Premarital sex and other Wikipedia pages

Erotophobia

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Jump to: navigation, search



 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
Erotophobia is a term coined by a number of researchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s to describe one pole on a continuum of attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. The model of the continuum is a basic polarized line, with erotophobia (fear of sex or negative attitudes about sex) at one end and erotophilia (positive feelings/attitudes about sex) at the other end.[1]
The word erotophobia is derived from the name of Eros, the Greek god of erotic love, and Phobos, Greek (φόβος) for "fear".


Contents  [hide]
1 Types
2 Clinical erotophobia
3 Psychological studies
4 Political use
5 See also
6 References

Types[edit]
Erotophobia has many manifestations. An individual or culture can have one or multiple erotophobic attitudes. Some types of erotophobia include fear of nudity, fear of sexual images, homophobia, fear of sex education, fear of sexual discourse, etc. (see John Ince's work, cited below, for more detail).
Clinical erotophobia[edit]
As a clinical phobia, 'erotophobia' describes an irrational and potentially debilitating fear of some object, person or act that is related to sex. This fear either impairs a person's desire or ability to have sexual relationships, or completely prevents a person's ability to have sex. Erotophobia can also in some (but not all) individual cases, be a part of larger patterns of any of the following psychological problems—social phobia, avoidant personality disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or general social anxiety problems. Erotophobia can also, for others, be very specific to love making with another person and not be related to any of these other social anxiety disorders. In the case of specific erotophobia, only the fear of something related to sex would be present without any other fears or syndromes.
Psychological studies[edit]
In psychological studies, the term is often used to describe degree of (general) sexual aversion versus (general) interest in sex. In this sense erotophobia is descriptive of one's place in a range on a continuum (theory) of sexual feeling or aversion to feeling. Erotophobes score high on one end of the scale that is characterized by expressions of guilt and fear about sex. Psychologists sometimes attempt to describe sexuality on a personality scale. Erotophobes are less likely to talk about sex, have more negative reactions to sexually explicit material, and have sex less frequently and with fewer partners over time. In contrast, erotophiles score high on the opposite end of the scale, erotophilia, which is characterized by expressing less guilt about sex, talking about sex more openly, and holding more positive attitudes toward sexually explicit material.[2]
This dimension of personality is used to assess openness to sex and sexuality. It is an important dimension to measure because of the health and safety risks associated with poor sexual education.[3] Research on this personality dimension has shown a correlation between high erotophobia scores and a less consistent use of contraception and a lack of knowledge about human sexuality.[4]
It is also important because erotophobia has been shown to create relationship and marital difficulties in multiple studies, dating back to Kinsey.[5]
Political use[edit]
The word erotophobia has been used by anti-oppression activists to describe sex negative attitudes as a form of discrimination and oppression (akin to homophobia). In "Disability, Sex Radicalism, and Political Agency", Abby Wilkinson argues that "constraints on sexual agency should be recognized as a hallmark of oppression." In "Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack of Sexual Conservatism" (after Peggy McIntosh's influential "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack"), TJ Bryan says, "Since power-based hierarchies in society form a matrix of domination, I understand that erotophobia occupies a supportive space adjacent to isms and phobias like classism, racism, sexism, ableism, homophobia."
In his book The Politics of Lust, author and sexual activist John Ince examines three distinct cause and effect forces that fuel erotophobia: "antisexualism," the irrational negative response to harmless sexual expression; "nasty sex," which includes rape and violent pornography; and "rigidity," the inability to enjoy "playful and spontaneous" sex. Ince also argues that social inequality and politics are inter linked with erotophobia and that overcoming erotophobia is one of the first steps to a truly democratic society.[6]
See also[edit]
Antisexualism
Asexuality
Body dysmorphic disorder
Celibacy
Erotophilia
Genophobia
List of phobias
Prude
Sex-negativity
Sexual ethics
Sexual inhibition
Sexual repression
References[edit]
John Ince "The Politics of Lust" (2005 edition ISBN 1-59102-278-9 ; 2003 edition ISBN 0-9696567-1-8)
1.Jump up ^ Fischer, W.A.; Byrne, White & Kelley (1988). "Erotophobia-erotophilia as a dimension of personality". Journal of Sex Research 25: 123–151. doi:10.1080/00224498809551448.
2.Jump up ^ "Effects of anonymity, gender, and erotophilia on the quality of data obtained from self-reports of socially sensitive behaviors". J Behav Med 25 (5): 438–67. October 2002. PMC 2430657. PMID 12442560.
3.Jump up ^ Fischer et al. (1988). Missing or empty |title= (help)
4.Jump up ^ Fischer et al. (1988). Missing or empty |title= (help)
5.Jump up ^ Kinsey, Alfred (1948). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders & Company.
6.Jump up ^ http://pivotalpress.com/the-politics-of-lust
  


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Erotophobia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search



 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
Erotophobia is a term coined by a number of researchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s to describe one pole on a continuum of attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. The model of the continuum is a basic polarized line, with erotophobia (fear of sex or negative attitudes about sex) at one end and erotophilia (positive feelings/attitudes about sex) at the other end.[1]
The word erotophobia is derived from the name of Eros, the Greek god of erotic love, and Phobos, Greek (φόβος) for "fear".


