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Don Alden Adams

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Don A. Adams
DonAdams 200907.png
Born
1925 (age 89–90)
Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation
President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Don Alden Adams is the current president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania,[1][2] the principal corporation of Jehovah's Witnesses.
Biography[edit]
Born in about 1925 in Oak Park, Illinois,[3] U.S., Adams grew up in a big family, which originally had connections to the Episcopal church. His mother showed interest in Jehovah's Witnesses and gradually the children also became interested. His father initially showed no interest, but involved himself in a legal case when one of Don's younger brothers was not exempted from military service; he eventually became a baptized Witness.[4][5]
After serving as a full-time preacher, Adams was invited in late 1944 to serve at the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn, New York,[6][7][8][9] where he was secretary to Society president, Nathan H. Knorr. By the 1960s, Adams served directly under the Governing Body as a zone overseer, visiting various countries to audit branch offices and meet with Witness missionaries.[10][11] Later, Adams directed world missionary activities,[12] and served on the "Bethel Home Committee".[13]
In 2000, the New York Daily News described Adams as "a longtime insider...at the world headquarters in Brooklyn Heights".[3] The Washington Post described Adams as "a 50-year veteran of the organization,"[14] which has been restated in subsequent publications.[15][16]
Watch Tower presidency[edit]
Adams became president of the Watch Tower Society after Governing Body member Milton G. Henschel stepped down from the position in 2000.[17][18] In that year, members of the Governing Body resigned from their executive positions of the corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses, although the periodical Christianity Today reported that the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses would continue its "oversight" role.[19][20]
Adams' presidency is administrative, and he is not considered to have impacted the organization's ministry as have past Watch Tower Society presidents.[21] Adams' brother Joel C. Adams[22] is a vice-president of Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc., a related corporation.[23]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, Volume 2003 by World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2003, Press Pub. Co. (The New York World)
2.Jump up ^ Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2009, Volume 2009 by Eileen W. Lindner, Abingdon Press, 2009, page 131
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24
4.Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses by George D. Chryssides, ©2008, Rowman & Littlefield, page 5, "[Don Adams'] father, William Karl Adams, was baptized in 1952."
5.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, pages 29
6.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, June 1, 1985, page 28
7.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, December 15, 2000
8.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, April 1, 1957, page 200
9.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23, "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life"
10.Jump up ^ "Ivory Coast", 1981 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 174
11.Jump up ^ The King's Highway: El Cannino Real : God's Highway to Peace and Happiness by Kenneth R. Guindon, ©1996, Ignatius Press, page 89
12.Jump up ^ "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24, "Among his previous assignments, Adams...directed world missionary activities"
13.Jump up ^ "New Missionaries Urged: “Stay Loyal!”", The Watchtower, November 15, 1982, page 27
14.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
15.Jump up ^ The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions by Ron Rhodes, Zondervan, 2001, page 85-86
16.Jump up ^ A Guide to New Religious Movements by Ronald M. Enroth, InterVarsity Press, 2005, page 31
17.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Changes at Top", Grand Rapid Press, Grand Rapids, Michigan, October 14, 2000, page B5
18.Jump up ^ "New Leadership Structure for Jehovah's Witnesses", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 10, 2000, page A02
19.Jump up ^ Christianity Today, March 5, 2001, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
20.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01, "The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, as the group is officially known, had been run by a so-called Governing Body. Now, religious and administrative duties will be divided, with three newly formed corporations running the group's U.S. operations. President Milton Henschel, 80, and the group's six other board members resigned their posts on Saturday. ... Don Adams, a 50-year veteran of the organization, has been named president of the organization, and seven lower-ranking members will make up the new board. Henschel will remain a member of the Governing Body."
21.Jump up ^ A Humble Defense: Evidence for the Christian Faith by Mark E. Moore, Mark Scott, ©2004, College Press, page 247, "Joseph F. Rutherford ... outdid Russell in writing numerous books, but his greatest strength was in the area of organization. ... During Knorr's presidency, membership grew to well over two million. ... Jehovah's Witnesses experienced some serious crises during the presidency of Frederick Franz. ... Milton Henschel served only eight years. The organization experienced a time of great restructuring. ... Don Adams, the present president, has not had enough time to impact the Society's ministry."
22.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23
23.Jump up ^ Dun&Bradstreet Corporate Reports, 2011, Retrieved 2012-03-23, (site subscription required)
Preceded by
Milton G. Henschel President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 October 7, 2000—present Succeeded by
Incumbent



