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Operation North

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For other uses, see Operation North (disambiguation).
Operation North (Russian: Операция "Север") was the code name assigned by the USSR Ministry of State Security[1] to massive deportation of Jehovah's Witnesses[2] and their families to Siberia in the Soviet Union on 1–2 April 1951.[3][4][5][6]


Contents  [hide]
1 Background
2 Implementation
3 Amnesty and exculpation
4 Notable deportees
5 See also
6 References and notes

Background[edit]
There were almost no Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union until its annexation of the Baltic States, Western Belarus, Western Ukraine, Bessarabia, and Northern Bukovina; most of them were located in the Moldavian SSR and Ukrainian SSR. Jehovah's Witnesses came into the conflict with the Soviet power, primarily because of their refusal to join the military.[4] Their teachings were soon regarded as anti-Soviet. Members of religious groups, mostly Jehovah's Witnesses, qualified as religious elements considered a potential danger for the communist regime.[7][8] In November 1950, Viktor Abakumov reported an idea to Stalin about their deportation, and Stalin suggested to plan this for March–April 1951.[3]
Implementation[edit]
On February 19, 1951, Abakumov delivered a secret notice[9] to Stalin, detailing plans for the deportations of Jehovah's Witnesses to Tomsk Oblast and Irkutsk Oblast. It said, in particular, that during 1947-1950, 1048 Jehovah's Witnesses leaders and activists had been arrested, 5 underground print houses had been uncovered, and large amounts of printed matter confiscated. The deportees were permitted to take a maximum of 150 kilograms of property; the remaining property was to be confiscated "to cover the obligations of the deportees before the state".[4] Abakumov's notice listed the following planned numbers of deportees:[10]
Total number: 8576 persons (3048 families), including: Ukrainian SSR — 6140 persons (2020 families);
Byelorussian SSR — 394 persons (153 families);
Moldavian SSR — 1675 persons (670 families);
Latvian SSR — 52 persons (27 families);
Lithuanian SSR — 76 persons (48 families);
Estonian SSR — 250 persons (130 families).

On March 3, 1951, the USSR Council of Ministers issued the corresponding decree (no. 667-339ss[11]), followed by an order of the Ministry of State Security (no. 00193[11]) of March 5, 1951. On March 24, the Moldavian SSR Council of Ministers issued the decree on the confiscation and selling of the property of the deportees. Operation North started at 4 a.m. on April 1, 1951, and round-ups ended on April 2. The deportees were classified as "special settlers".[3] From the Moldavian SSR, there were 2,617 persons (723 families) deported on the night of March 31 to April 1, 1951.[12][13][7][8] In total, 9,389 persons were deported from the whole country.[citation needed][11]
Amnesty and exculpation[edit]
On September 30, 1965, a decree (no. 4020-1U[11]) of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers cancelled the "special settlement" restriction for members of the four deported religious groups and their family members. However, this decree signed by Anastas Mikoyan stated that there would be no compensation for the confiscated property, and that return to their previous places of residence was subject to the approval of the local administrations. Though released, Jehovah's Witnesses remained the subject of legal persecution due to their ideology classified as anti-Soviet. The organization was legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991. The deported and convicted Jehovah's Withesses (and other religion-related convicts) were rehabilitated as victims of Soviet political repressions by the ukase no. 378 of President of the Russian Federation of March 3, 1996, "On the Measures for Rehabilitation of the Priests and Believers who had become Victims of Unjustified Repressions" (О мерах по реабилитации священнослужителей и верующих, ставших жертвами необоснованных репрессий).[4][11]
Notable deportees[edit]
Family of Zinaida Greceanîi, former prime Minister of Moldova
See also[edit]
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in other places
Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova
References and notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Operation North" (Russian)
2.Jump up ^ In Soviet documents the group was often called Jehovists. Pavel Polyan in the footnotes to his book Against Their Will notices that the Soviets were probably unaware of another Russian religious group with the same name in Russian
3.^ Jump up to: a b c Валерий Пасат ."Трудные страницы истории Молдовы (1940-1950)". Москва: Изд. Terra, 1994 (Russian)
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Christian Believers Were Persecuted by All Totalitarian Regimes" Prava Lyudini ("Rights of a Person"), the newspaper of a Ukrainian human rights organization, Kharkiv, December 2001 (Russian)
5.Jump up ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, p.96
6.Jump up ^ "50th Anniversary of the Operation North", Bulletin #23, 2001, of the Memorial Society (Russian)
7.^ Jump up to: a b Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final / ed.: Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 2007, ISBN 978-973-50-1836-8, p. 754 (Romanian)
8.^ Jump up to: a b Elena Şişcanu, Basarabia sub ergimul bolşevic (1940-1952), Bucureşti, Ed. Semne, 1998, p.111 (Romanian)
9.Jump up ^ titled Записка МГБ СССР "О необходимости выселения из западных областей Украины и Белоруссии, Молдавской, Латвийской, Литовской и Эстонской ССР участников антисоветской секты иеговистов и членов их семей".
10.Jump up ^ "Recalling Operation North", by Vitali Kamyshev, "Русская мысль", Париж, N 4363, 26 April 2001 (Russian)
11.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A Survey of Judicial Practice of the Jehovah's Witnesses Cases", G.A.Krylova
12.Jump up ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, p. 96
13.Jump up ^ Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spânu, The A to Z of Moldova, p. 118