Contents  [hide]
1 Types
2 Clinical erotophobia
3 Psychological studies
4 Political use
5 See also
6 References

Types[edit]
Erotophobia has many manifestations. An individual or culture can have one or multiple erotophobic attitudes. Some types of erotophobia include fear of nudity, fear of sexual images, homophobia, fear of sex education, fear of sexual discourse, etc. (see John Ince's work, cited below, for more detail).
Clinical erotophobia[edit]
As a clinical phobia, 'erotophobia' describes an irrational and potentially debilitating fear of some object, person or act that is related to sex. This fear either impairs a person's desire or ability to have sexual relationships, or completely prevents a person's ability to have sex. Erotophobia can also in some (but not all) individual cases, be a part of larger patterns of any of the following psychological problems—social phobia, avoidant personality disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or general social anxiety problems. Erotophobia can also, for others, be very specific to love making with another person and not be related to any of these other social anxiety disorders. In the case of specific erotophobia, only the fear of something related to sex would be present without any other fears or syndromes.
Psychological studies[edit]
In psychological studies, the term is often used to describe degree of (general) sexual aversion versus (general) interest in sex. In this sense erotophobia is descriptive of one's place in a range on a continuum (theory) of sexual feeling or aversion to feeling. Erotophobes score high on one end of the scale that is characterized by expressions of guilt and fear about sex. Psychologists sometimes attempt to describe sexuality on a personality scale. Erotophobes are less likely to talk about sex, have more negative reactions to sexually explicit material, and have sex less frequently and with fewer partners over time. In contrast, erotophiles score high on the opposite end of the scale, erotophilia, which is characterized by expressing less guilt about sex, talking about sex more openly, and holding more positive attitudes toward sexually explicit material.[2]
This dimension of personality is used to assess openness to sex and sexuality. It is an important dimension to measure because of the health and safety risks associated with poor sexual education.[3] Research on this personality dimension has shown a correlation between high erotophobia scores and a less consistent use of contraception and a lack of knowledge about human sexuality.[4]
It is also important because erotophobia has been shown to create relationship and marital difficulties in multiple studies, dating back to Kinsey.[5]
Political use[edit]
The word erotophobia has been used by anti-oppression activists to describe sex negative attitudes as a form of discrimination and oppression (akin to homophobia). In "Disability, Sex Radicalism, and Political Agency", Abby Wilkinson argues that "constraints on sexual agency should be recognized as a hallmark of oppression." In "Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack of Sexual Conservatism" (after Peggy McIntosh's influential "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack"), TJ Bryan says, "Since power-based hierarchies in society form a matrix of domination, I understand that erotophobia occupies a supportive space adjacent to isms and phobias like classism, racism, sexism, ableism, homophobia."
In his book The Politics of Lust, author and sexual activist John Ince examines three distinct cause and effect forces that fuel erotophobia: "antisexualism," the irrational negative response to harmless sexual expression; "nasty sex," which includes rape and violent pornography; and "rigidity," the inability to enjoy "playful and spontaneous" sex. Ince also argues that social inequality and politics are inter linked with erotophobia and that overcoming erotophobia is one of the first steps to a truly democratic society.[6]
See also[edit]
Antisexualism
Asexuality
Body dysmorphic disorder
Celibacy
Erotophilia
Genophobia
List of phobias
Prude
Sex-negativity
Sexual ethics
Sexual inhibition
Sexual repression
References[edit]
John Ince "The Politics of Lust" (2005 edition ISBN 1-59102-278-9 ; 2003 edition ISBN 0-9696567-1-8)
1.Jump up ^ Fischer, W.A.; Byrne, White & Kelley (1988). "Erotophobia-erotophilia as a dimension of personality". Journal of Sex Research 25: 123–151. doi:10.1080/00224498809551448.
2.Jump up ^ "Effects of anonymity, gender, and erotophilia on the quality of data obtained from self-reports of socially sensitive behaviors". J Behav Med 25 (5): 438–67. October 2002. PMC 2430657. PMID 12442560.
3.Jump up ^ Fischer et al. (1988). Missing or empty |title= (help)
4.Jump up ^ Fischer et al. (1988). Missing or empty |title= (help)
5.Jump up ^ Kinsey, Alfred (1948). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders & Company.
6.Jump up ^ http://pivotalpress.com/the-politics-of-lust
  


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Non-sexuality
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Sexuality and society







