(1939).[266][267]Gregory Navadirected for the film, which was released on March 21, 1997. After seeing Lopez' performance in it, fans changed their views on her. Selenaopened in 1,850 theaters worldwide and grossed $11,615,722, making it the second-highest-grossing film debut that week.[268]With a production budget of $20 million, the film grossed $35 million in the U.S.[268]The film was a commercial and critical success[269]and is often cited by critics as Lopez' breakthrough role.[270][271]Lopez rose into pop culture, for which the film's success was credited.[272]
In 1999, a Broadway-bound musical titled Selenawas scheduled to premiere in San Antonio in March 2000 to commemorate the fifth anniversary of her murder. Broadway producers Tom Quinn, Jerry Frankel, Peter Fitzgerald, and Michael Vegastaged the musical,[273]and Edward Gallardo wrote the show's book and lyrics. Fernando Rivascomposed the show's songs. In 2000, Selena Foreverwas first produced; the show embarked on a 30-city U.S. tour with a budget of over US$2 million.[273]After a national casting call, producers chose Veronica Vasquezto portray Selena; Vasquez alternated in the role with Rebecca Valdez.[274]The musical previewed on March 21, and opened on March 23 at the San Antonio Municipal Auditorium.[275]
Selena's family and her former band, Los Dinos, held a tribute concert on April 7, 2005, a week after the 10th anniversary of her murder. The concert, titled Selena ¡VIVE!, was broadcast live on Univisionand achieved a 35.9 household rating. It was the highest-rated and most-viewed Spanish-language television special in the history of American television. The special was also the number-one program in any language among adults ages 18 to 34 in Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco; it tied for first in New York, beating that night's episode of Fox's reality show American Idol.[276]Among Hispanic viewers, Selena ¡VIVE!outperformed Super Bowl XLVand the telenovela Soy tu dueñaduring the "most-watched NFL season ever among Hispanics".[277][278]
In January 2015, it was announced that a two-day annual event called Fiesta de la Florwould be held in Corpus Christi for Selena by the Corpus Christi Visitors Bureau. Musical acts for the first annual event included Kumbia All-Starz, Chris Pérez, Los Lobos, Jay Perez, Little Joe y la Familia, Los Palominos, Stefani Montiel of Las 3 Divas, Girl in a Coma's Nina Diaz, Las Fenix, and previous The Voicecompetitor Clarissa Serna.[279][280][281]The event raised $13 million with an attendance of 52,000 people with 72% of whom lived outside of Corpus Christi. The event sparked interest from people in 35 states and five different countries including Mexico, Brazil, and Ecuador.[282]
Discography
Main article: Selena albums discography
Studio Albums
Selena(1989)
Ven Conmigo(1990)
Entre a Mi Mundo(1992)
Amor Prohibido(1994)
Dreaming of You(1995)
Filmography
See also: Selena videography
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1995
Don Juan DeMarco
Mariachi singer Minor role/cameo appearance (posthumous release)

Television
Appearances as self in life

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984-1994
Johnny Canales Show
herself Music performer guest
1986—1995
Tejano Music Awards
herself Honoree
1993
Dos Mujeres, un Camino
herself Appeared in two episodes
1994
Sábado gigante
herself Talk show guest
1994
Cristina Show
herself Talk show guest
1995
Latin Nights
herself TV documentary

Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1997
Selena Remembered
herself Documentary
1997
The Final Notes
herself Documentary
1998
Behind The Music
herself Episode: Selena
2001
Selena Live! The Last Concert
herself Her last televised concert that was filmed in February 1995
2001
Greatest Hits
herself Music videos
2005
Selena ¡VIVE!
herself Dedicatee
2007
Queen of Tejano music
herself Documentary
2008
Biography
herself Episode: Selena

True crimedocumentaries

Year
Title
Notes

1995
E! True Hollywood Story
Episode: The Selena Murder Trail
1998
American Justice
Episode: Selena Murder of a Star
2001
The Greatest
Episode: 100 Most Shocking Moments in Rock and Roll History
2003
101
Episode: 101 Most Shocking Moments in Entertainment
2010
Famous Crime Scene
Episode: Selena
2012
100 Most Shocking Music Moments
Documentary
2012
Reel Crime/Reel Story
Episode: Selena
2014
Snapped
Episode: Selena Death of a Superstar

See also
Book icon Book: Selena

Honorific nicknames in popular music
Music of Texas
List of awards and nominations received by Selena
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
List of people on stamps of the United States
List of Selena concert tours


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Notes
a.Jump up ^Media outlets who called Selena the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonna includes The Victoria Advocate,[283]The New York Times,[12]MTV.com,[284]MSN.com,[285]and Rhapsody.[286]
b.Jump up ^According to a book written by Stacy Lee, she reports sales of 300,000 units,[84]while María Celeste Arraráswrote in her book that the album sold 385,000 units in Mexico.[287]
c.Jump up ^"Fotos y Recuerdos" peaked at number one posthumously in April 1995.[288]"Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", and "No Me Queda Mas" peaked at number one before Selena's death.[289]
d.Jump up ^Outlets describing Selena as "Queen of Tejano music" includes: Entertainment Weekly,[290]Billboardmagazine,[291]Los Angeles Magazine,[292]Vibemagazine,[293]The Huffington Post,[294]and The New York Times.[295]
References
1.^ Jump up to: abFlores, Daniel (28 March 2015). "Selena’s Legacy: Queen of Tejano still reigns". Valley Star News. Retrieved 29 April2015.
2.^ Jump up to: ab"The 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All-Time". Billboard.com. Retrieved 29 April2015.
3.Jump up ^"Still Missing Selena: Here Are 6 Reasons Why.". NBC News. Retrieved 29 March2015.
4.Jump up ^"A 17 años de su trágica muerte, Selena Quintanilla vuelve en grande.". E! Online(in Spanish). Retrieved 17 February2012.
5.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 30.
6.Jump up ^Pérez Dávila, Angie (March 31, 2005). "A 10 años de la muerte de Selena". Noticieros Televisa(in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October2011.
7.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 20.
8.Jump up ^"Selena, the Queen of Tejano Music". Legacy.com. Retrieved October 11,2011.
9.Jump up ^Bernstein, Ellen (April 16, 1997). "Birthday hoopla is prohibited". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Corpus Christi, Texas. Archived from the originalon April 3, 2009. Retrieved August 27,2010.
10.^ Jump up to: abcdeHewitt, Bill (April 17, 1995). "Before Her Time". People43(15). Retrieved January 29,2015.
11.Jump up ^"Viva Selena!". Los Angeles Daily News. August 24, 1994. Retrieved October 10,2011.
12.^ Jump up to: abcdefHowe Verhovek, Sam (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1.
13.Jump up ^"Latin singer Selena killed in Texas motel". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. April 1, 1995. Retrieved October 10,2011.
14.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 53.
15.^ Jump up to: abcdeMitchell, Rick (May 21, 1995). "Selena, the making of the queen of Tejano". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the originalon 2007-07-09. Retrieved February 1,2008.
16.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 58.
17.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 59.
18.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 111.
19.^ Jump up to: abcdeOrozco, Cynthia. "Quintanilla, Selena". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 January2015.
20.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 56.
21.Jump up ^Schone, Mark (October 31, 2004). "Sweet Music". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 29,2015.
22.Jump up ^Miguel 2002, p. 118.
23.Jump up ^Sobek 2012, p. 631.
24.Jump up ^Miguel 2002, p. 3.
25.Jump up ^"The Chicano Wave". Latin Music USA. Episode 3. 30 minutes in. PBS. Retrieved April 19,2015. "Selena wanted to sing American pop music, but her father had learned some hard lessons playing music in Texas with a band he'd had years before called Los Dinos."
26.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 256.
27.Jump up ^Morales, Tatiana (October 16, 2002). "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBS News. Retrieved January 29,2015.
28.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, pp. 56-57.
29.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 63.
30.^ Jump up to: abcCecilia Miniucchi (director), Edward James Olmos(narrator), Jeffrey Coulter (producer) (1997). Selena Remembered(VHS/DVD) (in English and Spanish). EMI Latin, Q-Productions. Event occurs at 60 minutes.
31.^ Jump up to: abQueen of Tejano Music, Selena special(Part of the 10th anniversary of the SelenaDVD movie). Q-Productions. 2007. 18 minutes in.
32.Jump up ^Gershman, Rick (18 March 1997). "Selena's legacy". St. Petersburg Times(Times Publishing Company). Retrieved 11 October2011.
33.Jump up ^Lopetegui, Enrique (8 April 1995). "A Crossover Dream Halted Prematurely, Tragically Some Ambitious Plans Were Under Way to Bring Selena to Mainstream U.S. Audience". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July2011.
34.Jump up ^Minnick, Doug (24 September 2010). "Jose Behar, interview". Taxi A&R. Retrieved 24 September2010.
35.Jump up ^Morales, Ed (2003). The Latin beat : the rhythms and roots of Latin music from bossa nova to salsa and beyond(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306810182. Retrieved 13 October2014.
36.Jump up ^Selenaat AllMusic
37.Jump up ^"Selena (artist) > Chart history > Regional Mexican Albums > Selena". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 May2012.
38.^ Jump up to: abPeña 1999, p. 205.
39.^ Jump up to: abOrozco, Cynthia E. Quintanilla Pérez, Selena. The Handbook of Texas online. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
40.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 9.
41.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 12.
42.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 28.
43.Jump up ^Novas 1995, p. 50.
44.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 49.
45.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 52.
46.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 23.
47.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 110.
48.Jump up ^"Selena > Discography". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 107(23). 10 June 1995. Retrieved 10 October2014.
49.Jump up ^Castrellón, Cristina (31 August 2007). Selena: su vida después de su muerte(in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 9786071110367. Retrieved 10 October2014. "(Spanish, original) El motivo era celebrar que Selena había ganado su primer Disco de Oro al rabasar las 150 mil copias vendidas de su disco Baila Esta Cumbia, el primero que salio en Mexico. (English, translate) The occasion was to celebrate that Selena had won her first gold record of 150 thousand copies sold of her album Baila Esta Cumbia, who first came to Mexico."
50.Jump up ^"Disco de Oro y Platino a Viene de la Uno". El Siglo de Torreón(in Spanish). 13 December 1993. Retrieved 10 October2014.
51.^ Jump up to: abcdPatoski 1996, p. 134.
52.^ Jump up to: abReports, Wire (1 April 1995). "Gunshot Silences Singing Sensation Selena At Age 23". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 10 October2011.
53.Jump up ^Soto, Manuel (30 December 2004). "Alvaro Torres: el antigalán de la canción". Hoy(in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May2012.
54.Jump up ^"Peniston Leads Music Video Nominees". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 104(42). 17 October 1992. Retrieved 5 May2013.
55.Jump up ^"Past Tejano Music Awards Winners". TejanoMusicAwards.com. Texas Talent Association. Retrieved 5 May2013.
56.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 259.
57.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 107(23). Retrieved 2 May2013.
58.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 72.
59.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 73.
60.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 75.
61.Jump up ^Aguila, Justino (22 March 2012). "Selena's Widower Shows a Different Side of Singer in New Book (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 June2013.
62.Jump up ^Novas 1995, p. 53.
63.^ Jump up to: abGostin, Nicki (30 March 2012). "Chris Perez on his book 'To Selena, With Love'". CNN. Retrieved 9 June2013.
64.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 79.
65.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 93.
66.^ Jump up to: abPérez 2012, p. 99.
67.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 26.
68.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 105.
69.Jump up ^Tarradell, Mario (16 July 1995). "Dreaming of Selena A new album celebrates what she was but only hints at what she could have become". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
70.Jump up ^"Record company planning Selena retrospective". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 12 April 1995. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
71.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (18 July 1995). "Selena crosses over to pop – Posthumous release a reminder of talent cut short". San Antonio-Express News. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
72.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (20 May 1993). "Awards recognize Latin musicians". Austin American Statesmen. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
73.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 107(23): 112. Retrieved 18 November2011.
74.Jump up ^"Certificaciones – Selena"(in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 18 November2011.
75.Jump up ^"Selena Soundtrack Hints At Tejano Singer's Appeal". Miami Herald. 18 March 1997. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
76.Jump up ^"Soundtrack Doesn't Capture Selena's Allure". San Jose Mercury News. 21 March 1997. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
77.Jump up ^Clark 2013, p. 120.
78.Jump up ^Tarradell, Mario (16 March 1997). "Selena's Power: Culture Fusion". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 18 November2011.
79.Jump up ^Malone 2003, p. 158.
80.Jump up ^"Music Scene". Philadelphia Inquirer. 23 May 1993. Retrieved 18 November2011.
81.Jump up ^"Billboard Charts > Selena > Top Latin Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 30 January2015.
82.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 135.
83.^ Jump up to: ab"Allmusic > Selena Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 June2012.
84.^ Jump up to: abcStacy 2002, p. 746.
85.Jump up ^Lannert, John (May 21, 1994). "Latin Music Conference". Billboard106(21): 112. Retrieved November 6,2011.
86.^ Jump up to: abc"Tejano Music Awards Past Award Winners". TejanoMusicAwards.com. Archivedfrom the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 23,2010.
87.Jump up ^González, Fernando (May 16, 1994). "Lo Nuestro, Billboard Honor Latin Singers". The Miami Herald(The McClatchy Company). (subscription required (help)).
88.Jump up ^Lannert, John (September 2, 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard107(35): 120. Retrieved November 6,2011.
89.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 120.
90.^ Jump up to: abcJasinski 2012.
91.^ Jump up to: abcPatoski 1996, p. 146.
92.Jump up ^"Selena – Life Events". Corpus Christi Caller Times. March 27, 2005. Archived from the originalon May 13, 2006. Retrieved June 7,2006.
93.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 51.
94.Jump up ^"Top Latin Albums > Week of April 9, 1994". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 29,2012.
95.Jump up ^"Regional Mexican Albums > Week of 9 April 1994". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 29,2012.
96.Jump up ^Lannert, John (22 April 1995). "Selena's Albums Soar". Billboard107(16). Retrieved 9 March2015.
97.^ Jump up to: abPatoski 1996, p. 152.
98.Jump up ^Tarradell, Mario (April 1, 1995). "Singer soared beyond traditional limits on Tejano music". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 4,2011.
99.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 47.
100.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 34.
101.Jump up ^"American album certifications – Selena – Amor Prohibido". Recording Industry Association of America.If necessary, clickAdvanced, then clickFormat, then selectAlbum, then clickSEARCH
102.Jump up ^Ramiro Burr (April 14, 1995). "Five Selena albums reach Billboard 200". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 14,2011.
103.Jump up ^Moon 2008, p. 990.
104.Jump up ^Miguel 2002, p. 110.
105.Jump up ^"Born on the Border". Newsweek. October 22, 1995. Retrieved 28 February2015.
106.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (November 28, 1998). "Topping The Charts Year By Year". Billboard110(48): LMQ3. Retrieved March 3,2010.
107.Jump up ^Rivas, Jorge (March 31, 2011). "Remembering Selena's Trailblazing Music". Colorlines. Retrieved April 14,2011.
108.Jump up ^Alisa Valdes (April 7, 1995). "Loving Selena, fans loved themselves". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 14,2011.
109.Jump up ^Harrington, Richard (July 26, 1995). "Slain Tejano Singer's Album Tops Pop Chart". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 28,2015.
110.^ Jump up to: abSchone, Mark (April 20, 1995). "A Postmortem Star In death, Selena is a crossover success". Newsday. Retrieved November 4,2011.
111.Jump up ^"Chart history > Selena > Donde Quiera Que Estes". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 July2011.
112.^ Jump up to: abcdPatoski 1996, p. 123.
113.Jump up ^Jones 2013, p. 14.
114.^ Jump up to: abPatoski 1996, p. 115.
115.Jump up ^"Selena: Singer was on the verge of mainstream stardom". The Atlanta Journal. 5 April 1995. Retrieved 11 October2011.
116.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 182.
117.^ Jump up to: abcdePatoski 1996, p. 170.
118.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 171.
119.^ Jump up to: abcdPatoski 1996, p. 183.
120.Jump up ^"12 October 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
121.Jump up ^Hewitt, Bill (April 17, 1995). "Before Her Time – Death, Murder, Selena". People. Retrieved June 8,2010.
122.^ Jump up to: abcdef"Selena". Famous Crime Scene. Season 1. Episode 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
123.Jump up ^"12 October 1995, the testimony of Norma Martinez". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
124.Jump up ^"Friday, 13 October, testimony of Shawna Vela". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
125.Jump up ^Villafranca, Armando and Reinert, Patty. "Singer Selena shot to death". Houston Chronicle, April 1, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
126.Jump up ^Jasinski 2012, p. 254.
127.Jump up ^"In the spirit of Selena: Tributes, a book and an impending film testify to the Tejano singer's enduring". by Gregory Rodriguez. Pacific News, March 21, 1997. Retrieved on July 18, 2006.
128.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 174.
129.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 199.
130.Jump up ^Jesse Katz (April 2, 1995). "For Barrio, Selena's Death Strikes a Poignant Chord Tragedy: Fans descend on superstar's home in Texas community. Idolized singer didn't forget her roots". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 15,2011.
131.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 200.
132.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 165.
133.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 201.
134.Jump up ^Lannert, John (1995). "Latin pride". Billboard107(23): 112.
135.^ Jump up to: abcdefghijklm"Biography TV Series, Selena episode". Biography. 26 November 2010. 60 minutes in. The Biography Channel.
136.Jump up ^Muniz, Janet. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom: The Audiotopias of Selena Across the Americas". Claremont.edu. Retrieved 28 February2015.
137.Jump up ^Asin, Stephanie and Dyer, R.A. "Selena's public outraged: Shock jock Howard Stern's comments hit raw nerve."at the Wayback Machine(archived July 10, 2007) Houston Chronicle, April 6, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
138.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 24.
139.Jump up ^Keveney, Bill (March 26, 1996). "Howard Stern Returns, by Syndication to Hartford Station he left in 1980". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 28 February2015.
140.Jump up ^"A real shocker from Stern: Apology for Selena comments". New York Daily News. 7 Apr 1995. Retrieved 23 Nov2013.
141.Jump up ^Marikar, Sheila (14 May 2012). "Howard Stern's Five Most Outrageous Offenses". Good Morning America. ABC. Retrieved 23 Nov2013.
142.Jump up ^"Hispanics call Stern's apology for Selena remarks unacceptable". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 7, 1995. Retrieved September 20,2011.
143.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, pp. 26-27.
144.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 227.
145.Jump up ^"Selena's Biography TSHA". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 6,2011.
146.Jump up ^Reports, Wire (April 14, 1995). "Sunday's Selena Day". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved October 6,2011.
147.Jump up ^"Texas Declares `Selena Day'". Houston Chronicle. Hearts Corporation. Retrieved 28 February2015.
148.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 225.
149.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 226.
150.Jump up ^Graczyk, Michael. "Selena's killer gets life"at the Wayback Machine(archived April 5, 2007). Associated Press, October 26, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
151.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 230.
152.Jump up ^"National Briefing Southwest: Texas: Gun That Killed Singer Is To Be Destroyed"The New York Times, June 8, 2002. Retrieved on July 16, 2006.
153.Jump up ^Compiled, Items (June 11, 2002). "Gun used in slaying of Selena destroyed". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 26,2011.
154.^ Jump up to: abMendoza, Madalyn (27 February 2015). "28 reasons Selena makes our hearts go 'bidi bidi bom bom'". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
155.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (April 15, 1995). "EMI Set Honors Selena's Memory". Billboard107(15). Retrieved 2 February2015.
156.Jump up ^Ilan 2014, p. 668.
157.Jump up ^Stacy 2002, p. 745.
158.Jump up ^Moreno 2010, p. 282.
159.Jump up ^Gutiérrez 2003, p. 122.
160.^ Jump up to: abTatum 2013, p. 1032.
161.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 121.
162.Jump up ^Watrous, Peter (30 July 1995). "Recordings View;; Inklings of What Might Have Been". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March2015.
163.^ Jump up to: abStavans, Ilan (20 November 1995). "Dreaming of You". New Republic. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).[dead link]
164.Jump up ^Corliss, Richard (24 June 2001). "Viva Selena". Time. Retrieved 26 March2015.
165.Jump up ^"Selena's Posthumous Triumph". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 February2015.
166.Jump up ^"Topics > Selena". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 28 February2015.
167.Jump up ^Latin Style(45). 2002. "The song "My Love," was written by Selena and samples from contemporary pop influences. Other songs like "Sukiyaki" (a cover of Kyu Sakamoto's 1963 hit), "Amame, Quiéreme" (her first duet with Pete Astudillo), and the cumbia “Besitos”, played a pivotal role on how Selena mixed rhythm and sound, which became her trademark."
168.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 160.
169.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (1999). The Billboard guide to Tejano and regional Mexican music(1st ed.). Billboard Books. ISBN 0823076911. Retrieved 10 October2014.
170.Jump up ^Prampolini 2013, p. 188.
171.Jump up ^Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Enamorada de Ti (Album review)". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 September2014.
172.^ Jump up to: abPeña 1999, p. 206.
173.Jump up ^Pilchak 2005, p. 39.
174.^ Jump up to: abParédez 2009, p. 141.
175.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 23.
176.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 38.
177.Jump up ^Foley 1997, p. 16.
178.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 59.
179.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 60.
180.^ Jump up to: abMeier 2003, p. 372.
181.^ Jump up to: abcFoley 1997, p. 24.
182.Jump up ^Tiscareño-Sato 2011.
183.Jump up ^Reyes, Paul (March 31, 2014). "Still Missing Selena: Here Are 6 Reasons Why". NBC News. Retrieved 28 February2015.
184.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 359.
185.Jump up ^Jones 2013, p. 88.
186.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 167.
187.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 117.
188.Jump up ^Jasinski 2012, p. 457.
189.Jump up ^"Corpus: A Home Movie For Selena". PBS. Retrieved 9 March2015.
190.Jump up ^Fregoso 2010, p. 20.
191.Jump up ^Rebolledo 2005, p. 126.
192.Jump up ^Persall, Steve (21 March 1997). "Selena becomes more saint than singer". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 28 December2011. (subscription required (help)).
193.Jump up ^McLane, Daisann (18 March 1997). "Santa Selena Does The Movie's "Official" Version of The Slain Tejano Singer's Life Show's The True Picture?". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 28 December2011. (subscription required (help)).
194.^ Jump up to: abPatoski 1996, p. 108.
195.^ Jump up to: abcdJones 2013, p. 11.
196.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 150.
197.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 61.
198.Jump up ^Jones 2013, p. 9.
199.Jump up ^Burr, John (26 March 1996). "Selena hits gold on, off stage - Singer's wedding, break-through album highlight of 1990". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 7 July2013.
200.^ Jump up to: abSickels 2013, p. 482.
201.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 12.
202.Jump up ^Habell-Pallán 2002, p. 121.
203.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 188.
204.Jump up ^Segura 2007, p. 477.
205.Jump up ^Habell-Pallán 2002, p. 122.
206.^ Jump up to: abQuaintance, Zack (31 March 2010). "Remembering Selena". The Monitor. Retrieved 26 March2015.
207.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 183.
208.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 376.
209.Jump up ^Candelaria 2004, p. 755.
210.Jump up ^Garcia 2002, p. 220.
211.^ Jump up to: abTrue, Philip (April 17, 1995). "Selena's fans may turn her into folk hero". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved October 10,2011.
212.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 377.
213.Jump up ^Akoukou Thompson, Nicole (3 January 2014). "Selena, Shakira, Santana & More: The 100 Year History of Latin Music in the United States". Latin Post. Retrieved 26 March2015.
214.^ Jump up to: abPareles, Jon; Caramanica, Jon; Ratliff, Ben; Chinen, Nate; Holden, Stephen (26 November 2010). "Wow! Every Song What's-His-Name Ever Recorded: [Movies, Performing Arts/Weekend Desk]". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
215.Jump up ^Mitchell 2007, p. 387.
216.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 364.
217.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 372.
218.Jump up ^Caulfield 2007, p. 223.
219.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 185.
220.Jump up ^Mcdonald 2010, p. 364.
221.Jump up ^Platenburg, Gheni (October 17, 2011). "Popularity of Tejano music wanes; conjunto, other Regional Mexican music takes over". The Monitor. Retrieved 31 January2015.
222.Jump up ^"No. 1 start for Selena's `Dreaming'". USA Today. 27 July 1995. Retrieved 22 July2011.
223.Jump up ^"Selena's Popularity Grows". The Hour. 24 March 2004. Retrieved 28 April2013.
224.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (25 Jul 1995). "Selling like a dream - Selena CD outpaces previous top sellers". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 19 January2013. "With first-week sales of "Dreaming of You" at about 400,000-plus, Selena has become the fastest-selling female artist in music history. Final full-week sales figures will not be available until later this week, but on Monday EMI Latin officials estimated Selena's sales at more than 400,000, which puts the late singer ahead of other previous top sellers including: Janet Jackson, "Janet," 350,000; Mariah Carey[...]"
225.Jump up ^Bruno, Anthony (February 28, 2011). "AllMusic.com Folding Into AllRovi.com for One-Stop Entertainment Shop". Billboard. Retrieved June 15,2013.
226.Jump up ^Marrero, Letisha (November 2003). "Ritmo Roundup". Vibe13(13): 172. Retrieved 7 December2011.
227.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (26 March 2005). "Upcoming Selena Tribute". Billboard117(13): 56. Retrieved 7 December2011.
228.Jump up ^Lannert, John (5 August 1995). "Latin Notas". Billboard107(31). Retrieved 25 May2013.
229.Jump up ^Lannert, John (2 September 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard107(35): 120. Retrieved 7 December2011.
230.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard107(23): 112. Retrieved 7 December2011.
231.Jump up ^"American certifications – Selena – Dreaming of You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 December2011.
232.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (4 May 1996). "Awards Show". Billboard108(18): 122. Retrieved 7 December2011.
233.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor in Corpus Christi". Houston Chronicle(Jack Sweeney). Retrieved 9 March2015.
234.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (30 October 2008). "Gloria Estefan in a league of her own 'Person of the Year' a longtime inspiration". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 June2012.
235.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 81.
236.Jump up ^Lannert, John (29 July 1995). "Latin Music Has New Challenges At Anglo Market". Billboard107(30). Retrieved 26 March2015.
237.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 82.
238.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (24 July 2012). "A tribute to Selena among this year's QFest offerings". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 March2015.
239.Jump up ^Renter, Melissa (March 25, 2010). "The legacy of Selena". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved January 31,2015.
240.Jump up ^Mayfield, Geoff (December 25, 1999). "Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade". Billboard111(52): YE–16–18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 30,2010.
241.Jump up ^"The American Dream". The Dominion Post. 29 January 2001. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
242.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 33.
243.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 318.
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245.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (2 March 1996). "Billboard's Magazine 1996 Latin Music Awards Scheduled For May 1 At The Historical Gusman Center for Performing Arts". Billboard108(9). Retrieved 11 September2012.
246.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (29 April 2006). "The Songwriters Speak". Billboard118(17). Retrieved 11 September2012.
247.Jump up ^Sara Inés Calderón (January 18, 2011). "Selena, Celia Cruz, Tito Puente In U.S. Postal Stamp Form". NewsTaco. Retrieved March 7,2011.
248.Jump up ^"The 100 coolest Americans in history". Times Union (Albany). 20 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February2014.
249.Jump up ^Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the performance of memory. Duke Univ Pr. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8223-4502-2. Retrieved March 3,2011.
250.Jump up ^Lannert, John (June 10, 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters The Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard107(23): 58. Retrieved April 11,2014.
251.Jump up ^Wener, Ben; Chang, Daniel; Eddy, Steve; Darling, Cary (30 December 1999). "Choosing the 100 most influential Latin musicians of the 20th century". Orange County Register. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
252.Jump up ^"Queen of Latin Music, Selena's Official 1994 Tejano Music Award for Album of the Year -- Just a Year Before Her Tragic Death". Nate D. Sanders Auctions(natedsanders.com/). 2014-01-30. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
253.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (15 April 2014). "Happy birthday, Selena: 'Our cumbia queen'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 7 April2015.
254.Jump up ^Lopez, Antonio (6 April 1997). "Selena, Selena: We Hardly Knew You". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
255.Jump up ^Ryan, Patrick (25 June 2014). "Michael Jackson joins a Posthumous Hot 100". USA Today. Retrieved 26 March2015.
256.Jump up ^Salians, Rebecca (9 December 2014). "Fake story reporting Selena's killer leaving prison early nearly 'breaks the Internet' in S. Texas". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
257.Jump up ^Ybarra, Rose (1 April 2005). "Family perseveres after Selenas death". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 26 March2015.
258.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 87.
259.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 116.
260.Jump up ^Martin, Dale (16 July 1999). "Selena Album Goes Mainstream". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved 7 April2015.
261.Jump up ^"Selena Murder Trial Begins Monday". MTV News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
262.Jump up ^"Selena to Big Screen". Entertainment Weekly(291). 8 September 1995. Retrieved 28 December2011.
263.Jump up ^Pearlman, Cindy (16 March 1997). "Selena: the story behind the legend". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 28 December2011.
264.Jump up ^Longsdorf, Amy (21 March 1997). "Director Aims For Truth About Selena's Life". The Morning Call. Retrieved 28 December2011.
265.Jump up ^Tracy 2008, p. 53.
266.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 31.
267.Jump up ^Puente, Teresa (30 March 1997). "The Unforeseen Legacy Of Selena Quintanilla Perez". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 26 March2015.
268.^ Jump up to: ab"Selena – Box Office Data, News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved January 22,2012.
269.Jump up ^"Selena". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 29,2011.
270.Jump up ^"Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia". Greenwood Publishing Group. December 30, 2007. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-313-08444-7. Retrieved November 27,2011.
271.Jump up ^"Breakout Roles: Jennifer Lopez". Latina. December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 9,2012.
272.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 53.
273.^ Jump up to: abClemente Sanchez (April 22, 2011). "Quién es Quién en el Teatro en México: Angie Vega". Broadway World.com. Retrieved May 31,2011.
274.Jump up ^"Selena musical to be staged here in April". Corpus Christi Caller Times. February 3, 2000. Retrieved October 25,2011.
275.Jump up ^"Crowds enjoy preview of 'Selena Forever'". Corpus Christi Caller Times. March 22, 2000. Retrieved October 25,2011.
276.Jump up ^Leila Cobo (April 23, 2005). "Selena's Appeal Still Strong". Billboard. Retrieved October 18,2011.
277.Jump up ^Seidman, Robert. "Super Bowl XLV Most-Watched Show in U.S. TV History Among Hispanic Viewers; Tops World Cup Final". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26,2012.
278.Jump up ^Gorman, Bill. "NFL 2010 Hispanic TV Recap, Most-Watched NFL Season Ever Among Hispanics". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26,2012.
279.Jump up ^Nunez, Alana. "Selena Is Getting Her Own Festival to Honor the 20th Anniversary of Her Death". Cosmopolitan. Hearst Magazines. Retrieved 10 March2015.
280.Jump up ^Flores, Adofo. "Mexican-American Icon Selena Will Be Honored In Texas Festival 20 Years After Her Death". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 10 March2015.
281.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Tejano star Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 10 March2015.
282.Jump up ^"The Economic Impact of the Fiesta de la Flor Festival". KIII TV. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April2015.
283.Jump up ^Martin, Dale (16 July 1999). "Selena Album Goes Mainstream". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved 7 April2015.
284.Jump up ^"Selena Murder Trial Begins Monday". MTV News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
285.Jump up ^Vincent, Alice. "Selena: the Mexican Madonna". MSN.com. Retrieved 15 April2015.
286.Jump up ^Palomares, Sugey. "Hispanic Icons: Selena". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 15 April2015.
287.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 104.
288.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters The Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard107(23): 112. Retrieved 26 December2011.
289.Jump up ^"Selena's Chart Performance". Billboard. Retrieved November 23,2011.
290.Jump up ^Cortina, Betty (26 March 1999). "A Sad Note". Entertainment Weekly(478). Retrieved 11 September2012.
291.Jump up ^Lannert, John (6 April 1996). "Tejano Music Awards: Bigger, But Not Necessarily Better". Billboard108(14). Retrieved 11 September2012.
292.Jump up ^Katz, Jesse (December 2002). "The Curse of Zapata". Los Angeles Magazine47(12). Retrieved 11 September2012.
293.Jump up ^Group, Vibe Media (September 1998). "The Year In Review". Vibe6(7). Retrieved 11 September2012.
294.Jump up ^Hernandez, Lee (April 15, 2012). "Selena Quintanilla: Remembering The Queen Of Tejano Music On Her Birthday". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 30,2015.
295.Jump up ^Verhovek, Sam. "Grammy-Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 January2015.
Sources
Patoski, Joe Nick (1996). Selena: Como La Flor. Boston: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69378-2.
Peña, Manuel (1999). Música Tejana: The Cultural Economy of Artistic Transformation. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0890968888.
Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the Performance of Memory. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822390892.
Miguel, Guadalupe San (2002). Tejano Proud: Tex-Mex Music in the Twentieth Century. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585441880.
Jasinski, Laurie E. (2012). Handbook of Texas Music. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0876112971.
Sobek, Maria (2012). Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 031334339X.
Miguel, Guadalupe San (2002). Tejano Proud: Tex-Mex Music in the Twentieth Century. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585441880.
Arrarás, María Celeste(1997). Selena's Secret: The Revealing Story Behind Her Tragic Death. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684831937.
Pérez, Chris(2012). To Selena, with Love. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101580267.
Novas, Himilce (1995). Remembering Selena. Turtleback Books. ISBN 0613926374.
Jones, Steve (2000). Afterlife as Afterimage: Understanding Posthumous Fame. Peter Lang. ISBN 0820463655.
Malone, Bill C. (2003). Southern Music/American Music. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813126355.
Ilan, Stavans(2014). Latin Music: Musicians, Genres, and Themes. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313343969.
Stacy, Lee (2002). Mexico and the United States. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761474021.
Moreno, Michael P. (2010). Term Paper Resource Guide to Latino History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313379327.
Gutiérrez, José Angel (2003). Chicano Manual on How to Handle Gringos. Arte Publico Press. ISBN 1611920930.
Tatum, Charles (2013). Encyclopedia of Latino Culture: From Calaveras to Quinceaneras. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1440800995.
Prampolini, Gaetano (2013). The Shade of the Saguaro / La sombra del saguaro. Essays on the Literary Cultures of the American Southwest. Firenze University Press. ISBN 886655393X.
Pilchak, Angela M. (2005). Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music. Cengage Gale. ISBN 0787680699.
Foley, Neil (1997). Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies. University of Texas Press. ISBN 029272506X.
Espinosa, Gastón (2009). Mexican American Religions: Spirituality, Activism, and Culture. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822388952.
Vargas, Deborah (2012). Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816673160.
Novas, Himilce (1995). Women and Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: A Reader. Turtleback Books. ISBN 0613926374.
Segura, Denise A. (2007). Remembering Selena. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822341182.
Candelaria, Cordelia (2004). Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 031333210X.
Garcia, Alma M. (2002). The Mexican Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313314993.
Mcdonald, Les (2010). The Day the Music Died. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1469113562.
Jones, Veda Boyd (2013). Selena (They Died Too Young). Infobase Learning. ISBN 143814637X.
Tracy, Kathleen (2008). Jennifer Lopez: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313355150.
Mitchell, Claudia (2007). Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313084440.
Caulfield, Carlota (2007). A Companion to US Latino Literatures. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 185566139X.
Sickels, Robert C. (2013). 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1598848313.
Habell-Pallán, Michelle (2002). Latino/a Popular Culture. NYU Press. ISBN 0814737250.
Clark, Walter Aaron (2013). From Tejano to Tango: Essays on Latin American Popular Music. Routledge. ISBN 1136536876.
Moon, Tom (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List. Workman Publishing. ISBN 076113963X.
Meier, Matt S. (2003). The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313316430.
Tiscareño-Sato, Graciela (2011). Latinnovating: Green American Jobs and the Latinos Creating Them. Gracefully Global Group. ISBN 0983476004.
Fregoso, Rosa Linda (2010). Lourdes Portillo: The Devil Never Sleeps and Other Films. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292757921.
Rebolledo, Tey Diana (2005). The Chronicles of Panchita Villa and Other Guerrilleras: Essays on Chicana/Latina Literature and Criticism. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292709633.
External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Selena.
Official website
Fiesta de La Flor(annual festival held by the Quintanilla family)
Selenaat DMOZ
Selenadiscography at Discogs
Selenaat the Internet Movie Database
Selenaat AllMusic
Selenaat Find a Grave
Selenaat MTV
Selenaat Rotten Tomatoes
Selenaat Biography.com


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Selena

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article is about the singer. For other uses, see Selena (disambiguation).

Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.jpg
Selena as photographed by Agree shampoo staff in 1995

Born
Selena Quintanilla
April 16, 1971
Lake Jackson, Texas, U.S.
Died
March 31, 1995(aged 23)
Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.

Cause of death
 Gunshot wound

Resting place
 Seaside Memorial Park
Corpus Christi, Texas
Monuments
Mirador de la Flor
Other names
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez
Occupation
Singer·
songwriter·
actress·
spokesperson·
fashion designer

Years active
1982–1995
Spouse(s)
Chris Pérez (m. 1992–95)(her death)
Parent(s)
Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.
Marcella Ofelia Samora

Relatives
Suzette Quintanilla(sister), A.B. Quintanilla III(brother)
Awards
List of awards and nominations
Musical career
Genres
Tejano·
Mexican cumbia·
mariachi·
ranchera·
pop·
R&B

Labels
EMI Latin·
Q-Productions

Associated acts
Selena y Los Dinos·
Pete Astudillo·
Alvaro Torres·
Barrio Boyzz·
Emilio Navaira

Signature
SelenaQSignature.svg
Website
selenaqradio.com
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez(April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995), known by the mononymSelena, was an American singer, songwriter, spokesperson, actress, and fashion designer. Called the Queen of Tejano music, her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican Americanentertainers of the late 20th century. Billboardmagazinenamed her the "top Latin artist of the '90s", the "best selling Latin artist of the decade". She is often called the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonnafor her clothing choices, by media outlets.[a]She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all-time and is credited for catapulting a music genre into mainstream.[1][2]
The youngest child of the Quintanilla family, she debuted on the music scene in 1980 as a member of the band Selena y Los Dinos, which also included her elder siblings A.B. Quintanillaand Suzette Quintanilla. Selena began recording professionally in 1982. In the 1980s, she was often criticized and was refused bookings at venues across Texas for performing Tejano music—a male-dominated music genre. However, her popularity grew after she won the Tejano Music Awardfor Female Vocalist of the Yearin 1986, which she won nine consecutive times. Selena signed with Capitol EMI Latinin 1989 and released her self-titled debut albumthe same year, while her brother became her principal music producer and songwriter. Her 1990 album Ven Conmigowas the first recording by a female Tejano artist to achieve gold statusby the Recording Industry Association of America(RIAA).
Selena released Entre a Mi Mundo(1992), which peaked at number one on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albumschart for eight consecutive months. The album's commercial success led music critics to call the album the "breakthrough" recording of her musical career. One of its singles, "Como La Flor", became one of her most popular signature songs. Live!(1993) won Best Mexican/American Albumat the 1994 Grammy Awards, becoming the first recording by a Tejano artist to do so. In 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido, which became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States. It was critically acclaimed as being responsible for Tejano music's first marketable era as it became one of the most popular Latin musicsubgenres at the time. Selena began recording English-language songs for her crossoveralbum.
Aside from music, Selena was active in her community and donated her time to civic causes. Coca-Cola appointed her its spokesperson in Texas. Selena became a sex icon; she was often criticized for wearing suggestive outfits in light of her comments about being a role model for young women. Selena and her guitarist, Chris Pérez, eloped in April 1992 after her father raised concerns over their relationship. On March 31, 1995, Selena was shot deadby Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former employee of her Selena Etc. boutiques. Hispanics reacted negatively to the news of her death, which was compared to the reactions following the deaths of John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. presidentJohn F. Kennedy. Her posthumous crossover album, Dreaming of You(1995), debuted atop the Billboard200, making Selena the first Latin artist to accomplish this feat. Two weeks after her death, George W. Bush—governor of Texas at the time—declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas. In 1997, Warner Bros.released Selena, a film about her life and career, which starred Jennifer Lopezas Selena. As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.[3][4]


Contents [hide]
1Life and career1.11971–88: Early life and career beginnings
1.21989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez
1.31990–91: Ven Conmigoand the Selena fan club
1.41992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
1.51994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
2Murder2.1Impact
3Artistry
4Public image
5Philanthropy
6Legacy and influence6.1Posthumous film and honors
7Discography
8Filmography8.1Film
8.2Television8.2.1Appearances as self in life
8.2.2Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases
8.2.3True crime documentaries

9See also
10Notes
11References11.1Sources
12External links

Life and career
1971–88: Early life and career beginnings
Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971, in Lake Jackson, Texas.[5][6]She had Cherokeeancestry[7]and was the youngest child of Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla (née Samora) and Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., a former Mexican Americanmusician.[8]Selena was raised as a Jehovah's Witness.[9]Quintanilla, Jr. noticed her musical abilities when she was six years old. He told Peoplemagazine, "Her timing, her pitch were perfect, I could see it from day one".[10]In 1980 in Lake Jackson, Quintanilla, Jr. opened his first Tex-Mex restaurant, where Selena and her siblings Abraham III(on bass guitar) and Suzette Quintanilla (on drums) would often perform.[10]The following year, the restaurant was forced to close after a recession caused by the 1980s oil glut. The family declared bankruptcy and were evicted from their home.[10][11]They settled in Corpus Christi, Texas; Quintanilla, Jr. became manager of the newly formed band Selena y Los Dinosand began promoting it.[10][12][13]They needed money and played on street corners, at weddings, at quinceañeras, and at fairs.[10][14]
As her popularity as a singer grew, the demands of Selena's performance and travel schedule began to interfere with her education. Her father took her out of school when she was in the eighth grade.[15]Her teacher Marilyn Greer disapproved of Selena's musical career.[16]She threatened to report Quintanilla, Jr. to the Texas Board of Education, believing the conditions to which Selena was exposed were inappropriate for a girl her age. Quintanilla, Jr. told Greer to "mind her business". Other teachers expressed their concerns when they noticed how tired Selena appeared when she arrived at school.[16]At seventeen, Selena earned a high school diploma from the American School of Correspondencein Chicago,[17]and was also accepted at Louisiana State University.[18]She enrolled at Pacific Western University, taking up business administration as her major subject.[19]
Quintanilla, Jr. refurbished an old bus; he named it "Big Bertha" and the family used it as their tour bus.[20]In the first years of touring, the family sang for food and barely had enough money to pay for gasoline.[20]In 1984, Selena recorded her first LP record, Selena y Los Dinos, for Freddie Records.[21]Despite wanting to record English-language songs, Selena recorded Tejano musiccompositions; a male-dominated, Spanish-language genre[22]with German influences[23]of polka, jazz, and country music, popularized by Mexicans living in the United States.[24]Quintanilla, Jr. believed Selena should record musical compositions related to her heritage.[25]During the recording sessions for the album, Selena had to learn Spanish phonetically with guidance from her father.[26]In 1985, to promote the album, Selena appeared on the Johnny Canales Show, a popular Spanish-language radio program, on which she continued to appear for several years. Selena was discovered by Rick Trevi, founder of the Tejano Music Awards, where she won the Female Vocalist of the Yearaward in 1987 and for nine consecutive years after.[27]The band was often turned down by Texas music venues because of the members' ages and because Selena was their lead singer.[28]By 1988, Selena had released five more LP records; Alpha(1986), Munequito de Trapo(1987), And the Winner is...(1987), Preciosa(1988), and Dulce Amor(1988).[29]
1989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez




Chris Pérez (far right) and Selena began a relationship, despite her father's disapproval.
Jose Behar of newly formed label EMI LatinRecords, together with the new head of Sony Music Latin, watched Selena perform at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards.[30]Behar was searching for new Latin acts and wanted to sign Selena to EMI's label Capitol Records, while Sony Music Latin offered Quintanilla, Jr. twice Capitol's signing fee.[30]Behar thought he had discovered the "next Gloria Estefan" but his superior called Behar illogical because he had been in South Texas less than a week.[15][31]Quintanilla, Jr. chose EMI Latin's offer because of the potential for a crossoveralbum, and becoming the first artist to sign to the label.[32]Before Selena began recording for her debut album, Behar and Stephen Finferrequested a crossover album for her.[33]She recorded three English-language compositions for the heads of EMI's pop division. Behar and Finfer's request for a crossover album was denied and Selena was told she needed a bigger fan base to sell such an album.[34]Behar thought EMI Records and the public did not believe that a Mexican American woman could have "crossover potential".[31]
Selena released her self-titled debut albumon October 17, 1989. Selena recorded most of the songs at AMEN Studios in San Antonio, Texas; "Sukiyaki" and "My Love" were recorded at Sunrise Studios in Houston. Selena wrote "My Love" and wanted the song to be included on her first recording. Her brother Quintanilla III became Selena's principal record producer and songwriter for most of her musical career.[35]Quintanilla III did not write the tracks "Sukiyaki", "Contigo Quiero Estar", and "No Te Vayas". "Sukiyaki" was originally recorded in Japanese in the 1960s by Kyu Sakamoto; Selena used a traslation into Spanish of an English version of the song by Janice Marie Johnson.[36]The lead single, "Contigo Quiero Estar", peaked at number eight on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songschart, while the album peaked at number seven on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albumschart,[37]becoming Selena's first single and album to debut on a national music chart.[38]Selenaperformed better than albums from other contemporaneous female Tejano singers.[38]
In the same year, Coca-Colawanted Selena to become one of their spokespeople in Texas.[39]The jingle used in her first two commercials for the company were composed by Quintanilla III and Chris Pérez—the latter of whom had joined Selena y Los Dinos several months earlier as the band's new guitarist.[40]Pérez began having romantic feelings for Selena, despite having a girlfriend in San Antonio.[41]After a trip to Mexico with the band, Pérez thought it would be best for them both to distance himself from her, but found it difficult and decided to try building a relationship with her.[42]They expressed their feelings for each other at a Pizza Hutrestaurant, and shortly afterwards became a couple.[43][44]Pérez and Selena hid their relationship, fearing Quintanilla, Jr. would try to break it up.[45][46]
1990–91: Ven Conmigoand the Selena fan club
Selena released her second studio album, Ven Conmigo, in 1990, and became Selena's first album to be certified goldby the Recording Industry Association of America(RIAA), denoting shipments of 50,000 copies. It was also the first album by a female Tejano singer to be certified gold in the United States.[47]Three tracks from Ven Conmigowere released as singles; "Ya Ves", "La Tracalera", and "Baila Esta Cumbia".[48]The latter, a Mexican cumbiasong, became one of Selena's biggest singles. Its popularity grew in Mexico, where a compilation album bearing the single's name was released there. The album was certified platinum by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas(AMPROFON), denoting sales of 150,000 units.[49][50]
A registered nurse and fan named Yolanda Saldívarasked Quintanilla, Jr. to start a fan club in San Antonio.[51]Saldívar had the idea after she had attended one of Selena's concerts. Quintanilla, Jr. approved Saldívar's request; he believed the fan club would bring more exposure for the band. Saldívar soon became a close friend to Selena and the family; she was trusted and became the acting president of the fan club in 1991.[52]That same year, Salvadoransinger Álvaro Torrescomposed a duet he wanted to record with Selena.[30]The song, "Buenos Amigos", was produced by Enrique Elizondo and was released on Torres' tenth studio album Nada Se Compara Contigo(1991).[53]"Buenos Amigos" peaked at number one on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songs chart, giving Selena her first number one single. The song's music video earned Selena and Torres two nominations at the 1992 BillboardMusic Awards.[54]The track was also nominated for Duo of the Year at the 1992 Tejano Music Awards.[55]Deborah Parédez wrote that the track enabled Selena to tour the west and east coasts of the United States.[56]According to John Lannert of Billboardmagazine, "Buenos Amigos" was helped by increased airplay on regional Mexican and Tejano radio stations, which had previously dismissed Selena's recordings.[57]
1992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
Selena's sister Suzette found Selena and Pérez flirting with each other and immediately informed their father.[58]Quintanilla, Jr. took Pérez off the bus and told him his relationship with Selena was over.[59]Selena and Pérez continued their relationship despite Quintanilla, Jr's disapproval;[60][61]Selena's mother Marcella approved of their relationship.[62]Quintanilla, Jr. saw Selena and Pérez romantically together on the bus; he pulled over and an argument between Quintanilla, Jr. and Selena ensued. He called Pérez a "cancer in my family" and threatened to disband the group if they continued their relationship.[63]Selena and Pérez relented; Quintanilla, Jr. fired Pérez from the band and prevented Selena from leaving with him.[64]After his dismissal, Pérez and Selena secretly continued their relationship. On the morning of April 2, 1992, Selena and Pérez decided to elope, believing Quintanilla, Jr. would never approve of their relationship.[63][65]Selena thought Quintanilla, Jr. would leave them alone if they were married, and they would not have to hide their feelings for each other. Within hours of their marriage, the media announced the couple's elopement.[66]Selena's family tried to find her; Quintanilla, Jr. did not take the news well and alienated himself for some time.[66]Selena and Pérez moved into an apartment in Corpus Christi.[67]Quintanilla, Jr. approached Pérez, apologized, accepted the marriage, and took Pérez back into the band.[68]
A month after her elopement, Selena released her third studio album, Entre a Mi Mundo, in May 1992. The album was critically acclaimed as her "breakthrough album".[69][70][71]The recording peaked at number one on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months;[72]it was certified 6x Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 600,000 copies.[73]In Mexico, the album was certified gold for sales of 300,000 units.[74]Entre a Mi Mundobecame the first Tejano album by a female artist to sell over 300,000 copies.[b]Selena's album outsold those of male Tejano singers, according to editors of the Miami Heraldand the San Jose Mercury News.[75][76]The album produced four singles; "Como La Flor", "¿Qué Creías?", "La Carcacha", and "Amame". The lead single, "Como La Flor", became Selena's signature recording;[77]it was critically acclaim by music critics as a career launcher for Selena.[78]"Como La Flor" helped Selena to dominate the Latin music charts and become immensely popular in Mexico—where Mexican-Americans were generally not liked among citizens—which was well received by critics.[79]The track was nominated for Song of the Year at the 1993 Tejano Music Awards.[80]The single peaked at number six on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songs chart.[81]
Selena released Live!in 1993; it was recorded during a free concert at the Memorial Coliseumin Corpus Christi, on February 7, 1993.[82]The album included previously released tracks that were sung live and three studio recordings; "No Debes Jugar", "La Llamada", and "Tú Robaste Mi Corazón"—a duet with Tejano musician Emilio Navaira. The tracks "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada" peaked within the top five on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Songs chart.[83][83]Live!won the Grammy Awardfor Best Mexican/American Albumat the 36th Grammy Awards.[84]In May 1994, Live!was named Album of the Year by the BillboardLatin Music Awards.[85]At the 1994 Tejano Music Awards, Live!won Album of the Year.[86]At the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards, the album was nominated for Regional Mexican Album of the Year.[87]Live!was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 copies, while in Mexico it sold 250,000 units.[88]Selena briefly appeared opposite Erik Estradain a Mexican telenovelatitled Dos Mujeres, Un Camino.[51]In 1995 she entered negotiations to star in another telenovela produced by Emilio Larrosa.[51]She appeared in two episodes, which garnered a record viewing figures for the series.[51]
1994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
Aside from music, in 1994, Selena began designing and manufacturing a line of clothing; she opened two boutiques called Selena Etc., one in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio. Both were equipped with in-house beauty salons.[89]She was in negotiations to open more stores in Monterrey, Mexico, and Puerto Rico.[90]Saldívar managed both boutiques after the Quintanilla family were impressed with the way she managed the fan club.[91]Hispanic Businessmagazine reported that the singer earned over five million dollars from these boutiques.[92]She became the twentieth-wealthiest Hispanic musician in 1993 and 1994.[93]Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido, in March 1994. The recording debuted at number three on the U.S. BillboardTop Latin Albumschart[94]and number one on the U.S. BillboardRegional Mexican Albums charts.[95]After peaking at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart, the album remained in the top five for the reminder of the year and into early 1995.[96]Amor Prohibidobecame the second Tejano album to reach year-end sales of 500,000 copies, which had previously only been accomplished by La Mafia.[97][98]It became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States.[99][100]Amor Prohibidospawned four number one singles; the title track, "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and "Fotos y Recuerdos".[c]The album was certified double Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of two million copies in the United States.[101]Amor Prohibidowas among the best selling U.S. albumsof 1995.[102]The album was named on Tom Moon's list of the 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List(2008).[103]
The album popularized Tejano music among a younger and wider audience than at any other time in the genre's history.[104][105]The two singles, "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más", were the most successful U.S. Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively, according to Billboardmagazine.[106][107]The album's commercial success led to a Grammy nomination for Best Mexican/American Album at the 37th Grammy Awardsin 1995.[108]It won Record of the Year at the 1995 Tejano Music Awards[86]and Regional/Mexican Album of the Year at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[97]Selena was named "one of Latin music's most successful touring acts" during her "Amor Prohibido" tour.[109]After Amor Prohibido‍ '​s release, Selena was considered "bigger than Tejano itself", and broke barriers in the Latin music world.[110]She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" by many media outlets.[d]Sales of the album and its titular single represented Tejano music's first commercial success in Puerto Rico.[110]Selena recorded a duet titled "Donde Quiera Que Estés" with the Barrio Boyzz, which was released on their album of the same name in 1994. The song reached number one on the Top Latin Songs chart,[111]which enabled Selena to tour in New York City, Argentina, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Central America, where she was not well known.[112][113]In late 1994, EMI chairman Charles Koppelmandecided Selena had achieved her goals in the Spanish-speaking market. He wanted to promote her as an English-language, American, solo pop artist. Selena continued touring while EMI began preparing the crossover album, engaging Grammy Award-winning composers.[114]By the time Selena performed to a record-breaking, sold out concert at the Houston Astrodomein February 1995, work had already begun on her crossover album.[114]In 1995, she made a cameo appearancein Don Juan DeMarco, which starred Marlon Brando, Johnny Depp, and Faye Dunaway.[115]
Murder
Main articles: Murder of Selenaand People of the State of Texas v. Yolanda Saldívar
The Quintanilla family appointed Saldívar manager of Selena's boutiques in early 1994.[52]Eight months later, Selena signed Saldívar as her registered agentin San Antonio, Texas. After the agreement, Saldívar moved from San Antonio to Corpus Christi to be closer to Selena.[91]In December 1994, the boutiques began to suffer after the number of staff for both stores decreased.[116]According to staff members, Saldívar often dismissed employees she personally disliked.[117]Staff at the stores constantly complained about Saldívar's behavior to Selena, who dismissed the claims, believing Saldívar would not negatively impose on her fashion venture.[117]According to Quintanilla, Jr., the staff later turned their attention to him and began informing him about Saldívar's behavior. Quintanilla, Jr. took the claims seriously; he told Selena to "be careful" and said Saldívar may not be a good influence.[117]Selena dismissed her father's inquires because he had often distrusted people in the past.[117]By January 1995, Selena's cousin, her fashion designer Martin Gomez, and clients expressed their concerns over Saldívar's behavior and management skills.[117][118]During an interview with Saldívar in 1995, reporters from The Dallas Morning Newssaid her devotion to Selena bordered on obsession.[91]
According to Quintanilla, Jr., in January 1995 he began receiving telephone calls from fans who said they had paid for membership of the Selena fan club and received nothing, and he began an investigation.[119]Quintanilla, Jr. discovered that Saldívar was embezzling more than $60,000 in forged checks from both the fan club and the boutiques.[119]Quintanilla, Jr. held a meeting with Selena and Suzette on the night of March 9 at Q-Productionsto confront Saldívar. Quintanilla, Jr. presented Saldívar with the inconsistencies concerning the disappearing funds. Quintanilla, Jr. told her that if she did not provide evidence that disproved his accusations, he would involve the local police. Quintanilla, Jr. banned Saldívar from having any contact with Selena.[119]However, Selena did not want to dissolve their friendship; she thought Saldívar was essential to the success of the clothing line in Mexico. Selena also wanted to keep her close because she had bank records, statements, and financial records necessary for tax preparation.[119]
On the morning of March 31, 1995, Selena met with Saldívar at her Days Innmotel room in Corpus Christi.[12]At the motel, Selena demanded the financial papers; Saldívar delayed the handover by saying she had been raped in Mexico.[15]Selena then drove Saldívar to Doctors Regional Hospital, where doctors found no evidence of rape.[120]At 11:48 am, Saldívar drew a gun from her purse[121]and pointed it at Selena.[122]As Selena attempted to flee, Saldívar shot her once on the right lower shoulder, severing an artery and causing a massive loss of blood.[122]Critically wounded, Selena ran towards the lobby, leaving a 392-foot (119 m)-long trail of blood.[122]She collapsed on the floor as the clerk called the emergency services, with Saldívar still chasing after her and calling her a "bitch".[123]Before collapsing, Selena named Saldívar as her assailant and gave the number of the room where she had been shot.[124]Meanwhile, Saldívar got into her pickup truck and tried to leave the motel. However, she was spotted by a responding police cruiser.[122]Saldívar surrendered after a nearly nine-and-a-half hour standoff with police and the FBI.[12]By that time, hundreds of fans had gathered at the scene; many wept as police took Saldívar away.[12][122]After 50 minutes of surgery, the doctors realized that the damage to Selena's pierced artery was irreparable. She was pronounced dead from blood lossand cardiac arrestat 1:05 pm (CST).[122][125]
Impact
Selena's murder had a widespread impact. Reactions to her death were compared to those following the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. presidentJohn F. Kennedy.[126][84]Major television networks interrupted their regular programming to break the news; Tom Brokawreferred to Selena as "The Mexican Madonna".[127]Her death was front page news in The New York Timesfor two days.[128]Numerous vigils and memorials were held in her honor, and radio stations in Texas played her music non-stop.[15]Her funeral drew 60,000 mourners, many of whom traveled from outside the United States.[15]The news struck the Hispanic community extremely hard; many fans traveled thousands of miles to see Selena's house and boutiques, and the crime scene.[129][130]By mid-afternoon, police were asked to form a detourbecause a line of cars began backing up traffic from the Quintanillas' houses.[131]Among the celebrities who were reported to have contacted the Quintanilla family to express their condolences were Gloria Estefan, Celia Cruz, Julio Iglesias, and Madonna.[132]Other celebrities—including Stefanie Ridel, Jaime DeAnda (of Los Chamacos), and Shelly Lares—appeared on radio stations to express their thoughts about Selena's death.[133]An issue of Peoplemagazine was released several days after her murder. Its publishers believed interest would soon wane; they released a commemorative issue within a week when it became apparent it was growing. The issue sold nearly a million copies,[134]selling the entire first and second print runs within two weeks. It became a collector's item, a first in the history of People.[135]Betty Cortina, editor of People, told Biographythey never had an issue that was completely sold out; "it was unheard of".[135]In the following months, the company released People en Españolaimed at the Hispanic market, due to the success of the Selena issue.[135]This was followed by Newsweek en Espanoland Latinamagazine.[136]
A few days later, Howard Sternmocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, and criticized her music. Stern said, "This music does absolutely nothing for me. Alvin and the Chipmunkshave more soul ... Spanish people have the worst taste in music. They have no depth." Stern's comments outraged and infuriated the Hispanic community in Texas.[137]Stern played Selena's songs with gunshots in the background.[138][139]After a disorderly conductarrest warrant was issued in his name, Stern made an on-air statement, in Spanish, saying his comments were not made to cause "more anguish to her family, friends and those who loved her".[140][141]The League of United Latin American Citizensboycotted Stern's show, finding his apology unacceptable.[142]Texas retailers removed any products that were related to Stern, while Searsand McDonald'ssent a letter stating their disapproval of Stern's comments to the media, because some fans believed the companies sponsored Stern's show.[143]Within a week, on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Stern and Robin Quivers(his co-host) were asked whether Stern's remarks about Selena were acceptable. Quivers decided not to talk about the situation to avoid arguing with Stern. When Linda Ronstadt—a pop singer of Mexican-American heritage—appeared on the show, she and Quivers argued when Ronstadt defended Selena.[144]
On April 12, 1995, two weeks after Selena's death, George W. Bush, governor of Texas at the time, declared her birthday, April 16, Selena Dayin the state.[39][145][146]He said Selena represented "the essence of south Texas culture." who never forgot where she came from.[147]Some European Americans in Texas wrote to the editor of the Brazosport Factsduring April and May, asking what the big deal was; some were offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday. Others said, "Easter is moreimportant than Selena Day", and that they believed people should let Selena rest in peace and continue with their lives.[148]Mexican Americans in Texas wrote vociferously to the newspaper. Some said others were too critical of Selena Day, and should not have responded so rudely.[149]In October 1995, a Houston jury convicted Saldívar of first-degree murderand sentenced her to life in prison with the possibility of parole in 2025.[150][151]In 2002, under a judge's order, the gun used to kill Selena was destroyed and the pieces were thrown into Corpus Christi Bay.[152][153]Fans and historians disapproved of the decision to destroy the gun, saying the event was historical and the gun should have been in a museum.[19]
Artistry
Selena's vocal rangewas soprano.[154]In an April 1995 interview with Billboardmagazine, Behar said he saw Selena as a "cross between Janet Jacksonand Whitney Houstonin style, feel, and vocal range".[155]Although Selena did not write most of her songs, she incorporated R&B,[156]Latin pop, techno-pop,[157]country and western, and discointo her Tejano music repertoire.[158]Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning Newssaid that during her music career, Selena "merges Tejano's infectious cumbia rhythm with street-savvy R&B, old-school soul, dancehall reggae, sizzling salsa, and trippy, loopy funk".[159]Selena's recordings expressed "love and pain, as well as strength and passion", according to Charles Tatum.[160]She also recorded independently driven, female-empowerment-themed compositions; "Si La Quieres", "¿Qué Creías?", "Ya Ves" and "Ya No", which centered around inappropriate relationships and recovery from domestic violence.[161]Peter Watrous of The New York Timessaid Selena's voice "sometimes quivered", and that she "roughed it up a bit". He continued, "[a]t its best, it had a coolness, a type of unadorned passion".[162]Ilan Stavanscalled her music "cursi-melodramatic, cheesy, overemotional, not too far from Juan Gabrieland a relative of Iglesias".[163]Richard Corlissof Timemagazine said her songs "are perky, cheerful rather than soulful", and that earlier recordings, "with their tinny, Tijuana Brass charts, and keyboards that evoke calliopes, are ideal for the fairground or merry-go-round". Corliss calls Selena's singing an "expert mimicry of everything from Édith Piaf's melodramatic contralto to the coloratura riffs of Mariah Carey. But the sounds are still lightly Hispanic."[164]




"Dreaming of You" (1995)







"Dreaming of You", an English-language recording, became one of four English cuts Selena recorded for her crossover from Spanish into English pop music.

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Newsweekmagazine called Selena's English-language recordings "a blend of urban pop and Latin warmth".[165]According to Texas Monthly, Selena's brother modernized her music into a more "funk and hip hop" sound.[166]Selena's use of emotive range during her musical career has been praised by critics as being her trademark.[167][168]Quintanilla III wrote increasingly Cumbia-influenced songs for Ven Conmigo(1990); Ramiro Burr of Billboardsaid Selena and her band had "evolved a rhythmic style that demonstrated its increasing prowess for catchy cumbias such as 'Baila Esta Cumbia' and the title track".[169]Italian essayist Gaetano Prampolini wrote that "Selena's voice projected a sonorous warmth and joyfulness" during her review of Selena's Cumbia recordings.[170]In his review of the remix album Enamorada de Ti(2012), Stephen Thomas Erlewineof AllMusicwrote that Selena's songs were "rooted in the '90s and sound that way—but [Enamorada de Ti] is a relatively fresher repackaging of her music than many of her posthumous releases".[171]
Public image
Quintanilla, Jr. sought to maintain Selena's image clean and family-oriented.[172]In 1989, she was offered sponsorship from beer companies but her father turned them down.[135]Selena was often refused gigs at Tejano venues because she was a female singer in a male-dominated music scene.[173]Manuel Peña wrote that after 1989, Selena's popularity increased and she became a sex icon following the release of her debut album.[172]Charles Tatum said Selena drew most attention was for her "beauty, sexuality, and youthful impact on the Tejano music scene".[160]Selena said she never wanted to record suggestive songs because of her upbringing and because her fan base consisted largely of young children, who regarded her as a role model.[174]She further commented on the question of her sexual appealto men during her crossover attempt, asserting that she will "stay the same" and that her English-language recordings will refrain from foul language and sexual themes.[174]In 1997, María Celeste Arraráswrote in her book about Selena's death that the singer was a "sweet and charismatic girl".[175]According to Arrarás, Selena "trusted everyone"; she often went shopping alone, despite her father's concerns over her safety.[176]
Betty Cortina of Peoplemagazine said Selena's provocative choice of clothing was an acceptable emulation of Janet Jackson and Madonna, and that she wore "sexy outfits that extenuated a body of a Latina woman".[135][177]Cortina also stated that Selena had a "flamboyant style, an unbelievable body, curves and booty".[135]Arrarás wrote that Selena "began wearing clothes designed to emphasize her curvaceous figure" and that she "never came across as cheap-simply sexy".[178]She also said Selena's makeup regimen was not being "painted up or vulgar".[178]Arrarás also noted Selena's "fun-loving stage manner" and said she was "playful onstage and off".[179]Matt S. Meier wrote in his book The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia(2010) that Selena exhibited "contagious energy" during her concerts and said she displayed "warmth, passion, and sexuality" while exuding a "down-to-earth persona of the wholesome young girl next door".[180]Selena wore outfits that accented her physical attributes and was not afraid to wear outfits she liked,[135]despite criticism from parents who thought Selena's choice of outfits were inappropriate for young girls, who began emulating Selena.[181]Her views on public image in the fashion industry were bothersome; she said she was opposed to the image that all woman should be "rail-thin" and the notion that they must wear certain outfits and be "super-young to be beautiful".[182]
In the early 1990s, Selena began wearing decorative bustiers, spandex or tight pants, and attractive, unbuttoned jackets during her concerts.[181]She was inspired by Paula Abdul, Janet Jackson, and Madonna.[181]During a 1992 interview, Selena said her choice of clothing does not reflect her personality.[135]NBC Newscalled Selena's outfit "provocative".[183]Because of her choices of outfits and dance moves, she was named by her fans as the "Mexican Madonna".[184][185]According to Suzette, Selena often designed and sewed her own outfits backstage with her designers, moments before she was due on stage.[135]Quintanilla, Jr. disapproved of Selena's outfits, but he later accepted it when Selena discussed about it being a fashion trend.[135]Selena became an inactive member of the Jehovah's Witnesses due to her exotic clothing.[186]During the photo shoot for Entre a Mi Mundo(1992), a photographer remarked on the ways Selena's choice of clothing affected Quintanilla, Jr. tremendously; he often left sessions when Selena appeared in revealing outfits.[187]Selena was credited as the first women to change public perceptions of feminine beauty; a feminist, she blazed a trail for other female artists during her career.[135][188]
Following Selena's death, some celebrities questioned her status as a role model among Hispanic women. In her 1999 documentaryabout the singer, filmmaker Lourdes Portilloexpressed concerns whether Selena was a great role model to young women.[189]Portillo believed Selena was sending the wrong message to young girls by dancing in clothing that suggested hypersexualization.[190]American author Sandra Cisnerosagreed with Portillo's assessment that Selena was "not a good role model to Latina women".[191]Media outlets also shared Portillo's views; they said the "fairy tale story" of Selena was one that her family would want to preserve, questioning Quintanilla, Jr.'s role for pushing an image that Selena had "never made mistakes" into the media, calling it "lies" and "not the real story".[192][193]
Philanthropy
During her childhood, Selena helped organizations such as Toys for Tots.[194]She was active in the U.S. Latino community,[195]visiting local schools to talk to students about the importance of education.[195]At Fulmore Junior High School in Austin, she educated two hundred high school students about positive attitudes and setting life-goals in their adult lives.[194]Selena urged children to stay in school, and that alcohol and drugs will lead them nowhere in life.[196]She spent her free time helping her community. Selena performed in Washington D.C.to celebrate the forming of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus.[195]Following the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew, Selena helped victims in Florida by performing at a Houston benefit concert.[195][112]
In August 1994, Selena hosted a charity baseball game to raise money for unspecified charities.[197]She also donated her time to civic organizations such as D.A.R.E.and planned a fund raising concert to help AIDSpatients.[19]Selena participated with the Texas Prevention Partnership which was sponsored by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Dep Corporation), which released an educational video that was sent to students for free.[19]Her pro-education videos included "My Music" and "Selena Agrees". She was in the works for a Dallas-Fort Worth, TexasBoys & Girls Clubs of Americabenefit concert.[19]
In January 1995, Selena headlined the Teach the Children festival in San Antonio. The concert funded a non-profit program to provide school supplies to needy children.[112]Selena was a spokesperson for women in abusive relationships.[198]She also helped out at homeless shelters.[112]According to the A&Etelevision series Biography, Selena's fans were often minorities; she encouraged them to make the most of their lives.[135]Her biggest fear was that no-one would attend her concerts.[199]
Legacy and influence
See also: List of people influenced by Selena
Selena has been credited for helping redefine Latin music[200]and its subgenres of Tejano,[201][202]Cumbia, and Latin pop.[203][204]Selena broke barriers in the Latin music world.[154][205][206]She is considered "one of the most significant Mexican American singers of the end of the twentieth century".[207]Selena also became one of the "most celebrated cultural products" of the United States-Mexico borderlands.[208]Selena was called the "Queen of Tejano music", and was described as "the most important and popular Tejano star of all time".[209]Her death was "the most devastating loss" in Tejano music history.[206]At the time of her death, Selena became one of the most widely known Mexican-American vocal artists[210][211]and the most popular Latin artist in the United States.[211]She had a "cult-like" following among Hispanics.[212]
Selena has been named one of the most influential Latin artists of all-time and has been credited for elevating a music genre into the mainstreammarket.[1][2]Latin Postcalled the singer "one of the most iconic artists in Latin American music history",[213]while The New York Timescalled her "arguably the most important Latina musician in the country, on her way to becoming one of the most important, period."[214]Selena became a household name in the United States and in Mexico following her death and became part of the American pop culture.[214][215]She became more popular in death than when she was alive.[216]After her death, her popularity among the Hispanic population was compared to those of Marilyn Monroeand Madonna in Anglo-American culture.[217]Selena was named "one of the most popular Latina singers of the 1990s".[218]Selena's popularity was drawn in by the LGBT community and minority groups in the United States.[219]The popularity of Tejano music waned after her death, and as of 2015, has not recovered.[220][221]John Lannert of Billboardsaid in an interview with Biographyin 2007 that when Selena died the "Tejano market died with her".[135]
Dreaming of You, the crossover album Selena had been working on at the time of her death, was released in July 1995. It sold 175,000 copies on the day of its release in the U.S.—a then-record for a female vocalist—and sold 331,000 copies its first week.[222][223]Selena became the third female artist to sell over 300,000 units in one week, after Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey.[224]It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard200chart, becoming the first album by a Hispanic artist to do so.[225][226][227]Dreaming of Youhelped Selena to become the first solo artist to debut a posthumous album at number one.[228]The recording was among the top-ten best-selling debuts for a musician, and was the best-selling debut by a female act.[229]Dreaming of Youjoined five of Selena's studio albums on the Billboard200 chart simultaneously, making Selena the first female artist in Billboardhistory to do so.[230]The album was certified 35x platinum by the RIAA, for shipping more than 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone.[231][232]As of 2015, the recording has sold five million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Latin album of all-time in the United States.[233]In 2008, Joey Guerraof the Houston Chroniclesaid its lead single, "I Could Fall in Love", had "made the Tejano goddess a posthumous crossover star".[234]Her death was believed to have sparked an interest in Latin music by people who were unaware of its existence.[235][200][236]It was also believed her death "open[ed] the doors" to other Latin musicians such as Jennifer Lopez,[237]Ricky Martin, and Shakira.[238]
In the same year, the United States Social Security Administrationranked the name Selena one of the 100 most popular names for newborn girls.[239]In December 1999, Selena was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboardfor her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits.[240]She was the best-selling Latin female singer of the 1990s in the U.S. and Mexico.[241]Selena was named "Best Female Vocalist of the '80s" and "Best Female Vocalist of the '90s" at the 2010 Tejano Music Awards.[86]
Posthumous film and honors
In the months following her death, a number of honors and tributes were erected. Several proposals were made, such as renaming streets, public parks, food products,[242]and auditoriums.[243]Two months later, a tribute was held at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[244]The Spirit of Hope Award was created in Selena's honor in 1996;[245]it was awarded to Latin artists who participated in humanitarian and civic causes.[246]On March 16, 2011, the United States Postal Servicereleased a "Latin Legends" memorial stamp to honor Selena, Carlos Gardel, Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, and Carmen Miranda.[247]In February 2014, the Albany, NY Times Unionnamed her one of "100 Coolest Americans in History".[248]In 1997 Selena was commemorated with a museum and a life-size bronze statue, which are visited by hundreds of fans each week.[249]
In 1995, Selena was inducted into the BillboardLatin Music Hall of Fame,[250]the Hard Rock Cafe's Hall of Fame,[100]the South Texas Music Hall of Fame,[90]and the Tejano Music Hall of Fame in 2001.[180]She was named one of the 20 most influential Texans of all time.[90]She was ranked fifth of the "100 most influential Latin musicians of the 20th century" according to the Orange County Register.[251]The singer has been given many epithets by media outlets, including the "Queen of Latin music",[252]the "Queen of Cumbia",[253]the "Chicana Elvis",[254]the "Queen of hybrid pop culture", the "Hispanic Marilyn Monroe",[163]the "Tupac Shakurof Latin music",[255]the "Corpus Christi queen",[256]and the "people's princess".[257][258]Media have compared Selena's fashion sense to that of Madonna more times than any other celebrity.[259][260][12][261]
In 1995, Mexican actress Salma Hayekwas chosen to play the role of Selena in a biopic film produced by the Quintanilla family and Warner Bros.[262]Hayek turned the role down; she said she felt it was "too early" to base a movie on Selena and that it would be emotional because Selena's death was still being covered on U.S. television.[263][264]Puerto Rican-American actress Jennifer Lopez replaced Hayek, which drew criticism because of Lopez' ancestry.[265]Over 21,000 people auditioned for the title role, becoming the second largest audition since the search for Scarlett O'Harain Gone With the Wind(1939).[266][267]Gregory Navadirected for the film, which was released on March 21, 1997. After seeing Lopez' performance in it, fans changed their views on her. Selenaopened in 1,850 theaters worldwide and grossed $11,615,722, making it the second-highest-grossing film debut that week.[268]With a production budget of $20 million, the film grossed $35 million in the U.S.[268]The film was a commercial and critical success[269]and is often cited by critics as Lopez' breakthrough role.[270][271]Lopez rose into pop culture, for which the film's success was credited.[272]
In 1999, a Broadway-bound musical titled Selenawas scheduled to premiere in San Antonio in March 2000 to commemorate the fifth anniversary of her murder. Broadway producers Tom Quinn, Jerry Frankel, Peter Fitzgerald, and Michael Vegastaged the musical,[273]and Edward Gallardo wrote the show's book and lyrics. Fernando Rivascomposed the show's songs. In 2000, Selena Foreverwas first produced; the show embarked on a 30-city U.S. tour with a budget of over US$2 million.[273]After a national casting call, producers chose Veronica Vasquezto portray Selena; Vasquez alternated in the role with Rebecca Valdez.[274]The musical previewed on March 21, and opened on March 23 at the San Antonio Municipal Auditorium.[275]
Selena's family and her former band, Los Dinos, held a tribute concert on April 7, 2005, a week after the 10th anniversary of her murder. The concert, titled Selena ¡VIVE!, was broadcast live on Univisionand achieved a 35.9 household rating. It was the highest-rated and most-viewed Spanish-language television special in the history of American television. The special was also the number-one program in any language among adults ages 18 to 34 in Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco; it tied for first in New York, beating that night's episode of Fox's reality show American Idol.[276]Among Hispanic viewers, Selena ¡VIVE!outperformed Super Bowl XLVand the telenovela Soy tu dueñaduring the "most-watched NFL season ever among Hispanics".[277][278]
In January 2015, it was announced that a two-day annual event called Fiesta de la Florwould be held in Corpus Christi for Selena by the Corpus Christi Visitors Bureau. Musical acts for the first annual event included Kumbia All-Starz, Chris Pérez, Los Lobos, Jay Perez, Little Joe y la Familia, Los Palominos, Stefani Montiel of Las 3 Divas, Girl in a Coma's Nina Diaz, Las Fenix, and previous The Voicecompetitor Clarissa Serna.[279][280][281]The event raised $13 million with an attendance of 52,000 people with 72% of whom lived outside of Corpus Christi. The event sparked interest from people in 35 states and five different countries including Mexico, Brazil, and Ecuador.[282]
Discography
Main article: Selena albums discography
Studio Albums
Selena(1989)
Ven Conmigo(1990)
Entre a Mi Mundo(1992)
Amor Prohibido(1994)
Dreaming of You(1995)
Filmography
See also: Selena videography
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1995
Don Juan DeMarco
Mariachi singer Minor role/cameo appearance (posthumous release)

