Dissent and Schism Wikipedia pages

Dissent

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This article is about a philosophy of non-agreement. For other meanings see Dissent (disambiguation).


Sticker art arguing that dissent is necessary for democracy.

 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011)
Dissent is a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea (e.g., a government's policies) or an entity (e.g., an individual or political party which supports such policies). The term's antonyms include agreement, consensus (when all or nearly all parties agree on something) and consent, when one party agrees to a proposition made by another.
In some political systems, dissent may be formally expressed by way of opposition politics, while politically repressive regimes may prohibit any form of dissent, leading to suppression of dissent and the encouragement of social or political activism. Individuals who do not conform or support the policies of certain states are known as "dissidents". Several thinkers have argued that a healthy society needs not only to protect, but also to encourage dissent.[1][2]
In a well-known letter to Arnold Ruge in 1843, Karl Marx wrote: "if constructing the future and settling everything for all times are not our affair, it is all the more clear what we have to accomplish at present: I am referring to ruthless criticism of all that exists, ruthless both in the sense of not being afraid of the results it arrives at and in the sense of being just as little afraid of conflict with the powers that be".[3]
See also[edit]
Civil disobedience
Dissenter (religion)
Dissident
Dorje Shugden, Dorje Shugden controversy (about Dissent in Tibetan Buddhism)
Freedom of speech
Organizational dissent
Political dissent
Sedition
Schism (religion)
Eccentricity (behavior)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Bailey, Gordon Ideology: Structuring Identities in Contemporary Life, p. 124
2.Jump up ^ Kozol, J. (1981) Foreword. In Mackie, R. (Ed.), Literacy and revolution: The Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. p. XV
3.Jump up ^ Marx to Ruge. Kreuznach, September 1843. Letter from the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher. (Marxists.org) as cited in Wilhelm Reich (1936) prefaction to Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf
  


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Dissent

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a philosophy of non-agreement. For other meanings see Dissent (disambiguation).


Sticker art arguing that dissent is necessary for democracy.

 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011)
Dissent is a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea (e.g., a government's policies) or an entity (e.g., an individual or political party which supports such policies). The term's antonyms include agreement, consensus (when all or nearly all parties agree on something) and consent, when one party agrees to a proposition made by another.
In some political systems, dissent may be formally expressed by way of opposition politics, while politically repressive regimes may prohibit any form of dissent, leading to suppression of dissent and the encouragement of social or political activism. Individuals who do not conform or support the policies of certain states are known as "dissidents". Several thinkers have argued that a healthy society needs not only to protect, but also to encourage dissent.[1][2]
In a well-known letter to Arnold Ruge in 1843, Karl Marx wrote: "if constructing the future and settling everything for all times are not our affair, it is all the more clear what we have to accomplish at present: I am referring to ruthless criticism of all that exists, ruthless both in the sense of not being afraid of the results it arrives at and in the sense of being just as little afraid of conflict with the powers that be".[3]
See also[edit]
Civil disobedience
Dissenter (religion)
Dissident
Dorje Shugden, Dorje Shugden controversy (about Dissent in Tibetan Buddhism)
Freedom of speech
Organizational dissent
Political dissent
Sedition
Schism (religion)
Eccentricity (behavior)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Bailey, Gordon Ideology: Structuring Identities in Contemporary Life, p. 124
2.Jump up ^ Kozol, J. (1981) Foreword. In Mackie, R. (Ed.), Literacy and revolution: The Pedagogy of Paulo Freire. p. XV
3.Jump up ^ Marx to Ruge. Kreuznach, September 1843. Letter from the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher. (Marxists.org) as cited in Wilhelm Reich (1936) prefaction to Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf
  