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Premarital sex

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Jump to: navigation, search

Premarital sex is sexual activity practiced by people who are unmarried. Historically, premarital sex was considered a moral issue which was taboo in many cultures and considered a sin by a number of religions, but since about the 1960s, it has become more widely accepted, especially in Western countries. A 2014 Pew study on global morality found that premarital sex was considered particularly unacceptable in "predominantly Muslim nations", such as Indonesia, Jordan, Pakistan and Egypt, each having over 90% disapproval, while people in Western European countries were the most accepting, with Spain, Germany and France expressing less than 10% disapproval.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Definition
2 Prevalence 2.1 Gender differences
2.2 Ethnicity differences
3 Safe sex practices
4 Religious views
5 Cultural views 5.1 Britain
5.2 United States
6 See also
7 References

Definition[edit]
Until the 1950s,[2] "premarital sex" referred to sexual relations between two people prior to marrying each other.[3] During that period, it was the norm in Western societies for men and women marry by the age of 21 or 22, and there was no considerations that one who had sex would not marry. The term was used instead of fornication, which had negative connotations,[2] and was closely related to the concept and approval of virginity, which is sexual abstinence until marriage.
The meaning has since shifted to refer to any sexual relations a person has prior to marriage and removing the emphasis on the relationship of the people involved.[3] The definition has a degree of ambiguity. It is not clear whether sex between individuals legally forbidden from marrying, or the sexual relations of one uninterested in marrying would be considered premarital.[2]
Alternative terms for premarital sex have been suggested, including non-marital sex (which overlaps with adultery), youthful sex, adolescent sex, and young-adult sex. These terms also suffer from a degree of ambiguity, as the definition of having sex differs from person to person.[2]
Prevalence[edit]
In some cultures, for example in many modern-day Western cultures, many people do not hold value in sexual abstinence before marriage.
Historically, at least a significant portion of people have engaged in premarital sex, although the number willing to admit to having done so was not always high. In a study conducted in the United States, 61 percent of men and 12 percent of women born prior to 1910 admitted to having premarital sex; the gender disparity may have been caused by cultural double standards regarding the admission of sexual activity or by men frequenting prostitutes.[2]
Starting in the 1920s, and especially after World War II, premarital sex became more common; this was especially prevalent among women. By the end of the 20th century, between 75 and 80 percent of Americans had vaginal intercourse before the age of 19. This has been attributed to numerous causes, including the increasing median age at marriage and the widespread availability of efficient contraceptives.[2]
According to a 2001 UNICEF survey, in 10 out of 12 developed nations with available data, more than two-thirds of young people have had sexual intercourse while still in their teens. In Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States, the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, approximately 25% of 15 year olds and 50% of 17 year olds have had sex.[4] In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn’t really want to do".[5] Several polls have indicated peer pressure as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex.[6][7]
A majority of Americans have had premarital sex, according to a 2007 article in Public Health Reports. This fact is true for current young adults and also young adults in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Data from the National Survey of Family Growth indicate that in 2002, 77% of Americans had sex by age 20, and of that percent, 75% had premarital sex. In comparison, of women who turned 15 between 1964 and 1993, approximately 91% had premarital sex by age 30. Of women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963, 82% of them had had premarital sex by age 30.[8] Additionally, when comparing the General Social Survey of 1988-1996 to the one of 2004-2012, researchers found that participants of 2004-2012 did not report more sexual partners since the age of 18, nor more frequent sex or sex partners during the past year than those respondents of the 1988-1996 survey. Furthermore, there appears to be no substantial change in sexual behavior contrasting the earlier era to the current one. However, one of the differences included sexually active respondents of the current era were more likely to report having sex with a casual date or friend than reporting having sex with a spouse or regular partner.[9] From 1943 to 1999, attitudes toward premarital sex changed such that young women’s approval increased from 12% to 73% and from 40% to 79% among young men. People’s feelings of sexual guilt also decreased during this period. Nowadays, less than 25% of people believe premarital sex is “always or almost always” wrong.[10]
Gender differences[edit]
Within the United States, a cohort study of young adults in university found men self-report more permissive attitudes about casual sex than women.[11] Another study found university students can be grouped by their ideal relationships - those who express a desire for sex exclusively in a committed partnership have fewer hookups and friends with benefits partners than those categorised as desiring "flexible" relationships and recreational sex.[12]
One 2006 study that analysed the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study found that more boys report having non-dating sexual partners than girls. Of this sample, a third of boys only have had sex with their romantic partner, another third of boys who have had sex with a partner they are not dating within the past year are believed to wish for the girl to be their girlfriend.[13] Many young adults are more likely to engage in sex with romantic partners than with causal acquaintances or friends with benefits.[14]