Television
Appearances as self in life

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984-1994
Johnny Canales Show
herself Music performer guest
1986—1995
Tejano Music Awards
herself Honoree
1993
Dos Mujeres, un Camino
herself Appeared in two episodes
1994
Sábado gigante
herself Talk show guest
1994
Cristina Show
herself Talk show guest
1995
Latin Nights
herself TV documentary

Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1997
Selena Remembered
herself Documentary
1997
The Final Notes
herself Documentary
1998
Behind The Music
herself Episode: Selena
2001
Selena Live! The Last Concert
herself Her last televised concert that was filmed in February 1995
2001
Greatest Hits
herself Music videos
2005
Selena ¡VIVE!
herself Dedicatee
2007
Queen of Tejano music
herself Documentary
2008
Biography
herself Episode: Selena

True crimedocumentaries

Year
Title
Notes

1995
E! True Hollywood Story
Episode: The Selena Murder Trail
1998
American Justice
Episode: Selena Murder of a Star
2001
The Greatest
Episode: 100 Most Shocking Moments in Rock and Roll History
2003
101
Episode: 101 Most Shocking Moments in Entertainment
2010
Famous Crime Scene
Episode: Selena
2012
100 Most Shocking Music Moments
Documentary
2012
Reel Crime/Reel Story
Episode: Selena
2014
Snapped
Episode: Selena Death of a Superstar

See also
Book icon Book: Selena

Honorific nicknames in popular music
Music of Texas
List of awards and nominations received by Selena
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
List of people on stamps of the United States
List of Selena concert tours


Texas flag map.svgTexas portal
P vip.svgBiography portal
Conga.svgLatin music portal
Flag of the Hispanicity.svgHispanic and Latino Americans portal



Notes
a.Jump up ^Media outlets who called Selena the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonna includes The Victoria Advocate,[283]The New York Times,[12]MTV.com,[284]MSN.com,[285]and Rhapsody.[286]
b.Jump up ^According to a book written by Stacy Lee, she reports sales of 300,000 units,[84]while María Celeste Arraráswrote in her book that the album sold 385,000 units in Mexico.[287]
c.Jump up ^"Fotos y Recuerdos" peaked at number one posthumously in April 1995.[288]"Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", and "No Me Queda Mas" peaked at number one before Selena's death.[289]
d.Jump up ^Outlets describing Selena as "Queen of Tejano music" includes: Entertainment Weekly,[290]Billboardmagazine,[291]Los Angeles Magazine,[292]Vibemagazine,[293]The Huffington Post,[294]and The New York Times.[295]
References
1.^ Jump up to: abFlores, Daniel (28 March 2015). "Selena’s Legacy: Queen of Tejano still reigns". Valley Star News. Retrieved 29 April2015.
2.^ Jump up to: ab"The 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All-Time". Billboard.com. Retrieved 29 April2015.
3.Jump up ^"Still Missing Selena: Here Are 6 Reasons Why.". NBC News. Retrieved 29 March2015.
4.Jump up ^"A 17 años de su trágica muerte, Selena Quintanilla vuelve en grande.". E! Online(in Spanish). Retrieved 17 February2012.
5.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 30.
6.Jump up ^Pérez Dávila, Angie (March 31, 2005). "A 10 años de la muerte de Selena". Noticieros Televisa(in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October2011.
7.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 20.
8.Jump up ^"Selena, the Queen of Tejano Music". Legacy.com. Retrieved October 11,2011.
9.Jump up ^Bernstein, Ellen (April 16, 1997). "Birthday hoopla is prohibited". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Corpus Christi, Texas. Archived from the originalon April 3, 2009. Retrieved August 27,2010.
10.^ Jump up to: abcdeHewitt, Bill (April 17, 1995). "Before Her Time". People43(15). Retrieved January 29,2015.
11.Jump up ^"Viva Selena!". Los Angeles Daily News. August 24, 1994. Retrieved October 10,2011.
12.^ Jump up to: abcdefHowe Verhovek, Sam (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1.
13.Jump up ^"Latin singer Selena killed in Texas motel". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. April 1, 1995. Retrieved October 10,2011.
14.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 53.
15.^ Jump up to: abcdeMitchell, Rick (May 21, 1995). "Selena, the making of the queen of Tejano". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the originalon 2007-07-09. Retrieved February 1,2008.
16.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 58.
17.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 59.
18.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 111.
19.^ Jump up to: abcdeOrozco, Cynthia. "Quintanilla, Selena". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 January2015.
20.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 56.
21.Jump up ^Schone, Mark (October 31, 2004). "Sweet Music". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 29,2015.
22.Jump up ^Miguel 2002, p. 118.
23.Jump up ^Sobek 2012, p. 631.
24.Jump up ^Miguel 2002, p. 3.
25.Jump up ^"The Chicano Wave". Latin Music USA. Episode 3. 30 minutes in. PBS. Retrieved April 19,2015. "Selena wanted to sing American pop music, but her father had learned some hard lessons playing music in Texas with a band he'd had years before called Los Dinos."
26.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 256.
27.Jump up ^Morales, Tatiana (October 16, 2002). "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBS News. Retrieved January 29,2015.
28.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, pp. 56-57.
29.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 63.
30.^ Jump up to: abcCecilia Miniucchi (director), Edward James Olmos(narrator), Jeffrey Coulter (producer) (1997). Selena Remembered(VHS/DVD) (in English and Spanish). EMI Latin, Q-Productions. Event occurs at 60 minutes.
31.^ Jump up to: abQueen of Tejano Music, Selena special(Part of the 10th anniversary of the SelenaDVD movie). Q-Productions. 2007. 18 minutes in.
32.Jump up ^Gershman, Rick (18 March 1997). "Selena's legacy". St. Petersburg Times(Times Publishing Company). Retrieved 11 October2011.
33.Jump up ^Lopetegui, Enrique (8 April 1995). "A Crossover Dream Halted Prematurely, Tragically Some Ambitious Plans Were Under Way to Bring Selena to Mainstream U.S. Audience". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July2011.
34.Jump up ^Minnick, Doug (24 September 2010). "Jose Behar, interview". Taxi A&R. Retrieved 24 September2010.
35.Jump up ^Morales, Ed (2003). The Latin beat : the rhythms and roots of Latin music from bossa nova to salsa and beyond(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306810182. Retrieved 13 October2014.
36.Jump up ^Selenaat AllMusic
37.Jump up ^"Selena (artist) > Chart history > Regional Mexican Albums > Selena". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 May2012.
38.^ Jump up to: abPeña 1999, p. 205.
39.^ Jump up to: abOrozco, Cynthia E. Quintanilla Pérez, Selena. The Handbook of Texas online. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
40.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 9.
41.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 12.
42.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 28.
43.Jump up ^Novas 1995, p. 50.
44.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 49.
45.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 52.
46.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 23.
47.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 110.
48.Jump up ^"Selena > Discography". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 107(23). 10 June 1995. Retrieved 10 October2014.
49.Jump up ^Castrellón, Cristina (31 August 2007). Selena: su vida después de su muerte(in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 9786071110367. Retrieved 10 October2014. "(Spanish, original) El motivo era celebrar que Selena había ganado su primer Disco de Oro al rabasar las 150 mil copias vendidas de su disco Baila Esta Cumbia, el primero que salio en Mexico. (English, translate) The occasion was to celebrate that Selena had won her first gold record of 150 thousand copies sold of her album Baila Esta Cumbia, who first came to Mexico."
50.Jump up ^"Disco de Oro y Platino a Viene de la Uno". El Siglo de Torreón(in Spanish). 13 December 1993. Retrieved 10 October2014.
51.^ Jump up to: abcdPatoski 1996, p. 134.
52.^ Jump up to: abReports, Wire (1 April 1995). "Gunshot Silences Singing Sensation Selena At Age 23". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 10 October2011.
53.Jump up ^Soto, Manuel (30 December 2004). "Alvaro Torres: el antigalán de la canción". Hoy(in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May2012.
54.Jump up ^"Peniston Leads Music Video Nominees". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 104(42). 17 October 1992. Retrieved 5 May2013.
55.Jump up ^"Past Tejano Music Awards Winners". TejanoMusicAwards.com. Texas Talent Association. Retrieved 5 May2013.
56.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 259.
57.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 107(23). Retrieved 2 May2013.
58.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 72.
59.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 73.
60.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 75.
61.Jump up ^Aguila, Justino (22 March 2012). "Selena's Widower Shows a Different Side of Singer in New Book (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 June2013.
62.Jump up ^Novas 1995, p. 53.
63.^ Jump up to: abGostin, Nicki (30 March 2012). "Chris Perez on his book 'To Selena, With Love'". CNN. Retrieved 9 June2013.
64.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 79.
65.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 93.
66.^ Jump up to: abPérez 2012, p. 99.
67.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 26.
68.Jump up ^Pérez 2012, p. 105.
69.Jump up ^Tarradell, Mario (16 July 1995). "Dreaming of Selena A new album celebrates what she was but only hints at what she could have become". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
70.Jump up ^"Record company planning Selena retrospective". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 12 April 1995. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
71.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (18 July 1995). "Selena crosses over to pop – Posthumous release a reminder of talent cut short". San Antonio-Express News. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
72.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (20 May 1993). "Awards recognize Latin musicians". Austin American Statesmen. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
73.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard(Prometheus Global Media) 107(23): 112. Retrieved 18 November2011.
74.Jump up ^"Certificaciones – Selena"(in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 18 November2011.
75.Jump up ^"Selena Soundtrack Hints At Tejano Singer's Appeal". Miami Herald. 18 March 1997. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
76.Jump up ^"Soundtrack Doesn't Capture Selena's Allure". San Jose Mercury News. 21 March 1997. Retrieved 18 November2011.(subscription required)
77.Jump up ^Clark 2013, p. 120.
78.Jump up ^Tarradell, Mario (16 March 1997). "Selena's Power: Culture Fusion". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 18 November2011.
79.Jump up ^Malone 2003, p. 158.
80.Jump up ^"Music Scene". Philadelphia Inquirer. 23 May 1993. Retrieved 18 November2011.
81.Jump up ^"Billboard Charts > Selena > Top Latin Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 30 January2015.
82.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 135.
83.^ Jump up to: ab"Allmusic > Selena Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 June2012.
84.^ Jump up to: abcStacy 2002, p. 746.
85.Jump up ^Lannert, John (May 21, 1994). "Latin Music Conference". Billboard106(21): 112. Retrieved November 6,2011.
86.^ Jump up to: abc"Tejano Music Awards Past Award Winners". TejanoMusicAwards.com. Archivedfrom the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 23,2010.
87.Jump up ^González, Fernando (May 16, 1994). "Lo Nuestro, Billboard Honor Latin Singers". The Miami Herald(The McClatchy Company). (subscription required (help)).
88.Jump up ^Lannert, John (September 2, 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard107(35): 120. Retrieved November 6,2011.
89.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 120.
90.^ Jump up to: abcJasinski 2012.
91.^ Jump up to: abcPatoski 1996, p. 146.
92.Jump up ^"Selena – Life Events". Corpus Christi Caller Times. March 27, 2005. Archived from the originalon May 13, 2006. Retrieved June 7,2006.
93.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 51.
94.Jump up ^"Top Latin Albums > Week of April 9, 1994". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 29,2012.
95.Jump up ^"Regional Mexican Albums > Week of 9 April 1994". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 29,2012.
96.Jump up ^Lannert, John (22 April 1995). "Selena's Albums Soar". Billboard107(16). Retrieved 9 March2015.
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98.Jump up ^Tarradell, Mario (April 1, 1995). "Singer soared beyond traditional limits on Tejano music". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 4,2011.
99.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 47.
100.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 34.
101.Jump up ^"American album certifications – Selena – Amor Prohibido". Recording Industry Association of America.If necessary, clickAdvanced, then clickFormat, then selectAlbum, then clickSEARCH
102.Jump up ^Ramiro Burr (April 14, 1995). "Five Selena albums reach Billboard 200". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 14,2011.
103.Jump up ^Moon 2008, p. 990.
104.Jump up ^Miguel 2002, p. 110.
105.Jump up ^"Born on the Border". Newsweek. October 22, 1995. Retrieved 28 February2015.
106.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (November 28, 1998). "Topping The Charts Year By Year". Billboard110(48): LMQ3. Retrieved March 3,2010.
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108.Jump up ^Alisa Valdes (April 7, 1995). "Loving Selena, fans loved themselves". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 14,2011.
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110.^ Jump up to: abSchone, Mark (April 20, 1995). "A Postmortem Star In death, Selena is a crossover success". Newsday. Retrieved November 4,2011.
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114.^ Jump up to: abPatoski 1996, p. 115.
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119.^ Jump up to: abcdPatoski 1996, p. 183.
120.Jump up ^"12 October 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
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122.^ Jump up to: abcdef"Selena". Famous Crime Scene. Season 1. Episode 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
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137.Jump up ^Asin, Stephanie and Dyer, R.A. "Selena's public outraged: Shock jock Howard Stern's comments hit raw nerve."at the Wayback Machine(archived July 10, 2007) Houston Chronicle, April 6, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
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142.Jump up ^"Hispanics call Stern's apology for Selena remarks unacceptable". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 7, 1995. Retrieved September 20,2011.
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145.Jump up ^"Selena's Biography TSHA". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 6,2011.
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150.Jump up ^Graczyk, Michael. "Selena's killer gets life"at the Wayback Machine(archived April 5, 2007). Associated Press, October 26, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
151.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 230.
152.Jump up ^"National Briefing Southwest: Texas: Gun That Killed Singer Is To Be Destroyed"The New York Times, June 8, 2002. Retrieved on July 16, 2006.
153.Jump up ^Compiled, Items (June 11, 2002). "Gun used in slaying of Selena destroyed". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 26,2011.
154.^ Jump up to: abMendoza, Madalyn (27 February 2015). "28 reasons Selena makes our hearts go 'bidi bidi bom bom'". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
155.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (April 15, 1995). "EMI Set Honors Selena's Memory". Billboard107(15). Retrieved 2 February2015.
156.Jump up ^Ilan 2014, p. 668.
157.Jump up ^Stacy 2002, p. 745.
158.Jump up ^Moreno 2010, p. 282.
159.Jump up ^Gutiérrez 2003, p. 122.
160.^ Jump up to: abTatum 2013, p. 1032.
161.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 121.
162.Jump up ^Watrous, Peter (30 July 1995). "Recordings View;; Inklings of What Might Have Been". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March2015.
163.^ Jump up to: abStavans, Ilan (20 November 1995). "Dreaming of You". New Republic. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).[dead link]
164.Jump up ^Corliss, Richard (24 June 2001). "Viva Selena". Time. Retrieved 26 March2015.
165.Jump up ^"Selena's Posthumous Triumph". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 February2015.
166.Jump up ^"Topics > Selena". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 28 February2015.
167.Jump up ^Latin Style(45). 2002. "The song "My Love," was written by Selena and samples from contemporary pop influences. Other songs like "Sukiyaki" (a cover of Kyu Sakamoto's 1963 hit), "Amame, Quiéreme" (her first duet with Pete Astudillo), and the cumbia “Besitos”, played a pivotal role on how Selena mixed rhythm and sound, which became her trademark."
168.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 160.
169.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (1999). The Billboard guide to Tejano and regional Mexican music(1st ed.). Billboard Books. ISBN 0823076911. Retrieved 10 October2014.
170.Jump up ^Prampolini 2013, p. 188.
171.Jump up ^Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Enamorada de Ti (Album review)". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 September2014.
172.^ Jump up to: abPeña 1999, p. 206.
173.Jump up ^Pilchak 2005, p. 39.
174.^ Jump up to: abParédez 2009, p. 141.
175.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 23.
176.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 38.
177.Jump up ^Foley 1997, p. 16.
178.^ Jump up to: abArrarás 1997, p. 59.
179.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 60.
180.^ Jump up to: abMeier 2003, p. 372.
181.^ Jump up to: abcFoley 1997, p. 24.
182.Jump up ^Tiscareño-Sato 2011.
183.Jump up ^Reyes, Paul (March 31, 2014). "Still Missing Selena: Here Are 6 Reasons Why". NBC News. Retrieved 28 February2015.
184.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 359.
185.Jump up ^Jones 2013, p. 88.
186.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 167.
187.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 117.
188.Jump up ^Jasinski 2012, p. 457.
189.Jump up ^"Corpus: A Home Movie For Selena". PBS. Retrieved 9 March2015.
190.Jump up ^Fregoso 2010, p. 20.
191.Jump up ^Rebolledo 2005, p. 126.
192.Jump up ^Persall, Steve (21 March 1997). "Selena becomes more saint than singer". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 28 December2011. (subscription required (help)).
193.Jump up ^McLane, Daisann (18 March 1997). "Santa Selena Does The Movie's "Official" Version of The Slain Tejano Singer's Life Show's The True Picture?". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 28 December2011. (subscription required (help)).
194.^ Jump up to: abPatoski 1996, p. 108.
195.^ Jump up to: abcdJones 2013, p. 11.
196.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 150.
197.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 61.
198.Jump up ^Jones 2013, p. 9.
199.Jump up ^Burr, John (26 March 1996). "Selena hits gold on, off stage - Singer's wedding, break-through album highlight of 1990". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 7 July2013.
200.^ Jump up to: abSickels 2013, p. 482.
201.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 12.
202.Jump up ^Habell-Pallán 2002, p. 121.
203.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 188.
204.Jump up ^Segura 2007, p. 477.
205.Jump up ^Habell-Pallán 2002, p. 122.
206.^ Jump up to: abQuaintance, Zack (31 March 2010). "Remembering Selena". The Monitor. Retrieved 26 March2015.
207.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 183.
208.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 376.
209.Jump up ^Candelaria 2004, p. 755.
210.Jump up ^Garcia 2002, p. 220.
211.^ Jump up to: abTrue, Philip (April 17, 1995). "Selena's fans may turn her into folk hero". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved October 10,2011.
212.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 377.
213.Jump up ^Akoukou Thompson, Nicole (3 January 2014). "Selena, Shakira, Santana & More: The 100 Year History of Latin Music in the United States". Latin Post. Retrieved 26 March2015.
214.^ Jump up to: abPareles, Jon; Caramanica, Jon; Ratliff, Ben; Chinen, Nate; Holden, Stephen (26 November 2010). "Wow! Every Song What's-His-Name Ever Recorded: [Movies, Performing Arts/Weekend Desk]". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
215.Jump up ^Mitchell 2007, p. 387.
216.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 364.
217.Jump up ^Espinosa 2009, p. 372.
218.Jump up ^Caulfield 2007, p. 223.
219.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 185.
220.Jump up ^Mcdonald 2010, p. 364.
221.Jump up ^Platenburg, Gheni (October 17, 2011). "Popularity of Tejano music wanes; conjunto, other Regional Mexican music takes over". The Monitor. Retrieved 31 January2015.
222.Jump up ^"No. 1 start for Selena's `Dreaming'". USA Today. 27 July 1995. Retrieved 22 July2011.
223.Jump up ^"Selena's Popularity Grows". The Hour. 24 March 2004. Retrieved 28 April2013.
224.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (25 Jul 1995). "Selling like a dream - Selena CD outpaces previous top sellers". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 19 January2013. "With first-week sales of "Dreaming of You" at about 400,000-plus, Selena has become the fastest-selling female artist in music history. Final full-week sales figures will not be available until later this week, but on Monday EMI Latin officials estimated Selena's sales at more than 400,000, which puts the late singer ahead of other previous top sellers including: Janet Jackson, "Janet," 350,000; Mariah Carey[...]"
225.Jump up ^Bruno, Anthony (February 28, 2011). "AllMusic.com Folding Into AllRovi.com for One-Stop Entertainment Shop". Billboard. Retrieved June 15,2013.
226.Jump up ^Marrero, Letisha (November 2003). "Ritmo Roundup". Vibe13(13): 172. Retrieved 7 December2011.
227.Jump up ^Burr, Ramiro (26 March 2005). "Upcoming Selena Tribute". Billboard117(13): 56. Retrieved 7 December2011.
228.Jump up ^Lannert, John (5 August 1995). "Latin Notas". Billboard107(31). Retrieved 25 May2013.
229.Jump up ^Lannert, John (2 September 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard107(35): 120. Retrieved 7 December2011.
230.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard107(23): 112. Retrieved 7 December2011.
231.Jump up ^"American certifications – Selena – Dreaming of You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 December2011.
232.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (4 May 1996). "Awards Show". Billboard108(18): 122. Retrieved 7 December2011.
233.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor in Corpus Christi". Houston Chronicle(Jack Sweeney). Retrieved 9 March2015.
234.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (30 October 2008). "Gloria Estefan in a league of her own 'Person of the Year' a longtime inspiration". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 June2012.
235.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 81.
236.Jump up ^Lannert, John (29 July 1995). "Latin Music Has New Challenges At Anglo Market". Billboard107(30). Retrieved 26 March2015.
237.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 82.
238.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (24 July 2012). "A tribute to Selena among this year's QFest offerings". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 March2015.
239.Jump up ^Renter, Melissa (March 25, 2010). "The legacy of Selena". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved January 31,2015.
240.Jump up ^Mayfield, Geoff (December 25, 1999). "Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade". Billboard111(52): YE–16–18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 30,2010.
241.Jump up ^"The American Dream". The Dominion Post. 29 January 2001. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
242.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 33.
243.Jump up ^Patoski 1996, p. 318.
244.Jump up ^Chito de la Torre (May 12, 1995). "En Vivo: Premio Lo Nuestro". La Prensa de San Antonio(in Spanish) (Duran Duran Industries). Retrieved April 13,2015. (subscription required (help)).
245.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (2 March 1996). "Billboard's Magazine 1996 Latin Music Awards Scheduled For May 1 At The Historical Gusman Center for Performing Arts". Billboard108(9). Retrieved 11 September2012.
246.Jump up ^Nielsen Business Media, Inc (29 April 2006). "The Songwriters Speak". Billboard118(17). Retrieved 11 September2012.
247.Jump up ^Sara Inés Calderón (January 18, 2011). "Selena, Celia Cruz, Tito Puente In U.S. Postal Stamp Form". NewsTaco. Retrieved March 7,2011.
248.Jump up ^"The 100 coolest Americans in history". Times Union (Albany). 20 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February2014.
249.Jump up ^Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the performance of memory. Duke Univ Pr. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8223-4502-2. Retrieved March 3,2011.
250.Jump up ^Lannert, John (June 10, 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters The Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard107(23): 58. Retrieved April 11,2014.
251.Jump up ^Wener, Ben; Chang, Daniel; Eddy, Steve; Darling, Cary (30 December 1999). "Choosing the 100 most influential Latin musicians of the 20th century". Orange County Register. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
252.Jump up ^"Queen of Latin Music, Selena's Official 1994 Tejano Music Award for Album of the Year -- Just a Year Before Her Tragic Death". Nate D. Sanders Auctions(natedsanders.com/). 2014-01-30. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
253.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (15 April 2014). "Happy birthday, Selena: 'Our cumbia queen'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 7 April2015.
254.Jump up ^Lopez, Antonio (6 April 1997). "Selena, Selena: We Hardly Knew You". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved 26 March2015. (subscription required (help)).
255.Jump up ^Ryan, Patrick (25 June 2014). "Michael Jackson joins a Posthumous Hot 100". USA Today. Retrieved 26 March2015.
256.Jump up ^Salians, Rebecca (9 December 2014). "Fake story reporting Selena's killer leaving prison early nearly 'breaks the Internet' in S. Texas". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
257.Jump up ^Ybarra, Rose (1 April 2005). "Family perseveres after Selenas death". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 26 March2015.
258.Jump up ^Jones 2000, p. 87.
259.Jump up ^Parédez 2009, p. 116.
260.Jump up ^Martin, Dale (16 July 1999). "Selena Album Goes Mainstream". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved 7 April2015.
261.Jump up ^"Selena Murder Trial Begins Monday". MTV News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
262.Jump up ^"Selena to Big Screen". Entertainment Weekly(291). 8 September 1995. Retrieved 28 December2011.
263.Jump up ^Pearlman, Cindy (16 March 1997). "Selena: the story behind the legend". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 28 December2011.
264.Jump up ^Longsdorf, Amy (21 March 1997). "Director Aims For Truth About Selena's Life". The Morning Call. Retrieved 28 December2011.
265.Jump up ^Tracy 2008, p. 53.
266.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 31.
267.Jump up ^Puente, Teresa (30 March 1997). "The Unforeseen Legacy Of Selena Quintanilla Perez". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 26 March2015.
268.^ Jump up to: ab"Selena – Box Office Data, News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved January 22,2012.
269.Jump up ^"Selena". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 29,2011.
270.Jump up ^"Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia". Greenwood Publishing Group. December 30, 2007. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-313-08444-7. Retrieved November 27,2011.
271.Jump up ^"Breakout Roles: Jennifer Lopez". Latina. December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 9,2012.
272.Jump up ^Vargas 2012, p. 53.
273.^ Jump up to: abClemente Sanchez (April 22, 2011). "Quién es Quién en el Teatro en México: Angie Vega". Broadway World.com. Retrieved May 31,2011.
274.Jump up ^"Selena musical to be staged here in April". Corpus Christi Caller Times. February 3, 2000. Retrieved October 25,2011.
275.Jump up ^"Crowds enjoy preview of 'Selena Forever'". Corpus Christi Caller Times. March 22, 2000. Retrieved October 25,2011.
276.Jump up ^Leila Cobo (April 23, 2005). "Selena's Appeal Still Strong". Billboard. Retrieved October 18,2011.
277.Jump up ^Seidman, Robert. "Super Bowl XLV Most-Watched Show in U.S. TV History Among Hispanic Viewers; Tops World Cup Final". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26,2012.
278.Jump up ^Gorman, Bill. "NFL 2010 Hispanic TV Recap, Most-Watched NFL Season Ever Among Hispanics". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26,2012.
279.Jump up ^Nunez, Alana. "Selena Is Getting Her Own Festival to Honor the 20th Anniversary of Her Death". Cosmopolitan. Hearst Magazines. Retrieved 10 March2015.
280.Jump up ^Flores, Adofo. "Mexican-American Icon Selena Will Be Honored In Texas Festival 20 Years After Her Death". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 10 March2015.
281.Jump up ^Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Tejano star Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 10 March2015.
282.Jump up ^"The Economic Impact of the Fiesta de la Flor Festival". KIII TV. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April2015.
283.Jump up ^Martin, Dale (16 July 1999). "Selena Album Goes Mainstream". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved 7 April2015.
284.Jump up ^"Selena Murder Trial Begins Monday". MTV News. Retrieved 26 March2015.
285.Jump up ^Vincent, Alice. "Selena: the Mexican Madonna". MSN.com. Retrieved 15 April2015.
286.Jump up ^Palomares, Sugey. "Hispanic Icons: Selena". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 15 April2015.
287.Jump up ^Arrarás 1997, p. 104.
288.Jump up ^Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters The Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard107(23): 112. Retrieved 26 December2011.
289.Jump up ^"Selena's Chart Performance". Billboard. Retrieved November 23,2011.
290.Jump up ^Cortina, Betty (26 March 1999). "A Sad Note". Entertainment Weekly(478). Retrieved 11 September2012.
291.Jump up ^Lannert, John (6 April 1996). "Tejano Music Awards: Bigger, But Not Necessarily Better". Billboard108(14). Retrieved 11 September2012.
292.Jump up ^Katz, Jesse (December 2002). "The Curse of Zapata". Los Angeles Magazine47(12). Retrieved 11 September2012.
293.Jump up ^Group, Vibe Media (September 1998). "The Year In Review". Vibe6(7). Retrieved 11 September2012.
294.Jump up ^Hernandez, Lee (April 15, 2012). "Selena Quintanilla: Remembering The Queen Of Tejano Music On Her Birthday". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 30,2015.
295.Jump up ^Verhovek, Sam. "Grammy-Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 January2015.
Sources
Patoski, Joe Nick (1996). Selena: Como La Flor. Boston: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69378-2.
Peña, Manuel (1999). Música Tejana: The Cultural Economy of Artistic Transformation. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0890968888.
Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the Performance of Memory. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822390892.
Miguel, Guadalupe San (2002). Tejano Proud: Tex-Mex Music in the Twentieth Century. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585441880.
Jasinski, Laurie E. (2012). Handbook of Texas Music. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0876112971.
Sobek, Maria (2012). Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 031334339X.
Miguel, Guadalupe San (2002). Tejano Proud: Tex-Mex Music in the Twentieth Century. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585441880.
Arrarás, María Celeste(1997). Selena's Secret: The Revealing Story Behind Her Tragic Death. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684831937.
Pérez, Chris(2012). To Selena, with Love. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101580267.
Novas, Himilce (1995). Remembering Selena. Turtleback Books. ISBN 0613926374.
Jones, Steve (2000). Afterlife as Afterimage: Understanding Posthumous Fame. Peter Lang. ISBN 0820463655.
Malone, Bill C. (2003). Southern Music/American Music. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813126355.
Ilan, Stavans(2014). Latin Music: Musicians, Genres, and Themes. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313343969.
Stacy, Lee (2002). Mexico and the United States. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761474021.
Moreno, Michael P. (2010). Term Paper Resource Guide to Latino History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313379327.
Gutiérrez, José Angel (2003). Chicano Manual on How to Handle Gringos. Arte Publico Press. ISBN 1611920930.
Tatum, Charles (2013). Encyclopedia of Latino Culture: From Calaveras to Quinceaneras. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1440800995.
Prampolini, Gaetano (2013). The Shade of the Saguaro / La sombra del saguaro. Essays on the Literary Cultures of the American Southwest. Firenze University Press. ISBN 886655393X.
Pilchak, Angela M. (2005). Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music. Cengage Gale. ISBN 0787680699.
Foley, Neil (1997). Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies. University of Texas Press. ISBN 029272506X.
Espinosa, Gastón (2009). Mexican American Religions: Spirituality, Activism, and Culture. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822388952.
Vargas, Deborah (2012). Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816673160.
Novas, Himilce (1995). Women and Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: A Reader. Turtleback Books. ISBN 0613926374.
Segura, Denise A. (2007). Remembering Selena. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822341182.
Candelaria, Cordelia (2004). Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 031333210X.
Garcia, Alma M. (2002). The Mexican Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313314993.
Mcdonald, Les (2010). The Day the Music Died. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1469113562.
Jones, Veda Boyd (2013). Selena (They Died Too Young). Infobase Learning. ISBN 143814637X.
Tracy, Kathleen (2008). Jennifer Lopez: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313355150.
Mitchell, Claudia (2007). Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313084440.
Caulfield, Carlota (2007). A Companion to US Latino Literatures. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 185566139X.
Sickels, Robert C. (2013). 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1598848313.
Habell-Pallán, Michelle (2002). Latino/a Popular Culture. NYU Press. ISBN 0814737250.
Clark, Walter Aaron (2013). From Tejano to Tango: Essays on Latin American Popular Music. Routledge. ISBN 1136536876.
Moon, Tom (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List. Workman Publishing. ISBN 076113963X.
Meier, Matt S. (2003). The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313316430.
Tiscareño-Sato, Graciela (2011). Latinnovating: Green American Jobs and the Latinos Creating Them. Gracefully Global Group. ISBN 0983476004.
Fregoso, Rosa Linda (2010). Lourdes Portillo: The Devil Never Sleeps and Other Films. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292757921.
Rebolledo, Tey Diana (2005). The Chronicles of Panchita Villa and Other Guerrilleras: Essays on Chicana/Latina Literature and Criticism. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292709633.
External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Selena.
Official website
Fiesta de La Flor(annual festival held by the Quintanilla family)
Selenaat DMOZ
Selenadiscography at Discogs
Selenaat the Internet Movie Database
Selenaat AllMusic
Selenaat Find a Grave
Selenaat MTV
Selenaat Rotten Tomatoes
Selenaat Biography.com


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Austin Brown

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Austin Brown

Birth name
Nathaniel Austin Brown
Born
November 22, 1985 (age 29)
Tarzana, California, US
Occupation(s)
Performer, singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, dancer and record producer
Years active
2005–present
Labels
South 5 Records
Website
www.AustinBrown.com
Nathaniel "Austin" Brown,[1] (born November 22, 1985 in Tarzana, California) is an American singer-songwriter. He is a member of the Jackson family and only son to singer Rebbie Jackson and her late husband Nathaniel Brown.