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


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Don Alden Adams

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Don A. Adams
DonAdams 200907.png
Born
1925 (age 89–90)
Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation
President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Don Alden Adams is the current president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania,[1][2] the principal corporation of Jehovah's Witnesses.
Biography[edit]
Born in about 1925 in Oak Park, Illinois,[3] U.S., Adams grew up in a big family, which originally had connections to the Episcopal church. His mother showed interest in Jehovah's Witnesses and gradually the children also became interested. His father initially showed no interest, but involved himself in a legal case when one of Don's younger brothers was not exempted from military service; he eventually became a baptized Witness.[4][5]
After serving as a full-time preacher, Adams was invited in late 1944 to serve at the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses in Brooklyn, New York,[6][7][8][9] where he was secretary to Society president, Nathan H. Knorr. By the 1960s, Adams served directly under the Governing Body as a zone overseer, visiting various countries to audit branch offices and meet with Witness missionaries.[10][11] Later, Adams directed world missionary activities,[12] and served on the "Bethel Home Committee".[13]
In 2000, the New York Daily News described Adams as "a longtime insider...at the world headquarters in Brooklyn Heights".[3] The Washington Post described Adams as "a 50-year veteran of the organization,"[14] which has been restated in subsequent publications.[15][16]
Watch Tower presidency[edit]
Adams became president of the Watch Tower Society after Governing Body member Milton G. Henschel stepped down from the position in 2000.[17][18] In that year, members of the Governing Body resigned from their executive positions of the corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses, although the periodical Christianity Today reported that the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses would continue its "oversight" role.[19][20]
Adams' presidency is administrative, and he is not considered to have impacted the organization's ministry as have past Watch Tower Society presidents.[21] Adams' brother Joel C. Adams[22] is a vice-president of Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc., a related corporation.[23]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, Volume 2003 by World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2003, Press Pub. Co. (The New York World)
2.Jump up ^ Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2009, Volume 2009 by Eileen W. Lindner, Abingdon Press, 2009, page 131
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24
4.Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses by George D. Chryssides, ©2008, Rowman & Littlefield, page 5, "[Don Adams'] father, William Karl Adams, was baptized in 1952."
5.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, pages 29
6.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, June 1, 1985, page 28
7.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, December 15, 2000
8.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, April 1, 1957, page 200
9.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23, "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life"
10.Jump up ^ "Ivory Coast", 1981 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 174
11.Jump up ^ The King's Highway: El Cannino Real : God's Highway to Peace and Happiness by Kenneth R. Guindon, ©1996, Ignatius Press, page 89
12.Jump up ^ "Changing the Watch At the Watchtower" by Charles W. Bell, New York Daily News, October 14, 2000, page 24, "Among his previous assignments, Adams...directed world missionary activities"
13.Jump up ^ "New Missionaries Urged: “Stay Loyal!”", The Watchtower, November 15, 1982, page 27
14.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
15.Jump up ^ The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions by Ron Rhodes, Zondervan, 2001, page 85-86
16.Jump up ^ A Guide to New Religious Movements by Ronald M. Enroth, InterVarsity Press, 2005, page 31
17.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Changes at Top", Grand Rapid Press, Grand Rapids, Michigan, October 14, 2000, page B5
18.Jump up ^ "New Leadership Structure for Jehovah's Witnesses", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 10, 2000, page A02
19.Jump up ^ Christianity Today, March 5, 2001, As Retrieved 2009-09-01
20.Jump up ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Order Shake-Up" by Richard N. Ostling, The Washington Post, October 9, 2000, As Retrieved 2009-09-01, "The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, as the group is officially known, had been run by a so-called Governing Body. Now, religious and administrative duties will be divided, with three newly formed corporations running the group's U.S. operations. President Milton Henschel, 80, and the group's six other board members resigned their posts on Saturday. ... Don Adams, a 50-year veteran of the organization, has been named president of the organization, and seven lower-ranking members will make up the new board. Henschel will remain a member of the Governing Body."
21.Jump up ^ A Humble Defense: Evidence for the Christian Faith by Mark E. Moore, Mark Scott, ©2004, College Press, page 247, "Joseph F. Rutherford ... outdid Russell in writing numerous books, but his greatest strength was in the area of organization. ... During Knorr's presidency, membership grew to well over two million. ... Jehovah's Witnesses experienced some serious crises during the presidency of Frederick Franz. ... Milton Henschel served only eight years. The organization experienced a time of great restructuring. ... Don Adams, the present president, has not had enough time to impact the Society's ministry."
22.Jump up ^ "Seeking First the Kingdom—A Secure and Happy Life", The Watchtower, March 1, 2003, page 23
23.Jump up ^ Dun&Bradstreet Corporate Reports, 2011, Retrieved 2012-03-23, (site subscription required)
Preceded by
Milton G. Henschel President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 October 7, 2000—present Succeeded by
Incumbent