One 2011 study surveyed young adults about their emotional reactions after sexual encounters, finding that men reported more positive and fewer negative emotional reactions, and both men and women reported that the experience was largely more positive than negative.[15] Women reported that condom use was associated with fewer positive and more negative emotional reactions, and for men condom use was associated with fewer negative emotional reactions.[15] A 23-year study in a Human Sexuality class investigated gender differences in men and women’s reactions to their first sexual experience. In the earlier years of the study, men reported more pleasure and greater anxiety than women, while women reported more feelings of guilt than men. Cohort studies carried out over 23 years found that in later years, women expressed greater pleasure and less guilt. The differences between emotional reactions among men and women decreased slightly during the 23 years.[16] Such decreases in differences to first sexual intercourse may be a result of the increasing normality of premarital sex in America. An international online sex survey compared responses of residents of 37 countries against World Economic Forum figures for gender equality in those countries, finding that countries with high gender equality had respondents report more casual sex, a greater number of sex partners, younger ages for first sex, and greater tolerance of premarital sex.[17]
Ethnicity differences[edit]
Different ethnic and cultural groups in America have varied religiosity and sexual attitudes. Researchers conducted a study with college participants and they found Asians had more conservative sexual attitudes compared to Hispanics and Euro-Americans. Hispanics reported sexual attitudes similar to that of Euro-Americans. Asian, Hispanic, and Euro-American women with high levels of spirituality were found to have a correlation between conservative sexual attitudes and perceived religiosity. Religiosity and religious fundamentalism predicted conservative sexual attitudes most strongly in Euro-Americans and Asians.[18]
Safe sex practices[edit]
People who have premarital sex are recommended by health professionals to take precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS.[19] There is also a risk of an unplanned pregnancy in heterosexual relationships.[20] Around the world, sex education programs are run to teach school students about reproductive health, safer sex practices, sexual abstinence and birth control.
Sexual activity among unmarried people who do not have access to information about reproductive health and birth control can increase the rate of teenage pregnancies and contraction of sexually transmitted infections. The rates of teenage pregnancy vary and range from 143 per 1000 girls in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. The rate for the United States is 52.1 per 1000, the highest in the developed world – and about four times the European Union average.[4][21] The teenage pregnancy rates between countries must take into account the level of general sex education available and access to contraceptive options.
Religious views[edit]
Main article: Fornication § Religions
Cultural views[edit]
The cultural acceptability of premarital sex varies between individuals, cultures and time periods. Western cultures have traditionally been disapproving of it, on occasions forbidding it. In other cultures, such as the Muria people of Madhya Pradesh, sexuality prior to marriage is accepted and at times expected.[2]
Individual views within a given society can vary greatly, with expectations ranging from total abstinence to frequent casual sex. These views are dependent on the holders' value system, as formed by his or her parents, religion, friends, experiences, and in many cases the media.[2]
Britain[edit]
Sex before the public marriage ceremony was normal in the Anglican Church until the Hardwicke Marriage Act of 1753, which for the first time required all marriages in England and Wales occur in their parish church. (The law also applied to Catholics, but Jews and Quakers were exempt.) Before its enactment couples lived and slept together after their betrothal or "the spousals", considered a legal marriage. Until the mid-1700s it was normal and acceptable for the bride to be pregnant at the nuptials, the later public ceremony for the marriage. The Marriage Act combined the spousals and nuptials, and by the start of the 19th century social convention prescribed that brides be virgins at marriage. Illegitimacy became more socially discouraged, with first pregnancies outside of marriage declining from 40% to 20% during the Victorian era, but returning to 40% by the start of the 21st century.[22] In Britain in 2014, only 13% of the population found premarital sex unacceptable[1]
United States[edit]
During the colonial period, premarital sex was publicly frowned upon but privately condoned to an extent. Unmarried teenagers were often allowed to spend the night in bed together, though some measures such as bundling were sometimes attempted to prevent sexual intercourse. Even though premarital sex was somewhat condoned, having a child outside of wedlock was not. If a pregnancy resulted from premarital sex, the young couple were expected to marry. Marriage and birth records from the late 1700s reveal that between 30 to 40 percent of New England brides were pregnant before marriage.[23]
The growing popularity of the automobile, and corresponding changes in dating practices, caused premarital sex to become more prevalent. Alfred Kinsey found that American women who became sexually mature during the 1920s were much less likely to be virgins at marriage than those who became mature before World War I. A majority of women during the 1920s under the age of 30 were nonetheless virgins at marriage, however, and half of those who were not only had sex with their fiancés.[24] A 1938 survey of American college students found that 52% of men and 24% of women had had sex. 37% of women were virgins but believed sex outside marriage was acceptable.[25] Prior to the middle of the 20th century, sexuality was generally constrained. Sexual interactions between people without plans to marry was considered unacceptable, with betrothal slightly lessening the stigma. However, premarital sex was still frowned upon.[2]
Beginning in the 1950s, as premarital sex became more common, the stigma attached to it lessened for many people. In 1969, 70% of Americans disapproved of premarital sex, but by 1973 this number had dropped to 50%. [26]By 2000, roughly a third of couples in the United States had lived together prior to marriage. It should be noted, however, that premarital sex was still considered unacceptable by 30% of the population in a 2014 study, while 29% found it acceptable and 36% considered it not a moral issue.[2][1] As such, it should not be assumed that any given individual is either for or against premarital sexual relations.
See also[edit]