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Discography
3 References
4 External links

Biography[edit]
Brown was born in Tarzana, California to Nathaniel and Rebbie Brown on November 22, 1985, the youngest of three children. He has two sisters. Early in his career, Brown was a ghostwriter for other artists, working under producers including Tim and Bob, The Underdogs, Corey Rooney, Q-Tip, Pharrell and Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins.
Brown released his first single, "All I Need", on KIIS-FM and debuted his "85 Trailer" at Wango Tango. In February 2012 Brown released his video "Menage A Trois" on Vevo, Music Choice, Centric, 106 & Park and MTV U. Outside of the U.S. "Menage A Trois" has plays on Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and UK Radio. In the UK Austin reached number 1 for 3 weeks on UK's Bang Radio 103.6 FM.
In May 2012 Brown started a residency performing live with his band in West Los Angeles and continuing to perform live in the cities of Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Boston and New York City. On December 21, 2012, Idolator premiered "Highway to the Sky". "Highway 85" was then picked up by Global 14, Idolator, Centric, Rap-Up, Singers Room, Ryan Seacrest's AXS Live, Huffington Post and USA Today.
In 2012 Brown performed on "Springfest" with Miguel and Lupe Fiasco, Fox's "Good Day NY", CNN and Pandora "SXSW" shows, BET "Music Matters" stage in July in Los Angeles and in New York City in September. In November Austin opened for Ciara at the Key Club in Los Angeles. In 2012 Brown joined the BET "Music Matters" program; Kendrick Lamar and J. Cole are also a part of the "Music Matters" program.
In early 2013, Brown performed at Los Angeles's Bardot School Night (KCRW) as well as Pop up Shop KIISS 102.7 Event with his band. Austin continued performing through the year. As "Highway 85" continued being discovered and continuing to play, KCRW Los Angeles added "Menage A Trois", "City of Angels" and "Highway to the Sky". In June 2013 Brown made "Highway 85" an official release through ITunes. Brown continued performing live and later in July was asked to perform at the L.A. Live BET "Music Matters Experience" with Marsha Ambrosius and also performed Live on the BET Awards 2013. His partnered Pepsi "Music Matters" commercial aired the same day.
Discography[edit]
2013: Highway 85
1. Highway to the Sky
2. Menage A Trois
3. Volcano
4. Where Were You
5. What Did I Lose To Love You
6. City of Angels
7. F'd with my Mind (Explicit)
8. Stargazer
9. Groove 92
10. To Love Her
11. All I Need Feat. David Banner
12. Feel It Again
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://austinbrown.com/bio
##Idolator Highway to the Sky Premier
##L.A. Times BET Experience 2013 – Austin Brown
##Pepsi – Why Music Matters – Austin Brown
##VMan Magazine – Austin Brown
##E!Online interview – Friendmovement Anti Bullying Campaign
##Benefit concert Austin Brown and LeAnn Rimes
##Axs Live – Austin Brown
##BET 10 things to know about Austin Brown
##Austin Brown BET Awards Performance
##Huffington Post Interviews – Austin Brown
##Singersroom Highway 85
##USA Today Highway 85
##DJ D'Nyce Bang radio UK
##Global 14 F'd with My Mind
##Gloabal 14 – Highway 85
##Highway 85
##Centric TV
##Centric TV Music Matters Showcase
##Centric TV Highway 85
##Music Matters NYC
##Rap-Up Highway 85
External links[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Jackson family







































Portal


##Official website



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1985 births
21st-century American singers
People from Tarzana, Los Angeles
Jackson musical family
African-American singers
African-American singer-songwriters
American male singers
Musicians from California
Living people








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Austin Brown

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Jump to: navigation, search




[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




##This biographical article needs additional citations for verification.  (October 2010)




##The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music.
 (October 2010)



Austin Brown

Birth name
Nathaniel Austin Brown
Born
November 22, 1985 (age 29)
Tarzana, California, US
Occupation(s)
Performer, singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, dancer and record producer
Years active
2005–present
Labels
South 5 Records
Website
www.AustinBrown.com
Nathaniel "Austin" Brown,[1] (born November 22, 1985 in Tarzana, California) is an American singer-songwriter. He is a member of the Jackson family and only son to singer Rebbie Jackson and her late husband Nathaniel Brown.


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Discography
3 References
4 External links

Biography[edit]
Brown was born in Tarzana, California to Nathaniel and Rebbie Brown on November 22, 1985, the youngest of three children. He has two sisters. Early in his career, Brown was a ghostwriter for other artists, working under producers including Tim and Bob, The Underdogs, Corey Rooney, Q-Tip, Pharrell and Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins.
Brown released his first single, "All I Need", on KIIS-FM and debuted his "85 Trailer" at Wango Tango. In February 2012 Brown released his video "Menage A Trois" on Vevo, Music Choice, Centric, 106 & Park and MTV U. Outside of the U.S. "Menage A Trois" has plays on Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and UK Radio. In the UK Austin reached number 1 for 3 weeks on UK's Bang Radio 103.6 FM.
In May 2012 Brown started a residency performing live with his band in West Los Angeles and continuing to perform live in the cities of Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Boston and New York City. On December 21, 2012, Idolator premiered "Highway to the Sky". "Highway 85" was then picked up by Global 14, Idolator, Centric, Rap-Up, Singers Room, Ryan Seacrest's AXS Live, Huffington Post and USA Today.
In 2012 Brown performed on "Springfest" with Miguel and Lupe Fiasco, Fox's "Good Day NY", CNN and Pandora "SXSW" shows, BET "Music Matters" stage in July in Los Angeles and in New York City in September. In November Austin opened for Ciara at the Key Club in Los Angeles. In 2012 Brown joined the BET "Music Matters" program; Kendrick Lamar and J. Cole are also a part of the "Music Matters" program.
In early 2013, Brown performed at Los Angeles's Bardot School Night (KCRW) as well as Pop up Shop KIISS 102.7 Event with his band. Austin continued performing through the year. As "Highway 85" continued being discovered and continuing to play, KCRW Los Angeles added "Menage A Trois", "City of Angels" and "Highway to the Sky". In June 2013 Brown made "Highway 85" an official release through ITunes. Brown continued performing live and later in July was asked to perform at the L.A. Live BET "Music Matters Experience" with Marsha Ambrosius and also performed Live on the BET Awards 2013. His partnered Pepsi "Music Matters" commercial aired the same day.
Discography[edit]
2013: Highway 85
1. Highway to the Sky
2. Menage A Trois
3. Volcano
4. Where Were You
5. What Did I Lose To Love You
6. City of Angels
7. F'd with my Mind (Explicit)
8. Stargazer
9. Groove 92
10. To Love Her
11. All I Need Feat. David Banner
12. Feel It Again
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://austinbrown.com/bio
##Idolator Highway to the Sky Premier
##L.A. Times BET Experience 2013 – Austin Brown
##Pepsi – Why Music Matters – Austin Brown
##VMan Magazine – Austin Brown
##E!Online interview – Friendmovement Anti Bullying Campaign
##Benefit concert Austin Brown and LeAnn Rimes
##Axs Live – Austin Brown
##BET 10 things to know about Austin Brown
##Austin Brown BET Awards Performance
##Huffington Post Interviews – Austin Brown
##Singersroom Highway 85
##USA Today Highway 85
##DJ D'Nyce Bang radio UK
##Global 14 F'd with My Mind
##Gloabal 14 – Highway 85
##Highway 85
##Centric TV
##Centric TV Music Matters Showcase
##Centric TV Highway 85
##Music Matters NYC
##Rap-Up Highway 85
External links[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Jackson family







































Portal


##Official website



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1985 births
21st-century American singers
People from Tarzana, Los Angeles
Jackson musical family
African-American singers
African-American singer-songwriters
American male singers
Musicians from California
Living people








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Create account
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Rebbie Jackson

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Jump to: navigation, search


Rebbie Jackson

Birth name
Maureen Reillette Jackson
Born
May 29, 1950 (age 64)
Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Genres
R&B, pop, soul
Occupation(s)
Singer, actress
Years active
1974–1998, 2010–present
Labels
Columbia
 MJJ Productions/MJJ Music
 SuperBird Records
 Music Records
Associated acts
The Jackson 5
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Brown (née Jackson; born May 29, 1950) is an American singer professionally known as Rebbie Jackson /ˈriːbi ˈdʒæksən/. Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, she is the eldest child of the Jackson family of musicians. She first performed on stage with her siblings during shows in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in 1974, before subsequently appearing in the television series The Jacksons. Her sister La Toya was born on Jackson's 6th birthday. At age 34, Jackson released her debut album Centipede (1984). The album featured songs written by Smokey Robinson, Prince, and Jackson's younger brother Michael, whose contribution (the title track "Centipede") became Rebbie's most successful single release. By the end of the 1980s, the singer had released two more albums in quick succession: Reaction (1986) and R U Tuff Enuff (1988).
Following a 10-year hiatus in her musical career, Jackson returned with the 1998 album Yours Faithfully. The production of the album, her last to date, was a collaboration with artists and producers such as Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams, Keith Thomas, and Eliot Kennedy. It also featured contributions from her children. In 2011, Rebbie embarked on the "Pick Up the Phone Tour," which is dedicated to teens who have committed suicide all over the U.S.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life and career 1.1 Childhood and youth
1.2 Marriage
1.3 Grandchildren
1.4 Early career
1.5 Centipede
1.6 Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff
1.7 Yours Faithfully
1.8 Death of Michael Jackson
2 Discography 2.1 Albums
2.2 Singles
3 Footnotes
4 References
5 External links

Life and career[edit]
Childhood and youth[edit]



 First row, from left: Janet Jackson, Randy Jackson, La Toya Jackson, Rebbie Jackson (1977)
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, to a working-class family on May 29, 1950. The daughter of Joseph Walter "Joe" and Katherine Esther (née Scruse), she is the eldest of their ten children. Her siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Brandon (d. 1957), Marlon, Michael (d. June 25, 2009), Randy, and Janet.[1] Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and blues (R&B) band called The Falcons with his brother, Luther.[2] His wife, Katherine, is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her children to follow the religion. Rebbie, La Toya, and Michael became the most devout of the children as time progressed.[3] Reflecting on her early life, Rebbie acknowledged in a 1980s magazine interview that her role within the family had been that of a "second mother" to her younger siblings, whom she would often babysit.[4]
Marriage[edit]
18-year-old Rebbie's announcement that she wanted to marry her childhood love, Nathaniel Brown, in May 1968 created a division in the Jackson family. Jackson expressed her feelings for the man and proclaimed that she wanted to move with him to Kentucky. Katherine encouraged her daughter to proceed with the union; she felt that being a wife and mother were important roles for all of her daughters to play. Joseph, however, was against the marriage; he wanted Rebbie to follow in the footsteps of her brothers (The Jackson 5) and become a singer. Her father felt that married life would stop her from becoming a success in the entertainment business.[5] Though Rebbie had taken clarinet, piano and dance lessons in her childhood, she had no interest in a music career.[5][6] This was despite the fact that according to brother Jermaine she had won several singing contests, duetting with brother Jackie. The teenager thought a happy home was more comforting and secure than the instability of show business.[5] She also wanted to leave her family's drama-filled home on Jackson Street. Arguments ensued for several weeks before her father relented and allowed Rebbie to wed Brown. Having the last word on the matter, Joseph refused to walk his daughter down the aisle.[7]
Brown and Jackson have three children, daughters Stacee (born May 5, 1971) and Yashi (born October 5, 1977), and son Austin (born November 22, 1985).[8] Rebbie's husband, Nathaniel Brown, died of cancer on January 6, 2013.[9]
Grandchildren[edit]
Rebbie has one grandson, London Blue Salas (born July 25, 2005), from her oldest daughter, Stacee.
Early career[edit]
Jackson began her singing career in 1974, performing with her siblings in Las Vegas. The Vegas shows had initially begun in April, without Rebbie; due to a sprained ankle, Rebbie's debut was postponed until June. Her five brothers were the main draws, with herself, Randy, Janet, and La Toya serving as fillers for the performances.[10]
When The Jackson 5 parted with their record label Motown in 1976, they signed to CBS Records and rebranded themselves as The Jacksons.[11] Additionally, the brothers were signed to CBS-TV to star with their family in a variety series called The Jacksons. The shows premiered in June 1976, and featured all of the siblings excluding Jermaine, who had chosen to stay with Motown. The initial series run of the 30-minute programs was four weeks. Due to ratings success, more episodes were ordered in January 1977. The shows marked the first time that an African-American family had ever starred in a television series. The run of programs concluded shortly afterward.[12]
Prior to the series, Jackson had thought of her singing as merely a private hobby. The Jacksons—as well as an early love of musicals—motivated her to become a professional recording artist, and the show's producer encouraged her to sing.[13][14] Jackson served as a backing vocalist for several musicians around this time, as well as a cabaret singer. She contributed her voice for songs by artists such as The Emotions, Sonny Bono and Betty Wright before Jackson's second pregnancy stalled her musical career for a short time.[6][15][16]
Centipede[edit]
Following years of preparation, Jackson's debut album Centipede was distributed in October 1984 by CBS Records, who had signed her as a solo artist two years previously.[13][14] The album was only released once the singer had ensured that family life was secure and that she had spent time with her children during their important younger years. Centipede became a moderate chart success, reaching number 13 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 63 on its Top 200. The recording of the album had been a family affair; it involved several contributions from her relatives. Her husband Nathaniel Brown co-wrote the song "Come Alive Saturday Night" with two of his wife's brothers: Randy and Tito. The latter Jackson also penned "Hey Boy" with his wife Dee Dee.[13] The most successful song from the album was the million-selling title track, "Centipede".[16] Written, arranged and produced by Michael, the song also featured Jackson's famous brother on backing vocals.[13] It reached number 4 on the Black Singles Chart and was subsequently certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[16][17][18] "Centipede" marked Michael's first effort at writing and producing since the release of his successful Thriller (1982).[6]
Other tracks from Rebbie's album included cover versions of songs by Prince ("I Feel for You") and Smokey Robinson and the Miracles ("A Fork in the Road").[16] The album received mixed reviews from journalists and music critics.[19][20][21] According to the magazine Jet, Centipede marked Jackson's emergence as a "legitimate recording artist" and "cleared the major hurdle of demonstrating that she [was] talented and marketable".[13] With the album, Jackson became the last of her siblings to embark on a recording career and the last in line to release hit material.[6][22][23]
Rebbie later revealed that there was a lot of discussion at the time of the release of Centipede over whether she should use the Jackson surname professionally or not. To begin with Rebbie did not want to use her pre-marriage surname, but later reasoned that it was silly to deny her heritage. Jackson explained that she did, however, compromise with the use of her family name on the Centipede album cover - "Rebbie is large and Jackson is small".[13] She further stated that the success of siblings Michael and Janet had not been a hindrance to her, but served as an enhancement to her career. Rebbie added that she did not have to worry about "name recognition".[14]
Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff[edit]
Reaction served as a follow-up album to Centipede, and was released in October 1986.[6] The album was recorded at Tito's Ponderosa Studios in Los Angeles, California.[24] Her brother Tito produced Reaction along with David Conley and David Townsend of the R&B group Surface. Duets were featured on the album, including one with Cheap Trick lead singer Robin Zander and another with Isaac Hayes.[6][16] The Zander-Jackson collaboration ("You Send the Rain Away") was released as a single, and peaked at number 50 on the R&B singles chart. Jackson's duet with Hayes, the ballad "Tonight I'm Yours", was not released as a single, though received substantial airplay. Reaction's title track ("Reaction") was the most popular hit from the album, reaching number 16 on the R&B singles chart.[6]
The R U Tuff Enuff album succeeded Reaction upon its release in July 1988.[6] Jackson was more involved with the production of the album than she had been on her previous releases. She stated at the time of R U Tuff Enuff's distribution that the sound on the album differed from anything she had done previously. Jackson commented that the album was "more versatile", while noting that it resembled other albums because it had a lot of dance music.[14] Two singles were released from the album and charted on the R&B singles chart: "Plaything", which made it into the top 10, and the title track "R U Tuff Enuff", which peaked at number 78.[6][16][25] By mid-June 1988, R U Tuff Enuff had reportedly sold 300,000 copies.[26] MTV later concluded that the album "struggled".[16] Jackson would lend her vocals to "2300 Jackson Street" (the title track of her brothers' 2300 Jackson Street album), before taking a hiatus from releasing music.[16][27][28] Jackson later stated that she performed around the world during this hiatus.[29]
Yours Faithfully[edit]



When fans find out there's another Jackson coming out, they want to hear what the person is about. That can be a double-edged sword.
Rebbie Jackson, 1998[29]
Following a 10-year break from music, Jackson signed with her brother Michael's record label, MJJ Music, in 1997. From the label, Yours Faithfully was released on March 31, 1998. The album featured a remixed version of Jackson's successful "Centipede".[16][29] Initially, the singer had not wanted to feature the track, believing that it was part of the past. After thinking about it for a while, Jackson felt that the inclusion of the remix—which features a rap by son Austin—would be a good way to return to the music scene. In addition, two of her other children, Stacee and Yashi, contributed backing vocals for the album. Other tracks from the album included "Fly Away", which was written and produced by brother Michael, who also served as co-executive producer for Yours Faithfully.[29] Fellow producers included Keith Thomas and Eliot Kennedy.[30] The album also featured a duet with Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams on The Spinners' "I Don't Want to Lose You", which Jet described as being a "sizzling" rendition.[29] Yours Faithfully's title track was released as a single and peaked at number 76 on the R&B chart.[25] Vibe magazine's Quohnos Mitchell expressed disappointment in the album, labelling its content a "mix of dated R&B grooves dressed up with a few cleverly placed samples".[31]
Death of Michael Jackson[edit]
Jackson's brother Michael died in June 2009, because of propofol intoxication. His memorial service was held several days later on July 7, and the finale featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems "We Are the World" and "Heal the World".[32][33] The singalong featured Michael's siblings (including Rebbie) and the late singer's children.[33][34][35] Following the service—which was held at Los Angeles' Staples Center—Rebbie, along with sisters Janet and La Toya, addressed fans at the nearby L.A. Live entertainment complex. "We are extremely grateful for all the support. We love you all."[36] In the weeks following Michael's death, it was speculated by media sources that Rebbie would be the primary caregiver for her late brother's three children; Prince Michael, Prince Michael II and Paris. It was stated that even if Michael and Rebbie's mother Katherine were granted custody of her grandchildren, Rebbie would care for the three siblings on a day-to-day basis at the Jackson family's Encino home.[16] Katherine was named the legal guardian of the trio in August 2009.[37][38] In early 2011, Rebbie announced she's begun recording for a new album, her first in 14 years. She's also been performing throughout the states with a set list that contains her best known songs, some of her brothers' songs, and some Motown classics.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]

Year
Album
Peak chart positions
Worldwide sales

U.S. Top 200[39]
U.S. R&B[40]
1984 Centipede ##Released: October 10, 1984
##Labels: CBS Records
 63 13 
1986 Reaction ##Released: March 9, 1986
##Labels: CBS Records
 54 6 
1988 R U Tuff Enuff ##Released: July 12, 1988
##Labels: CBS Records
 — 58 300,000 units[26]
1998 Yours Faithfully ##Released: March 31, 1998
##Labels: MJJ Productions
 28 67 
Singles[edit]

Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
Certifications
(sales thresholds)

U.S. R&B[25]
U.S. Hot 100[41]
RIANZ[42]
1984 "Centipede" 4 24 4 Centipede ##US: Gold[18]

1985 "A Fork in the Road" 40 — — —
1986 "Reaction" 16 — — Reaction —
1987 "You Send the Rain Away" — — — —
"2300 Jackson Street" (The Jacksons featuring Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Rebbie Jackson and Marlon Jackson) 9 — — 2300 Jackson Street —
1988 "Plaything" 8 — — R U Tuff Enuff —
"R U Tuff Enuff" 78 — — —
1998 "Yours Faithfully" 76 — — Yours Faithfully —
Footnotes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 11–14.
2.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 17–18.
4.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson goes back to Gary home, talks about famous brother, sisters". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 72 (25). September 14, 1987. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Taraborrelli (2004), p. 35.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hogan, Ed. "Rebbie Jackson biography". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
7.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 36.
8.Jump up ^ Campbell (1993), p. 20.
9.Jump up ^ Caitlin White (January 10, 2013). "Rebbie Jackson, Husband Death: Nathaniel Brown Loses Cancer Battle". The Boombox. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 115–117.
11.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 137–142.
12.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 143–146.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Collier, Aldore (May 27, 1985). "Rebbie, oldest sister, latest bloomer, in the Jackson family". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 68 (11). Retrieved October 11, 2009.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c d Wynn, Ron (June 21, 1988). "Rebbie is a solo Jackson". Star-Banner. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ Dineen (1993), p. 59.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Ditzian, Eric (July 23, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Sister Rebbie May Take Care Of Kids". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
17.Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Family Tree: Janet, Rebbie, Marlon And More". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
18.^ Jump up to: a b "RIAA database". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 11, 2009. (To search the database for Jackson's releases, type "Rebbie Jackson" into the Artist field and the title of the release into the Title field.)
19.Jump up ^ Harry, Rich (October 13, 1984). "An Oddly Compatible Couple: Johnny Mathis, Husker Du Pop Music/singles". The Morning Call. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ Takiff, Jonathan (October 18, 1984). "The hot discs for gift-givers". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
21.Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (September 16, 1984). "Rap and dance music: diverse performers are giving it a whirl". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
22.Jump up ^ "Sister Rebbie". The Daily Courier. November 11, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
23.Jump up ^ "The eldest of the Jacksons". St. Petersburg Times. November 15, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
24.Jump up ^ McTavish, Brian (July 16, 1987). "Rebbie Jackson is ready for her to turn on the charts" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
25.^ Jump up to: a b c "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop songs". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
26.^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Jackson's sister to perform in Middlesboro" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Lexington Herald-Leader. June 17, 1988. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
27.Jump up ^ "Jacksons say no hard feelings". Wilmington Morning Star. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
28.Jump up ^ "Jacksons aren't fighting". St. Petersburg Times. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
29.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rebbie Jackson releases hot new album, 'Yours Faithfully'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 93 (23). May 4, 1988. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
30.Jump up ^ Yours Faithfully (Media notes). Rebbie Jackson. MJJ Music. 1988.
31.Jump up ^ Mitchell, Quohnos (March 1998). "Yours Faithfully". Vibe (Vibe Media Group) 6 (2). ISSN 1070-4701. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Harris, Chris (July 7, 2009). "Who Is Michael Jackson Memorial Performer Shaheen Jafargholi?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
33.^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Kyle (July 8, 2009). "Who Sang 'We Are The World' At Michael Jackson Memorial?". MTV. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
34.Jump up ^ Powers, Anne (July 7, 2009). "Michael Jackson memorial: 'We Are the World,' 'Who's Lovin' You' and the final performances". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
35.Jump up ^ "Millions watch Michael Jackson's LA memorial". The Jerusalem Post. July 7, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
36.Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (July 8, 2009). "Janet Jackson, Sisters Thank Fans After Michael Jackson Memorial". MTV. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
37.Jump up ^ "Jackson's mother granted custody". BBC News. August 4, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
38.Jump up ^ Deutsch, Linda (August 17, 2009). "Jackson had long history with estate executor". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
39.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Top 200 albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
40.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
41.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
42.Jump up ^ "Ultratop Singles Chart Archives". Ultratop. ultratop.be. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
References[edit]
##Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Boston, Massachusetts: Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
##Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. London, England: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6.
##Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, West Virginia: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
External links[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal
##Rebbie Jackson at Allmusic
##Rebbie Jackson at the Internet Movie Database


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Categories: 1950 births
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Rebbie Jackson

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Rebbie Jackson

Birth name
Maureen Reillette Jackson
Born
May 29, 1950 (age 64)
Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Genres
R&B, pop, soul
Occupation(s)
Singer, actress
Years active
1974–1998, 2010–present
Labels
Columbia
 MJJ Productions/MJJ Music
 SuperBird Records
 Music Records
Associated acts
The Jackson 5
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Brown (née Jackson; born May 29, 1950) is an American singer professionally known as Rebbie Jackson /ˈriːbi ˈdʒæksən/. Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, she is the eldest child of the Jackson family of musicians. She first performed on stage with her siblings during shows in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in 1974, before subsequently appearing in the television series The Jacksons. Her sister La Toya was born on Jackson's 6th birthday. At age 34, Jackson released her debut album Centipede (1984). The album featured songs written by Smokey Robinson, Prince, and Jackson's younger brother Michael, whose contribution (the title track "Centipede") became Rebbie's most successful single release. By the end of the 1980s, the singer had released two more albums in quick succession: Reaction (1986) and R U Tuff Enuff (1988).
Following a 10-year hiatus in her musical career, Jackson returned with the 1998 album Yours Faithfully. The production of the album, her last to date, was a collaboration with artists and producers such as Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams, Keith Thomas, and Eliot Kennedy. It also featured contributions from her children. In 2011, Rebbie embarked on the "Pick Up the Phone Tour," which is dedicated to teens who have committed suicide all over the U.S.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life and career 1.1 Childhood and youth
1.2 Marriage
1.3 Grandchildren
1.4 Early career
1.5 Centipede
1.6 Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff
1.7 Yours Faithfully
1.8 Death of Michael Jackson
2 Discography 2.1 Albums
2.2 Singles
3 Footnotes
4 References
5 External links

Life and career[edit]
Childhood and youth[edit]



 First row, from left: Janet Jackson, Randy Jackson, La Toya Jackson, Rebbie Jackson (1977)
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, to a working-class family on May 29, 1950. The daughter of Joseph Walter "Joe" and Katherine Esther (née Scruse), she is the eldest of their ten children. Her siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Brandon (d. 1957), Marlon, Michael (d. June 25, 2009), Randy, and Janet.[1] Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and blues (R&B) band called The Falcons with his brother, Luther.[2] His wife, Katherine, is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her children to follow the religion. Rebbie, La Toya, and Michael became the most devout of the children as time progressed.[3] Reflecting on her early life, Rebbie acknowledged in a 1980s magazine interview that her role within the family had been that of a "second mother" to her younger siblings, whom she would often babysit.[4]
Marriage[edit]
18-year-old Rebbie's announcement that she wanted to marry her childhood love, Nathaniel Brown, in May 1968 created a division in the Jackson family. Jackson expressed her feelings for the man and proclaimed that she wanted to move with him to Kentucky. Katherine encouraged her daughter to proceed with the union; she felt that being a wife and mother were important roles for all of her daughters to play. Joseph, however, was against the marriage; he wanted Rebbie to follow in the footsteps of her brothers (The Jackson 5) and become a singer. Her father felt that married life would stop her from becoming a success in the entertainment business.[5] Though Rebbie had taken clarinet, piano and dance lessons in her childhood, she had no interest in a music career.[5][6] This was despite the fact that according to brother Jermaine she had won several singing contests, duetting with brother Jackie. The teenager thought a happy home was more comforting and secure than the instability of show business.[5] She also wanted to leave her family's drama-filled home on Jackson Street. Arguments ensued for several weeks before her father relented and allowed Rebbie to wed Brown. Having the last word on the matter, Joseph refused to walk his daughter down the aisle.[7]
Brown and Jackson have three children, daughters Stacee (born May 5, 1971) and Yashi (born October 5, 1977), and son Austin (born November 22, 1985).[8] Rebbie's husband, Nathaniel Brown, died of cancer on January 6, 2013.[9]
Grandchildren[edit]
Rebbie has one grandson, London Blue Salas (born July 25, 2005), from her oldest daughter, Stacee.
Early career[edit]
Jackson began her singing career in 1974, performing with her siblings in Las Vegas. The Vegas shows had initially begun in April, without Rebbie; due to a sprained ankle, Rebbie's debut was postponed until June. Her five brothers were the main draws, with herself, Randy, Janet, and La Toya serving as fillers for the performances.[10]
When The Jackson 5 parted with their record label Motown in 1976, they signed to CBS Records and rebranded themselves as The Jacksons.[11] Additionally, the brothers were signed to CBS-TV to star with their family in a variety series called The Jacksons. The shows premiered in June 1976, and featured all of the siblings excluding Jermaine, who had chosen to stay with Motown. The initial series run of the 30-minute programs was four weeks. Due to ratings success, more episodes were ordered in January 1977. The shows marked the first time that an African-American family had ever starred in a television series. The run of programs concluded shortly afterward.[12]
Prior to the series, Jackson had thought of her singing as merely a private hobby. The Jacksons—as well as an early love of musicals—motivated her to become a professional recording artist, and the show's producer encouraged her to sing.[13][14] Jackson served as a backing vocalist for several musicians around this time, as well as a cabaret singer. She contributed her voice for songs by artists such as The Emotions, Sonny Bono and Betty Wright before Jackson's second pregnancy stalled her musical career for a short time.[6][15][16]
Centipede[edit]
Following years of preparation, Jackson's debut album Centipede was distributed in October 1984 by CBS Records, who had signed her as a solo artist two years previously.[13][14] The album was only released once the singer had ensured that family life was secure and that she had spent time with her children during their important younger years. Centipede became a moderate chart success, reaching number 13 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 63 on its Top 200. The recording of the album had been a family affair; it involved several contributions from her relatives. Her husband Nathaniel Brown co-wrote the song "Come Alive Saturday Night" with two of his wife's brothers: Randy and Tito. The latter Jackson also penned "Hey Boy" with his wife Dee Dee.[13] The most successful song from the album was the million-selling title track, "Centipede".[16] Written, arranged and produced by Michael, the song also featured Jackson's famous brother on backing vocals.[13] It reached number 4 on the Black Singles Chart and was subsequently certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[16][17][18] "Centipede" marked Michael's first effort at writing and producing since the release of his successful Thriller (1982).[6]
Other tracks from Rebbie's album included cover versions of songs by Prince ("I Feel for You") and Smokey Robinson and the Miracles ("A Fork in the Road").[16] The album received mixed reviews from journalists and music critics.[19][20][21] According to the magazine Jet, Centipede marked Jackson's emergence as a "legitimate recording artist" and "cleared the major hurdle of demonstrating that she [was] talented and marketable".[13] With the album, Jackson became the last of her siblings to embark on a recording career and the last in line to release hit material.[6][22][23]
Rebbie later revealed that there was a lot of discussion at the time of the release of Centipede over whether she should use the Jackson surname professionally or not. To begin with Rebbie did not want to use her pre-marriage surname, but later reasoned that it was silly to deny her heritage. Jackson explained that she did, however, compromise with the use of her family name on the Centipede album cover - "Rebbie is large and Jackson is small".[13] She further stated that the success of siblings Michael and Janet had not been a hindrance to her, but served as an enhancement to her career. Rebbie added that she did not have to worry about "name recognition".[14]
Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff[edit]
Reaction served as a follow-up album to Centipede, and was released in October 1986.[6] The album was recorded at Tito's Ponderosa Studios in Los Angeles, California.[24] Her brother Tito produced Reaction along with David Conley and David Townsend of the R&B group Surface. Duets were featured on the album, including one with Cheap Trick lead singer Robin Zander and another with Isaac Hayes.[6][16] The Zander-Jackson collaboration ("You Send the Rain Away") was released as a single, and peaked at number 50 on the R&B singles chart. Jackson's duet with Hayes, the ballad "Tonight I'm Yours", was not released as a single, though received substantial airplay. Reaction's title track ("Reaction") was the most popular hit from the album, reaching number 16 on the R&B singles chart.[6]
The R U Tuff Enuff album succeeded Reaction upon its release in July 1988.[6] Jackson was more involved with the production of the album than she had been on her previous releases. She stated at the time of R U Tuff Enuff's distribution that the sound on the album differed from anything she had done previously. Jackson commented that the album was "more versatile", while noting that it resembled other albums because it had a lot of dance music.[14] Two singles were released from the album and charted on the R&B singles chart: "Plaything", which made it into the top 10, and the title track "R U Tuff Enuff", which peaked at number 78.[6][16][25] By mid-June 1988, R U Tuff Enuff had reportedly sold 300,000 copies.[26] MTV later concluded that the album "struggled".[16] Jackson would lend her vocals to "2300 Jackson Street" (the title track of her brothers' 2300 Jackson Street album), before taking a hiatus from releasing music.[16][27][28] Jackson later stated that she performed around the world during this hiatus.[29]
Yours Faithfully[edit]