Categories: Dissent
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Schism

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For other uses, see Schism (disambiguation).
A schism (pronounced /ˈsɪzəm/ SIZ-əm, /ˈskɪzəm/ SKIZ-əm or, less commonly, /ˈʃɪzəm/ SHIZ-əm[1]) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the East–West Schism or the Great Western Schism. It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc.
A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. Schismatic as an adjective means pertaining to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards or promote schism.
In religion, the charge of schism is distinguished from that of heresy, since the offence of schism concerns not differences of belief or doctrine but promotion of, or the state of, division.[2] However, schisms frequently involve mutual accusations of heresy. In Roman Catholic teaching, every heresy is a schism, while there may be some schisms free of the added guilt of heresy.[3] Liberal Protestantism, however, has often preferred heresy over schism. Presbyterian scholar James I. McCord (quoted with approval by the Episcopalian bishop of Virginia Peter Lee) drew a distinction between them, teaching: "If you must make a choice between heresy and schism, always choose heresy. As a schismatic, you have torn and divided the body of Christ. Choose heresy every time."[4]


Contents  [hide]
1 Buddhism
2 Christianity
3 Islam
4 Judaism
5 Examples 5.1 Jewish
5.2 Islamic
5.3 Christian
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Buddhism[edit]


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)
Main article: Schools of Buddhism
In Buddhism, the first schism was set up by Devadatta, during Buddha's life. This schism lasted only a short time, and Devadatta later apologized for his misdeeds. Later (after Buddha's death), the early Buddhist schools came into being, but were not schismatic,[citation needed] only focusing on different interpretations for the same monastic community. In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned. Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin. Each school has various subgroups, which often are schismatic in origin. For example, in Thai Theravadin Buddhism there are two groups (Mahanikaya and Dhammayut), of which the Dhammayut has its origin partly in the Mahanikaya, and is the new and schismatic group. Both Mahanikaya and Dhammayut have many subgroups, which usually do not have schismatic origins, but came into being in a natural way, through the popularity of a (leader) monk. Tibetan Buddhism has seen schisms in the past, of which most were healed, although the Drukpa school centred in Bhutan perhaps remains in a state of schism (since 1616) from the other Tibetan schools.
Christianity[edit]
Main article: Christian denomination