Portal icon Sexuality portal
Trial marriage
Free love
Illegitimacy
Religion and sexuality
Shotgun wedding
Single parent
References[edit]
Footnotes
1.^ Jump up to: a b c "Global Views on Morality - Premarital Sex". PewResearch Global Attitudes Project. 15 Apr 2014.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Sex and Society 663-666.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Regnerus, Uecker & 2011 Introduction.
4.^ Jump up to: a b UNICEF. (2001). A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations PDF (888 KB). Retrieved July 7, 2006.
5.Jump up ^ U.S.Teen Sexual Activity PDF (147 KB) Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2005. Retrieved 23 Jan 2007
6.Jump up ^ The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (1997). What the Polling Data Tell Us: A Summary of Past Surveys on Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved July 13, 2006.
7.Jump up ^ Allen, Colin. (May 22, 2003). "Peer Pressure and Teen Sex." Psychology Today.'.' Retrieved July 14, 2006.
8.Jump up ^ L.B. Finer. "Trends in Premarital Sex in the United States, 1954–2003". Public Health Report.
9.Jump up ^ M.A. Monto, A.G. Carey. "A new standard of sexual behavior? Are claims associated with the "hookup culture" supported by general social survey data?". The Journal of Sex Research.
10.Jump up ^ B.E. Wells, J.M. Twenge. "Changes in young people's sexual behavior and attitudes, 1943-1999: A cross-temporal meta-analysis". Review of General Psychology.
11.Jump up ^ Sprecher S, Treger S, Sakaluk JK (2013). "Premarital sexual standards and sociosexuality: gender, ethnicity, and cohort differences.". Arch Sex Behav 42 (8): 1395–405. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0145-6. PMID 23842785.
12.Jump up ^ Olmstead SB, Billen RM, Conrad KA, Pasley K, Fincham FD (2013). "Sex, commitment, and casual sex relationships among college men: a mixed-methods analysis.". Arch Sex Behav 42 (4): 561–71. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-0047-z. PMID 23297148.
13.Jump up ^ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (2006). "The Relationship Contexts of “Nonrelationship” Sex". Journal of Adolescent Research 21 (5): 459–483. doi:10.1177/0743558406291692.
14.Jump up ^ Furman W, Shaffer L (2011). "Romantic partners, friends, friends with benefits, and casual acquaintances as sexual partners.". J Sex Res 48 (6): 554–64. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.535623. PMC 3163778. PMID 21128155.
15.^ Jump up to: a b Owen J, Fincham FD (2011). "Young adults' emotional reactions after hooking up encounters.". Arch Sex Behav 40 (2): 321–30. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9652-x. PMID 20809375.
16.Jump up ^ Sprecher S (2014). "Evidence of change in men's versus women's emotional reactions to first sexual intercourse: a 23-year study in a human sexuality course at a midwestern university.". J Sex Res 51 (4): 466–72. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.867923. PMID 24611882.
17.Jump up ^ Baumeister RF, Mendoza JP (2011). "Cultural variations in the sexual marketplace: gender equality correlates with more sexual activity.". J Soc Psychol 151 (3): 350–60. doi:10.1080/00224545.2010.481686. PMID 21675186.
18.Jump up ^ Ahrold TK, Meston CM (2010). "Ethnic differences in sexual attitudes of U.S. college students: gender, acculturation, and religiosity factors.". Arch Sex Behav 39 (1): 190–202. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9406-1. PMID 18839302.
19.Jump up ^ Center for Disease Control.
20.Jump up ^ Speidel, Harper, and Shields; 2008.
21.Jump up ^ Treffers PE (November 2003). "[Teenage pregnancy, a worldwide problem]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch and Flemish) 147 (47): 2320–5. PMID 14669537.
22.Jump up ^ "The no-sex 'myth'". BBC News. 2002-10-03. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
23.Jump up ^ http://maghis.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/9.extract
24.Jump up ^ Ling, Peter (November 1989). "Sex and the Automobile in the Jazz Age". History Today 39 (11).
25.Jump up ^ ""Youth and Sex": 1,300 boys and girls answer questions". Life. 1938-06-06. p. 66. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
26.Jump up ^ Alesha Doan (2007). Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment. University of Michigan Press. p. 58-59. ISBN 9780472069750.
Bibliography"Condoms". Planned Parenthood. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Dr. John Dean and Dr. David Delvin. "Anal sex". Netdoctor.co.uk. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
J. Joseph Speidel, Cynthia C. Harper, and Wayne C. Shields (September 2008). "The Potential of Long-acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy". Contraception 78 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001. PMID 18692608.
"Premarital Sex". Sex and Society 3. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. pp. 663–666. ISBN 978-0-7614-7908-6.
Regnerus, Mark; Uecker, Jeremy (2011). Premarital Sex in America : How Young Americans Meet, Mate, and Think about Marrying. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974328-5.
"Sexual Intercourse". health.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
"Sexually Transmitted Diseases". Center for Disease Control. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  