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1925 births
Living people
Watch Tower Society presidents
American Jehovah's Witnesses




Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



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Talk









Read

Edit

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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Alden_Adams








Hayden C. Covington

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Hayden Cooper Covington (January 19, 1911 – November 21, 1978) was legal counsel for the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in the mid-20th century. Hayden Covington achieved 37 victories in the United States Supreme Court, the most since the Judiciary Act of 1869 which fixed the Supreme Court of the United States to 9 Justices.[citation needed] He argued numerous cases before the United States Supreme Court on behalf of Jehovah’s Witnesses in defense of their religious freedoms, winning most of them. In 1967, he defended then world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali in his legal battle against the draft during the Vietnam War.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Jehovah's Witnesses 2.1 Cases argued before the Supreme Court
2.2 Meeting with US President Harry Truman
3 Defense of Muhammad Ali
4 See also
5 Sources
6 References
7 External links

Early life[edit]


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015)
Covington was born in East Texas, and reared on a farm near Dallas, Texas. His father was a Texas Ranger.
An able student, Covington worked his way through law school in San Antonio, successfully passing the Texas bar exam, with an impressively high score, one year before graduation. He was admitted to the Texas Bar in 1933.
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Covington was first exposed to Jehovah's Witnesses through the broadcast sermons of Watch Tower Society President Joseph F. Rutherford on radio station KTSA in San Antonio.[citation needed] He was attracted to the group's teachings, and defended several of its members in Texas courts before being formally baptized as a member in 1934.[1]
After Rutherford learned of Covington's successes defending Jehovah's Witnesses, he asked Covington to represent the Society for a case before the US Supreme Court. He was then invited to join the headquarters staff as general counsel in 1939, succeeding Olin R. Moyle.[2]
“ Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes: "I suppose [Connecticut householders] had some right of religious freedom themselves, did they not? I suppose they have the right to be left alone and not to be attacked with these scurrilous denunciations of their most cherished faith. What have you to say to that?"
 Hayden C. Covington: "I say we are right!" ”
—Oral arguments, Cantwell v. Connecticut, (1940)