 The historical development of major church branches from their roots.
The words schism and schismatic have found their heaviest usage in the history of Christianity, to denote splits within a church or religious body. In this context, "schismatic", as a noun, denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter Church; as an adjective, "schismatic" refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or to constitute schism, and so departure from what the user of the word considers to be the true Christian Church. These words have been used to denote both the phenomenon of Christian group splintering in general, and certain significant historical splits in particular.
A distinction[5] is made between heresy and schism. Heresy is rejection of a doctrine that a Church considered to be essential. Schism is a rejection of communion with the authorities of a Church, and not every break of communion is necessarily about doctrine, as is clear from examples such as the Western Schism and the breaking of communion between Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople and Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens in 2004.[6] But, when for any reason people withdraw from communion, two distinct ecclesiastical entities may result, each of which then, or at least some of its members, may accuse the other of heresy.
In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, automatically brings the penalty of excommunication on the individual who commits it.[7] As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside the Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism".[8] The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome, but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, members of the Church.[8] This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church.[8]
The First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) distinguished between schism and heresy. It declared Arian and non-Trinitarian teachings to be heretical and excluded their adherents from the Church. It also addressed the schism between Peter of Alexandria and Meletius of Lycopolis, considering their quarrel to be a matter of discipline, not of faith.
The divisions that came to a head at the Councils of Ephesus (A.D. 431) and Chalcedon (A.D. 451) were seen as matters of heresy, not merely of schism. Thus, the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy consider each other to be heretical, not orthodox, because of the Oriental Orthodox Church's rejection and the Eastern Orthodox Church's acceptance of the Confession of Chalcedon about the two natures, human and divine, of Christ. However, this view has been challenged in the recent Ecumenical discussion between these two groups, bringing the matter of Chalcedon as a matter of schism, not of heresy.
In its extended and final form (possibly derived from the First Council of Constantinople in 381 although only known from the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon seventy years later),[9] what is commonly called the Nicene Creed declares belief in the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. Some who accept this creed believe they should be united in a single Church or group of Churches in communion with each other. Others who accept this creed believe it does not speak of a visible organization but of all those baptized who hold the Christian faith, referred to as Christendom. Some churches consider themselves as the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church claims that title and considers the Eastern Orthodox Church to be in schism, while the Eastern Orthodox Church also claims that title and holds that the Catholic Church is schismatic and probably heretical. Some Protestant Churches believe that they also represent the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and consider the Catholic and Orthodox Churches to be in error, while others do not expect a union of all Christian churches on earth. See also Great Apostasy.
A current dispute with an acknowledged risk of schism for the Anglican Communion is that over homosexuality.
Islam[edit]
Main article: Muslim sects
See also: Pan-Islamism, Succession to Muhammad and Sunni-Shia relations
After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammed, there have arisen many Muslim sects by means of schools of thought, traditions and related faiths.[10][11] According to a Hadith report (collections of accounts of the life and teachings of Muhammed), Muhammed is said to have prophesied "My Ummah (Community or Nation) will be fragmented into seventy-three sects, and all of them will be in the Hell fire except one." The Sahaba (his companions) asked him which group that would be, whereupon he replied, "It is the one to which I and my companions belong" (reported in Sunan al-Tirmidhi Hadith No. 171).
However, the central text of Islam, the Qur'an, ordains that Muslims are not to be divided into divisions or sects but rather united under a common goal of faith in one God and acceptance of Muhammad as the prophet of Allah; failure to do has been deemed a sin by God and thus forbidden.[6:149][6:159] The Qur'an also ordains that the followers of Islam need to "obey Allah and obey the Messenger (i.e., Prophet Muhammed)." The Qur'an stresses the importance of keeping the commandments mentioned in the Qur'an by Allah and following all the teachings of Muhammed,[4:59] and labels everyone who concurs as a "Muslim"[22:78] and a part of the "best of communities brought forth from mankind".[3:110]
Sunni Muslims, often referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h or Ahl as-Sunnah, are the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah, which means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad; therefore, the term Sunni refers to those who follow or maintain the Sunnah of Muhammad. The Sunni believe that Muhammad died without appointing a successor to lead the Muslim ummah (community). After an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr, Muhammad's close friend and father-in-law, as the first Caliph. Sunnis regard the first four caliphs - Abu Bakr, Umar (`Umar ibn al-Khattāb), Uthman Ibn Affan, and Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib) - as the al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn or "Rashidun" (The Rightly Guided Caliphs). Sunnis believe that the position of Caliph may be democratically chosen, but after the first four Rightly Guided Caliphs the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule. There has not been another widely recognized Caliph since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923.
Shia Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam. Shia Muslims believe that, similar to the appointment of prophets, Imams after Muhammad are also chosen by God. According to Shias, Ali was chosen by Allah and thus appointed by Muhammad to be the direct successor and leader of the Muslim community. They regard him as the first Shia Imam, which continued as a hereditary position through Fatimah and Ali's descendants.
Sufism is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam practised by both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Some Sufi followers consider themselves Sunni or Shia, while others consider themselves as just Sufi or Sufi-influenced. Sufism is usually considered to be complementary to orthodox Islam, although Sufism has often been accused by the salafi of being an unjustified Bid‘ah or religious innovation. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.[12] One starts with sharia (Islamic law), the exoteric or mundane practice of Islam, and then is initiated into the mystical (esoteric) path of a Tariqah (Sufi Order).
Kharijite (lit. "those who seceded") is a general term embracing a variety of Islamic sects which, while originally supporting the Caliphate of Ali, eventually rejected his legitimacy after he negotiated with Mu'awiya during the 7th Century Islamic civil war (First Fitna).[13] Their complaint was that the Imam must be spiritually pure, whereas Ali's compromise with Mu'awiya was a compromise of his spiritual purity and therefore of his legitimacy as Imam or Caliph. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree.
Judaism[edit]
Main article: Jewish schisms