When fans find out there's another Jackson coming out, they want to hear what the person is about. That can be a double-edged sword.
Rebbie Jackson, 1998[29]
Following a 10-year break from music, Jackson signed with her brother Michael's record label, MJJ Music, in 1997. From the label, Yours Faithfully was released on March 31, 1998. The album featured a remixed version of Jackson's successful "Centipede".[16][29] Initially, the singer had not wanted to feature the track, believing that it was part of the past. After thinking about it for a while, Jackson felt that the inclusion of the remix—which features a rap by son Austin—would be a good way to return to the music scene. In addition, two of her other children, Stacee and Yashi, contributed backing vocals for the album. Other tracks from the album included "Fly Away", which was written and produced by brother Michael, who also served as co-executive producer for Yours Faithfully.[29] Fellow producers included Keith Thomas and Eliot Kennedy.[30] The album also featured a duet with Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams on The Spinners' "I Don't Want to Lose You", which Jet described as being a "sizzling" rendition.[29] Yours Faithfully's title track was released as a single and peaked at number 76 on the R&B chart.[25] Vibe magazine's Quohnos Mitchell expressed disappointment in the album, labelling its content a "mix of dated R&B grooves dressed up with a few cleverly placed samples".[31]
Death of Michael Jackson[edit]
Jackson's brother Michael died in June 2009, because of propofol intoxication. His memorial service was held several days later on July 7, and the finale featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems "We Are the World" and "Heal the World".[32][33] The singalong featured Michael's siblings (including Rebbie) and the late singer's children.[33][34][35] Following the service—which was held at Los Angeles' Staples Center—Rebbie, along with sisters Janet and La Toya, addressed fans at the nearby L.A. Live entertainment complex. "We are extremely grateful for all the support. We love you all."[36] In the weeks following Michael's death, it was speculated by media sources that Rebbie would be the primary caregiver for her late brother's three children; Prince Michael, Prince Michael II and Paris. It was stated that even if Michael and Rebbie's mother Katherine were granted custody of her grandchildren, Rebbie would care for the three siblings on a day-to-day basis at the Jackson family's Encino home.[16] Katherine was named the legal guardian of the trio in August 2009.[37][38] In early 2011, Rebbie announced she's begun recording for a new album, her first in 14 years. She's also been performing throughout the states with a set list that contains her best known songs, some of her brothers' songs, and some Motown classics.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]

Year
Album
Peak chart positions
Worldwide sales

U.S. Top 200[39]
U.S. R&B[40]
1984 Centipede ##Released: October 10, 1984
##Labels: CBS Records
 63 13 
1986 Reaction ##Released: March 9, 1986
##Labels: CBS Records
 54 6 
1988 R U Tuff Enuff ##Released: July 12, 1988
##Labels: CBS Records
 — 58 300,000 units[26]
1998 Yours Faithfully ##Released: March 31, 1998
##Labels: MJJ Productions
 28 67 
Singles[edit]

Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
Certifications
(sales thresholds)

U.S. R&B[25]
U.S. Hot 100[41]
RIANZ[42]
1984 "Centipede" 4 24 4 Centipede ##US: Gold[18]

1985 "A Fork in the Road" 40 — — —
1986 "Reaction" 16 — — Reaction —
1987 "You Send the Rain Away" — — — —
"2300 Jackson Street" (The Jacksons featuring Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Rebbie Jackson and Marlon Jackson) 9 — — 2300 Jackson Street —
1988 "Plaything" 8 — — R U Tuff Enuff —
"R U Tuff Enuff" 78 — — —
1998 "Yours Faithfully" 76 — — Yours Faithfully —
Footnotes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 11–14.
2.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 17–18.
4.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson goes back to Gary home, talks about famous brother, sisters". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 72 (25). September 14, 1987. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Taraborrelli (2004), p. 35.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hogan, Ed. "Rebbie Jackson biography". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
7.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 36.
8.Jump up ^ Campbell (1993), p. 20.
9.Jump up ^ Caitlin White (January 10, 2013). "Rebbie Jackson, Husband Death: Nathaniel Brown Loses Cancer Battle". The Boombox. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 115–117.
11.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 137–142.
12.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 143–146.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Collier, Aldore (May 27, 1985). "Rebbie, oldest sister, latest bloomer, in the Jackson family". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 68 (11). Retrieved October 11, 2009.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c d Wynn, Ron (June 21, 1988). "Rebbie is a solo Jackson". Star-Banner. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ Dineen (1993), p. 59.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Ditzian, Eric (July 23, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Sister Rebbie May Take Care Of Kids". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
17.Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Family Tree: Janet, Rebbie, Marlon And More". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
18.^ Jump up to: a b "RIAA database". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 11, 2009. (To search the database for Jackson's releases, type "Rebbie Jackson" into the Artist field and the title of the release into the Title field.)
19.Jump up ^ Harry, Rich (October 13, 1984). "An Oddly Compatible Couple: Johnny Mathis, Husker Du Pop Music/singles". The Morning Call. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ Takiff, Jonathan (October 18, 1984). "The hot discs for gift-givers". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
21.Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (September 16, 1984). "Rap and dance music: diverse performers are giving it a whirl". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
22.Jump up ^ "Sister Rebbie". The Daily Courier. November 11, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
23.Jump up ^ "The eldest of the Jacksons". St. Petersburg Times. November 15, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
24.Jump up ^ McTavish, Brian (July 16, 1987). "Rebbie Jackson is ready for her to turn on the charts" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
25.^ Jump up to: a b c "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop songs". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
26.^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Jackson's sister to perform in Middlesboro" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Lexington Herald-Leader. June 17, 1988. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
27.Jump up ^ "Jacksons say no hard feelings". Wilmington Morning Star. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
28.Jump up ^ "Jacksons aren't fighting". St. Petersburg Times. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
29.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rebbie Jackson releases hot new album, 'Yours Faithfully'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 93 (23). May 4, 1988. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
30.Jump up ^ Yours Faithfully (Media notes). Rebbie Jackson. MJJ Music. 1988.
31.Jump up ^ Mitchell, Quohnos (March 1998). "Yours Faithfully". Vibe (Vibe Media Group) 6 (2). ISSN 1070-4701. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Harris, Chris (July 7, 2009). "Who Is Michael Jackson Memorial Performer Shaheen Jafargholi?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
33.^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Kyle (July 8, 2009). "Who Sang 'We Are The World' At Michael Jackson Memorial?". MTV. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
34.Jump up ^ Powers, Anne (July 7, 2009). "Michael Jackson memorial: 'We Are the World,' 'Who's Lovin' You' and the final performances". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
35.Jump up ^ "Millions watch Michael Jackson's LA memorial". The Jerusalem Post. July 7, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
36.Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (July 8, 2009). "Janet Jackson, Sisters Thank Fans After Michael Jackson Memorial". MTV. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
37.Jump up ^ "Jackson's mother granted custody". BBC News. August 4, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
38.Jump up ^ Deutsch, Linda (August 17, 2009). "Jackson had long history with estate executor". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
39.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Top 200 albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
40.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
41.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
42.Jump up ^ "Ultratop Singles Chart Archives". Ultratop. ultratop.be. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
References[edit]
##Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Boston, Massachusetts: Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
##Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. London, England: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6.
##Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, West Virginia: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
External links[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal
##Rebbie Jackson at Allmusic
##Rebbie Jackson at the Internet Movie Database


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Rebbie Jackson

































[show]
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Portal




Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 69115811 ·
 LCCN: n91108611 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 5514 9794 ·
 GND: 134415442 ·
 BNF: cb138955232 (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 78bb7e34-0e7f-4103-b180-5274d11e50da
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1950 births
American pop singers
American soul singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
Musicians from Gary, Indiana
Jackson musical family
Living people
African-American female singers
American Jehovah's Witnesses
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Dave Meyers (basketball)

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Jump to: navigation, search

David Meyers
Dave Meyers vs USC.png
Meyers with UCLA in 1972–73

Personal information

Born
April 21, 1953 (age 62)
San Diego, California
Nationality
American
Listed height
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
Listed weight
215 lb (98 kg)
Career information

High school
Sonora (La Habra, California)
College
UCLA (1972–1975)
NBA draft
1975 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2nd overall
Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers
Pro career
1975–1980
Position
Power forward
Number
21, 22, 7
Career history

1975–1980
Milwaukee Bucks
Career highlights and awards
2× NCAA champion (1973, 1975)
Consensus first-team All-American (1975)
First-team All-Pac-8 (1975)

Career NBA statistics

Points
3,149 (11.2 ppg)
Rebounds
1,771 (6.3 rpg)
Assists
652 (2.3 apg)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com

David William Meyers (born April 21, 1953) is a retired American college basketball forward/center for the University of California, Los Angeles and professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association for the Milwaukee Bucks.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 NBA career
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Born in San Diego, California, Meyers was one of 11 children (six girls, five boys) of Bob and Pat Meyers.[1] Bob was a standout basketball player at Marquette University and was the Warriors' captain in 1944-45.[2] He attended high school at Sonora High School in La Habra, California. As a senior, he averaged 22.7 points per game in leading the Raiders to the Orange League title and, in the postseason, the California Southern Section AA championship. Meyers was named AA Player of the Year.[3]
College career[edit]
As a sophomore in 1972-73, Meyers played a backup role on the UCLA Bruins men's basketball team, averaging 4.9 points per game, sixth on the team, and 2.9 rebounds. UCLA won the Pacific-8 title, went 30-0 and captured the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament with an 87-66 win over Memphis. Meyers totaled four points and three rebounds in the championship game.[4]
As a junior in 1973-74, Meyers became a starter on a front line with future Hall-of-Famers Bill Walton and Jamaal Wilkes.[5] Meyers averaged 11.4 points and 5.7 rebounds per game, both third on the team behind Walton and Wilkes, with a field goal percentage of .488.[6] UCLA won another Pacific-8 title and posted a 26-4 record before falling to North Carolina State in a memorable double-overtime game in the Final Four.[7]
In 1974-75, with Walton and Wilkes graduated, the Bruins reloaded and Meyers was the senior starter on a front line with two sophomores and future All-Americans Marques Johnson and Richard Washington. Meyers led the team in both scoring and rebounding with 18.3 points and 7.9 rebounds per game with a .484 field goal percentage.[8] He won the John Wooden Award as UCLA's Most Valuable Player[9] and he was a consensus first-team All-American.[10] The Bruins went 28-3 and won the NCAA championship in the 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, the team's 10th in a 12-year span, with a 92-85 win over Kentucky.[11] Meyers totaled 24 points and 11 rebounds in the championship game.[12]
Meyers appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1975 with the headline "UCLA Still Best in the West."[13] He will be inducted into the Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Hall of Honor during the 2015 Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament in Las Vegas, NV.[14]
NBA career[edit]
Meyers was the second pick in the first round of the 1975 NBA Draft by the Los Angeles Lakers.[15] Nineteen days later,[16] Meyers was part of one of the biggest trades in NBA history as he, along with Elmore Smith, Junior Bridgeman, and Brian Winters, was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Walt Wesley.
In his rookie season of 1975-76 with the Bucks, Meyers played 72 games and averaged 22.1 minutes per game. He averaged 7.4 points, 6.2 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game.[17] He posted a then career single-game high of 28 points in just his third NBA game, against the New Orleans Jazz.[18]
In 1976-77, Meyers was limited to 52 games but his playing time increased to over 25 minutes per game, He averaged 9.7 points, 6.8 rebound and 1.7 assists per game, with a .467 field goal percentage.[19] On April 10, 1977 he set a new personal best of 31 points against the San Antonio Spurs.[20]
In 1977-78, his third season, Meyers came into his own as a starter and the Bucks, after two losing seasons, rebounded to a 44-38 record. Playing alongside his former UCLA teammate Marques Johnson, Meyers played 80 games and averaged over 30 minutes per game. Meyers posted a career-high 14.7 points per game along with 6.7 rebounds and a career-high 3.0 assists.[21] On November 15, 1977, he upped his single-game scoring personal best to 32 points, against the Portland Trailblazers.[22]
Meyers missed the 1978-79 season with a back injury.
In the 1979-'80 season for the Bucks, he played 79 games and just under 28 minutes per game as the Bucks went 49-33 and won the NBA Midwest Division.[23] Meyers average 12.1 points, 5.7 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game.
After four NBA seasons, on April 30, 1980 Meyers made a surprise announcement that he was retiring from basketball to spend more time with his family and devote more of his time to his Jehovah's Witness faith.[24]
Personal life[edit]
Meyers married his wife, Linda, in 1975. Daughter Crystal was born a year later, and son Sean followed three years later. Meyers worked as a sales rep for Motorola and took night classes in education at National University.[25] He received his teaching certificate and, beginning in 1988, for many years he served as a sixth-grade teacher at Railroad Canyon School in Lake Elsinore, California. He has also served as a basketball instructor, both privately and at camps, primarily for children ages 8-12.[26]
Meyers is the older brother of Ann Meyers, who also was an outstanding basketball player as well as the only woman to sign a free-agent contract by an NBA team (Indiana Pacers, 1979).[27]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
2.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30500&ATCLID=209427408
3.Jump up ^ http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Basketball/HelmsBasketballAnnual1971.pdf
4.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1973-03-26-memphis.html
5.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
6.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1974.html
7.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
8.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1975.html
9.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
10.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
11.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
12.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1975-03-31-kentucky.html
13.Jump up ^ UCLA STILL BEST IN THE WEST. Sports Illustrated. February 17, 1975, Volume 42, Issue 7
14.Jump up ^ Pac-12 Basketball Hall of Honor to Induct 2014-15 Class, Pac-12 Conference, January 15, 2015
15.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
16.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
17.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
18.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1976/
19.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
20.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1977/
21.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
22.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1978/
23.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/MIL/1980.html
24.Jump up ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RNYVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6210,61392&dq=dave+meyers+retire&hl=en
25.Jump up ^ http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017845/index.htm
26.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
27.Jump up ^ Mercury Name Ann Meyers Drysdale New GM
External links[edit]


Map of USA and Canada, NBA, zoom.svgNational Basketball Association portal
 

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dave Meyers (basketball).
Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com


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Living people
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Basketball players at the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(basketball)









Dave Meyers (basketball)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

David Meyers
Dave Meyers vs USC.png
Meyers with UCLA in 1972–73

Personal information

Born
April 21, 1953 (age 62)
San Diego, California
Nationality
American
Listed height
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
Listed weight
215 lb (98 kg)
Career information

High school
Sonora (La Habra, California)
College
UCLA (1972–1975)
NBA draft
1975 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2nd overall
Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers
Pro career
1975–1980
Position
Power forward
Number
21, 22, 7
Career history

1975–1980
Milwaukee Bucks
Career highlights and awards
2× NCAA champion (1973, 1975)
Consensus first-team All-American (1975)
First-team All-Pac-8 (1975)

Career NBA statistics

Points
3,149 (11.2 ppg)
Rebounds
1,771 (6.3 rpg)
Assists
652 (2.3 apg)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com

David William Meyers (born April 21, 1953) is a retired American college basketball forward/center for the University of California, Los Angeles and professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association for the Milwaukee Bucks.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 NBA career
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Born in San Diego, California, Meyers was one of 11 children (six girls, five boys) of Bob and Pat Meyers.[1] Bob was a standout basketball player at Marquette University and was the Warriors' captain in 1944-45.[2] He attended high school at Sonora High School in La Habra, California. As a senior, he averaged 22.7 points per game in leading the Raiders to the Orange League title and, in the postseason, the California Southern Section AA championship. Meyers was named AA Player of the Year.[3]
College career[edit]
As a sophomore in 1972-73, Meyers played a backup role on the UCLA Bruins men's basketball team, averaging 4.9 points per game, sixth on the team, and 2.9 rebounds. UCLA won the Pacific-8 title, went 30-0 and captured the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament with an 87-66 win over Memphis. Meyers totaled four points and three rebounds in the championship game.[4]
As a junior in 1973-74, Meyers became a starter on a front line with future Hall-of-Famers Bill Walton and Jamaal Wilkes.[5] Meyers averaged 11.4 points and 5.7 rebounds per game, both third on the team behind Walton and Wilkes, with a field goal percentage of .488.[6] UCLA won another Pacific-8 title and posted a 26-4 record before falling to North Carolina State in a memorable double-overtime game in the Final Four.[7]
In 1974-75, with Walton and Wilkes graduated, the Bruins reloaded and Meyers was the senior starter on a front line with two sophomores and future All-Americans Marques Johnson and Richard Washington. Meyers led the team in both scoring and rebounding with 18.3 points and 7.9 rebounds per game with a .484 field goal percentage.[8] He won the John Wooden Award as UCLA's Most Valuable Player[9] and he was a consensus first-team All-American.[10] The Bruins went 28-3 and won the NCAA championship in the 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, the team's 10th in a 12-year span, with a 92-85 win over Kentucky.[11] Meyers totaled 24 points and 11 rebounds in the championship game.[12]
Meyers appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1975 with the headline "UCLA Still Best in the West."[13] He will be inducted into the Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Hall of Honor during the 2015 Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament in Las Vegas, NV.[14]
NBA career[edit]
Meyers was the second pick in the first round of the 1975 NBA Draft by the Los Angeles Lakers.[15] Nineteen days later,[16] Meyers was part of one of the biggest trades in NBA history as he, along with Elmore Smith, Junior Bridgeman, and Brian Winters, was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Walt Wesley.
In his rookie season of 1975-76 with the Bucks, Meyers played 72 games and averaged 22.1 minutes per game. He averaged 7.4 points, 6.2 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game.[17] He posted a then career single-game high of 28 points in just his third NBA game, against the New Orleans Jazz.[18]
In 1976-77, Meyers was limited to 52 games but his playing time increased to over 25 minutes per game, He averaged 9.7 points, 6.8 rebound and 1.7 assists per game, with a .467 field goal percentage.[19] On April 10, 1977 he set a new personal best of 31 points against the San Antonio Spurs.[20]
In 1977-78, his third season, Meyers came into his own as a starter and the Bucks, after two losing seasons, rebounded to a 44-38 record. Playing alongside his former UCLA teammate Marques Johnson, Meyers played 80 games and averaged over 30 minutes per game. Meyers posted a career-high 14.7 points per game along with 6.7 rebounds and a career-high 3.0 assists.[21] On November 15, 1977, he upped his single-game scoring personal best to 32 points, against the Portland Trailblazers.[22]
Meyers missed the 1978-79 season with a back injury.
In the 1979-'80 season for the Bucks, he played 79 games and just under 28 minutes per game as the Bucks went 49-33 and won the NBA Midwest Division.[23] Meyers average 12.1 points, 5.7 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game.
After four NBA seasons, on April 30, 1980 Meyers made a surprise announcement that he was retiring from basketball to spend more time with his family and devote more of his time to his Jehovah's Witness faith.[24]
Personal life[edit]
Meyers married his wife, Linda, in 1975. Daughter Crystal was born a year later, and son Sean followed three years later. Meyers worked as a sales rep for Motorola and took night classes in education at National University.[25] He received his teaching certificate and, beginning in 1988, for many years he served as a sixth-grade teacher at Railroad Canyon School in Lake Elsinore, California. He has also served as a basketball instructor, both privately and at camps, primarily for children ages 8-12.[26]
Meyers is the older brother of Ann Meyers, who also was an outstanding basketball player as well as the only woman to sign a free-agent contract by an NBA team (Indiana Pacers, 1979).[27]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
2.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30500&ATCLID=209427408
3.Jump up ^ http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Basketball/HelmsBasketballAnnual1971.pdf
4.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1973-03-26-memphis.html
5.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
6.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1974.html
7.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
8.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1975.html
9.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
10.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
11.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
12.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1975-03-31-kentucky.html
13.Jump up ^ UCLA STILL BEST IN THE WEST. Sports Illustrated. February 17, 1975, Volume 42, Issue 7
14.Jump up ^ Pac-12 Basketball Hall of Honor to Induct 2014-15 Class, Pac-12 Conference, January 15, 2015
15.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
16.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
17.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
18.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1976/
19.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
20.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1977/
21.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
22.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1978/
23.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/MIL/1980.html
24.Jump up ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RNYVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6210,61392&dq=dave+meyers+retire&hl=en
25.Jump up ^ http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017845/index.htm
26.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
27.Jump up ^ Mercury Name Ann Meyers Drysdale New GM
External links[edit]


Map of USA and Canada, NBA, zoom.svgNational Basketball Association portal
 

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dave Meyers (basketball).
Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
UCLA Bruins Men's Basketball 1972–73 NCAA Champions
















[show]
v ·
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 e
 
UCLA Bruins Men's Basketball 1974–75 NCAA Champions















[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
1975 NCAA Men's Basketball Consensus All-Americans






















[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
1975 NBA Draft

















































 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1953 births
Living people
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Basketball players at the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players at the 1974 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players at the 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players from California
Los Angeles Lakers draft picks
Los Angeles Lakers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
UCLA Bruins men's basketball players




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Jason Worilds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Jason Worilds
Jason Worilds.JPG
Worilds in the 2011 NFL season.

No. 93

Position:
Outside linebacker

Personal information

Date of birth:
March 3, 1988 (age 27)
Place of birth:
Rahway, New Jersey
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
262 lb (119 kg)
Career information

High school:
Carteret (NJ)
College:
Virginia Tech
NFL draft:
2010 / Round: 2 / Pick: 52

Career history

##Pittsburgh Steelers (2010–2014)

Career highlights and awards
##Second-team All-ACC (2008, 2009)
##PrepStar, SuperPrep High School All-American (2006)
##AFC Champion (2010)


Career NFL statistics

Tackles:
204
Sacks:
25.5
Forced fumbles:
4
Passes Defended:
5
Stats at NFL.com
Jason Adjepong Worilds (born March 3, 1988) is a former American football outside linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Virginia Tech.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 Professional career 3.1 NFL stats
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Worilds attended Carteret High School in Carteret, New Jersey where he was a two-sport athlete in football and track. He played on the defensive line as well as Linebacker and Fullback.[1] During his junior year he posted 87 tackles, 22 of them for a loss and 12 sacks.[1] On the opposite side of the ball,he had 61 carries for 330 yards and four touchdowns.[1] He earned Associated Press All-State honors.[1] His success continued on into his senior year in which he had 107 tackles, 18 for a loss and 10 sacks, again earning All-State honors and becoming the first player in school history to have the honor in consecutive honors.[1]
Coming out of High School, Worilds was rated the seventh best strongside defensive end by Rivals.com.[2] He was ranked the eight best in the country from scout.com.
College career[edit]
Worilds began by seeing the field in two games on defense and special teams. He blocked a punt against the North Carolina Tar Heels and returned it for seven yards. After though, he elected to have season ending shoulder surgery and was granted a medical red-shirt.[1] Worilds picked up where he left off in 2007, and had two Quarterback hurries in the opener against East Carolina University. In a game against Ohio, Worilds suffered a high-ankle sprain and missed the following game against William & Mary. The next season, he started 12 games and played in 13 games. He was 4th on his team in tackles with 62. His 21 QB Hurries led the Hokies. Jason posted 7 tackles against Virginia Tech's bitter rivals, University of Virginia. However, he had to sit out of the Orange Bowl because of a shoulder inury. In 2009, Jason Worlids started in all of Virginia Tech's 13 games. During that time, he recorded 49 tackles, 11 tackles for loss, 4.5 sacks, 1 pass broken up, 1 pass defended, 1 forced fumble, 42 quarterback hurries, and a whopping 32 Quarterback Hits. After his Junior year, Jason decided to declare for the 2010 NFL Draft. He finished his college career with 41 Games Played, 25 Games Started, 132 tackles (62 solo tackles), 34 Tackles for Loss, 15.00 sacks, 2 Pass Break-Ups, 2 Passes Defended, 67 Quarterback Hits, 3 Forced Fumbles, and 1 Blocked Kick. [1]
Professional career[edit]
Worilds was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round (52nd overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. On March 3, 2014, he signed his $9.754 million transition tender to stay with Pittsburgh. [3]
On March 11, 2015, after the first day of free agency, Worilds announced his retirement from the NFL at the age of 27. Worilds was deemed to be one of the most sought free agent linebackers but decided to end his career after 5 years as a Pittsburgh Steeler.[4] He finished his career with 25.5 career sacks.
NFL stats[edit]

Year
Team
GP
COMB
TOTAL
AST
SACK
FF
FR
FR YDS
INT
IR YDS
AVG IR
LNG
TD
PD
2010 PIT 14 17 12 5 2.0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2011 PIT 12 38 27 11 3.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2012 PIT 16 27 23 4 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2013 PIT 15 63 43 20 8.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2014 PIT 16 59 39 20 7.5 1 2 0 1 30 30 30 0 2
Career  73 204 144 60 25.5 4 3 0 1 30 30 30 0 5
[5]
Key
##GP: games played
##COMB: combined tackles
##TOTAL: total tackles
##AST: assisted tackles
##SACK: sacks
##FF: forced fumbles
##FR: fumble recoveries
##FR YDS: fumble return yards
##INT: interceptions
##IR YDS: interception return yards
##AVG IR: average interception return
##LNG: longest interception return
##TD: interceptions returned for touchdown
##PD: passes defensed
Personal life[edit]
After retiring from the NFL, Worilds announced he left football to become a Jehovah's Witness.[6]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jason Worilds". Retrieved December 15, 2011.
2.Jump up ^ "Football Power Rankings: 2009 Defensive Line". Rivals.com. 2009-05-13.
3.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Signs His $9.754 Million Transition Tender".
4.Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (March 11, 2015). "Worilds retires from NFL". Steelers.com.
5.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Stats". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
6.Jump up ^ Bouchette, Ed (March 11, 2015). "Worilds says he's quitting football, and Steelers believe he means it". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing Co., Inc. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
##Pittsburgh Steelers bio
##Virginia Tech Hokies bio


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Categories: 1988 births
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Worilds









Jason Worilds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Jason Worilds
Jason Worilds.JPG
Worilds in the 2011 NFL season.

No. 93

Position:
Outside linebacker

Personal information

Date of birth:
March 3, 1988 (age 27)
Place of birth:
Rahway, New Jersey
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
262 lb (119 kg)
Career information

High school:
Carteret (NJ)
College:
Virginia Tech
NFL draft:
2010 / Round: 2 / Pick: 52

Career history

##Pittsburgh Steelers (2010–2014)

Career highlights and awards
##Second-team All-ACC (2008, 2009)
##PrepStar, SuperPrep High School All-American (2006)
##AFC Champion (2010)


Career NFL statistics

Tackles:
204
Sacks:
25.5
Forced fumbles:
4
Passes Defended:
5
Stats at NFL.com
Jason Adjepong Worilds (born March 3, 1988) is a former American football outside linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Virginia Tech.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 Professional career 3.1 NFL stats
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Worilds attended Carteret High School in Carteret, New Jersey where he was a two-sport athlete in football and track. He played on the defensive line as well as Linebacker and Fullback.[1] During his junior year he posted 87 tackles, 22 of them for a loss and 12 sacks.[1] On the opposite side of the ball,he had 61 carries for 330 yards and four touchdowns.[1] He earned Associated Press All-State honors.[1] His success continued on into his senior year in which he had 107 tackles, 18 for a loss and 10 sacks, again earning All-State honors and becoming the first player in school history to have the honor in consecutive honors.[1]
Coming out of High School, Worilds was rated the seventh best strongside defensive end by Rivals.com.[2] He was ranked the eight best in the country from scout.com.
College career[edit]
Worilds began by seeing the field in two games on defense and special teams. He blocked a punt against the North Carolina Tar Heels and returned it for seven yards. After though, he elected to have season ending shoulder surgery and was granted a medical red-shirt.[1] Worilds picked up where he left off in 2007, and had two Quarterback hurries in the opener against East Carolina University. In a game against Ohio, Worilds suffered a high-ankle sprain and missed the following game against William & Mary. The next season, he started 12 games and played in 13 games. He was 4th on his team in tackles with 62. His 21 QB Hurries led the Hokies. Jason posted 7 tackles against Virginia Tech's bitter rivals, University of Virginia. However, he had to sit out of the Orange Bowl because of a shoulder inury. In 2009, Jason Worlids started in all of Virginia Tech's 13 games. During that time, he recorded 49 tackles, 11 tackles for loss, 4.5 sacks, 1 pass broken up, 1 pass defended, 1 forced fumble, 42 quarterback hurries, and a whopping 32 Quarterback Hits. After his Junior year, Jason decided to declare for the 2010 NFL Draft. He finished his college career with 41 Games Played, 25 Games Started, 132 tackles (62 solo tackles), 34 Tackles for Loss, 15.00 sacks, 2 Pass Break-Ups, 2 Passes Defended, 67 Quarterback Hits, 3 Forced Fumbles, and 1 Blocked Kick. [1]
Professional career[edit]
Worilds was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round (52nd overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. On March 3, 2014, he signed his $9.754 million transition tender to stay with Pittsburgh. [3]
On March 11, 2015, after the first day of free agency, Worilds announced his retirement from the NFL at the age of 27. Worilds was deemed to be one of the most sought free agent linebackers but decided to end his career after 5 years as a Pittsburgh Steeler.[4] He finished his career with 25.5 career sacks.
NFL stats[edit]

Year
Team
GP
COMB
TOTAL
AST
SACK
FF
FR
FR YDS
INT
IR YDS
AVG IR
LNG
TD
PD
2010 PIT 14 17 12 5 2.0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2011 PIT 12 38 27 11 3.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2012 PIT 16 27 23 4 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2013 PIT 15 63 43 20 8.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2014 PIT 16 59 39 20 7.5 1 2 0 1 30 30 30 0 2
Career  73 204 144 60 25.5 4 3 0 1 30 30 30 0 5
[5]
Key
##GP: games played
##COMB: combined tackles
##TOTAL: total tackles
##AST: assisted tackles
##SACK: sacks
##FF: forced fumbles
##FR: fumble recoveries
##FR YDS: fumble return yards
##INT: interceptions
##IR YDS: interception return yards
##AVG IR: average interception return
##LNG: longest interception return
##TD: interceptions returned for touchdown
##PD: passes defensed
Personal life[edit]
After retiring from the NFL, Worilds announced he left football to become a Jehovah's Witness.[6]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jason Worilds". Retrieved December 15, 2011.
2.Jump up ^ "Football Power Rankings: 2009 Defensive Line". Rivals.com. 2009-05-13.
3.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Signs His $9.754 Million Transition Tender".
4.Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (March 11, 2015). "Worilds retires from NFL". Steelers.com.
5.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Stats". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
6.Jump up ^ Bouchette, Ed (March 11, 2015). "Worilds says he's quitting football, and Steelers believe he means it". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing Co., Inc. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
##Pittsburgh Steelers bio
##Virginia Tech Hokies bio


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Categories: 1988 births
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Jneiro Jarel

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Jneiro Jarel
Jneiro Jarel Getty.jpeg
Background information

Birth name
Omar Jarel Gilyard
Also known as
Dr. Who Dat?, Capital Peoples, Panama Blaque, Rocque Wun, Mel Owens, JJ Tron, Gwizzo, Phish Bone
Origin
United States
Genres
Hip hop
Occupation(s)
Producer, composer, rapper, vocalist, DJ, multi-instrumentalist
Instruments
Sampler, drum machine
Years active
1989-present
Labels
Lex Records, Label Who?, Ropeadope Records, Kindred Spirits, Alpha Pup Records
Associated acts
Willie Isz, JJ DOOM, Shape of Broad Minds, DOOM, Khujo, Dave Sitek, Count Bass D, Kimbra, Damon Albarn, DRC Music
Website
www.jneirojarel.com
Omar Jarel Gilyard, known by his stage name Jneiro Jarel, is an American recording artist, music producer, composer and DJ. Recognized for his versatile, abstract, and often experimental style,[1] he is also known for his beat-making alias Dr. Who Dat? and his groups Willie Isz, JJ DOOM and Shape of Broad Minds,[2] who've shared the stage with artists ranging from Jay-Z to Radiohead. He has collaborated with artists such as Damon Albarn, Count Bass D, Massive Attack, TV on the Radio and Kimbra among others.[3][4][5]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Career 2.1 2000-2005: Early Career
2.2 2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition
2.3 2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who
3 Personal Life
4 Discography 4.1 Jneiro Jarel
4.2 Dr. Who Dat?
4.3 Shape of Broad Minds
4.4 Willie Isz
4.5 Capital Peoples
4.6 DRC Music
4.7 JJ DOOM
4.8 Productions
4.9 Remixes
4.10 Mixes
4.11 DJ Mixes
4.12 Guest appearances
4.13 Compilation appearances
5 References
6 External links