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_North









Operation North

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see Operation North (disambiguation).
Operation North (Russian: Операция "Север") was the code name assigned by the USSR Ministry of State Security[1] to massive deportation of Jehovah's Witnesses[2] and their families to Siberia in the Soviet Union on 1–2 April 1951.[3][4][5][6]


Contents  [hide]
1 Background
2 Implementation
3 Amnesty and exculpation
4 Notable deportees
5 See also
6 References and notes

Background[edit]
There were almost no Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union until its annexation of the Baltic States, Western Belarus, Western Ukraine, Bessarabia, and Northern Bukovina; most of them were located in the Moldavian SSR and Ukrainian SSR. Jehovah's Witnesses came into the conflict with the Soviet power, primarily because of their refusal to join the military.[4] Their teachings were soon regarded as anti-Soviet. Members of religious groups, mostly Jehovah's Witnesses, qualified as religious elements considered a potential danger for the communist regime.[7][8] In November 1950, Viktor Abakumov reported an idea to Stalin about their deportation, and Stalin suggested to plan this for March–April 1951.[3]
Implementation[edit]
On February 19, 1951, Abakumov delivered a secret notice[9] to Stalin, detailing plans for the deportations of Jehovah's Witnesses to Tomsk Oblast and Irkutsk Oblast. It said, in particular, that during 1947-1950, 1048 Jehovah's Witnesses leaders and activists had been arrested, 5 underground print houses had been uncovered, and large amounts of printed matter confiscated. The deportees were permitted to take a maximum of 150 kilograms of property; the remaining property was to be confiscated "to cover the obligations of the deportees before the state".[4] Abakumov's notice listed the following planned numbers of deportees:[10]
Total number: 8576 persons (3048 families), including: Ukrainian SSR — 6140 persons (2020 families);
Byelorussian SSR — 394 persons (153 families);
Moldavian SSR — 1675 persons (670 families);
Latvian SSR — 52 persons (27 families);
Lithuanian SSR — 76 persons (48 families);
Estonian SSR — 250 persons (130 families).

On March 3, 1951, the USSR Council of Ministers issued the corresponding decree (no. 667-339ss[11]), followed by an order of the Ministry of State Security (no. 00193[11]) of March 5, 1951. On March 24, the Moldavian SSR Council of Ministers issued the decree on the confiscation and selling of the property of the deportees. Operation North started at 4 a.m. on April 1, 1951, and round-ups ended on April 2. The deportees were classified as "special settlers".[3] From the Moldavian SSR, there were 2,617 persons (723 families) deported on the night of March 31 to April 1, 1951.[12][13][7][8] In total, 9,389 persons were deported from the whole country.[citation needed][11]
Amnesty and exculpation[edit]
On September 30, 1965, a decree (no. 4020-1U[11]) of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers cancelled the "special settlement" restriction for members of the four deported religious groups and their family members. However, this decree signed by Anastas Mikoyan stated that there would be no compensation for the confiscated property, and that return to their previous places of residence was subject to the approval of the local administrations. Though released, Jehovah's Witnesses remained the subject of legal persecution due to their ideology classified as anti-Soviet. The organization was legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991. The deported and convicted Jehovah's Withesses (and other religion-related convicts) were rehabilitated as victims of Soviet political repressions by the ukase no. 378 of President of the Russian Federation of March 3, 1996, "On the Measures for Rehabilitation of the Priests and Believers who had become Victims of Unjustified Repressions" (О мерах по реабилитации священнослужителей и верующих, ставших жертвами необоснованных репрессий).[4][11]
Notable deportees[edit]
Family of Zinaida Greceanîi, former prime Minister of Moldova
See also[edit]
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in other places
Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova
References and notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Operation North" (Russian)
2.Jump up ^ In Soviet documents the group was often called Jehovists. Pavel Polyan in the footnotes to his book Against Their Will notices that the Soviets were probably unaware of another Russian religious group with the same name in Russian
3.^ Jump up to: a b c Валерий Пасат ."Трудные страницы истории Молдовы (1940-1950)". Москва: Изд. Terra, 1994 (Russian)
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Christian Believers Were Persecuted by All Totalitarian Regimes" Prava Lyudini ("Rights of a Person"), the newspaper of a Ukrainian human rights organization, Kharkiv, December 2001 (Russian)
5.Jump up ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, p.96
6.Jump up ^ "50th Anniversary of the Operation North", Bulletin #23, 2001, of the Memorial Society (Russian)
7.^ Jump up to: a b Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România: Raport Final / ed.: Vladimir Tismăneanu, Dorin Dobrincu, Cristian Vasile, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 2007, ISBN 978-973-50-1836-8, p. 754 (Romanian)
8.^ Jump up to: a b Elena Şişcanu, Basarabia sub ergimul bolşevic (1940-1952), Bucureşti, Ed. Semne, 1998, p.111 (Romanian)
9.Jump up ^ titled Записка МГБ СССР "О необходимости выселения из западных областей Украины и Белоруссии, Молдавской, Латвийской, Литовской и Эстонской ССР участников антисоветской секты иеговистов и членов их семей".
10.Jump up ^ "Recalling Operation North", by Vitali Kamyshev, "Русская мысль", Париж, N 4363, 26 April 2001 (Russian)
11.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A Survey of Judicial Practice of the Jehovah's Witnesses Cases", G.A.Krylova
12.Jump up ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, p. 96
13.Jump up ^ Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spânu, The A to Z of Moldova, p. 118