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014)
See also: Jewish views of religious pluralism, Relationships between Jewish religious movements, Jewish principles of faith and Heresy in Judaism
Throughout the Jewish history, Judaism survived many schisms, including the emergence of Christianity. Today, major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist.
Examples[edit]
Jewish[edit]
Samaritanism, c. 586BCE
Islamic[edit]
The schism of the Shia and Sunni, c. 632
The schism of the Kharijites, late 7th century
The schism of the Mu'tazilites, 8th century
The schism of the Mihna, c. 833
The schism of Zikri, c. 1500
The schism of Ahmadiyya, 19th century
The Moorish Science Temple of America, c. 1913
The Nation of Islam, c. 1930
The United Submitters International, c. mid-20th century
Christian[edit]
Main article: Christian denomination § Historical schisms and methods of classification scheme
The schism of Marcionism, c.150[citation needed]
The schism of Gnosticism, which some attribute to Valentinius[citation needed], c. 150, others much earlier[citation needed]
The schism of Montanism
The schism of Monarchianism, c. 200[citation needed]
The many Antipopes, beginning with Hippolytus (writer) in 217 though Hippolytus later reconciled.
The Donatist schism, beginning in 311
The schism with Arianism and Quartodecimanism at the First Council of Nicaea, 325
The Nestorian Schism, after the First Council of Ephesus in 431, between Western Christianity and Nestorianism
The Oriental Orthodox schism and rejection of the Council of Chalcedon, c. 451
The Acacian schism, 484-519
The schism of the Armenian Orthodox, 491
The Great Schism of 1054
Lollardy in the 1350s
Three Popes at the same time: Roman Pope Gregory XII, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII, resolved at Council of Constance, see also Western Schism, 1378–1417
The Swiss Reformation beginning in 1516
The Protestant Reformation beginning in 1517
Anabaptist, c. 1525
The English Reformation beginning in 1529
Michael Servetus burned at the stake in 1553, considered founder of Unitarianism
The Scottish Reformation in 1560
The Dutch Reformation in 1571
Socinianism in 1605
The Jansenism schism of 1643
See Old Believers and Raskol for schism within the Russian Orthodox Church in 1666
The Old School-New School Controversy in the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1837
Disruption of 1843
American Restorationism beginning in the 1850s
Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland rejects First Vatican Council doctrine of Papal Infallibility, see also Old Catholic Church, 1868
The Crotty Schism in Birr, County Offaly, Ireland
The schism between the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement in 1977
The separation of the Anglican Church in North America from the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada
The schism from the Roman Catholic Church of the leaders of the Society of St. Pius X in 1988, when Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre ordained four bishops despite a prohibition by the Holy See.[14][15]
See also[edit]
Secession
Old and New Light
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000) notes in Free Dictionary that "The word schism, which was originally spelled scisme in English, is traditionally pronounced (sĭ′zəm). However, in the 16th century the word was respelled with an initial sch in order to conform to its Latin and Greek forms. From this spelling arose the pronunciation (skĭ′zəm). Long regarded as incorrect, it became so common in both British and American English that it gained acceptability as a standard variant. Evidence indicates, however, that it is now the preferred pronunciation, at least in American English. In a recent survey 61 percent of the Usage Panel indicated that they use (skĭ′zəm), while 31 percent said they use (sĭ′zəm). A smaller number, 8 percent, preferred a third pronunciation, (shĭ′zəm).
2.Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911, article Schism
3.Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, article Schism
4.Jump up ^ "Heresy better idea than schism?". Washington Times. 2004-01-31. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
5.Jump up ^ Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church, p. 42; The Concordia Cyclopedia quoted in Unionism and Syncretism - and PLI; Orthodox Practice - Choosing God-parents; Code of Canon Law, canon 751
6.Jump up ^ Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople Broke Eucharistic Communion with Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens
7.Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 1364
8.^ Jump up to: a b c Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches (Liturgical Press 1992 ISBN 978-1-58617-282-4), p. 41
9.Jump up ^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds Longmans 1960 pp. 296,7; 305-331
10.Jump up ^ So Many Different Groups of Muslims by Yusuf Estes
11.Jump up ^ Why are Muslims divided into different Sects/Schools of Thought by Zakir Naik on IRF.net
12.Jump up ^ Trimingham (1998), p.1
13.Jump up ^ Overview of Kharijite islam
14.Jump up ^ Corriere della Sera, 22 December 2013, p. 5
15.Jump up ^ Catholic World News: "CDF prefect says SSPX in schism, suspended from sacraments" (Retrieved 13 February 2015)
External links[edit]
Encyclopædia Britannica: Schism
Catholic Encyclopedia: Schism