History[edit]
Jarel was born in Brooklyn, and would spend the next several years of his life living in Maryland, Arizona, Atlanta and Houston, before eventually moving back to New York. It was in New York that he started his own label, Orienj Recordings (now Label Who?), and released his first EP as a solo artist.[6]
In 2003 he signed to indie record label Kindred Spirits,[7] and was the sole representative from New York to participate in and perform at Red Bull Music Academy in Cape Town, South Africa.[8]
In 2004 Jneiro moved to Philadelphia and, through his success in the indie music scene, was able to work with some of the cities most influential artists King Britt and Rich Medina.[9][10]
He signed a multi album record deal with Lex Records in 2006.[6][11]
Career[edit]
2000-2005: Early Career[edit]
Following the 2000 release of his Section A EP,[12] Jneiro also released his first full-length album, Timeless Volume 1 in 2004, via Label Who?[13] Over the next year he'd make a number of guest appearances and contributions on various projects, and release several promo singles and DJ mixes,[14] before jointly releasing his Three Piece Puzzle LP on, both, Kindred Spirits and Ropeadope Records in 2005.[6] The album was universally met with positive reception.[15][16][17]
2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition[edit]
2006 marked the beginning of Jarel's relationship with Lex Records, and saw the release of his critically acclaimed instrumental project, Beat Journey, under his Dr. Who Dat? alias.[18][19][20] The album cover art was designed by the UK based graphic artists collective, and frequent Lex Records collaborators, Ehquestionmark,[21][22] best known for their previous work on The Mouse and the Mask and Ghetto Pop Life. The aesthetic approach featured in "Beat Journey's" art design would become a staple in Jneiro's future releases.[23][24]
He followed up Beat Journey with his 2007 Lex release, Craft of the Lost Art, under the group name Shape of Broad Minds.[25] Like many of his previous works, "Craft..." saw Jarel incorporating several of his aliases on to the album, although this was the first time they would all converge in one place.[26] In addition to fellow group member and emcee Jawwaad Taylor, the project also included a number of features from DOOM, Count Bass D, Stacy Epps and John Robinson.[25] "Craft..." widely received positive reviews,[27][28] and saw Jneiro teaming with Ehquestionmark once more, for an artwork design that included a limited edition, glow-in-the-dark LP, as well as an EP, single and mixtape download.[29]
In early 2009 he revisited his Dr. Who Dat? alter ego for the digital-only release of Beyond 2morrow.[30] This instrumental EP would showcase the more experimental approach to production that was previously, but briefly, explored in some of Jneiro's earlier work.[31] Having been fully realized and embraced on this project, it would also help in solidifying his place among a growing musical genre that would later become popular in the Low End Theory and L.A. beat scene.[32]
That same year Jneiro teamed with Goodie Mob's Khujo Goodie to form the group Willie Isz. They released their debut project Georgiavania on June 15, 2009, via Lex Records.[33] The album features backing vocals from Tunde Adebimpe of TV on the Radio,[34] and continued the string of positive reception Jarel's work had come to know.[35] It would also set the stage for a number of collaborations between Jarel and TV on the Radio's Dave Sitek.[36][37][38][39]
2010 brought about both new and old professional relationships. Jarel signed a digital distribution deal with Alpha Pup Records, which resulted in the release of his Android Love Mayhem- EP and the reissue of Beyond 2morrow, as Jneiro Jarel.[40] Artwork for both EP's was handled by painter and muralist, and Three Piece Puzzle album cover designer, Joshua Mays.[41]
Jneiro also joined forces with Kindred Spirits again and released the Brazilian themed album Fauna.[42]
All three projects had heavy electronic overtones in their production, and continued to show Jarel's willingness to move away from more traditional sample based music, and explore beyond the rigid boundaries set in place by many musical genres.[43][44][45]
In 2011 Jneiro was handpicked by Damon Albarn to be a part of the, newly established, musical collective DRC Music (Democratic Republic of the Congo Music) group. Working in conjunction with Oxfam, the project's intention was to bring awareness to Oxfam's relief work in Congo, as well as give exposure to over fifty local Congolese musicians. Albarn assembled a team of ten producers, composed of Jarel, Dan the Automator, XL Recordings managers Richard Russell & Rodaidh McDonald, Kwes, Actress, Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Marc Antoine, Alwest, and Remi Kabaka Jr. to work alongside local musicians in Kinshasa. The result was Kinshasa One Two; an album recorded in five days, with all of its proceeds going towards Oxfam. It was released on Warp Records October 3, 2011.[46][47]
2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who[edit]
On December 16, 2011, a Dave Sitek remix of a JJ DOOM track, titled "Rhymin' Slang", was posted on Pitchfork.[48] JJ DOOM was revealed to be the pairing of Jneiro Jarel and Lex label mate DOOM, which drew speculation at the time that the two were working on an album together. This suspicion was confirmed when Pitchfork later ran an article on February 16, 2012, detailing the album's title, Key to the Kuffs, and leaked one of its tracks "Banished".[49] A third track from the album, "Guv'nor", was posted on Pitchfork July 27, 2012.[50]
KTTK was released August 20, 2012 on Lex Records.[51] Debuting at number 124 on the Billboard 200,[52] "...Kuffs" received notable positive praise,[53][54] eventually charting a total of six Billboard charts[55] and landing on several "Best Albums of 2012" lists.[56][57][58] It had a number of high-profile guest appearances, from previous Jneiro Jarel collaborators Damon Albarn and Khujo Goodie, to Beth Gibbons of Portishead.[51]
A video for the song "Guv'nor" premiered August 23, 2012.[59] Directed by Ninian Doff and presented by RizLab,[60] the video garnered attention for its use of an optical illusion/split-screen visual effect.[61] Later a video for the "Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix)" would be released, as an extension of the JJ DOOM/RizLab project.[62]
The album artwork for Key to the Kuffs was designed by American artist/graff artist, Steve "ESPO" Powers.[63] Powers would also later direct the music video for JJ DOOM's "Bookhead". The video premiered June 19, 2013 and the track was featured on the expanded, deluxe edition of KTTK, titled Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition),[64] released August 20, 2013.[65] The "Butter Edition" also included the Dave Sitek "Rhymin' Slang" remix, as well as the previously released, alternative version of "Retarded Fren" by Radiohead's Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood. It also featured a number of guest contributions in the form of remixes, features and alternative versions from Beck, BADBADNOTGOOD, Del the Funky Homosapien and Clams Casino.[66]
In August 2013, Jneiro Jarel announced (via Okayplayer) the official launch of his own record label, Label Who, with Ropeadope Records serving as digital distributor.[3]
Personal Life[edit]
On February 20, 2015, he announced to Whatiz Media that he is "proudly one of Jehovah’s Witnesses".[67]
Discography[edit]
Jneiro Jarel[edit]
##Section A (2000)
##Timeless Vol. 1 (2004)
##Three Piece Puzzle (2005)
##"Big Bounce Theory" b/w "Quantum Leap" (2005)
##Fauna (2010)
##Android Love Mayhem EP (2010)
##"Amazonica" b/w "See Them Cry" (2010)
##Beyond 2morrow reissue (2010)
##Flora (2014)'
Dr. Who Dat?[edit]
##Beat Journey (2006)
##Rhyme Cycle EP (2006)
##Beyond 2morrow (2009)
Shape of Broad Minds[edit]
##Blue Experience EP (2007)
##Craft of the Lost Art (2007)
##Raiders Of The Lost Mix (2007)
##"OPR8R" (2008)
Willie Isz[edit]
##Georgiavania (2009)
Capital Peoples[edit]
##Amazonica (1999-2004) (2009)
DRC Music[edit]
##Kinshasa One Two (2011)
JJ DOOM[edit]
##Key to the Kuffs (2012)[68]
##Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) EP Very limited exclusive blue 12' vinyl. (2012)
##Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) flexi-disc 7' Exclusive single face flexi-disc vinyl sold with #24 Wax Poetics Japan. (2012)
##Key to the Kuffs (Butter Version) (2013)[69]
##Bookhead EP (2014)[70]
Productions[edit]
##"Choklit Ninja" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
##"Rhyme Cycle" by Stacy Epps on Ruff Draft (2007)
##"The Experiment" "Vocal Overload" by John Robinson on I Am Not For Sale (2008)
Remixes[edit]
##"Yellow Daisies (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Fertile Ground on Remixes 01 (2005)
##"Holdin' On (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by Champion Souls on Holdin' On EP Two (2005)
##"Vibes From THe Tribe (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Build An Ark on Remixes (2005)
##"Dust (Rocque Wun Mix)" by Recloose on Dust (Remixes) (2005)
##"My Affection" by Vassy on My Affection (2005)
##"My Juvenile (Jneiro Jarel's Minimal Animal Remix)" by Björk (2009)
##"Pretty Wings (Jneiro Jarel's Willie Isz Remix)" by Maxwell (2009)
##"Gazzilion Ear (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
##"Gazzilion Ear (Jneiro Jarel feat. Dave Sitek Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
##"Harmony Korine (David A. Sitek and Jneiro Jarel Magnetized Nebula Mix)" by Steven Wilson (2009)
##"Shout Me Out Remix" by TV on the Radio on Crying (2009)
##"Balada 45 (Like A Brazilian Girl Remix)" by Arthur Verocai (2010)
##"Electric Love (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Vikter Duplaix on Electric Love-EP (2010)
##"Atlas Air (Jneiro Jarel's Lavender Jungle Remix)" by Massive Attack on Atlas Air EP (2010)
##"Groove Me (Jneiro Jarel Remix feat. Theophilus London)" by Maximum Balloon on Maximum Balloon (2010)
##"Messin' (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Amatus (2014)
##"90's Music (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Kimbra on 90s Music EP (2014)
Mixes[edit]
##"Mindgames (Sneaky Pete Edit)" by Rich Medina (2004)
DJ Mixes[edit]
##Houston We Have A Solution (2005)
##Andrew Meza's BTS Radio Mix (2007)
##Return of The Shoegaze (2008)
##Jneiro Jarel aka Dr. Who Dat's BBC Radio 1 Mary Anne Hobbs Mix (2009)
##BBC Radio 1 Rob Da Bank JJ DOOM Mix (2012)
##Exclusive JJ DOOM Mixtape for Dazed Digital (2012)
##Traptronic Dreams Mixtape (2012)
##Jneiro Jarel x Bonafide Beats Mix #50 (2014)
##Echoes In Viberia (Kimbra Mixtape) By Jneiro Jarel (2014)
Guest appearances[edit]
##"Lookin' At Me" by Kid Sublime on Basement Soul (2005)
##"Not Tomorrow But" "No Game" by Breakthrough on Breakthrough (2005)
##"Choklit Ninja" "Blues Baby" "Weight" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
##"Chea Chea" by King Britt on Jazzmental (2005)
##"Eyes And Ears" by Ohmega Watts on Watts Happening (2007)
##"Evil Child" by Cilla K. on Evil Child (2010)
Compilation appearances[edit]
##"Sun Walkers" "Eeee Love" "Do You Thang" on Soul Purpose Is To Move You: Kindred Spirits Collection (2004)
##"Sun Walkers" "Doinis!!" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 1) (2004)
##"Doinis!!" on Undercover Cuts 21 (2005)
##"Soul Starr" "Big Bounce Theory" "Get Yuh Own" on Rush Hour Mixed Series Vol.01 (2005)
##"Lookin' At Me" on Habitat Collection: Fireside (2005)
##"Lookin' At Me" on Jimmy Woo One (2006)
##"Big Bounce Theory Part 2" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 2) (2007)
##"Picante" on Basement Soul (2007)
##"Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)" "Viberian Twilight Part 2" on Complex Vol. 1 (2012)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Joy of Lex (#06 Extended Feature)". Bonafide Magazine. June 17, 2012.
2.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Rate Your Music. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Stats", Eddie. "Jneiro Jarel Launches Label Who". okayplayer.com. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
4.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "OKP Exclusive: Kimbra Talks ‘The Golden Echo’ LP + Jneiro Jarel x Kimbra – ‘Echoes In Viberia’ Mixtape Premiere". okayplayer.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
5.Jump up ^ Swales, Kris. "Jneiro Jarel's Australian Debut With RBMA". RedBull. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Marisa. "Jneiro Jarel- Music Biography, Credits and Discography". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
7.Jump up ^ "Kindred Spirits Artist Profile-Jneiro Jarel". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
8.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Red Bull Music Academy. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
9.Jump up ^ "Download Benefit Compilation for Kool Herc featuring Jneiro Jarel". Lex Records. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
10.Jump up ^ "Rich Medina' Connecting the Dots". Allmusic. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
11.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Groups, Projects & Aliases". Lex Records. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
12.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Section A". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
13.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Timeless Volume 1". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
14.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Discography". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
15.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Three Piece Puzzle- Jneiro Jarel-". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
16.Jump up ^ Doggett, Tom (December 20, 2005). "Jneiro Jarel:Three Piece Puzzle:Label Who". RapReviews.com.
17.Jump up ^ B, Lucy. "Jneiro Jarel "Three Piece Puzzle" (Ropeadope)". beatlife.com. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
18.Jump up ^ "Beat Journey- Dr. Who Dat?". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
19.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". XLR8R. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
20.Jump up ^ Gasteier, Matthew (December 5, 2006). "Album Review: Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". Prefix Magazine.
21.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?-Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
22.Jump up ^ Allworthy, Paul (March 7, 2010). "EHQUESTIONMARK?- BONAFIDE EXCLUSIVE". Bonafide Magazine.
23.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
24.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
25.^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
26.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
27.Jump up ^ Wilson, Tony (October 2007). "Craft of the Lost Art". frieze (magazine).
28.Jump up ^ Serwer, Jesse (November 5, 2007). "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". XLR8R.
29.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008.
30.Jump up ^ smith, Jason (February 11, 2009). "Dr. Who Dat?, Beyond 2morrow". Impose Magazine.
31.Jump up ^ "Review: Dr. Who Dat?, "Beyond 2morrow"". Plug One. January 23, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Murray, Robin (January 26, 2012). "Craft Of The Lost Art- Jneiro Jarel". Clash.
33.Jump up ^ Noz, Andrew (May 22, 2009). "Willie Isz: Something Else". Hiphopdx.com.
34.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania". Discogs. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
35.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania- Willie Isz". Metacritic. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
36.Jump up ^ "MF Doom- Gazillion Ear EP (Jneiro Jarel & Dave Sitek remix) video". NME. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
37.Jump up ^ "TV On The Radio- Shout Me Out (Willie Isz Remix by Jneiro Jarel". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
38.Jump up ^ "Maximum Balloon- Groove Me (feat. Theophilus London) (by Jneiro Jarel Remix)". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
39.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 16, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
40.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Alpha Pup Records. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
41.Jump up ^ "Feature Interview-Joshua Mays: Meditations on Canvas". CultureFphiles.com. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
42.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Fauna". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
43.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Android Love Mayhem EP". Impose Magazine. May 24, 2010.
44.Jump up ^ Varine, Patrick (January 12, 2009). "Album Reviews: Dr. Who Dat?, Mr. Chop". Wickedlocal.com access.
45.Jump up ^ "Escape With Jneiro Jarel To 'Amazonica'". Soulbounce.com. September 29, 2010.
46.Jump up ^ "DRC Music- Kinshasa One Two". DRC Music. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
47.Jump up ^ "DRC Music". Warp Records. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
48.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 15, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
49.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (15 February 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
50.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (July 27, 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
51.^ Jump up to: a b Horowitz, Steven (August 16, 2012). "JJ DOOM "Key To The Kuffs" Album Stream". Hiphoxdx.com.
52.Jump up ^ http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.20947/title.hip-hop-album-sales-the-week-ending-8-26-2012
53.Jump up ^ "Key To The Kuffs-JJ DOOM". Metacritic. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
54.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-'Key To The Kuffs'". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
55.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
56.Jump up ^ "Exclaim!'s Best Albums of 2012: Hip-Hop". Exclaim!. December 18, 2012.
57.Jump up ^ "Staff Lists: Toussaint's Top Albums and Songs of 2012". spartanchronicle.com. November 29, 2012.
58.Jump up ^ Adams, Dart (January 1, 2013). "50 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2012". The Urban Daily.
59.Jump up ^ Grosinger, Matt (August 23, 2012). "Video: JJ DOOM-"Guv'nor"". The Fader.
60.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM "GUV'NOR" From Album KEY TO THE KUFFS- RizLab Project #4". Lex Records. August 23, 2012.
61.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-Guv'nor". Pretty Much Amazing access. May 31, 2013.
62.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-"Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix) Video"". NME. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM (Jneiro Jarel and DOOM) Album Artwork by ESPO". Ego Trip. July 5, 2012.
64.Jump up ^ Battan, Carrie (June 19, 2013). "Video: JJ DOOM: "BOOKHEAD"". Pitchfork Media.
65.Jump up ^ "Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition): JJ Doom". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
66.Jump up ^ Martins, Chris (June 20, 2013). "Hear Thom Yorke, Dave Sitek, and Clams Casino Rework JJ DOOM's Gritty Rap Tracks". Spin.
67.Jump up ^ "JNEIRO JAREL AKA DR WHO DAT -THE INTERVIEW". Whatiz. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
68.Jump up ^ Fallon, Patric (February 16, 2012). "Jneiro Jarel and MF DOOM Are JJ DOOM". XLR8R.
69.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "JJ DOOM Prep Fans For 'Key to the Kuffs' (Butter Version)". okayplayer. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
70.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM RELEASE BOOKHEAD EP AS LIMITED EDITION PICTURE DISC, AND IT LOOKS ACE". factmag.com. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
External links[edit]
##Official website
##Jneiro Jarel discography at Discogs
##Jneiro Jarel on Lex Records
##Jneiro Jarel on Alpha Pup Records



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


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Hip hop DJs
Living people
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Rappers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1975 births






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Jneiro Jarel

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Jneiro Jarel
Jneiro Jarel Getty.jpeg
Background information

Birth name
Omar Jarel Gilyard
Also known as
Dr. Who Dat?, Capital Peoples, Panama Blaque, Rocque Wun, Mel Owens, JJ Tron, Gwizzo, Phish Bone
Origin
United States
Genres
Hip hop
Occupation(s)
Producer, composer, rapper, vocalist, DJ, multi-instrumentalist
Instruments
Sampler, drum machine
Years active
1989-present
Labels
Lex Records, Label Who?, Ropeadope Records, Kindred Spirits, Alpha Pup Records
Associated acts
Willie Isz, JJ DOOM, Shape of Broad Minds, DOOM, Khujo, Dave Sitek, Count Bass D, Kimbra, Damon Albarn, DRC Music
Website
www.jneirojarel.com
Omar Jarel Gilyard, known by his stage name Jneiro Jarel, is an American recording artist, music producer, composer and DJ. Recognized for his versatile, abstract, and often experimental style,[1] he is also known for his beat-making alias Dr. Who Dat? and his groups Willie Isz, JJ DOOM and Shape of Broad Minds,[2] who've shared the stage with artists ranging from Jay-Z to Radiohead. He has collaborated with artists such as Damon Albarn, Count Bass D, Massive Attack, TV on the Radio and Kimbra among others.[3][4][5]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Career 2.1 2000-2005: Early Career
2.2 2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition
2.3 2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who
3 Personal Life
4 Discography 4.1 Jneiro Jarel
4.2 Dr. Who Dat?
4.3 Shape of Broad Minds
4.4 Willie Isz
4.5 Capital Peoples
4.6 DRC Music
4.7 JJ DOOM
4.8 Productions
4.9 Remixes
4.10 Mixes
4.11 DJ Mixes
4.12 Guest appearances
4.13 Compilation appearances
5 References
6 External links

History[edit]
Jarel was born in Brooklyn, and would spend the next several years of his life living in Maryland, Arizona, Atlanta and Houston, before eventually moving back to New York. It was in New York that he started his own label, Orienj Recordings (now Label Who?), and released his first EP as a solo artist.[6]
In 2003 he signed to indie record label Kindred Spirits,[7] and was the sole representative from New York to participate in and perform at Red Bull Music Academy in Cape Town, South Africa.[8]
In 2004 Jneiro moved to Philadelphia and, through his success in the indie music scene, was able to work with some of the cities most influential artists King Britt and Rich Medina.[9][10]
He signed a multi album record deal with Lex Records in 2006.[6][11]
Career[edit]
2000-2005: Early Career[edit]
Following the 2000 release of his Section A EP,[12] Jneiro also released his first full-length album, Timeless Volume 1 in 2004, via Label Who?[13] Over the next year he'd make a number of guest appearances and contributions on various projects, and release several promo singles and DJ mixes,[14] before jointly releasing his Three Piece Puzzle LP on, both, Kindred Spirits and Ropeadope Records in 2005.[6] The album was universally met with positive reception.[15][16][17]
2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition[edit]
2006 marked the beginning of Jarel's relationship with Lex Records, and saw the release of his critically acclaimed instrumental project, Beat Journey, under his Dr. Who Dat? alias.[18][19][20] The album cover art was designed by the UK based graphic artists collective, and frequent Lex Records collaborators, Ehquestionmark,[21][22] best known for their previous work on The Mouse and the Mask and Ghetto Pop Life. The aesthetic approach featured in "Beat Journey's" art design would become a staple in Jneiro's future releases.[23][24]
He followed up Beat Journey with his 2007 Lex release, Craft of the Lost Art, under the group name Shape of Broad Minds.[25] Like many of his previous works, "Craft..." saw Jarel incorporating several of his aliases on to the album, although this was the first time they would all converge in one place.[26] In addition to fellow group member and emcee Jawwaad Taylor, the project also included a number of features from DOOM, Count Bass D, Stacy Epps and John Robinson.[25] "Craft..." widely received positive reviews,[27][28] and saw Jneiro teaming with Ehquestionmark once more, for an artwork design that included a limited edition, glow-in-the-dark LP, as well as an EP, single and mixtape download.[29]
In early 2009 he revisited his Dr. Who Dat? alter ego for the digital-only release of Beyond 2morrow.[30] This instrumental EP would showcase the more experimental approach to production that was previously, but briefly, explored in some of Jneiro's earlier work.[31] Having been fully realized and embraced on this project, it would also help in solidifying his place among a growing musical genre that would later become popular in the Low End Theory and L.A. beat scene.[32]
That same year Jneiro teamed with Goodie Mob's Khujo Goodie to form the group Willie Isz. They released their debut project Georgiavania on June 15, 2009, via Lex Records.[33] The album features backing vocals from Tunde Adebimpe of TV on the Radio,[34] and continued the string of positive reception Jarel's work had come to know.[35] It would also set the stage for a number of collaborations between Jarel and TV on the Radio's Dave Sitek.[36][37][38][39]
2010 brought about both new and old professional relationships. Jarel signed a digital distribution deal with Alpha Pup Records, which resulted in the release of his Android Love Mayhem- EP and the reissue of Beyond 2morrow, as Jneiro Jarel.[40] Artwork for both EP's was handled by painter and muralist, and Three Piece Puzzle album cover designer, Joshua Mays.[41]
Jneiro also joined forces with Kindred Spirits again and released the Brazilian themed album Fauna.[42]
All three projects had heavy electronic overtones in their production, and continued to show Jarel's willingness to move away from more traditional sample based music, and explore beyond the rigid boundaries set in place by many musical genres.[43][44][45]
In 2011 Jneiro was handpicked by Damon Albarn to be a part of the, newly established, musical collective DRC Music (Democratic Republic of the Congo Music) group. Working in conjunction with Oxfam, the project's intention was to bring awareness to Oxfam's relief work in Congo, as well as give exposure to over fifty local Congolese musicians. Albarn assembled a team of ten producers, composed of Jarel, Dan the Automator, XL Recordings managers Richard Russell & Rodaidh McDonald, Kwes, Actress, Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Marc Antoine, Alwest, and Remi Kabaka Jr. to work alongside local musicians in Kinshasa. The result was Kinshasa One Two; an album recorded in five days, with all of its proceeds going towards Oxfam. It was released on Warp Records October 3, 2011.[46][47]
2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who[edit]
On December 16, 2011, a Dave Sitek remix of a JJ DOOM track, titled "Rhymin' Slang", was posted on Pitchfork.[48] JJ DOOM was revealed to be the pairing of Jneiro Jarel and Lex label mate DOOM, which drew speculation at the time that the two were working on an album together. This suspicion was confirmed when Pitchfork later ran an article on February 16, 2012, detailing the album's title, Key to the Kuffs, and leaked one of its tracks "Banished".[49] A third track from the album, "Guv'nor", was posted on Pitchfork July 27, 2012.[50]
KTTK was released August 20, 2012 on Lex Records.[51] Debuting at number 124 on the Billboard 200,[52] "...Kuffs" received notable positive praise,[53][54] eventually charting a total of six Billboard charts[55] and landing on several "Best Albums of 2012" lists.[56][57][58] It had a number of high-profile guest appearances, from previous Jneiro Jarel collaborators Damon Albarn and Khujo Goodie, to Beth Gibbons of Portishead.[51]
A video for the song "Guv'nor" premiered August 23, 2012.[59] Directed by Ninian Doff and presented by RizLab,[60] the video garnered attention for its use of an optical illusion/split-screen visual effect.[61] Later a video for the "Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix)" would be released, as an extension of the JJ DOOM/RizLab project.[62]
The album artwork for Key to the Kuffs was designed by American artist/graff artist, Steve "ESPO" Powers.[63] Powers would also later direct the music video for JJ DOOM's "Bookhead". The video premiered June 19, 2013 and the track was featured on the expanded, deluxe edition of KTTK, titled Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition),[64] released August 20, 2013.[65] The "Butter Edition" also included the Dave Sitek "Rhymin' Slang" remix, as well as the previously released, alternative version of "Retarded Fren" by Radiohead's Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood. It also featured a number of guest contributions in the form of remixes, features and alternative versions from Beck, BADBADNOTGOOD, Del the Funky Homosapien and Clams Casino.[66]
In August 2013, Jneiro Jarel announced (via Okayplayer) the official launch of his own record label, Label Who, with Ropeadope Records serving as digital distributor.[3]
Personal Life[edit]
On February 20, 2015, he announced to Whatiz Media that he is "proudly one of Jehovah’s Witnesses".[67]
Discography[edit]
Jneiro Jarel[edit]
##Section A (2000)
##Timeless Vol. 1 (2004)
##Three Piece Puzzle (2005)
##"Big Bounce Theory" b/w "Quantum Leap" (2005)
##Fauna (2010)
##Android Love Mayhem EP (2010)
##"Amazonica" b/w "See Them Cry" (2010)
##Beyond 2morrow reissue (2010)
##Flora (2014)'
Dr. Who Dat?[edit]
##Beat Journey (2006)
##Rhyme Cycle EP (2006)
##Beyond 2morrow (2009)
Shape of Broad Minds[edit]
##Blue Experience EP (2007)
##Craft of the Lost Art (2007)
##Raiders Of The Lost Mix (2007)
##"OPR8R" (2008)
Willie Isz[edit]
##Georgiavania (2009)
Capital Peoples[edit]
##Amazonica (1999-2004) (2009)
DRC Music[edit]
##Kinshasa One Two (2011)
JJ DOOM[edit]
##Key to the Kuffs (2012)[68]
##Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) EP Very limited exclusive blue 12' vinyl. (2012)
##Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) flexi-disc 7' Exclusive single face flexi-disc vinyl sold with #24 Wax Poetics Japan. (2012)
##Key to the Kuffs (Butter Version) (2013)[69]
##Bookhead EP (2014)[70]
Productions[edit]
##"Choklit Ninja" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
##"Rhyme Cycle" by Stacy Epps on Ruff Draft (2007)
##"The Experiment" "Vocal Overload" by John Robinson on I Am Not For Sale (2008)
Remixes[edit]
##"Yellow Daisies (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Fertile Ground on Remixes 01 (2005)
##"Holdin' On (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by Champion Souls on Holdin' On EP Two (2005)
##"Vibes From THe Tribe (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Build An Ark on Remixes (2005)
##"Dust (Rocque Wun Mix)" by Recloose on Dust (Remixes) (2005)
##"My Affection" by Vassy on My Affection (2005)
##"My Juvenile (Jneiro Jarel's Minimal Animal Remix)" by Björk (2009)
##"Pretty Wings (Jneiro Jarel's Willie Isz Remix)" by Maxwell (2009)
##"Gazzilion Ear (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
##"Gazzilion Ear (Jneiro Jarel feat. Dave Sitek Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
##"Harmony Korine (David A. Sitek and Jneiro Jarel Magnetized Nebula Mix)" by Steven Wilson (2009)
##"Shout Me Out Remix" by TV on the Radio on Crying (2009)
##"Balada 45 (Like A Brazilian Girl Remix)" by Arthur Verocai (2010)
##"Electric Love (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Vikter Duplaix on Electric Love-EP (2010)
##"Atlas Air (Jneiro Jarel's Lavender Jungle Remix)" by Massive Attack on Atlas Air EP (2010)
##"Groove Me (Jneiro Jarel Remix feat. Theophilus London)" by Maximum Balloon on Maximum Balloon (2010)
##"Messin' (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Amatus (2014)
##"90's Music (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Kimbra on 90s Music EP (2014)
Mixes[edit]
##"Mindgames (Sneaky Pete Edit)" by Rich Medina (2004)
DJ Mixes[edit]
##Houston We Have A Solution (2005)
##Andrew Meza's BTS Radio Mix (2007)
##Return of The Shoegaze (2008)
##Jneiro Jarel aka Dr. Who Dat's BBC Radio 1 Mary Anne Hobbs Mix (2009)
##BBC Radio 1 Rob Da Bank JJ DOOM Mix (2012)
##Exclusive JJ DOOM Mixtape for Dazed Digital (2012)
##Traptronic Dreams Mixtape (2012)
##Jneiro Jarel x Bonafide Beats Mix #50 (2014)
##Echoes In Viberia (Kimbra Mixtape) By Jneiro Jarel (2014)
Guest appearances[edit]
##"Lookin' At Me" by Kid Sublime on Basement Soul (2005)
##"Not Tomorrow But" "No Game" by Breakthrough on Breakthrough (2005)
##"Choklit Ninja" "Blues Baby" "Weight" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
##"Chea Chea" by King Britt on Jazzmental (2005)
##"Eyes And Ears" by Ohmega Watts on Watts Happening (2007)
##"Evil Child" by Cilla K. on Evil Child (2010)
Compilation appearances[edit]
##"Sun Walkers" "Eeee Love" "Do You Thang" on Soul Purpose Is To Move You: Kindred Spirits Collection (2004)
##"Sun Walkers" "Doinis!!" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 1) (2004)
##"Doinis!!" on Undercover Cuts 21 (2005)
##"Soul Starr" "Big Bounce Theory" "Get Yuh Own" on Rush Hour Mixed Series Vol.01 (2005)
##"Lookin' At Me" on Habitat Collection: Fireside (2005)
##"Lookin' At Me" on Jimmy Woo One (2006)
##"Big Bounce Theory Part 2" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 2) (2007)
##"Picante" on Basement Soul (2007)
##"Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)" "Viberian Twilight Part 2" on Complex Vol. 1 (2012)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Joy of Lex (#06 Extended Feature)". Bonafide Magazine. June 17, 2012.
2.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Rate Your Music. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Stats", Eddie. "Jneiro Jarel Launches Label Who". okayplayer.com. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
4.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "OKP Exclusive: Kimbra Talks ‘The Golden Echo’ LP + Jneiro Jarel x Kimbra – ‘Echoes In Viberia’ Mixtape Premiere". okayplayer.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
5.Jump up ^ Swales, Kris. "Jneiro Jarel's Australian Debut With RBMA". RedBull. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Marisa. "Jneiro Jarel- Music Biography, Credits and Discography". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
7.Jump up ^ "Kindred Spirits Artist Profile-Jneiro Jarel". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
8.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Red Bull Music Academy. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
9.Jump up ^ "Download Benefit Compilation for Kool Herc featuring Jneiro Jarel". Lex Records. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
10.Jump up ^ "Rich Medina' Connecting the Dots". Allmusic. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
11.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Groups, Projects & Aliases". Lex Records. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
12.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Section A". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
13.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Timeless Volume 1". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
14.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Discography". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
15.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Three Piece Puzzle- Jneiro Jarel-". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
16.Jump up ^ Doggett, Tom (December 20, 2005). "Jneiro Jarel:Three Piece Puzzle:Label Who". RapReviews.com.
17.Jump up ^ B, Lucy. "Jneiro Jarel "Three Piece Puzzle" (Ropeadope)". beatlife.com. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
18.Jump up ^ "Beat Journey- Dr. Who Dat?". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
19.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". XLR8R. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
20.Jump up ^ Gasteier, Matthew (December 5, 2006). "Album Review: Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". Prefix Magazine.
21.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?-Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
22.Jump up ^ Allworthy, Paul (March 7, 2010). "EHQUESTIONMARK?- BONAFIDE EXCLUSIVE". Bonafide Magazine.
23.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
24.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
25.^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
26.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
27.Jump up ^ Wilson, Tony (October 2007). "Craft of the Lost Art". frieze (magazine).
28.Jump up ^ Serwer, Jesse (November 5, 2007). "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". XLR8R.
29.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008.
30.Jump up ^ smith, Jason (February 11, 2009). "Dr. Who Dat?, Beyond 2morrow". Impose Magazine.
31.Jump up ^ "Review: Dr. Who Dat?, "Beyond 2morrow"". Plug One. January 23, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Murray, Robin (January 26, 2012). "Craft Of The Lost Art- Jneiro Jarel". Clash.
33.Jump up ^ Noz, Andrew (May 22, 2009). "Willie Isz: Something Else". Hiphopdx.com.
34.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania". Discogs. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
35.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania- Willie Isz". Metacritic. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
36.Jump up ^ "MF Doom- Gazillion Ear EP (Jneiro Jarel & Dave Sitek remix) video". NME. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
37.Jump up ^ "TV On The Radio- Shout Me Out (Willie Isz Remix by Jneiro Jarel". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
38.Jump up ^ "Maximum Balloon- Groove Me (feat. Theophilus London) (by Jneiro Jarel Remix)". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
39.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 16, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
40.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Alpha Pup Records. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
41.Jump up ^ "Feature Interview-Joshua Mays: Meditations on Canvas". CultureFphiles.com. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
42.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Fauna". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
43.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Android Love Mayhem EP". Impose Magazine. May 24, 2010.
44.Jump up ^ Varine, Patrick (January 12, 2009). "Album Reviews: Dr. Who Dat?, Mr. Chop". Wickedlocal.com access.
45.Jump up ^ "Escape With Jneiro Jarel To 'Amazonica'". Soulbounce.com. September 29, 2010.
46.Jump up ^ "DRC Music- Kinshasa One Two". DRC Music. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
47.Jump up ^ "DRC Music". Warp Records. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
48.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 15, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
49.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (15 February 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
50.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (July 27, 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
51.^ Jump up to: a b Horowitz, Steven (August 16, 2012). "JJ DOOM "Key To The Kuffs" Album Stream". Hiphoxdx.com.
52.Jump up ^ http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.20947/title.hip-hop-album-sales-the-week-ending-8-26-2012
53.Jump up ^ "Key To The Kuffs-JJ DOOM". Metacritic. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
54.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-'Key To The Kuffs'". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
55.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
56.Jump up ^ "Exclaim!'s Best Albums of 2012: Hip-Hop". Exclaim!. December 18, 2012.
57.Jump up ^ "Staff Lists: Toussaint's Top Albums and Songs of 2012". spartanchronicle.com. November 29, 2012.
58.Jump up ^ Adams, Dart (January 1, 2013). "50 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2012". The Urban Daily.
59.Jump up ^ Grosinger, Matt (August 23, 2012). "Video: JJ DOOM-"Guv'nor"". The Fader.
60.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM "GUV'NOR" From Album KEY TO THE KUFFS- RizLab Project #4". Lex Records. August 23, 2012.
61.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-Guv'nor". Pretty Much Amazing access. May 31, 2013.
62.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-"Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix) Video"". NME. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM (Jneiro Jarel and DOOM) Album Artwork by ESPO". Ego Trip. July 5, 2012.
64.Jump up ^ Battan, Carrie (June 19, 2013). "Video: JJ DOOM: "BOOKHEAD"". Pitchfork Media.
65.Jump up ^ "Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition): JJ Doom". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
66.Jump up ^ Martins, Chris (June 20, 2013). "Hear Thom Yorke, Dave Sitek, and Clams Casino Rework JJ DOOM's Gritty Rap Tracks". Spin.
67.Jump up ^ "JNEIRO JAREL AKA DR WHO DAT -THE INTERVIEW". Whatiz. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
68.Jump up ^ Fallon, Patric (February 16, 2012). "Jneiro Jarel and MF DOOM Are JJ DOOM". XLR8R.
69.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "JJ DOOM Prep Fans For 'Key to the Kuffs' (Butter Version)". okayplayer. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
70.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM RELEASE BOOKHEAD EP AS LIMITED EDITION PICTURE DISC, AND IT LOOKS ACE". factmag.com. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
External links[edit]
##Official website
##Jneiro Jarel discography at Discogs
##Jneiro Jarel on Lex Records
##Jneiro Jarel on Alpha Pup Records



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American hip hop record producers
Hip hop DJs
Living people
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Rappers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1975 births






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This page was last modified on 24 February 2015, at 14:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Jneiro Jarel aka Dr Who Dat -The Interview

 SevenSamples

 February 20, 2015

 Audio, Interviews, Video






1920086_10153207507638508_5502259513834227552_n





<a href="http://jneirojarel.bandcamp.com/album/camouflaged-thieves-single">Camouflaged Thieves (Single) by JNEIRO JAREL</a>
It’s not often we have the opportunity to catch up with a living legend like our next featured Artist so needless to say we were besides ourselves to be able to bring you the man himself, the Dr of Who, the King of Viberia, and my absolute favorite producer/emcee Jneiro Jarel aka Dr Who Dat! A born innovator Jarel’s track record spans back decades with an expansive collection of hits, features, cameos and collaborations that pretty much spans the world if not the galaxy. With a linage of hits and a virtual cornucopia of timeless music the more you learn of Jarel’s track record the more you realize he just may be one of the most overlooked producers around! Awe but is he?! The truth is Jarel’s never has been attracted to the lime light in fact he’s almost tried purposely to evade it. Not known to get caught up with the fads or politics of today’s music Jarel’s approach is much more benevolent, simply to create imaginative music.
Now we know we’re extreme music junkies here at WHATIZ and not everybody is as hip to what’s happening in the music world as we are so we did you guys a solid and caught up to the producer extraordinaire with a few questions to hopefully shed some light on an otherwise behind the scenes visionary. Well the first things we found out about the self proclaimed bohemian is that it wouldn’t be fitting to try and peg Jarel into any given city or genre because frankly they don’t deserve the credit. Jarel’s an entity all his own and has lived in about as many cities as he’s released LP’s and the truth is Jarel’s only really dedicated to one place and that’s his place of spiritual and musical conception, Viberia. Fresh off the cuff of releasing his latest single and with his new EP to follow Jarel’s someone you just can’t sleep on and what better way for us to expose him to the conscientiously sedated then to feature him here on WHATIZ!
So for our fans that don’t know you yet, who are you and where are you really from?
I have many names but I’m mostly known as Jneiro Jarel.  Born in Brooklyn but from many places! So I just tell people I’m from Viberia.