When Rutherford died in January 1942, Covington maintained his aggressive litigation policy. Covington was elected vice-president of the Watch Tower Society, succeeding the newly elected president, Nathan H. Knorr, despite having been a Jehovah's Witness for only five years. Until 2001, appointment to the board of directors of the Watch Tower Society was almost exclusively limited to those professing to be of the "anointed class" who would "rule as Kings" in heaven with Christ, Covington being the only exception.[3] A subsequent policy change resulted in Covington's resignation from the Vice Presidency and departure from the board in 1945; however, he remained on staff as legal counsel.[4][5] In 1950, he wrote the Watch Tower tract, Defending and Legally Establishing the Good News to advise Witnesses of their constitutional rights in the United States.[6]
Covington was subsequently recognized as one of the greatest civil liberties attorneys in American history. During his tenure as the head of the Watch Tower Society's legal department, he presented 111 petitions and appeals to the Supreme Court. He won more than 80% of the 44 cases he brought before the Court, involving issues including compulsory flag-salute statutes, public preaching and door-to-door literature distribution. He later resigned as head of the Watch Tower Society's legal department, and was eventually disfellowshipped after clashes with the Society's then-President Nathan Knorr and revelations of a drinking problem. He was reinstated prior to his death in 1978.[7]
Cases argued before the Supreme Court[edit]
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940)
Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 (1941)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)
Jones v. City of Opelika, 319 U.S. 103 (1943)
Martin v. City of Struthers, 319 U.S. 141(1943)
Jamison v. State of Texas, 318 U.S. 413 (1943)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943)
Taylor v. State of Mississippi, 319 U.S. 583 (1943)
Largent v. Texas, 318 U.S. 418 (1943)
Follett v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944)
Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946)
Tucker v. Texas, 326 U.S. 517 (1946)
Saia v. New York, 334 U.S. 558 (1948)
Niemotko v. Maryland, 340 U.S. 268 (1951)
Fowler v. Rhode Island, 345 U.S. 67 (1953)
Poulos v. New Hampshire, 345 U.S. 395 (1953)
Meeting with US President Harry Truman[edit]
In its chapter on Covington, Great American lawyers: An Encyclopedia relates:

Covington reported one meeting in which he and Knorr met with President Harry Truman about a pardon for a Witness who had been convicted of evading the draft. Covington claimed that Truman cursed and claimed to have no use "for that SOB who didn't want to die for his country in time of war."[8]
That meeting apparently occurred on Friday, September 6, 1946. President Truman eventually pardoned 136 Jehovah's Witnesses who had been convicted in draft cases.[9]
Defense of Muhammad Ali[edit]
In 1966 and 1967, Covington—with his extensive experience in the US Selective Service System and his many successes representing Jehovah's Witnesses—assisted prize-fighter Muhammad Ali to obtain a draft exemption as a Muslim minister. Covington subsequently sued Ali to recover $247,000 in legal fees.[10]
See also[edit]

Portal icon Biography portal
United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses
Sources[edit]
Faith On The March. A.H. Macmillan, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1957.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James Apocalypse Delayed, 3rd Ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 205) pg 106
2.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James Apocalypse Delayed 106
3.Jump up ^ "How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation", The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, page 28, "Annual meetings of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania have been held since January of 1885. When the ingathering of anointed Christians was underway in the late 19th century, the directors and officers of this corporation had the heavenly hope. In fact, this has almost always been the case. There was one exception. In 1940, Hayden C. Covington—then the Society's legal counsel and one of the "other sheep," with the earthly hope—was elected a director of the Society. (John 10:16) He served as the Society's vice president from 1942 to 1945. At that time, Brother Covington stepped aside as a director to comply with what then seemed to be Jehovah's will—that all directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation be anointed Christians. Lyman A. Swingle replaced Hayden C. Covington on the board of directors, and Frederick W. Franz was elected vice president. Why did Jehovah's servants believe that all the directors and officers of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania should be anointed Christians? Because at the time, the board of directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation were closely identified with the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, which has always been made up entirely of spirit-anointed men.
4.Jump up ^ "Education for the Theocratic Ministry Advanced", The Watchtower, November 1, 1955, page 650, "On September 24, 1945, H. C. Covington graciously declined to serve further as a member of the board of directors and as vice-president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, not as an evasion of responsibilities, but rather as an effort to comply with what appeared to be the Lord's will for all the members of the directorate and the officers to be of the anointed ones [with a heavenly hope], since his hope was [earthly as] that of one of the "other sheep." ...Covington has continued to head the Society's legal department"
5.Jump up ^ "Declaring the Good News Without Letup (1942-1975)", Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, page 91, "In September 1945, Brother Covington graciously declined to serve further as vice president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (of Pennsylvania), explaining that he wished to comply with what was then understood to be Jehovah's will for all members of the directorate and officers—that they be spirit-anointed Christians, whereas he professed to be one of the 'other sheep.'"
6.Jump up ^ Covington, Hayden C. Defending and Legally Establishing the Good News (New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1950) p. 2.
7.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James, "Apocalypse Delayed", p. 107.
8.Jump up ^ "Covington, Hayden C." by John R. Vile, Great American Lawyers: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1, page 138
9.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 207, "Friday, September 6, 1946, ... Truman listened intently as the Society's lawyer [apparently Covington] developed the features of the resolution to the point where executive clemency was requested. Then, he recalls, "Truman broke in with a flare of emotion and said: ‘I don’t have any use for a S—O—B that won't fight for his country" ... the president thereafter gave his attention to the Society's attorney "as he concluded the request for the release of Jehovah's witnesses being held in prison under the Selective Service Act. Truman then said that he would discuss it with the Attorney General." In time, President Truman appointed his Amnesty Board. They reviewed thousands of court records and draft board files, recommending some pardons. But on December 23, 1947, Truman pardoned only 136 Witnesses"
10.Jump up ^ Muhammad Ali: A Biography by Anthony O. Edmonds, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, page 86
External links[edit]
"Moments In Time: Muhammed Ali". The Courier-Journal. 2004.[dead link]