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Schism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see Schism (disambiguation).
A schism (pronounced /ˈsɪzəm/ SIZ-əm, /ˈskɪzəm/ SKIZ-əm or, less commonly, /ˈʃɪzəm/ SHIZ-əm[1]) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the East–West Schism or the Great Western Schism. It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc.
A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. Schismatic as an adjective means pertaining to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards or promote schism.
In religion, the charge of schism is distinguished from that of heresy, since the offence of schism concerns not differences of belief or doctrine but promotion of, or the state of, division.[2] However, schisms frequently involve mutual accusations of heresy. In Roman Catholic teaching, every heresy is a schism, while there may be some schisms free of the added guilt of heresy.[3] Liberal Protestantism, however, has often preferred heresy over schism. Presbyterian scholar James I. McCord (quoted with approval by the Episcopalian bishop of Virginia Peter Lee) drew a distinction between them, teaching: "If you must make a choice between heresy and schism, always choose heresy. As a schismatic, you have torn and divided the body of Christ. Choose heresy every time."[4]


Contents  [hide]
1 Buddhism
2 Christianity
3 Islam
4 Judaism
5 Examples 5.1 Jewish
5.2 Islamic
5.3 Christian
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Buddhism[edit]


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)
Main article: Schools of Buddhism
In Buddhism, the first schism was set up by Devadatta, during Buddha's life. This schism lasted only a short time, and Devadatta later apologized for his misdeeds. Later (after Buddha's death), the early Buddhist schools came into being, but were not schismatic,[citation needed] only focusing on different interpretations for the same monastic community. In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned. Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin. Each school has various subgroups, which often are schismatic in origin. For example, in Thai Theravadin Buddhism there are two groups (Mahanikaya and Dhammayut), of which the Dhammayut has its origin partly in the Mahanikaya, and is the new and schismatic group. Both Mahanikaya and Dhammayut have many subgroups, which usually do not have schismatic origins, but came into being in a natural way, through the popularity of a (leader) monk. Tibetan Buddhism has seen schisms in the past, of which most were healed, although the Drukpa school centred in Bhutan perhaps remains in a state of schism (since 1616) from the other Tibetan schools.
Christianity[edit]
Main article: Christian denomination