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Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses








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Purple triangle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search




 Purple triangle
The purple triangle was a concentration camp badge used by the Nazis to identify Bibelforscher (the German name for Jehovah's Witnesses) in Nazi Germany. A small number of Adventists, Baptists, Bible Student splinter groups, and pacifists (combined less than one percent) were also identified by the badge.[1] Nazism opposed unorthodox-Christian religious minorities (along with Jews), but made the Bible Students the object of particularly intense persecution, including such extensive incarceration that a distinct badge was assigned to them.[2][3]


Contents  [hide]
1 Background
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

Background[edit]
Jehovah's Witnesses came into conflict with the Nazi regime because they refused to salute Adolf Hitler with the traditional "Heil Hitler" salute, believing that it conflicted with their worship of Jehovah. Because refusing to salute Hitler was considered a crime, Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested, and their children attending school were expelled, detained and separated from their families. When Germany made military enlistment mandatory, Jehovah’s Witnesses were persecuted because they refused to bear arms. Being politically neutral, they also refused to vote in the 1936 elections.[4]
Based on Nuremberg Laws, Jehovah's Witnesses who were also classified as ethnic Jews wore a badge comprising a purple triangle superimposed on a yellow triangle.
See also[edit]
Identification in Nazi camps
Nazi concentration camp badges
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
Religion in Nazi Germany
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Johannes S. Wrobel, Jehovah’s Witnesses in National Socialist Concentration Camps, 1933 – 45, Religion, State & Society, Vol. 34, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 89-125 "The concentration camp prisoner category ‘Bible Student’ at times apparently included a few members from small Bible Student splinter groups, as well as adherents of other religious groups which played only a secondary role during the time of the National Socialist regime, such as Adventists, Baptists and the New Apostolic community (Garbe 1999, pp. 82, 406; Zeiger, 2001, p. 72). Since their numbers in the camps were quite small compared with the total number of Jehovah’s Witness prisoners, I shall not consider them separately in this article. Historian Antje Zeiger (2001, p. 88) writes about Sachsenhausen camp: ‘In May 1938, every tenth prisoner was a Jehovah’s Witness. Less than one percent of the Witnesses included other religious nonconformists (Adventists, Baptists, pacifists), who were placed in the same prisoner classification.’"
2.Jump up ^ MoreOrLess. "Bibelforscher". Cesnur.org. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
3.Jump up ^ "Holocaust Revealed". Holocaust Revealed. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
4.Jump up ^ King, Christine. “Leadership Lessons from History: Jehovah’s Witnesses.” The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services 7, no. 2 (2011): 178–185. doi:http://ezproxy.arcadia.edu:2075/10.1108/17479881111160168.
External links[edit]
US Holocaust Memorial Museum summary
"Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany" University of Minnesota's Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
"Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist concentration camps, 1933-45, by Johannes S. Wrobel, Religion, State and Society vol. 34, no. 2 (June 2006), 89-125
Purple Triangles: A Story of Spiritual Resistance by Jolene Chu, originally published in Judaism Today, No. 12, Spring 1999
Purple Triangle: An Untold Story of the Holocaust
They Triumphed Over Persecution, The Watchtower March 1, 2003
Garbe, Detlef (Detlef Garbe 2008). Between Resistance and Martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich. Washington, DC, and Madison, Wisconsin: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in association with University of Wisconsin Press. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (Distributor) (1991). Purple Triangles (VHS). United States of America: Starlock Pictures.
  