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Premarital sex

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Premarital sex is sexual activity practiced by people who are unmarried. Historically, premarital sex was considered a moral issue which was taboo in many cultures and considered a sin by a number of religions, but since about the 1960s, it has become more widely accepted, especially in Western countries. A 2014 Pew study on global morality found that premarital sex was considered particularly unacceptable in "predominantly Muslim nations", such as Indonesia, Jordan, Pakistan and Egypt, each having over 90% disapproval, while people in Western European countries were the most accepting, with Spain, Germany and France expressing less than 10% disapproval.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Definition
2 Prevalence 2.1 Gender differences
2.2 Ethnicity differences
3 Safe sex practices
4 Religious views
5 Cultural views 5.1 Britain
5.2 United States
6 See also
7 References

Definition[edit]
Until the 1950s,[2] "premarital sex" referred to sexual relations between two people prior to marrying each other.[3] During that period, it was the norm in Western societies for men and women marry by the age of 21 or 22, and there was no considerations that one who had sex would not marry. The term was used instead of fornication, which had negative connotations,[2] and was closely related to the concept and approval of virginity, which is sexual abstinence until marriage.
The meaning has since shifted to refer to any sexual relations a person has prior to marriage and removing the emphasis on the relationship of the people involved.[3] The definition has a degree of ambiguity. It is not clear whether sex between individuals legally forbidden from marrying, or the sexual relations of one uninterested in marrying would be considered premarital.[2]
Alternative terms for premarital sex have been suggested, including non-marital sex (which overlaps with adultery), youthful sex, adolescent sex, and young-adult sex. These terms also suffer from a degree of ambiguity, as the definition of having sex differs from person to person.[2]
Prevalence[edit]
In some cultures, for example in many modern-day Western cultures, many people do not hold value in sexual abstinence before marriage.
Historically, at least a significant portion of people have engaged in premarital sex, although the number willing to admit to having done so was not always high. In a study conducted in the United States, 61 percent of men and 12 percent of women born prior to 1910 admitted to having premarital sex; the gender disparity may have been caused by cultural double standards regarding the admission of sexual activity or by men frequenting prostitutes.[2]
Starting in the 1920s, and especially after World War II, premarital sex became more common; this was especially prevalent among women. By the end of the 20th century, between 75 and 80 percent of Americans had vaginal intercourse before the age of 19. This has been attributed to numerous causes, including the increasing median age at marriage and the widespread availability of efficient contraceptives.[2]
According to a 2001 UNICEF survey, in 10 out of 12 developed nations with available data, more than two-thirds of young people have had sexual intercourse while still in their teens. In Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States, the proportion is over 80%. In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, approximately 25% of 15 year olds and 50% of 17 year olds have had sex.[4] In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn’t really want to do".[5] Several polls have indicated peer pressure as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex.[6][7]
A majority of Americans have had premarital sex, according to a 2007 article in Public Health Reports. This fact is true for current young adults and also young adults in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Data from the National Survey of Family Growth indicate that in 2002, 77% of Americans had sex by age 20, and of that percent, 75% had premarital sex. In comparison, of women who turned 15 between 1964 and 1993, approximately 91% had premarital sex by age 30. Of women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963, 82% of them had had premarital sex by age 30.[8] Additionally, when comparing the General Social Survey of 1988-1996 to the one of 2004-2012, researchers found that participants of 2004-2012 did not report more sexual partners since the age of 18, nor more frequent sex or sex partners during the past year than those respondents of the 1988-1996 survey. Furthermore, there appears to be no substantial change in sexual behavior contrasting the earlier era to the current one. However, one of the differences included sexually active respondents of the current era were more likely to report having sex with a casual date or friend than reporting having sex with a spouse or regular partner.[9] From 1943 to 1999, attitudes toward premarital sex changed such that young women’s approval increased from 12% to 73% and from 40% to 79% among young men. People’s feelings of sexual guilt also decreased during this period. Nowadays, less than 25% of people believe premarital sex is “always or almost always” wrong.[10]
Gender differences[edit]
Within the United States, a cohort study of young adults in university found men self-report more permissive attitudes about casual sex than women.[11] Another study found university students can be grouped by their ideal relationships - those who express a desire for sex exclusively in a committed partnership have fewer hookups and friends with benefits partners than those categorised as desiring "flexible" relationships and recreational sex.[12]
One 2006 study that analysed the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study found that more boys report having non-dating sexual partners than girls. Of this sample, a third of boys only have had sex with their romantic partner, another third of boys who have had sex with a partner they are not dating within the past year are believed to wish for the girl to be their girlfriend.[13] Many young adults are more likely to engage in sex with romantic partners than with causal acquaintances or friends with benefits.[14]