 The historical development of major church branches from their roots.
The words schism and schismatic have found their heaviest usage in the history of Christianity, to denote splits within a church or religious body. In this context, "schismatic", as a noun, denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or is a member of a splinter Church; as an adjective, "schismatic" refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or to constitute schism, and so departure from what the user of the word considers to be the true Christian Church. These words have been used to denote both the phenomenon of Christian group splintering in general, and certain significant historical splits in particular.
A distinction[5] is made between heresy and schism. Heresy is rejection of a doctrine that a Church considered to be essential. Schism is a rejection of communion with the authorities of a Church, and not every break of communion is necessarily about doctrine, as is clear from examples such as the Western Schism and the breaking of communion between Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople and Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens in 2004.[6] But, when for any reason people withdraw from communion, two distinct ecclesiastical entities may result, each of which then, or at least some of its members, may accuse the other of heresy.
In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, automatically brings the penalty of excommunication on the individual who commits it.[7] As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside the Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism".[8] The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome, but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, members of the Church.[8] This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church.[8]
The First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) distinguished between schism and heresy. It declared Arian and non-Trinitarian teachings to be heretical and excluded their adherents from the Church. It also addressed the schism between Peter of Alexandria and Meletius of Lycopolis, considering their quarrel to be a matter of discipline, not of faith.
The divisions that came to a head at the Councils of Ephesus (A.D. 431) and Chalcedon (A.D. 451) were seen as matters of heresy, not merely of schism. Thus, the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy consider each other to be heretical, not orthodox, because of the Oriental Orthodox Church's rejection and the Eastern Orthodox Church's acceptance of the Confession of Chalcedon about the two natures, human and divine, of Christ. However, this view has been challenged in the recent Ecumenical discussion between these two groups, bringing the matter of Chalcedon as a matter of schism, not of heresy.
In its extended and final form (possibly derived from the First Council of Constantinople in 381 although only known from the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon seventy years later),[9] what is commonly called the Nicene Creed declares belief in the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. Some who accept this creed believe they should be united in a single Church or group of Churches in communion with each other. Others who accept this creed believe it does not speak of a visible organization but of all those baptized who hold the Christian faith, referred to as Christendom. Some churches consider themselves as the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church claims that title and considers the Eastern Orthodox Church to be in schism, while the Eastern Orthodox Church also claims that title and holds that the Catholic Church is schismatic and probably heretical. Some Protestant Churches believe that they also represent the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and consider the Catholic and Orthodox Churches to be in error, while others do not expect a union of all Christian churches on earth. See also Great Apostasy.
A current dispute with an acknowledged risk of schism for the Anglican Communion is that over homosexuality.
Islam[edit]
Main article: Muslim sects
See also: Pan-Islamism, Succession to Muhammad and Sunni-Shia relations
After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammed, there have arisen many Muslim sects by means of schools of thought, traditions and related faiths.[10][11] According to a Hadith report (collections of accounts of the life and teachings of Muhammed), Muhammed is said to have prophesied "My Ummah (Community or Nation) will be fragmented into seventy-three sects, and all of them will be in the Hell fire except one." The Sahaba (his companions) asked him which group that would be, whereupon he replied, "It is the one to which I and my companions belong" (reported in Sunan al-Tirmidhi Hadith No. 171).
However, the central text of Islam, the Qur'an, ordains that Muslims are not to be divided into divisions or sects but rather united under a common goal of faith in one God and acceptance of Muhammad as the prophet of Allah; failure to do has been deemed a sin by God and thus forbidden.[6:149][6:159] The Qur'an also ordains that the followers of Islam need to "obey Allah and obey the Messenger (i.e., Prophet Muhammed)." The Qur'an stresses the importance of keeping the commandments mentioned in the Qur'an by Allah and following all the teachings of Muhammed,[4:59] and labels everyone who concurs as a "Muslim"[22:78] and a part of the "best of communities brought forth from mankind".[3:110]
Sunni Muslims, often referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h or Ahl as-Sunnah, are the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah, which means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad; therefore, the term Sunni refers to those who follow or maintain the Sunnah of Muhammad. The Sunni believe that Muhammad died without appointing a successor to lead the Muslim ummah (community). After an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr, Muhammad's close friend and father-in-law, as the first Caliph. Sunnis regard the first four caliphs - Abu Bakr, Umar (`Umar ibn al-Khattāb), Uthman Ibn Affan, and Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib) - as the al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn or "Rashidun" (The Rightly Guided Caliphs). Sunnis believe that the position of Caliph may be democratically chosen, but after the first four Rightly Guided Caliphs the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule. There has not been another widely recognized Caliph since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923.
Shia Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam. Shia Muslims believe that, similar to the appointment of prophets, Imams after Muhammad are also chosen by God. According to Shias, Ali was chosen by Allah and thus appointed by Muhammad to be the direct successor and leader of the Muslim community. They regard him as the first Shia Imam, which continued as a hereditary position through Fatimah and Ali's descendants.
Sufism is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam practised by both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Some Sufi followers consider themselves Sunni or Shia, while others consider themselves as just Sufi or Sufi-influenced. Sufism is usually considered to be complementary to orthodox Islam, although Sufism has often been accused by the salafi of being an unjustified Bid‘ah or religious innovation. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.[12] One starts with sharia (Islamic law), the exoteric or mundane practice of Islam, and then is initiated into the mystical (esoteric) path of a Tariqah (Sufi Order).
Kharijite (lit. "those who seceded") is a general term embracing a variety of Islamic sects which, while originally supporting the Caliphate of Ali, eventually rejected his legitimacy after he negotiated with Mu'awiya during the 7th Century Islamic civil war (First Fitna).[13] Their complaint was that the Imam must be spiritually pure, whereas Ali's compromise with Mu'awiya was a compromise of his spiritual purity and therefore of his legitimacy as Imam or Caliph. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree.
Judaism[edit]
Main article: Jewish schisms