You’ve been a busy guy the last few years! Being an outsider looking in, the development has been amazing! Can you tell us about what’s been happening with your music career in your own words?

Well, I’m just trying to keep things interesting. Drawing inspiration from my surroundings. I’ve had the privilege to live in many cities and work on many projects around the world, from Costa Rica to Africa. Fortunately I’ve been able to use what I do to involve myself in matters that I find important, such as humanitarian and conservation work.


We see you as a modern day innovator, we just love artist that push the bounds of music and art. Where does your motivation come from?

Life and experiences. But I have a forward thinking world (Viberia) in my head and I try to bring it to real life.

<a href="http://jneirojarel.bandcamp.com/album/fauna">Fauna by Jneiro Jarel</a>
There is a the age old debate between “Commercial” and “Underground hip-hop” what are your feelings on this? and do you see a difference?

I’m just about good music. Music with substance, and sometimes music just to have fun to; depends on the mood. I don’t get into debates about it. I don’t even listen to rap these days really. It’s no diss to other hip hop artist, I just can’t relate. I like good commercial music and don’t like bad underground. I like good underground music and don’t dig bad commercial music. That goes for all genres.


Speaking of music, who are some of the Artist who influenced you?

It changed through the years but a few are Prince, Steely Dan, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Public Enemy, and DOOM.

<a href="http://labelwho.bandcamp.com/album/three-piece-puzzle">Three Piece Puzzle by Jneiro Jarel</a>
With your home base constantly changing it would seem that any local support might be hard to gain, where do you find your fans coming in from?

I’m sure local support is important for some artists but I never truly had that. I’m kind of a recluse so I never was the one trying to push my music on people. I don’t do a lot of shows because I’m stuck in the studio. That’s the life of a producer/ artist that doesn’t care about fame. I just care about support from anywhere I can get it. Local or not.

It seems like you’re a spiritual guy, how important is that to your creativity?

You are very observant and I appreciate that. Nobody’s every asked me this question throughout my whole career. Spirituality is a large part of my life so it applies to everything I do. This is why I’ve choose not to use certain offensive language in my music over the years. I’m proudly one of Jehovah’s Witnesses. For people that wonder who Jehovah is, read Psalms 83:18, “May people know that you, whose name is Jehovah, You alone are the Most High over all the earth.”

Seems like you’re always traveling somewhere, how important has that been for you getting your music out?
It played a nice roll. Before JJ DOOM, I was more popular overseas than locally. I’ve toured many foreign countries but never the US. It helped being signed to two labels overseas at the time.




Following your career you’ve had some pretty cool experiences it seems. Thus far, what has been your most memorable performance and/or project?

Most memorable performance was Roskilde Festival in Denmark. People went crazy jumping on and off stage!

Most memorable project was the DRC Project in Kinshasa Africa with the Gorillaz front man Damon Albarn and Oxfam.


You just dropped Camouflaged Thieves, and released a new video single. Can you tell us a little about it?

Camouflaged Thieves is part of my upcoming EP ‘Indio’. It’s from a series of EP’s I’m dropping. ‘Flora’ was the 1st.


<a href="http://labelwho.bandcamp.com/album/flora">Flora by Jneiro Jarel</a>

How can people keep up with you and your music and do you have any shows planned for 2015 we should know about?

 People can go to jneirojarel.com for more updates and to join my mailing list. I have a live beat set show at Jazid in South Beach, Miami on Feb 26th come through if you’re in the area!


One of our favorite collabs of yours came back in 2009 when the French label Nowadays Records released the Fantastic JJ Project starring an emcee known as Mattic, how’d that project come about?

Those guys hit me up and asked if it was cool to drop the mixtape. I gave them my blessings and was honored that they respected my music enough to make a dedication album. Really appreciated the love.

So, what’s the difference between Dr. Who Dat and Jneiro Jarel?

Dr Who Dat is the weirder, out of this world cat that does all of the EQ for my projects. Jneiro Jarel is also forward thinking, but more down to earth in his approach. Nowadays they have seemed to morph into each other. Did I just talk in the 3rd person? Lol

You’ve worked with some very talented musician’s over the years, you mind sharing some of the folks you’ve worked with and who’s been most memorable?


I’ve collaborated with DOOM, TVOTR, Beth Gibbons of Portisthead, Matt Fink From Prince’s band The Revolution, etc. I’ve also collaborated with Saul Williams, and Flying Lotus rapped over one of my beats in his early days, but those songs were never officially released. Most memorable collaboration was with Damon Albarn.



Hip-hop has surely evolved in both good and bad ways over the years, any thoughts on how the state of Hip-hop is today Vs. yesteryear..?

I don’t listen to hip hop (outside of my music) these days really, so I might not be the best person to talk about it. I’m sure there are some decent, new hip hop artists out there but I just don’t feel comfortable with the content a lot of the time, so I don’t really tune in.

If someone asked me today who my top 2 Hip-hop acts were I’d probably say Shabazz Palaces, Jneiro Jarel/Dr. Who Dat! Who moves you at the moment in the Hip-hop World?

I’m honored. Means a lot! I dig Shabazz Palaces too! Ish is my man; cool cat. I dig what they’ve been doing. Lyrically DOOM still interests me. So if I had to choose, I’d would choose them.

It’s been a real pleasure to have you as our guest JJ you’re a real innovator and a living legend in our eyes man we wish you nothing but positive vibrations and the best! On a final note we thought we’d share some video coverage of your World wide explorations with our fans, enjoy!




'Flora'Beth GibbonsCamouflaged ThievesDamon AlbarnDOOMDRC ProjectJJ DOOMJneiro Jarel aka Dr Who DatMatt FinkMiamiNowadays RecordsRoskilde Festivalshabazz palacesSouth BeachTVOTRViberia

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Locations: Nigeria By The Jazz Jousters
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    
HomeAudio


Jneiro Jarel aka Dr Who Dat -The Interview

 SevenSamples

 February 20, 2015

 Audio, Interviews, Video






1920086_10153207507638508_5502259513834227552_n





<a href="http://jneirojarel.bandcamp.com/album/camouflaged-thieves-single">Camouflaged Thieves (Single) by JNEIRO JAREL</a>
It’s not often we have the opportunity to catch up with a living legend like our next featured Artist so needless to say we were besides ourselves to be able to bring you the man himself, the Dr of Who, the King of Viberia, and my absolute favorite producer/emcee Jneiro Jarel aka Dr Who Dat! A born innovator Jarel’s track record spans back decades with an expansive collection of hits, features, cameos and collaborations that pretty much spans the world if not the galaxy. With a linage of hits and a virtual cornucopia of timeless music the more you learn of Jarel’s track record the more you realize he just may be one of the most overlooked producers around! Awe but is he?! The truth is Jarel’s never has been attracted to the lime light in fact he’s almost tried purposely to evade it. Not known to get caught up with the fads or politics of today’s music Jarel’s approach is much more benevolent, simply to create imaginative music.
Now we know we’re extreme music junkies here at WHATIZ and not everybody is as hip to what’s happening in the music world as we are so we did you guys a solid and caught up to the producer extraordinaire with a few questions to hopefully shed some light on an otherwise behind the scenes visionary. Well the first things we found out about the self proclaimed bohemian is that it wouldn’t be fitting to try and peg Jarel into any given city or genre because frankly they don’t deserve the credit. Jarel’s an entity all his own and has lived in about as many cities as he’s released LP’s and the truth is Jarel’s only really dedicated to one place and that’s his place of spiritual and musical conception, Viberia. Fresh off the cuff of releasing his latest single and with his new EP to follow Jarel’s someone you just can’t sleep on and what better way for us to expose him to the conscientiously sedated then to feature him here on WHATIZ!
So for our fans that don’t know you yet, who are you and where are you really from?
I have many names but I’m mostly known as Jneiro Jarel.  Born in Brooklyn but from many places! So I just tell people I’m from Viberia.


You’ve been a busy guy the last few years! Being an outsider looking in, the development has been amazing! Can you tell us about what’s been happening with your music career in your own words?

Well, I’m just trying to keep things interesting. Drawing inspiration from my surroundings. I’ve had the privilege to live in many cities and work on many projects around the world, from Costa Rica to Africa. Fortunately I’ve been able to use what I do to involve myself in matters that I find important, such as humanitarian and conservation work.


We see you as a modern day innovator, we just love artist that push the bounds of music and art. Where does your motivation come from?

Life and experiences. But I have a forward thinking world (Viberia) in my head and I try to bring it to real life.

<a href="http://jneirojarel.bandcamp.com/album/fauna">Fauna by Jneiro Jarel</a>
There is a the age old debate between “Commercial” and “Underground hip-hop” what are your feelings on this? and do you see a difference?

I’m just about good music. Music with substance, and sometimes music just to have fun to; depends on the mood. I don’t get into debates about it. I don’t even listen to rap these days really. It’s no diss to other hip hop artist, I just can’t relate. I like good commercial music and don’t like bad underground. I like good underground music and don’t dig bad commercial music. That goes for all genres.


Speaking of music, who are some of the Artist who influenced you?

It changed through the years but a few are Prince, Steely Dan, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Public Enemy, and DOOM.

<a href="http://labelwho.bandcamp.com/album/three-piece-puzzle">Three Piece Puzzle by Jneiro Jarel</a>
With your home base constantly changing it would seem that any local support might be hard to gain, where do you find your fans coming in from?

I’m sure local support is important for some artists but I never truly had that. I’m kind of a recluse so I never was the one trying to push my music on people. I don’t do a lot of shows because I’m stuck in the studio. That’s the life of a producer/ artist that doesn’t care about fame. I just care about support from anywhere I can get it. Local or not.

It seems like you’re a spiritual guy, how important is that to your creativity?

You are very observant and I appreciate that. Nobody’s every asked me this question throughout my whole career. Spirituality is a large part of my life so it applies to everything I do. This is why I’ve choose not to use certain offensive language in my music over the years. I’m proudly one of Jehovah’s Witnesses. For people that wonder who Jehovah is, read Psalms 83:18, “May people know that you, whose name is Jehovah, You alone are the Most High over all the earth.”

Seems like you’re always traveling somewhere, how important has that been for you getting your music out?
It played a nice roll. Before JJ DOOM, I was more popular overseas than locally. I’ve toured many foreign countries but never the US. It helped being signed to two labels overseas at the time.




Following your career you’ve had some pretty cool experiences it seems. Thus far, what has been your most memorable performance and/or project?

Most memorable performance was Roskilde Festival in Denmark. People went crazy jumping on and off stage!

Most memorable project was the DRC Project in Kinshasa Africa with the Gorillaz front man Damon Albarn and Oxfam.


You just dropped Camouflaged Thieves, and released a new video single. Can you tell us a little about it?

Camouflaged Thieves is part of my upcoming EP ‘Indio’. It’s from a series of EP’s I’m dropping. ‘Flora’ was the 1st.


<a href="http://labelwho.bandcamp.com/album/flora">Flora by Jneiro Jarel</a>

How can people keep up with you and your music and do you have any shows planned for 2015 we should know about?

 People can go to jneirojarel.com for more updates and to join my mailing list. I have a live beat set show at Jazid in South Beach, Miami on Feb 26th come through if you’re in the area!


One of our favorite collabs of yours came back in 2009 when the French label Nowadays Records released the Fantastic JJ Project starring an emcee known as Mattic, how’d that project come about?

Those guys hit me up and asked if it was cool to drop the mixtape. I gave them my blessings and was honored that they respected my music enough to make a dedication album. Really appreciated the love.

So, what’s the difference between Dr. Who Dat and Jneiro Jarel?

Dr Who Dat is the weirder, out of this world cat that does all of the EQ for my projects. Jneiro Jarel is also forward thinking, but more down to earth in his approach. Nowadays they have seemed to morph into each other. Did I just talk in the 3rd person? Lol

You’ve worked with some very talented musician’s over the years, you mind sharing some of the folks you’ve worked with and who’s been most memorable?


I’ve collaborated with DOOM, TVOTR, Beth Gibbons of Portisthead, Matt Fink From Prince’s band The Revolution, etc. I’ve also collaborated with Saul Williams, and Flying Lotus rapped over one of my beats in his early days, but those songs were never officially released. Most memorable collaboration was with Damon Albarn.



Hip-hop has surely evolved in both good and bad ways over the years, any thoughts on how the state of Hip-hop is today Vs. yesteryear..?

I don’t listen to hip hop (outside of my music) these days really, so I might not be the best person to talk about it. I’m sure there are some decent, new hip hop artists out there but I just don’t feel comfortable with the content a lot of the time, so I don’t really tune in.

If someone asked me today who my top 2 Hip-hop acts were I’d probably say Shabazz Palaces, Jneiro Jarel/Dr. Who Dat! Who moves you at the moment in the Hip-hop World?

I’m honored. Means a lot! I dig Shabazz Palaces too! Ish is my man; cool cat. I dig what they’ve been doing. Lyrically DOOM still interests me. So if I had to choose, I’d would choose them.

It’s been a real pleasure to have you as our guest JJ you’re a real innovator and a living legend in our eyes man we wish you nothing but positive vibrations and the best! On a final note we thought we’d share some video coverage of your World wide explorations with our fans, enjoy!




'Flora'Beth GibbonsCamouflaged ThievesDamon AlbarnDOOMDRC ProjectJJ DOOMJneiro Jarel aka Dr Who DatMatt FinkMiamiNowadays RecordsRoskilde Festivalshabazz palacesSouth BeachTVOTRViberia

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George Benson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other people named George Benson, see George Benson (disambiguation).

George Benson
George Benson 2009.jpg
George Benson performing in Madrid 2009

Background information

Born
March 22, 1943 (age 72)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Genres
Jazz, funk, rhythm and blues, soul
Occupation(s)
Musician, singer-songwriter
Instruments
Vocals, guitar, archtop guitar
Years active
1954 (as little George Benson)[1][2]
 1963–present
Labels
Prestige Records (1964–65)
Columbia Records (1966–67)
Verve Records (1968)
A&M Records (1968–70)
CTI Records (1971–76)
Warner Bros. Records (1976–94)
GRP Records (1995–2005)
Concord Records (2006–present)
Associated acts
Jack McDuff, Earl Klugh, Al Jarreau, Joe Farrell, Count Basie Orchestra, McCoy Tyner, Joe Sample, Fuse One, Wes Montgomery, Django Reinhardt, Charlie Christian
Website
Official website
Notable instruments
Ibanez GB10 Signature Model
 Ibanez GB200 Signature Model
George Benson (born March 22, 1943)[3] is a ten-time Grammy Award-winning American musician, guitarist and singer-songwriter. He began his professional career at twenty-one, as a jazz guitarist. Benson uses a rest-stroke picking technique similar to that of gypsy jazz players such as Django Reinhardt.
A former child prodigy, Benson first came to prominence in the 1960s, playing soul jazz with Jack McDuff and others. He then launched a successful solo career, alternating between jazz, pop, R&B singing, and scat singing. His album Breezin' was certified triple-platinum, hitting #1 on the Billboard album chart in 1976.[4] His concerts were well attended through the 1980s, and he still has a large following.[4] He has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography 1.1 Early career
1.2 1970s and 1980s
1.3 1990s to present
1.4 Personal life
2 Discography
3 Awards 3.1 Grammy Awards
4 References
5 External links

Biography[edit]
Early career[edit]
Benson was born and raised in the Hill District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[5][6] At the age of seven, he first played the ukulele in a corner drug store, for which he was paid a few dollars. At the age of eight, he played guitar[5] in an unlicensed nightclub on Friday and Saturday nights, but the police soon closed the club down.[citation needed] At the age of 10, he recorded his first single record, "She Makes Me Mad",[1] with RCA-Victor in New York, under the name "Little Georgie".[5]
Benson attended and graduated Schenley High School.[7][8] As a youth, instead, he learned how to play straight-ahead instrumental jazz during a relationship performing for several years with organist Jack McDuff. One of his many early guitar heroes was country-jazz guitarist Hank Garland.[9][10] At the age of 21, he recorded his first album as leader, The New Boss Guitar, featuring McDuff.[3] Benson's next recording was It's Uptown with the George Benson Quartet, including Lonnie Smith on organ and Ronnie Cuber on baritone saxophone.[3] Benson followed it up with The George Benson Cookbook, also with Lonnie Smith and Ronnie Cuber on baritone and drummer Marion Booker.[3] Miles Davis employed Benson in the mid-1960s, featuring his guitar on "Paraphernalia" on his 1968 Columbia release, Miles in the Sky before going to Verve Records.
Benson then signed with Creed Taylor's jazz label CTI Records, where he recorded several albums, with jazz heavyweights guesting, to some success, mainly in the jazz field. His 1974 release, Bad Benson, climbed to the top spot in the Billboard jazz chart, while the follow-ups, Good King Bad (#51 Pop album) and Benson and Farrell (with Joe Farrell), both reached the jazz top-three sellers. Benson also did a version of The Beatles's 1969 album Abbey Road called The Other Side of Abbey Road, also released in 1969, and a version of "White Rabbit", originally written and recorded by San Francisco rock group Great Society, and made famous by Jefferson Airplane.[3] Benson played on numerous sessions for other CTI artists during this time, including Freddie Hubbard and Stanley Turrentine, notably on the latter's acclaimed album Sugar.
1970s and 1980s[edit]




George Benson "Breezin'" (1976)







Title track sample from George Benson's Breezin′ album

Problems playing this file? See media help.
By the mid- to late 1970s, as he recorded for Warner Bros. Records, a whole new audience began to discover Benson. With the 1976 release Breezin', Benson sang a lead vocal on the track "This Masquerade", which became a huge pop hit and won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. (He had sung vocals infrequently on albums earlier in his career, notably his rendition of "Here Comes the Sun" on the Other Side of Abbey Road album.) The rest of the album is instrumental, including his rendition of the 1975 Jose Feliciano composition "Affirmation". Breezin′ was a significant album in terms of popular music history – the first jazz release to go platinum.
In 1976, Benson toured with soul singer Minnie Riperton, who had been diagnosed with terminal breast cancer earlier that year. Also in 1976, George Benson appeared as a guitarist and backup vocalist on Stevie Wonder's song "Another Star" from Wonder's album Songs in the Key of Life. He also recorded the original version of "The Greatest Love of All" for the 1977 Muhammad Ali bio-pic, The Greatest, which was later covered by Whitney Houston as "Greatest Love of All".[11] During this time Benson recorded with the German conductor Claus Ogerman.[12] The live take of "On Broadway", recorded a few months later from the 1978 release Weekend in L.A., also won a Grammy. He has worked with Freddie Hubbard on a number of his albums throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
The Qwest record label (a subsidiary of Warner Bros., run by Quincy Jones) released Benson's breakthrough pop album Give Me The Night, produced by Jones. Benson made it into the pop and R&B top ten with the song "Give Me the Night" (written by former Heatwave keyboardist Rod Temperton). More importantly, Quincy Jones encouraged Benson to search his roots for further vocal inspiration, and he re-discovered his love for Nat Cole, Ray Charles and Donny Hathaway in the process, influencing a string of further vocal albums into the 1990s. Despite returning to his jazz and guitar playing most recently, this theme was reflected again much later in Benson's 2000 release Absolute Benson, featuring a cover of one of Hathaway's most notable songs, "The Ghetto". Benson accumulated three other platinum LPs and two gold albums.[11]
1990s to present[edit]




George Benson – "This Masquerade"







Sample track from George Benson's Breezin' album (1976)

Problems playing this file? See media help.
In 1985, Benson and guitarist Chet Atkins went on the smooth jazz charts with their collaboration "Sunrise", one of two songs from the duo released on Atkins' disc Stay Tuned. In 1992, Benson appeared on Jack McDuff's Colour Me Blue album, his first appearance on a Concord album. Benson signed with Concord Records in 2005 and toured with Al Jarreau in America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to promote their 2006 multiple Grammy-winning album Givin' It Up.[citation needed]
To commemorate the long-term relationship between Benson and Ibanez and to celebrate 30 years of collaboration on the GB Signature Models, Ibanez created the GB30TH, a very limited-edition model featuring a gold-foil finish inspired by the traditional Japanese Garahaku art form.[13] In 2009, Benson was recognized by the National Endowment of the Arts as a Jazz Master, the nation's highest honor in jazz.[14] Benson performed at the 49th issue of the Ohrid Summer Festival in Macedonia on July 25, 2009, and his tribute show to Nat King Cole An Unforgettable Tribute to Nat King Cole as part of the Istanbul International Jazz Festival in Turkey on July 27. In the fall of 2009, Benson finished recording a new album entitled Songs and Stories, with Marcus Miller, producer John Burk,[15] and session musicians David Paich and Steve Lukather.[16] As a part of the promotion for his recent Concord Music Group/Monster Music release Songs and Stories, Benson has appeared and/or performed on The Tavis Smiley Show,[17] Jimmy Kimmel Live![18] and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.[19]
Benson toured throughout 2010 in North America, Europe and the Pacific Rim, including an appearance at the Singapore Sun Festival.[20] He performed at the Java Jazz Festival March 4–6, 2011. In 2011, Benson released the album Guitar Man—revisiting his 1960s/early-1970s guitar-playing roots with a 12-song collection of covers of both jazz and pop standards overseen by producer John Burk.[21]

 In June 2013, Benson released his fourth album for Concord Records, Inspiration: A Tribute to Nat King Cole, which featured Wynton Marsalis, Idina Menzel, Till Brönner, and Judith Hill. In September, he returned to perform at Rock in Rio festival, in Rio de Janeiro, 35 years after his first performance at this festival, which was then the inaugural one.[22]
Personal life[edit]
Benson has been married to Johnnie Lee since 1965. Benson describes his music as focusing more on love and romance, rather than sexuality.[23] He is one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[24]
Discography[edit]



 Benson in September 2011
Main article: George Benson discography
Awards[edit]
Grammy Awards[edit]
List of Grammy Awards received by George Benson[25]

Year
Category
Title
Notes
1977 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Theme from Good King Bad" 
1977 Best Pop Instrumental Performance Breezin' 
1977 Record of the Year "This Masquerade" Tommy LiPuma, producer
1979 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance "On Broadway" 
1981 Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male "Moody's Mood" 
1981 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Off Broadway" 
1981 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Give Me the Night 
1984 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Being with You" 
2007 Best Traditional R&B Performance "God Bless the Child" with Al Jarreau & Jill Scott
2007 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Mornin'" 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Australian ABCTV Flashez interview January 1, 1977.
2.Jump up ^ 45 Discography for Groove Records
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e allmusic Biography
4.^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 54. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Bird, Christiane (2001). The Da Capo Jazz And Blues Lover's Guide to the U.s. Da Capo Press. p. 196. ISBN 0306810344. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
6.Jump up ^ Mitchem, Stephanie Y.; Townes, Emilie Maureen (2008). Faith, Health, and Healing in African American Life. ABC-CLIO. p. 111. ISBN 0275993752. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ "NEW – Pittsburgh's Schenley school – whose alums include Andy Warhol and George Benson – to close". The Tribune-Democrat. June 26, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
8.Jump up ^ Smydo, Joe (December 10, 2005). "Panel to study if Schenley High can survive". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
9.Jump up ^ Associated Press (July 8, 2004). "Hank Garland living in shadow of his greatness". MSNBC. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
10.Jump up ^ Upchurch, Frances (December 20, 1978). "But Hank Sugarfoot Garland Was To Play His Guitar Again". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
11.^ Jump up to: a b VH1 – Artists bio
12.Jump up ^ Ogerman website
13.Jump up ^ "Ibanez.com". Ibanez.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
14.Jump up ^ National Endowment for the Arts (March 22, 1943). "NEA Jazz Masters: George Benson, Vocalist and Solo Instrumentalist (Guitar)". Nea.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ "Biography". George Benson. August 25, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
16.Jump up ^ Stevelukather.net
17.Jump up ^ "Tavis Smiley . Shows . George Benson . October 6, 2009". PBS. October 6, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
18.Jump up ^ "Jimmy Kimmel Live Tomorrow Night, Wednesday Sep. 23!". George Benson. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
19.Jump up ^ Mergner, Lee. "Jazz Articles: George Benson Appearing With The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Show — By Lee Mergner — Jazz Articles". Jazztimes.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ YourSingapore.com – Music at Singapore Sun Festival
21.Jump up ^ George Benson interview by Pete Lewis, Blues & Soul, May 2012.
22.Jump up ^ Benson e Ivan Lins levam 'risada mais gostosa' e choro ao Rock in Rio
23.Jump up ^ Walden, Celia. "George Benson interview: love songs are one of the things in life that last". Telegraph. Telegraph. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
24.Jump up ^ Benson stated that he donated considerable funds to the religion's Watchtower Society. Robert E. Johnson, associate editor. "George Benson tells how he copes with fame, family, career and the stresses of show business"Jet Magazine 1 May 1989, pages 57-59, [1]
25.Jump up ^ "Past Winners Search". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
External links[edit]
Book icon Book: George Benson

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Benson.
George Benson at AllMusic
Official website


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
George Benson








































































Wikipedia book




[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1970s)




























Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85419947 ·
 LCCN: n82099720 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7838 7381 ·
 GND: 120446901 ·
 SUDOC: 150684576 ·
 BNF: cb13891366t (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 467f69b6-8d6d-4d2c-bfad-e89adf2806ff
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1943 births
Living people
American male singers
American male composers
American songwriters
American jazz guitarists
American jazz singers
Smooth jazz guitarists
Lead guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Schenley High School alumni
African-American guitarists
African-American singers
Groove Records artists
GRP Records artists
Verve Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Warner Bros. Records artists
Concord Records artists
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American singer-songwriters
















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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson








George Benson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other people named George Benson, see George Benson (disambiguation).

George Benson
George Benson 2009.jpg
George Benson performing in Madrid 2009

Background information

Born
March 22, 1943 (age 72)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Genres
Jazz, funk, rhythm and blues, soul
Occupation(s)
Musician, singer-songwriter
Instruments
Vocals, guitar, archtop guitar
Years active
1954 (as little George Benson)[1][2]
 1963–present
Labels
Prestige Records (1964–65)
Columbia Records (1966–67)
Verve Records (1968)
A&M Records (1968–70)
CTI Records (1971–76)
Warner Bros. Records (1976–94)
GRP Records (1995–2005)
Concord Records (2006–present)
Associated acts
Jack McDuff, Earl Klugh, Al Jarreau, Joe Farrell, Count Basie Orchestra, McCoy Tyner, Joe Sample, Fuse One, Wes Montgomery, Django Reinhardt, Charlie Christian
Website
Official website
Notable instruments
Ibanez GB10 Signature Model
 Ibanez GB200 Signature Model
George Benson (born March 22, 1943)[3] is a ten-time Grammy Award-winning American musician, guitarist and singer-songwriter. He began his professional career at twenty-one, as a jazz guitarist. Benson uses a rest-stroke picking technique similar to that of gypsy jazz players such as Django Reinhardt.
A former child prodigy, Benson first came to prominence in the 1960s, playing soul jazz with Jack McDuff and others. He then launched a successful solo career, alternating between jazz, pop, R&B singing, and scat singing. His album Breezin' was certified triple-platinum, hitting #1 on the Billboard album chart in 1976.[4] His concerts were well attended through the 1980s, and he still has a large following.[4] He has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography 1.1 Early career
1.2 1970s and 1980s
1.3 1990s to present
1.4 Personal life
2 Discography
3 Awards 3.1 Grammy Awards
4 References
5 External links

Biography[edit]
Early career[edit]
Benson was born and raised in the Hill District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[5][6] At the age of seven, he first played the ukulele in a corner drug store, for which he was paid a few dollars. At the age of eight, he played guitar[5] in an unlicensed nightclub on Friday and Saturday nights, but the police soon closed the club down.[citation needed] At the age of 10, he recorded his first single record, "She Makes Me Mad",[1] with RCA-Victor in New York, under the name "Little Georgie".[5]
Benson attended and graduated Schenley High School.[7][8] As a youth, instead, he learned how to play straight-ahead instrumental jazz during a relationship performing for several years with organist Jack McDuff. One of his many early guitar heroes was country-jazz guitarist Hank Garland.[9][10] At the age of 21, he recorded his first album as leader, The New Boss Guitar, featuring McDuff.[3] Benson's next recording was It's Uptown with the George Benson Quartet, including Lonnie Smith on organ and Ronnie Cuber on baritone saxophone.[3] Benson followed it up with The George Benson Cookbook, also with Lonnie Smith and Ronnie Cuber on baritone and drummer Marion Booker.[3] Miles Davis employed Benson in the mid-1960s, featuring his guitar on "Paraphernalia" on his 1968 Columbia release, Miles in the Sky before going to Verve Records.
Benson then signed with Creed Taylor's jazz label CTI Records, where he recorded several albums, with jazz heavyweights guesting, to some success, mainly in the jazz field. His 1974 release, Bad Benson, climbed to the top spot in the Billboard jazz chart, while the follow-ups, Good King Bad (#51 Pop album) and Benson and Farrell (with Joe Farrell), both reached the jazz top-three sellers. Benson also did a version of The Beatles's 1969 album Abbey Road called The Other Side of Abbey Road, also released in 1969, and a version of "White Rabbit", originally written and recorded by San Francisco rock group Great Society, and made famous by Jefferson Airplane.[3] Benson played on numerous sessions for other CTI artists during this time, including Freddie Hubbard and Stanley Turrentine, notably on the latter's acclaimed album Sugar.
1970s and 1980s[edit]




George Benson "Breezin'" (1976)







Title track sample from George Benson's Breezin′ album

Problems playing this file? See media help.
By the mid- to late 1970s, as he recorded for Warner Bros. Records, a whole new audience began to discover Benson. With the 1976 release Breezin', Benson sang a lead vocal on the track "This Masquerade", which became a huge pop hit and won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. (He had sung vocals infrequently on albums earlier in his career, notably his rendition of "Here Comes the Sun" on the Other Side of Abbey Road album.) The rest of the album is instrumental, including his rendition of the 1975 Jose Feliciano composition "Affirmation". Breezin′ was a significant album in terms of popular music history – the first jazz release to go platinum.
In 1976, Benson toured with soul singer Minnie Riperton, who had been diagnosed with terminal breast cancer earlier that year. Also in 1976, George Benson appeared as a guitarist and backup vocalist on Stevie Wonder's song "Another Star" from Wonder's album Songs in the Key of Life. He also recorded the original version of "The Greatest Love of All" for the 1977 Muhammad Ali bio-pic, The Greatest, which was later covered by Whitney Houston as "Greatest Love of All".[11] During this time Benson recorded with the German conductor Claus Ogerman.[12] The live take of "On Broadway", recorded a few months later from the 1978 release Weekend in L.A., also won a Grammy. He has worked with Freddie Hubbard on a number of his albums throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
The Qwest record label (a subsidiary of Warner Bros., run by Quincy Jones) released Benson's breakthrough pop album Give Me The Night, produced by Jones. Benson made it into the pop and R&B top ten with the song "Give Me the Night" (written by former Heatwave keyboardist Rod Temperton). More importantly, Quincy Jones encouraged Benson to search his roots for further vocal inspiration, and he re-discovered his love for Nat Cole, Ray Charles and Donny Hathaway in the process, influencing a string of further vocal albums into the 1990s. Despite returning to his jazz and guitar playing most recently, this theme was reflected again much later in Benson's 2000 release Absolute Benson, featuring a cover of one of Hathaway's most notable songs, "The Ghetto". Benson accumulated three other platinum LPs and two gold albums.[11]
1990s to present[edit]




George Benson – "This Masquerade"







Sample track from George Benson's Breezin' album (1976)

Problems playing this file? See media help.
In 1985, Benson and guitarist Chet Atkins went on the smooth jazz charts with their collaboration "Sunrise", one of two songs from the duo released on Atkins' disc Stay Tuned. In 1992, Benson appeared on Jack McDuff's Colour Me Blue album, his first appearance on a Concord album. Benson signed with Concord Records in 2005 and toured with Al Jarreau in America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to promote their 2006 multiple Grammy-winning album Givin' It Up.[citation needed]
To commemorate the long-term relationship between Benson and Ibanez and to celebrate 30 years of collaboration on the GB Signature Models, Ibanez created the GB30TH, a very limited-edition model featuring a gold-foil finish inspired by the traditional Japanese Garahaku art form.[13] In 2009, Benson was recognized by the National Endowment of the Arts as a Jazz Master, the nation's highest honor in jazz.[14] Benson performed at the 49th issue of the Ohrid Summer Festival in Macedonia on July 25, 2009, and his tribute show to Nat King Cole An Unforgettable Tribute to Nat King Cole as part of the Istanbul International Jazz Festival in Turkey on July 27. In the fall of 2009, Benson finished recording a new album entitled Songs and Stories, with Marcus Miller, producer John Burk,[15] and session musicians David Paich and Steve Lukather.[16] As a part of the promotion for his recent Concord Music Group/Monster Music release Songs and Stories, Benson has appeared and/or performed on The Tavis Smiley Show,[17] Jimmy Kimmel Live![18] and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.[19]
Benson toured throughout 2010 in North America, Europe and the Pacific Rim, including an appearance at the Singapore Sun Festival.[20] He performed at the Java Jazz Festival March 4–6, 2011. In 2011, Benson released the album Guitar Man—revisiting his 1960s/early-1970s guitar-playing roots with a 12-song collection of covers of both jazz and pop standards overseen by producer John Burk.[21]

 In June 2013, Benson released his fourth album for Concord Records, Inspiration: A Tribute to Nat King Cole, which featured Wynton Marsalis, Idina Menzel, Till Brönner, and Judith Hill. In September, he returned to perform at Rock in Rio festival, in Rio de Janeiro, 35 years after his first performance at this festival, which was then the inaugural one.[22]
Personal life[edit]
Benson has been married to Johnnie Lee since 1965. Benson describes his music as focusing more on love and romance, rather than sexuality.[23] He is one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[24]
Discography[edit]



 Benson in September 2011
Main article: George Benson discography
Awards[edit]
Grammy Awards[edit]
List of Grammy Awards received by George Benson[25]

Year
Category
Title
Notes
1977 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Theme from Good King Bad" 
1977 Best Pop Instrumental Performance Breezin' 
1977 Record of the Year "This Masquerade" Tommy LiPuma, producer
1979 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance "On Broadway" 
1981 Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male "Moody's Mood" 
1981 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Off Broadway" 
1981 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Give Me the Night 
1984 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Being with You" 
2007 Best Traditional R&B Performance "God Bless the Child" with Al Jarreau & Jill Scott
2007 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Mornin'" 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Australian ABCTV Flashez interview January 1, 1977.
2.Jump up ^ 45 Discography for Groove Records
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e allmusic Biography
4.^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 54. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Bird, Christiane (2001). The Da Capo Jazz And Blues Lover's Guide to the U.s. Da Capo Press. p. 196. ISBN 0306810344. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
6.Jump up ^ Mitchem, Stephanie Y.; Townes, Emilie Maureen (2008). Faith, Health, and Healing in African American Life. ABC-CLIO. p. 111. ISBN 0275993752. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ "NEW – Pittsburgh's Schenley school – whose alums include Andy Warhol and George Benson – to close". The Tribune-Democrat. June 26, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
8.Jump up ^ Smydo, Joe (December 10, 2005). "Panel to study if Schenley High can survive". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
9.Jump up ^ Associated Press (July 8, 2004). "Hank Garland living in shadow of his greatness". MSNBC. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
10.Jump up ^ Upchurch, Frances (December 20, 1978). "But Hank Sugarfoot Garland Was To Play His Guitar Again". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
11.^ Jump up to: a b VH1 – Artists bio
12.Jump up ^ Ogerman website
13.Jump up ^ "Ibanez.com". Ibanez.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
14.Jump up ^ National Endowment for the Arts (March 22, 1943). "NEA Jazz Masters: George Benson, Vocalist and Solo Instrumentalist (Guitar)". Nea.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ "Biography". George Benson. August 25, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
16.Jump up ^ Stevelukather.net
17.Jump up ^ "Tavis Smiley . Shows . George Benson . October 6, 2009". PBS. October 6, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
18.Jump up ^ "Jimmy Kimmel Live Tomorrow Night, Wednesday Sep. 23!". George Benson. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
19.Jump up ^ Mergner, Lee. "Jazz Articles: George Benson Appearing With The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Show — By Lee Mergner — Jazz Articles". Jazztimes.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ YourSingapore.com – Music at Singapore Sun Festival
21.Jump up ^ George Benson interview by Pete Lewis, Blues & Soul, May 2012.
22.Jump up ^ Benson e Ivan Lins levam 'risada mais gostosa' e choro ao Rock in Rio
23.Jump up ^ Walden, Celia. "George Benson interview: love songs are one of the things in life that last". Telegraph. Telegraph. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
24.Jump up ^ Benson stated that he donated considerable funds to the religion's Watchtower Society. Robert E. Johnson, associate editor. "George Benson tells how he copes with fame, family, career and the stresses of show business"Jet Magazine 1 May 1989, pages 57-59, [1]
25.Jump up ^ "Past Winners Search". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
External links[edit]
Book icon Book: George Benson

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Benson.
George Benson at AllMusic
Official website


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
George Benson








































































Wikipedia book




[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1970s)




























Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85419947 ·
 LCCN: n82099720 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7838 7381 ·
 GND: 120446901 ·
 SUDOC: 150684576 ·
 BNF: cb13891366t (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 467f69b6-8d6d-4d2c-bfad-e89adf2806ff
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1943 births
Living people
American male singers
American male composers
American songwriters
American jazz guitarists
American jazz singers
Smooth jazz guitarists
Lead guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Schenley High School alumni
African-American guitarists
African-American singers
Groove Records artists
GRP Records artists
Verve Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Warner Bros. Records artists
Concord Records artists
African-American jazz guitarists
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American singer-songwriters
















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This page was last modified on 17 May 2015, at 23:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson








Larry Graham

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the Australian politician, see Larry Graham (politician).