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Jehovah's Witnesses
American lawyers
St. Mary's University School of Law alumni
People from Dallas, Texas
1911 births
1978 deaths
20th-century lawyers









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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_C._Covington









Hayden C. Covington

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William Miller ·
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George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


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Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


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 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
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Hayden Cooper Covington (January 19, 1911 – November 21, 1978) was legal counsel for the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in the mid-20th century. Hayden Covington achieved 37 victories in the United States Supreme Court, the most since the Judiciary Act of 1869 which fixed the Supreme Court of the United States to 9 Justices.[citation needed] He argued numerous cases before the United States Supreme Court on behalf of Jehovah’s Witnesses in defense of their religious freedoms, winning most of them. In 1967, he defended then world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali in his legal battle against the draft during the Vietnam War.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Jehovah's Witnesses 2.1 Cases argued before the Supreme Court
2.2 Meeting with US President Harry Truman
3 Defense of Muhammad Ali
4 See also
5 Sources
6 References
7 External links

Early life[edit]


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015)
Covington was born in East Texas, and reared on a farm near Dallas, Texas. His father was a Texas Ranger.
An able student, Covington worked his way through law school in San Antonio, successfully passing the Texas bar exam, with an impressively high score, one year before graduation. He was admitted to the Texas Bar in 1933.
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Covington was first exposed to Jehovah's Witnesses through the broadcast sermons of Watch Tower Society President Joseph F. Rutherford on radio station KTSA in San Antonio.[citation needed] He was attracted to the group's teachings, and defended several of its members in Texas courts before being formally baptized as a member in 1934.[1]
After Rutherford learned of Covington's successes defending Jehovah's Witnesses, he asked Covington to represent the Society for a case before the US Supreme Court. He was then invited to join the headquarters staff as general counsel in 1939, succeeding Olin R. Moyle.[2]
“ Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes: "I suppose [Connecticut householders] had some right of religious freedom themselves, did they not? I suppose they have the right to be left alone and not to be attacked with these scurrilous denunciations of their most cherished faith. What have you to say to that?"
 Hayden C. Covington: "I say we are right!" ”
—Oral arguments, Cantwell v. Connecticut, (1940)