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014)
See also: Jewish views of religious pluralism, Relationships between Jewish religious movements, Jewish principles of faith and Heresy in Judaism
Throughout the Jewish history, Judaism survived many schisms, including the emergence of Christianity. Today, major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist.
Examples[edit]
Jewish[edit]
Samaritanism, c. 586BCE
Islamic[edit]
The schism of the Shia and Sunni, c. 632
The schism of the Kharijites, late 7th century
The schism of the Mu'tazilites, 8th century
The schism of the Mihna, c. 833
The schism of Zikri, c. 1500
The schism of Ahmadiyya, 19th century
The Moorish Science Temple of America, c. 1913
The Nation of Islam, c. 1930
The United Submitters International, c. mid-20th century
Christian[edit]
Main article: Christian denomination § Historical schisms and methods of classification scheme
The schism of Marcionism, c.150[citation needed]
The schism of Gnosticism, which some attribute to Valentinius[citation needed], c. 150, others much earlier[citation needed]
The schism of Montanism
The schism of Monarchianism, c. 200[citation needed]
The many Antipopes, beginning with Hippolytus (writer) in 217 though Hippolytus later reconciled.
The Donatist schism, beginning in 311
The schism with Arianism and Quartodecimanism at the First Council of Nicaea, 325
The Nestorian Schism, after the First Council of Ephesus in 431, between Western Christianity and Nestorianism
The Oriental Orthodox schism and rejection of the Council of Chalcedon, c. 451
The Acacian schism, 484-519
The schism of the Armenian Orthodox, 491
The Great Schism of 1054
Lollardy in the 1350s
Three Popes at the same time: Roman Pope Gregory XII, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII, resolved at Council of Constance, see also Western Schism, 1378–1417
The Swiss Reformation beginning in 1516
The Protestant Reformation beginning in 1517
Anabaptist, c. 1525
The English Reformation beginning in 1529
Michael Servetus burned at the stake in 1553, considered founder of Unitarianism
The Scottish Reformation in 1560
The Dutch Reformation in 1571
Socinianism in 1605
The Jansenism schism of 1643
See Old Believers and Raskol for schism within the Russian Orthodox Church in 1666
The Old School-New School Controversy in the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1837
Disruption of 1843
American Restorationism beginning in the 1850s
Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland rejects First Vatican Council doctrine of Papal Infallibility, see also Old Catholic Church, 1868
The Crotty Schism in Birr, County Offaly, Ireland
The schism between the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement in 1977
The separation of the Anglican Church in North America from the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada
The schism from the Roman Catholic Church of the leaders of the Society of St. Pius X in 1988, when Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre ordained four bishops despite a prohibition by the Holy See.[14][15]
See also[edit]
Secession
Old and New Light
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000) notes in Free Dictionary that "The word schism, which was originally spelled scisme in English, is traditionally pronounced (sĭ′zəm). However, in the 16th century the word was respelled with an initial sch in order to conform to its Latin and Greek forms. From this spelling arose the pronunciation (skĭ′zəm). Long regarded as incorrect, it became so common in both British and American English that it gained acceptability as a standard variant. Evidence indicates, however, that it is now the preferred pronunciation, at least in American English. In a recent survey 61 percent of the Usage Panel indicated that they use (skĭ′zəm), while 31 percent said they use (sĭ′zəm). A smaller number, 8 percent, preferred a third pronunciation, (shĭ′zəm).
2.Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911, article Schism
3.Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, article Schism
4.Jump up ^ "Heresy better idea than schism?". Washington Times. 2004-01-31. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
5.Jump up ^ Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church, p. 42; The Concordia Cyclopedia quoted in Unionism and Syncretism - and PLI; Orthodox Practice - Choosing God-parents; Code of Canon Law, canon 751
6.Jump up ^ Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople Broke Eucharistic Communion with Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens
7.Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 1364
8.^ Jump up to: a b c Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches (Liturgical Press 1992 ISBN 978-1-58617-282-4), p. 41
9.Jump up ^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds Longmans 1960 pp. 296,7; 305-331
10.Jump up ^ So Many Different Groups of Muslims by Yusuf Estes
11.Jump up ^ Why are Muslims divided into different Sects/Schools of Thought by Zakir Naik on IRF.net
12.Jump up ^ Trimingham (1998), p.1
13.Jump up ^ Overview of Kharijite islam
14.Jump up ^ Corriere della Sera, 22 December 2013, p. 5
15.Jump up ^ Catholic World News: "CDF prefect says SSPX in schism, suspended from sacraments" (Retrieved 13 February 2015)
External links[edit]
Encyclopædia Britannica: Schism
Catholic Encyclopedia: Schism


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