Categories: Terminology of Nazi concentration camps
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
1938 introductions
Triangles




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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_triangle









Purple triangle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search




 Purple triangle
The purple triangle was a concentration camp badge used by the Nazis to identify Bibelforscher (the German name for Jehovah's Witnesses) in Nazi Germany. A small number of Adventists, Baptists, Bible Student splinter groups, and pacifists (combined less than one percent) were also identified by the badge.[1] Nazism opposed unorthodox-Christian religious minorities (along with Jews), but made the Bible Students the object of particularly intense persecution, including such extensive incarceration that a distinct badge was assigned to them.[2][3]


Contents  [hide]
1 Background
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

Background[edit]
Jehovah's Witnesses came into conflict with the Nazi regime because they refused to salute Adolf Hitler with the traditional "Heil Hitler" salute, believing that it conflicted with their worship of Jehovah. Because refusing to salute Hitler was considered a crime, Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested, and their children attending school were expelled, detained and separated from their families. When Germany made military enlistment mandatory, Jehovah’s Witnesses were persecuted because they refused to bear arms. Being politically neutral, they also refused to vote in the 1936 elections.[4]
Based on Nuremberg Laws, Jehovah's Witnesses who were also classified as ethnic Jews wore a badge comprising a purple triangle superimposed on a yellow triangle.
See also[edit]
Identification in Nazi camps
Nazi concentration camp badges
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
Religion in Nazi Germany
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Johannes S. Wrobel, Jehovah’s Witnesses in National Socialist Concentration Camps, 1933 – 45, Religion, State & Society, Vol. 34, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 89-125 "The concentration camp prisoner category ‘Bible Student’ at times apparently included a few members from small Bible Student splinter groups, as well as adherents of other religious groups which played only a secondary role during the time of the National Socialist regime, such as Adventists, Baptists and the New Apostolic community (Garbe 1999, pp. 82, 406; Zeiger, 2001, p. 72). Since their numbers in the camps were quite small compared with the total number of Jehovah’s Witness prisoners, I shall not consider them separately in this article. Historian Antje Zeiger (2001, p. 88) writes about Sachsenhausen camp: ‘In May 1938, every tenth prisoner was a Jehovah’s Witness. Less than one percent of the Witnesses included other religious nonconformists (Adventists, Baptists, pacifists), who were placed in the same prisoner classification.’"
2.Jump up ^ MoreOrLess. "Bibelforscher". Cesnur.org. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
3.Jump up ^ "Holocaust Revealed". Holocaust Revealed. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
4.Jump up ^ King, Christine. “Leadership Lessons from History: Jehovah’s Witnesses.” The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services 7, no. 2 (2011): 178–185. doi:http://ezproxy.arcadia.edu:2075/10.1108/17479881111160168.
External links[edit]
US Holocaust Memorial Museum summary
"Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany" University of Minnesota's Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
"Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist concentration camps, 1933-45, by Johannes S. Wrobel, Religion, State and Society vol. 34, no. 2 (June 2006), 89-125
Purple Triangles: A Story of Spiritual Resistance by Jolene Chu, originally published in Judaism Today, No. 12, Spring 1999
Purple Triangle: An Untold Story of the Holocaust
They Triumphed Over Persecution, The Watchtower March 1, 2003
Garbe, Detlef (Detlef Garbe 2008). Between Resistance and Martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich. Washington, DC, and Madison, Wisconsin: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in association with University of Wisconsin Press. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (Distributor) (1991). Purple Triangles (VHS). United States of America: Starlock Pictures.
  


Categories: Terminology of Nazi concentration camps
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
1938 introductions
Triangles




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Knocking (film

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Knocking (film

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Joel Engardio

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Joel Engardio
Joel Engardio.jpg
Born
September 17, 1972 (age 42)
Occupation
Journalist, documentary filmmaker, writer, business owner
Joel P. Engardio (born September 17, 1972) is a columnist for the San Francisco Examiner. He ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in San Francisco's District 7 in 2012 and lost.


Authority control
VIAF: 4706000
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1972 births
Living people
American male journalists
Michigan State University alumni
Harvard University alumni






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This page was last modified on 29 May 2015, at 08:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Engardio









Joel Engardio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Joel Engardio
Joel Engardio.jpg
Born
September 17, 1972 (age 42)
Occupation
Journalist, documentary filmmaker, writer, business owner
Joel P. Engardio (born September 17, 1972) is a columnist for the San Francisco Examiner. He ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in San Francisco's District 7 in 2012 and lost.


Authority control
VIAF: 4706000
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1972 births
Living people
American male journalists
Michigan State University alumni
Harvard University alumni






Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store

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Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
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What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Norsk bokmål
Edit links
This page was last modified on 29 May 2015, at 08:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
  

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Engardio