 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012)

Larry Graham
Larry Graham.jpg
Background information

Birth name
Larry Graham, Jr.
Born
August 14, 1946 (age 68)
Beaumont, Texas, United States
Genres
Funk, soul, R&B
Occupation(s)
Musician, songwriter, producer
Instruments
Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, organ, harmonica
Years active
1961–present
Labels
Epic, Warner Bros., NPG, RhinoSphinx
Associated acts
Sly and the Family Stone, Prince, Graham Central Station, Drake
Website
www.larrygraham.com
Notable instruments
White Moon bass nicknamed as Sunshine, Fender Jazz Bass
Larry Graham, Jr. (born August 14, 1946) is an American bass guitar player, both with the popular and influential psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "thumpin′ and pluckin′".[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Discography 2.1 With Graham Central Station
2.2 Solo albums
2.3 Singles
3 References
4 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Beaumont, Texas, to successful musicians, Graham played bass in the highly successful and influential funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1966 to 1972. It is said that he pioneered the art of slap-pop playing on the electric bass, in part to provide percussive and rhythmic elements in addition to the notes of the bass line when his mother's band lacked a drummer; the slap of the thumb being used to emulate a bass drum and the pop of the index or middle finger as a snare drum.[1] This style has become archetypal of modern funk. Slap-pop playing couples a percussive thumb-slapping technique of the lower strings with an aggressive finger-snap of the higher strings, often in rhythmic alternation. The slap and pop technique incorporates a large ratio of muted or "dead" notes to normal notes, which adds to the rhythmic effect.
This "slap" bass style was later used by such artists as Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson, Mark King, Flea, Victor Wooten, Jonas Hellborg, Kim Clarke of Defunkt, Marcus Miller, Stanley Clarke, and John Norwood Fisher of Fishbone.
After Sly and the Family Stone, Graham formed his own band, Graham Central Station. The name is a pun on Grand Central Station, the train station located in Manhattan, New York City. Graham Central Station had several hits in the 1970s, including "Hair".
In the mid-1970s, Larry Graham worked with Betty Davis, the second ex-wife of jazz legend Miles Davis. Betty Davis' band included members of the Tower of Power horns and the Pointer Sisters, and she recorded three albums to critical acclaim but limited commercial success.
In 1975, Graham became one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[2] Eventually, he was credited with introducing Prince to the faith. In the early 1980s, Graham recorded five solo albums and had several solo hits on the R&B charts. His biggest hit was "One in a Million You", a crossover hit, which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1980.
He reformed Graham Central Station in the early 1990s and performed with the band for several years during which they released two live albums. One was recorded in Japan in 1992, and the other, recorded in London in 1996, had only 1000 copies printed and was exclusively sold at concerts.
In 1998, he recorded a solo album under the name Graham Central Station, GCS 2000. It was a collaboration between Larry Graham and Prince. While Graham wrote all the songs, except one co-written by Prince, the album was co-arranged and co-produced by Prince, and most of the instruments and vocals were recorded by both Graham and Prince. Graham also played bass on tours with Prince in 1997–2000. He appeared in Prince's 1998 VHS Beautiful Strange and 1999 DVD Rave Un2 the Year 2000.
He has appeared with Prince since then at various international venues.
Larry Graham and Graham Central Station performed internationally with a world tour in 2010 and the "Funk Around The World" international tour in 2011. He appeared as a special guest at Jim James' "Rock N' Soul Dance Party Superjam" at Bonnaroo 2013.
Graham is the father of singer/songwriter and producer Darric Graham and is the uncle of Canadian rapper and actor Aubrey Graham (Drake).
Discography[edit]
With Graham Central Station[edit]
Graham Central Station (Warner Bros., 1974)
Release Yourself (Warner Bros., 1974)
Ain't No 'Bout-A-Doubt It (Warner Bros., 1975)
Mirror (Warner Bros., 1976)
Now Do U Wanta Dance (Warner Bros., 1977)
My Radio Sure Sounds Good to Me (Warner Bros., 1978)
Live in Japan (1992)
Live in London (1996)
Back by Popular Demand (1998)
The Best of Larry Graham and Graham Central Station, Vol. 1 (Warner Bros., 1996)
Raise Up (2012)
Solo albums[edit]
All Warner Bros. releases.1979: Star Walk
1980: One in a Million You
1981: Just Be My Lady
1982: Sooner or Later
1983: Victory
1985: Fired Up
NPG Records release1998: GCS2000 (as Graham Central Station)
Singles[edit]

Year
Title
Album
U.S. Hot 100
U.S. R&B
UK Singles Chart[3]
1980 "One in a Million You" One in a Million You 9 1 
1980 "When We Get Married" One in a Million You 76 9 
1981 "Guess Who" Just Be My Lady  69 
1981 "Just Be My Lady" Just Be My Lady 67 4 
1982 "Don't Stop When You're Hot"/
 "Sooner or Later" Sooner or Later 102
 110 16
 27 54

1983 "I Never Forget Your Eyes" Victory  34 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Larry Graham: Trunk of the Funk Tree", Bass Player magazine, April 2007.
2.Jump up ^ Awake! magazine, February 22, 1989, p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 233. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[edit]
A bio from the Ultimate Band List.
"Release Yourself: From Sly Stone's roughhouse to the Artist's clubhouse, groundbreaking bassist Larry Graham finds new power in Minnesota", City Pages, July 21, 1999.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Sly and the Family Stone


Sly Stone ·
 Freddie Stone ·
 Rose Stone ·
 Cynthia Robinson ·
 Greg Errico ·
 Jerry Martini ·
 Larry Graham
 

Studio albums
A Whole New Thing (1967) ·
 Dance to the Music (1968) ·
 Life (1968) ·
 Stand! (1969) ·
 There's a Riot Goin' On (1971) ·
 Fresh (1973) ·
 Small Talk (1974) ·
 High on You (Sly Stone, 1975) ·
 Heard Ya Missed Me, Well I'm Back (1976) ·
 Back on the Right Track (1979) ·
 Ain't But the One Way (1982) ·
 I'm Back! Family & Friends (Sly Stone, 2011)
 

Live albums
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
 

Compilations
Greatest Hits ·
 Ten Years Too Soon ·
 Sly & the Family Stone Anthology ·
 Who in the Funk Do You Think You Are: The Warner Bros. Recordings ·
 Rock and Roll ·
 The Essential Sly & the Family Stone ·
 Different Strokes by Different Folks ·
 Higher! ·
 The Collection
 

Singles
"Underdog" ·
 "Dance to the Music" ·
 "Dance à la Musique" ·
 "Life" ·
 "Everyday People" ·
 "Stand!" ·
 "Hot Fun in the Summertime" ·
 "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)" ·
 "I Want to Take You Higher" ·
 "Family Affair" ·
 "Runnin' Away" ·
 "(You Caught Me) Smilin'" ·
 "I Ain't Got Nobody" ·
 "If You Want Me to Stay" ·
 "Frisky" ·
 "Time for Livin'" ·
 "Loose Booty" ·
 "I Get High on You" ·
 "Le Lo Li" ·
 "Crossword Puzzle" ·
 "Blessing in Disguise" ·
 "Family Again"
 

Additional personnel
Vet Stone ·
 Mary McCreary ·
 Elva Mouton ·
 Gerry Gibson ·
 Rustee Allen ·
 Pat Rizzo ·
 Andy Newmark ·
 Bill Lordan ·
 Vicki Blackwell ·
 Jim Strassburg
 

Related articles
Awards ·
 Discography ·
 Sly Stone solo discography ·
 Members ·
 Little Sister
 

Wikipedia book Book ·
 Category Category
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85756903 ·
 LCCN: n96014742 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7841 2663 ·
 GND: 134642031 ·
 BNF: cb14042501r (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 87982d06-55e1-456c-a11e-9911cc320f45
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1946 births
Living people
African-American singers
African-American rock musicians
American baritones
American bass guitarists
American funk bass guitarists
American funk singers
American male singers
Songwriters from Texas
American funk musicians
American Jehovah's Witnesses
People from Beaumont, Texas
Sly and the Family Stone members
Singers from Texas












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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Graham









Larry Graham

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the Australian politician, see Larry Graham (politician).


 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012)

Larry Graham
Larry Graham.jpg
Background information

Birth name
Larry Graham, Jr.
Born
August 14, 1946 (age 68)
Beaumont, Texas, United States
Genres
Funk, soul, R&B
Occupation(s)
Musician, songwriter, producer
Instruments
Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, organ, harmonica
Years active
1961–present
Labels
Epic, Warner Bros., NPG, RhinoSphinx
Associated acts
Sly and the Family Stone, Prince, Graham Central Station, Drake
Website
www.larrygraham.com
Notable instruments
White Moon bass nicknamed as Sunshine, Fender Jazz Bass
Larry Graham, Jr. (born August 14, 1946) is an American bass guitar player, both with the popular and influential psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "thumpin′ and pluckin′".[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Discography 2.1 With Graham Central Station
2.2 Solo albums
2.3 Singles
3 References
4 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Beaumont, Texas, to successful musicians, Graham played bass in the highly successful and influential funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1966 to 1972. It is said that he pioneered the art of slap-pop playing on the electric bass, in part to provide percussive and rhythmic elements in addition to the notes of the bass line when his mother's band lacked a drummer; the slap of the thumb being used to emulate a bass drum and the pop of the index or middle finger as a snare drum.[1] This style has become archetypal of modern funk. Slap-pop playing couples a percussive thumb-slapping technique of the lower strings with an aggressive finger-snap of the higher strings, often in rhythmic alternation. The slap and pop technique incorporates a large ratio of muted or "dead" notes to normal notes, which adds to the rhythmic effect.
This "slap" bass style was later used by such artists as Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson, Mark King, Flea, Victor Wooten, Jonas Hellborg, Kim Clarke of Defunkt, Marcus Miller, Stanley Clarke, and John Norwood Fisher of Fishbone.
After Sly and the Family Stone, Graham formed his own band, Graham Central Station. The name is a pun on Grand Central Station, the train station located in Manhattan, New York City. Graham Central Station had several hits in the 1970s, including "Hair".
In the mid-1970s, Larry Graham worked with Betty Davis, the second ex-wife of jazz legend Miles Davis. Betty Davis' band included members of the Tower of Power horns and the Pointer Sisters, and she recorded three albums to critical acclaim but limited commercial success.
In 1975, Graham became one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[2] Eventually, he was credited with introducing Prince to the faith. In the early 1980s, Graham recorded five solo albums and had several solo hits on the R&B charts. His biggest hit was "One in a Million You", a crossover hit, which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1980.
He reformed Graham Central Station in the early 1990s and performed with the band for several years during which they released two live albums. One was recorded in Japan in 1992, and the other, recorded in London in 1996, had only 1000 copies printed and was exclusively sold at concerts.
In 1998, he recorded a solo album under the name Graham Central Station, GCS 2000. It was a collaboration between Larry Graham and Prince. While Graham wrote all the songs, except one co-written by Prince, the album was co-arranged and co-produced by Prince, and most of the instruments and vocals were recorded by both Graham and Prince. Graham also played bass on tours with Prince in 1997–2000. He appeared in Prince's 1998 VHS Beautiful Strange and 1999 DVD Rave Un2 the Year 2000.
He has appeared with Prince since then at various international venues.
Larry Graham and Graham Central Station performed internationally with a world tour in 2010 and the "Funk Around The World" international tour in 2011. He appeared as a special guest at Jim James' "Rock N' Soul Dance Party Superjam" at Bonnaroo 2013.
Graham is the father of singer/songwriter and producer Darric Graham and is the uncle of Canadian rapper and actor Aubrey Graham (Drake).
Discography[edit]
With Graham Central Station[edit]
Graham Central Station (Warner Bros., 1974)
Release Yourself (Warner Bros., 1974)
Ain't No 'Bout-A-Doubt It (Warner Bros., 1975)
Mirror (Warner Bros., 1976)
Now Do U Wanta Dance (Warner Bros., 1977)
My Radio Sure Sounds Good to Me (Warner Bros., 1978)
Live in Japan (1992)
Live in London (1996)
Back by Popular Demand (1998)
The Best of Larry Graham and Graham Central Station, Vol. 1 (Warner Bros., 1996)
Raise Up (2012)
Solo albums[edit]
All Warner Bros. releases.1979: Star Walk
1980: One in a Million You
1981: Just Be My Lady
1982: Sooner or Later
1983: Victory
1985: Fired Up
NPG Records release1998: GCS2000 (as Graham Central Station)
Singles[edit]

Year
Title
Album
U.S. Hot 100
U.S. R&B
UK Singles Chart[3]
1980 "One in a Million You" One in a Million You 9 1 
1980 "When We Get Married" One in a Million You 76 9 
1981 "Guess Who" Just Be My Lady  69 
1981 "Just Be My Lady" Just Be My Lady 67 4 
1982 "Don't Stop When You're Hot"/
 "Sooner or Later" Sooner or Later 102
 110 16
 27 54

1983 "I Never Forget Your Eyes" Victory  34 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Larry Graham: Trunk of the Funk Tree", Bass Player magazine, April 2007.
2.Jump up ^ Awake! magazine, February 22, 1989, p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 233. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[edit]
A bio from the Ultimate Band List.
"Release Yourself: From Sly Stone's roughhouse to the Artist's clubhouse, groundbreaking bassist Larry Graham finds new power in Minnesota", City Pages, July 21, 1999.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Sly and the Family Stone


Sly Stone ·
 Freddie Stone ·
 Rose Stone ·
 Cynthia Robinson ·
 Greg Errico ·
 Jerry Martini ·
 Larry Graham
 

Studio albums
A Whole New Thing (1967) ·
 Dance to the Music (1968) ·
 Life (1968) ·
 Stand! (1969) ·
 There's a Riot Goin' On (1971) ·
 Fresh (1973) ·
 Small Talk (1974) ·
 High on You (Sly Stone, 1975) ·
 Heard Ya Missed Me, Well I'm Back (1976) ·
 Back on the Right Track (1979) ·
 Ain't But the One Way (1982) ·
 I'm Back! Family & Friends (Sly Stone, 2011)
 

Live albums
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
 

Compilations
Greatest Hits ·
 Ten Years Too Soon ·
 Sly & the Family Stone Anthology ·
 Who in the Funk Do You Think You Are: The Warner Bros. Recordings ·
 Rock and Roll ·
 The Essential Sly & the Family Stone ·
 Different Strokes by Different Folks ·
 Higher! ·
 The Collection
 

Singles
"Underdog" ·
 "Dance to the Music" ·
 "Dance à la Musique" ·
 "Life" ·
 "Everyday People" ·
 "Stand!" ·
 "Hot Fun in the Summertime" ·
 "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)" ·
 "I Want to Take You Higher" ·
 "Family Affair" ·
 "Runnin' Away" ·
 "(You Caught Me) Smilin'" ·
 "I Ain't Got Nobody" ·
 "If You Want Me to Stay" ·
 "Frisky" ·
 "Time for Livin'" ·
 "Loose Booty" ·
 "I Get High on You" ·
 "Le Lo Li" ·
 "Crossword Puzzle" ·
 "Blessing in Disguise" ·
 "Family Again"
 

Additional personnel
Vet Stone ·
 Mary McCreary ·
 Elva Mouton ·
 Gerry Gibson ·
 Rustee Allen ·
 Pat Rizzo ·
 Andy Newmark ·
 Bill Lordan ·
 Vicki Blackwell ·
 Jim Strassburg
 

Related articles
Awards ·
 Discography ·
 Sly Stone solo discography ·
 Members ·
 Little Sister
 

Wikipedia book Book ·
 Category Category
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85756903 ·
 LCCN: n96014742 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7841 2663 ·
 GND: 134642031 ·
 BNF: cb14042501r (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 87982d06-55e1-456c-a11e-9911cc320f45
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1946 births
Living people
African-American singers
African-American rock musicians
American baritones
American bass guitarists
American funk bass guitarists
American funk singers
American male singers
Songwriters from Texas
American funk musicians
American Jehovah's Witnesses
People from Beaumont, Texas
Sly and the Family Stone members
Singers from Texas












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This page was last modified on 5 May 2015, at 05:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Graham









Teresa Graves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Teresa Graves
Teresa Graves Get Christie Love 1974.jpg
Graves in Get Christie Love, 1974.

Born
Terresa Graves
January 10, 1948
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Died
October 10, 2002 (aged 54)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Cause of death
 Burns sustained in House Fire.

Resting place
 Cremated
Nationality
American
Other names
Theresa Graves
Occupation
Actress, Singer
Years active
1967–1983
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
William Reddick (m. 1977–83)
Teresa Graves (born Terresa Graves; January 10, 1948 – October 10, 2002) was an American actress and singer. As the star of the 1974 Get Christie Love!, Graves is credited as being the first African-American woman to star in her own hour-long drama television series.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life and Career
2 Later Years/Death
3 Acting roles
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links

Early life and Career[edit]
Born in Houston, Texas, Graves began her career singing with The Doodletown Pipers.[2] She soon turned to acting and became a regular in the two variety shows: Our Place (1967) and the infamous single episode of Turn-On (1969). She then became a regular on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In during its third season.[3] Graves appeared in a number of films before her pivotal role in the 1974 television movie Get Christie Love!. She reprised the role of police investigator "Christie Love" in a short-lived TV series of the same name, which featured Charles Cioffi and Jack Kelly as Lieutenants Reardon and Ryan, respectively, Love's supervisors. Jet magazine described Graves as "television's most delightful detective, the epitome of a tough lady cop with more feminine features than Venus".[4]
Later Years/Death[edit]
Graves was baptized as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in 1974, and almost immediately began using her celebrity to bring international awareness to the persecution of Witnesses in Malawi under then-leader Hastings Kamuzu Banda's "one-party rule".[5] In 1983, she retired from show business to devote her time to the religion. For the rest of her life, Graves resided at 3437 West 78th Place in the Hyde Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, and took care of her mother.[2] On October 10, 2002, Graves' home caught fire. She was found unconscious in a bedroom before being rushed to the hospital where she later died.[6] She was 54 years old.
Acting roles[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1969 Turn-On Regular Performer 1 episode
1970–1971 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In Regular performer 26 episodes
1971 The Funny Side Minority Wife Unknown episodes
1972 Keeping Up with the Joneses  Television movie
1972 The New Dick Van Dyke Show Nurse Allen 1 episode
1973 The Rookies Susan Davis 1 episode
1973 That Man Bolt Samantha Nightingale 
1974 Vampira Countess Vampira Alternative titles: Old Dracula
Old Drac
1974 Black Eye Cynthia 
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love Television movie
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love 21 episodes

Awards and nominations[edit]

Year
Award
Result
Category
Film or series
1975 Golden Globe Award Nominated Best TV Actress - Drama Get Christie Love!
1977 TP de Oro Won Best Foreign Actress (Mejor Actriz Extranjera) Get Christie Love!
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Levine, Elana (2007). Wallowing in Sex: The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television. Duke University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-8223-3919-6.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "`Get Christy Love' TV star Teresa Graves, 54, dies in fire". Jet. 2002-10-28. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
3.Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (1999). From Beautiful Downtown Burbank: A Critical History of Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in, 1968-1973. McFarland. p. 204. ISBN 0-7864-0766-2.
4.Jump up ^ "TV's Tough Lady Copy", Jet magazine, November 14, 1974, cover and pages 58-60, Online
5.Jump up ^ "Choosing Between Two Loves in My Life" as told by Teresa Graves, Awake!, April 22, 1977, p. 19.
6.Jump up ^ "Teresa Graves, 53, Of 'Get Christie Love'". The New York Times. 2002-10-16. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teresa Graves.

Portal icon Biography portal
##Teresa Graves at the Internet Movie Database
##Teresa Graves at the African American Registry (archived by the Wayback Machine)
##Teresa Graves at Find a Grave


Authority control
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 ISNI: 0000 0000 5954 4134 ·
 BNF: cb141830813 (data)
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1948 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Accidental deaths in California
Actresses from Texas
African-American female singers
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American pop singers
Deaths from fire in the United States
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Traditional pop music singers
African-American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses









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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Graves








Teresa Graves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Teresa Graves
Teresa Graves Get Christie Love 1974.jpg
Graves in Get Christie Love, 1974.

Born
Terresa Graves
January 10, 1948
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Died
October 10, 2002 (aged 54)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Cause of death
 Burns sustained in House Fire.

Resting place
 Cremated
Nationality
American
Other names
Theresa Graves
Occupation
Actress, Singer
Years active
1967–1983
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
William Reddick (m. 1977–83)
Teresa Graves (born Terresa Graves; January 10, 1948 – October 10, 2002) was an American actress and singer. As the star of the 1974 Get Christie Love!, Graves is credited as being the first African-American woman to star in her own hour-long drama television series.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life and Career
2 Later Years/Death
3 Acting roles
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links

Early life and Career[edit]
Born in Houston, Texas, Graves began her career singing with The Doodletown Pipers.[2] She soon turned to acting and became a regular in the two variety shows: Our Place (1967) and the infamous single episode of Turn-On (1969). She then became a regular on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In during its third season.[3] Graves appeared in a number of films before her pivotal role in the 1974 television movie Get Christie Love!. She reprised the role of police investigator "Christie Love" in a short-lived TV series of the same name, which featured Charles Cioffi and Jack Kelly as Lieutenants Reardon and Ryan, respectively, Love's supervisors. Jet magazine described Graves as "television's most delightful detective, the epitome of a tough lady cop with more feminine features than Venus".[4]
Later Years/Death[edit]
Graves was baptized as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in 1974, and almost immediately began using her celebrity to bring international awareness to the persecution of Witnesses in Malawi under then-leader Hastings Kamuzu Banda's "one-party rule".[5] In 1983, she retired from show business to devote her time to the religion. For the rest of her life, Graves resided at 3437 West 78th Place in the Hyde Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, and took care of her mother.[2] On October 10, 2002, Graves' home caught fire. She was found unconscious in a bedroom before being rushed to the hospital where she later died.[6] She was 54 years old.
Acting roles[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1969 Turn-On Regular Performer 1 episode
1970–1971 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In Regular performer 26 episodes
1971 The Funny Side Minority Wife Unknown episodes
1972 Keeping Up with the Joneses  Television movie
1972 The New Dick Van Dyke Show Nurse Allen 1 episode
1973 The Rookies Susan Davis 1 episode
1973 That Man Bolt Samantha Nightingale 
1974 Vampira Countess Vampira Alternative titles: Old Dracula
Old Drac
1974 Black Eye Cynthia 
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love Television movie
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love 21 episodes

Awards and nominations[edit]

Year
Award
Result
Category
Film or series
1975 Golden Globe Award Nominated Best TV Actress - Drama Get Christie Love!
1977 TP de Oro Won Best Foreign Actress (Mejor Actriz Extranjera) Get Christie Love!
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Levine, Elana (2007). Wallowing in Sex: The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television. Duke University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-8223-3919-6.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "`Get Christy Love' TV star Teresa Graves, 54, dies in fire". Jet. 2002-10-28. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
3.Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (1999). From Beautiful Downtown Burbank: A Critical History of Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in, 1968-1973. McFarland. p. 204. ISBN 0-7864-0766-2.
4.Jump up ^ "TV's Tough Lady Copy", Jet magazine, November 14, 1974, cover and pages 58-60, Online
5.Jump up ^ "Choosing Between Two Loves in My Life" as told by Teresa Graves, Awake!, April 22, 1977, p. 19.
6.Jump up ^ "Teresa Graves, 53, Of 'Get Christie Love'". The New York Times. 2002-10-16. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teresa Graves.

Portal icon Biography portal
##Teresa Graves at the Internet Movie Database
##Teresa Graves at the African American Registry (archived by the Wayback Machine)
##Teresa Graves at Find a Grave


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Oracene Price

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Oracene Price

Born
April 3, 1952 (age 63)
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
Occupation
Coach
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
Yusef Rasheed (deceased)
Richard Williams (1980-2002) (divorced)
Children
Yetunde Price (deceased)
 Lyndrea Price
 Isha Price
Venus Williams
Serena Williams
Oracene Price (born April 3, 1952) is an American tennis coach. She is best known for being the mother of Venus and Serena Williams, top professional tennis players. She is the former wife of Richard Williams, whom she divorced in 2002. As a coach and parent, she has regularly been called unflappable and calm.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Coaching and guiding
3 References
4 Further reading

Biography[edit]
Price was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1952. Her father was an automotive worker.[citation needed] She graduated from Buena Vista High School in 1970 and from Western Michigan University.[citation needed] She has three daughters from a previous marriage with Yusef Rasheed: Yetunde Price (1972-2003), who was a former beauty salon owner and registered nurse; Lyndrea Price, a Web designer; and Isha Price, a Lawyer. After Rasheed's death, while working as a nurse, Oracene married Richard Williams and had two more daughters, Venus Williams and Serena Williams. Both are currently famous tennis players.[1] She helped her husband as he began coaching Venus and Serena in tennis. The Williams family moved to Florida on the offer of Rick Macci to coach their daughters for free.[2][3]
By the end of 2000, Price was no longer living with her husband Richard Williams and, citing irreconcilable differences, they divorced in 2002. She subsequently reverted to her maiden name of Price.[4][5]
During a semifinal match between Serena and Justine Henin at the 2003 French Open, Williams was booed by fans after a complaint about a line call. Price believes that the boos were motivated by race, saying "We, as black people, live with this all the time. It's all about control."[6] Tennis journalist and author L. Jon Wertheim has said of Price, "You have to respect anyone incapable of gloss or spin (i.e., unwilling to lie)."[7] At the Indian Wells tournament in 2001, controversy resulted when Venus withdrew from a semifinal match with Serena, who was then booed during the final and trophy presentation. Price is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her daughters in the faith; she describes herself as a deeply spiritual woman.[8] Price also has described herself as being a "rampant feminist" when dealing with what she believes to be the overly sexualized images of women in the media.[9]
She has traveled to Africa with her daughter Serena for charity work to help in the construction of schools particularly in Senegal.[10]
Coaching and guiding[edit]
Price's coaching has arguably been overshadowed by her role as mother, but as a coach she has been called underappreciated.[11] Price is not a coach in a traditional sense (though she did learn tennis herself to help teach her daughters the technical aspects of the game) and is instead credited, along with Richard Williams, in keeping her daughters focused and disciplined and for helping to build a solid foundation of self-esteem and outside interests for her daughters.[12]
Venus and Serena's "poise under pressure"[citation needed] is often credited to the self-belief instilled in them by their mother. "There's no such thing as pressure," says Price. "As black Americans, that's all we've ever had. It's life. So where's the pressure?"[13] This approach was coupled with, according to noted tennis coach Nick Bollettieri, a respect that meant that neither Price nor Richard Williams raised their voices to their daughters.[14] Journalist Bonnie D. Ford has said that the longevity exhibited by the Williams sisters is directly attributable to their parents and the way that Richard Williams and Price have helped them manage their careers and lives. Ford believes it is especially admirable that Price and her ex-husband have continued to remain jointly supportive despite their separation.[15]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Arrest in killing of tennis stars' half-sister
2.Jump up ^ Edmonson[clarification needed]
3.Jump up ^ Donaldson[clarification needed]
4.Jump up ^ Wertheim[clarification needed]
5.Jump up ^ Serena and Venus on the fabulous Oracene, mother of the Williams Dynasty
6.Jump up ^ Theories About Paris From Serena's Mother
7.Jump up ^ SI.com Tennis Mailbag- The Ultimate Battle
8.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
9.Jump up ^ Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. p. 80. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
10.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
11.Jump up ^ String Theory: Fits and Starts
12.Jump up ^ Concrete Elbow: Ten Gifts From '07
13.Jump up ^ Who's Your Daddy?
14.Jump up ^ Bollettieri had a hand in grooming 10 players who hit No. 1
15.Jump up ^ Williams sisters' parents deserve accolades for job well-done
Further reading[edit]
Bradley, Michael (2003). Venus Williams. Michael Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 0-7614-1630-7.[clarification needed]
Donaldson, Madeline (2003). Venus & Serena Williams. Minneapolis, MN: LernerSports. ISBN 0-8225-3316-2.
Edmondson, Jacqueline (2005). Venus and Serena Williams: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33165-0.
Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
Wertheim, L. Jon (2001). Venus Envy: A Sensational Season Inside the Women's Tennis Tour. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019774-9.



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1952 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
American tennis coaches
Western Michigan University alumni
American Jehovah's Witnesses








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Oracene Price

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Oracene Price

Born
April 3, 1952 (age 63)
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
Occupation
Coach
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
Yusef Rasheed (deceased)
Richard Williams (1980-2002) (divorced)
Children
Yetunde Price (deceased)
 Lyndrea Price
 Isha Price
Venus Williams
Serena Williams
Oracene Price (born April 3, 1952) is an American tennis coach. She is best known for being the mother of Venus and Serena Williams, top professional tennis players. She is the former wife of Richard Williams, whom she divorced in 2002. As a coach and parent, she has regularly been called unflappable and calm.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Coaching and guiding
3 References
4 Further reading

Biography[edit]
Price was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1952. Her father was an automotive worker.[citation needed] She graduated from Buena Vista High School in 1970 and from Western Michigan University.[citation needed] She has three daughters from a previous marriage with Yusef Rasheed: Yetunde Price (1972-2003), who was a former beauty salon owner and registered nurse; Lyndrea Price, a Web designer; and Isha Price, a Lawyer. After Rasheed's death, while working as a nurse, Oracene married Richard Williams and had two more daughters, Venus Williams and Serena Williams. Both are currently famous tennis players.[1] She helped her husband as he began coaching Venus and Serena in tennis. The Williams family moved to Florida on the offer of Rick Macci to coach their daughters for free.[2][3]
By the end of 2000, Price was no longer living with her husband Richard Williams and, citing irreconcilable differences, they divorced in 2002. She subsequently reverted to her maiden name of Price.[4][5]
During a semifinal match between Serena and Justine Henin at the 2003 French Open, Williams was booed by fans after a complaint about a line call. Price believes that the boos were motivated by race, saying "We, as black people, live with this all the time. It's all about control."[6] Tennis journalist and author L. Jon Wertheim has said of Price, "You have to respect anyone incapable of gloss or spin (i.e., unwilling to lie)."[7] At the Indian Wells tournament in 2001, controversy resulted when Venus withdrew from a semifinal match with Serena, who was then booed during the final and trophy presentation. Price is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her daughters in the faith; she describes herself as a deeply spiritual woman.[8] Price also has described herself as being a "rampant feminist" when dealing with what she believes to be the overly sexualized images of women in the media.[9]
She has traveled to Africa with her daughter Serena for charity work to help in the construction of schools particularly in Senegal.[10]
Coaching and guiding[edit]
Price's coaching has arguably been overshadowed by her role as mother, but as a coach she has been called underappreciated.[11] Price is not a coach in a traditional sense (though she did learn tennis herself to help teach her daughters the technical aspects of the game) and is instead credited, along with Richard Williams, in keeping her daughters focused and disciplined and for helping to build a solid foundation of self-esteem and outside interests for her daughters.[12]
Venus and Serena's "poise under pressure"[citation needed] is often credited to the self-belief instilled in them by their mother. "There's no such thing as pressure," says Price. "As black Americans, that's all we've ever had. It's life. So where's the pressure?"[13] This approach was coupled with, according to noted tennis coach Nick Bollettieri, a respect that meant that neither Price nor Richard Williams raised their voices to their daughters.[14] Journalist Bonnie D. Ford has said that the longevity exhibited by the Williams sisters is directly attributable to their parents and the way that Richard Williams and Price have helped them manage their careers and lives. Ford believes it is especially admirable that Price and her ex-husband have continued to remain jointly supportive despite their separation.[15]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Arrest in killing of tennis stars' half-sister
2.Jump up ^ Edmonson[clarification needed]
3.Jump up ^ Donaldson[clarification needed]
4.Jump up ^ Wertheim[clarification needed]
5.Jump up ^ Serena and Venus on the fabulous Oracene, mother of the Williams Dynasty
6.Jump up ^ Theories About Paris From Serena's Mother
7.Jump up ^ SI.com Tennis Mailbag- The Ultimate Battle
8.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
9.Jump up ^ Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. p. 80. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
10.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
11.Jump up ^ String Theory: Fits and Starts
12.Jump up ^ Concrete Elbow: Ten Gifts From '07
13.Jump up ^ Who's Your Daddy?
14.Jump up ^ Bollettieri had a hand in grooming 10 players who hit No. 1
15.Jump up ^ Williams sisters' parents deserve accolades for job well-done
Further reading[edit]
Bradley, Michael (2003). Venus Williams. Michael Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 0-7614-1630-7.[clarification needed]
Donaldson, Madeline (2003). Venus & Serena Williams. Minneapolis, MN: LernerSports. ISBN 0-8225-3316-2.
Edmondson, Jacqueline (2005). Venus and Serena Williams: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33165-0.
Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
Wertheim, L. Jon (2001). Venus Envy: A Sensational Season Inside the Women's Tennis Tour. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019774-9.



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1952 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
American tennis coaches
Western Michigan University alumni
American Jehovah's Witnesses








Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 13 May 2015, at 22:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
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Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracene_Price