One 2011 study surveyed young adults about their emotional reactions after sexual encounters, finding that men reported more positive and fewer negative emotional reactions, and both men and women reported that the experience was largely more positive than negative.[15] Women reported that condom use was associated with fewer positive and more negative emotional reactions, and for men condom use was associated with fewer negative emotional reactions.[15] A 23-year study in a Human Sexuality class investigated gender differences in men and women’s reactions to their first sexual experience. In the earlier years of the study, men reported more pleasure and greater anxiety than women, while women reported more feelings of guilt than men. Cohort studies carried out over 23 years found that in later years, women expressed greater pleasure and less guilt. The differences between emotional reactions among men and women decreased slightly during the 23 years.[16] Such decreases in differences to first sexual intercourse may be a result of the increasing normality of premarital sex in America. An international online sex survey compared responses of residents of 37 countries against World Economic Forum figures for gender equality in those countries, finding that countries with high gender equality had respondents report more casual sex, a greater number of sex partners, younger ages for first sex, and greater tolerance of premarital sex.[17]
Ethnicity differences[edit]
Different ethnic and cultural groups in America have varied religiosity and sexual attitudes. Researchers conducted a study with college participants and they found Asians had more conservative sexual attitudes compared to Hispanics and Euro-Americans. Hispanics reported sexual attitudes similar to that of Euro-Americans. Asian, Hispanic, and Euro-American women with high levels of spirituality were found to have a correlation between conservative sexual attitudes and perceived religiosity. Religiosity and religious fundamentalism predicted conservative sexual attitudes most strongly in Euro-Americans and Asians.[18]
Safe sex practices[edit]
People who have premarital sex are recommended by health professionals to take precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS.[19] There is also a risk of an unplanned pregnancy in heterosexual relationships.[20] Around the world, sex education programs are run to teach school students about reproductive health, safer sex practices, sexual abstinence and birth control.
Sexual activity among unmarried people who do not have access to information about reproductive health and birth control can increase the rate of teenage pregnancies and contraction of sexually transmitted infections. The rates of teenage pregnancy vary and range from 143 per 1000 girls in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. The rate for the United States is 52.1 per 1000, the highest in the developed world – and about four times the European Union average.[4][21] The teenage pregnancy rates between countries must take into account the level of general sex education available and access to contraceptive options.
Religious views[edit]
Main article: Fornication § Religions
Cultural views[edit]
The cultural acceptability of premarital sex varies between individuals, cultures and time periods. Western cultures have traditionally been disapproving of it, on occasions forbidding it. In other cultures, such as the Muria people of Madhya Pradesh, sexuality prior to marriage is accepted and at times expected.[2]
Individual views within a given society can vary greatly, with expectations ranging from total abstinence to frequent casual sex. These views are dependent on the holders' value system, as formed by his or her parents, religion, friends, experiences, and in many cases the media.[2]
Britain[edit]
Sex before the public marriage ceremony was normal in the Anglican Church until the Hardwicke Marriage Act of 1753, which for the first time required all marriages in England and Wales occur in their parish church. (The law also applied to Catholics, but Jews and Quakers were exempt.) Before its enactment couples lived and slept together after their betrothal or "the spousals", considered a legal marriage. Until the mid-1700s it was normal and acceptable for the bride to be pregnant at the nuptials, the later public ceremony for the marriage. The Marriage Act combined the spousals and nuptials, and by the start of the 19th century social convention prescribed that brides be virgins at marriage. Illegitimacy became more socially discouraged, with first pregnancies outside of marriage declining from 40% to 20% during the Victorian era, but returning to 40% by the start of the 21st century.[22] In Britain in 2014, only 13% of the population found premarital sex unacceptable[1]
United States[edit]
During the colonial period, premarital sex was publicly frowned upon but privately condoned to an extent. Unmarried teenagers were often allowed to spend the night in bed together, though some measures such as bundling were sometimes attempted to prevent sexual intercourse. Even though premarital sex was somewhat condoned, having a child outside of wedlock was not. If a pregnancy resulted from premarital sex, the young couple were expected to marry. Marriage and birth records from the late 1700s reveal that between 30 to 40 percent of New England brides were pregnant before marriage.[23]
The growing popularity of the automobile, and corresponding changes in dating practices, caused premarital sex to become more prevalent. Alfred Kinsey found that American women who became sexually mature during the 1920s were much less likely to be virgins at marriage than those who became mature before World War I. A majority of women during the 1920s under the age of 30 were nonetheless virgins at marriage, however, and half of those who were not only had sex with their fiancés.[24] A 1938 survey of American college students found that 52% of men and 24% of women had had sex. 37% of women were virgins but believed sex outside marriage was acceptable.[25] Prior to the middle of the 20th century, sexuality was generally constrained. Sexual interactions between people without plans to marry was considered unacceptable, with betrothal slightly lessening the stigma. However, premarital sex was still frowned upon.[2]
Beginning in the 1950s, as premarital sex became more common, the stigma attached to it lessened for many people. In 1969, 70% of Americans disapproved of premarital sex, but by 1973 this number had dropped to 50%. [26]By 2000, roughly a third of couples in the United States had lived together prior to marriage. It should be noted, however, that premarital sex was still considered unacceptable by 30% of the population in a 2014 study, while 29% found it acceptable and 36% considered it not a moral issue.[2][1] As such, it should not be assumed that any given individual is either for or against premarital sexual relations.
See also[edit]

Portal icon Sexuality portal
Trial marriage
Free love
Illegitimacy
Religion and sexuality
Shotgun wedding
Single parent
References[edit]
Footnotes
1.^ Jump up to: a b c "Global Views on Morality - Premarital Sex". PewResearch Global Attitudes Project. 15 Apr 2014.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Sex and Society 663-666.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Regnerus, Uecker & 2011 Introduction.
4.^ Jump up to: a b UNICEF. (2001). A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations PDF (888 KB). Retrieved July 7, 2006.
5.Jump up ^ U.S.Teen Sexual Activity PDF (147 KB) Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2005. Retrieved 23 Jan 2007
6.Jump up ^ The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (1997). What the Polling Data Tell Us: A Summary of Past Surveys on Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved July 13, 2006.
7.Jump up ^ Allen, Colin. (May 22, 2003). "Peer Pressure and Teen Sex." Psychology Today.'.' Retrieved July 14, 2006.
8.Jump up ^ L.B. Finer. "Trends in Premarital Sex in the United States, 1954–2003". Public Health Report.
9.Jump up ^ M.A. Monto, A.G. Carey. "A new standard of sexual behavior? Are claims associated with the "hookup culture" supported by general social survey data?". The Journal of Sex Research.
10.Jump up ^ B.E. Wells, J.M. Twenge. "Changes in young people's sexual behavior and attitudes, 1943-1999: A cross-temporal meta-analysis". Review of General Psychology.
11.Jump up ^ Sprecher S, Treger S, Sakaluk JK (2013). "Premarital sexual standards and sociosexuality: gender, ethnicity, and cohort differences.". Arch Sex Behav 42 (8): 1395–405. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0145-6. PMID 23842785.
12.Jump up ^ Olmstead SB, Billen RM, Conrad KA, Pasley K, Fincham FD (2013). "Sex, commitment, and casual sex relationships among college men: a mixed-methods analysis.". Arch Sex Behav 42 (4): 561–71. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-0047-z. PMID 23297148.
13.Jump up ^ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (2006). "The Relationship Contexts of “Nonrelationship” Sex". Journal of Adolescent Research 21 (5): 459–483. doi:10.1177/0743558406291692.
14.Jump up ^ Furman W, Shaffer L (2011). "Romantic partners, friends, friends with benefits, and casual acquaintances as sexual partners.". J Sex Res 48 (6): 554–64. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.535623. PMC 3163778. PMID 21128155.
15.^ Jump up to: a b Owen J, Fincham FD (2011). "Young adults' emotional reactions after hooking up encounters.". Arch Sex Behav 40 (2): 321–30. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9652-x. PMID 20809375.
16.Jump up ^ Sprecher S (2014). "Evidence of change in men's versus women's emotional reactions to first sexual intercourse: a 23-year study in a human sexuality course at a midwestern university.". J Sex Res 51 (4): 466–72. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.867923. PMID 24611882.
17.Jump up ^ Baumeister RF, Mendoza JP (2011). "Cultural variations in the sexual marketplace: gender equality correlates with more sexual activity.". J Soc Psychol 151 (3): 350–60. doi:10.1080/00224545.2010.481686. PMID 21675186.
18.Jump up ^ Ahrold TK, Meston CM (2010). "Ethnic differences in sexual attitudes of U.S. college students: gender, acculturation, and religiosity factors.". Arch Sex Behav 39 (1): 190–202. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9406-1. PMID 18839302.
19.Jump up ^ Center for Disease Control.
20.Jump up ^ Speidel, Harper, and Shields; 2008.
21.Jump up ^ Treffers PE (November 2003). "[Teenage pregnancy, a worldwide problem]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch and Flemish) 147 (47): 2320–5. PMID 14669537.
22.Jump up ^ "The no-sex 'myth'". BBC News. 2002-10-03. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
23.Jump up ^ http://maghis.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/9.extract
24.Jump up ^ Ling, Peter (November 1989). "Sex and the Automobile in the Jazz Age". History Today 39 (11).
25.Jump up ^ ""Youth and Sex": 1,300 boys and girls answer questions". Life. 1938-06-06. p. 66. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
26.Jump up ^ Alesha Doan (2007). Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment. University of Michigan Press. p. 58-59. ISBN 9780472069750.
Bibliography"Condoms". Planned Parenthood. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Dr. John Dean and Dr. David Delvin. "Anal sex". Netdoctor.co.uk. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
J. Joseph Speidel, Cynthia C. Harper, and Wayne C. Shields (September 2008). "The Potential of Long-acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy". Contraception 78 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.06.001. PMID 18692608.
"Premarital Sex". Sex and Society 3. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. pp. 663–666. ISBN 978-0-7614-7908-6.
Regnerus, Mark; Uecker, Jeremy (2011). Premarital Sex in America : How Young Americans Meet, Mate, and Think about Marrying. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974328-5.
"Sexual Intercourse". health.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
"Sexually Transmitted Diseases". Center for Disease Control. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  


Categories: Human sexuality
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This page was last modified on 4 June 2015, at 22:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premarital_sex