When Rutherford died in January 1942, Covington maintained his aggressive litigation policy. Covington was elected vice-president of the Watch Tower Society, succeeding the newly elected president, Nathan H. Knorr, despite having been a Jehovah's Witness for only five years. Until 2001, appointment to the board of directors of the Watch Tower Society was almost exclusively limited to those professing to be of the "anointed class" who would "rule as Kings" in heaven with Christ, Covington being the only exception.[3] A subsequent policy change resulted in Covington's resignation from the Vice Presidency and departure from the board in 1945; however, he remained on staff as legal counsel.[4][5] In 1950, he wrote the Watch Tower tract, Defending and Legally Establishing the Good News to advise Witnesses of their constitutional rights in the United States.[6]
Covington was subsequently recognized as one of the greatest civil liberties attorneys in American history. During his tenure as the head of the Watch Tower Society's legal department, he presented 111 petitions and appeals to the Supreme Court. He won more than 80% of the 44 cases he brought before the Court, involving issues including compulsory flag-salute statutes, public preaching and door-to-door literature distribution. He later resigned as head of the Watch Tower Society's legal department, and was eventually disfellowshipped after clashes with the Society's then-President Nathan Knorr and revelations of a drinking problem. He was reinstated prior to his death in 1978.[7]
Cases argued before the Supreme Court[edit]
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940)
Cox v. New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569 (1941)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)
Jones v. City of Opelika, 319 U.S. 103 (1943)
Martin v. City of Struthers, 319 U.S. 141(1943)
Jamison v. State of Texas, 318 U.S. 413 (1943)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943)
Taylor v. State of Mississippi, 319 U.S. 583 (1943)
Largent v. Texas, 318 U.S. 418 (1943)
Follett v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944)
Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946)
Tucker v. Texas, 326 U.S. 517 (1946)
Saia v. New York, 334 U.S. 558 (1948)
Niemotko v. Maryland, 340 U.S. 268 (1951)
Fowler v. Rhode Island, 345 U.S. 67 (1953)
Poulos v. New Hampshire, 345 U.S. 395 (1953)
Meeting with US President Harry Truman[edit]
In its chapter on Covington, Great American lawyers: An Encyclopedia relates:

Covington reported one meeting in which he and Knorr met with President Harry Truman about a pardon for a Witness who had been convicted of evading the draft. Covington claimed that Truman cursed and claimed to have no use "for that SOB who didn't want to die for his country in time of war."[8]
That meeting apparently occurred on Friday, September 6, 1946. President Truman eventually pardoned 136 Jehovah's Witnesses who had been convicted in draft cases.[9]
Defense of Muhammad Ali[edit]
In 1966 and 1967, Covington—with his extensive experience in the US Selective Service System and his many successes representing Jehovah's Witnesses—assisted prize-fighter Muhammad Ali to obtain a draft exemption as a Muslim minister. Covington subsequently sued Ali to recover $247,000 in legal fees.[10]
See also[edit]

Portal icon Biography portal
United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses
Sources[edit]
Faith On The March. A.H. Macmillan, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1957.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James Apocalypse Delayed, 3rd Ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 205) pg 106
2.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James Apocalypse Delayed 106
3.Jump up ^ "How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation", The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, page 28, "Annual meetings of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania have been held since January of 1885. When the ingathering of anointed Christians was underway in the late 19th century, the directors and officers of this corporation had the heavenly hope. In fact, this has almost always been the case. There was one exception. In 1940, Hayden C. Covington—then the Society's legal counsel and one of the "other sheep," with the earthly hope—was elected a director of the Society. (John 10:16) He served as the Society's vice president from 1942 to 1945. At that time, Brother Covington stepped aside as a director to comply with what then seemed to be Jehovah's will—that all directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation be anointed Christians. Lyman A. Swingle replaced Hayden C. Covington on the board of directors, and Frederick W. Franz was elected vice president. Why did Jehovah's servants believe that all the directors and officers of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania should be anointed Christians? Because at the time, the board of directors and officers of the Pennsylvania corporation were closely identified with the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, which has always been made up entirely of spirit-anointed men.
4.Jump up ^ "Education for the Theocratic Ministry Advanced", The Watchtower, November 1, 1955, page 650, "On September 24, 1945, H. C. Covington graciously declined to serve further as a member of the board of directors and as vice-president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, not as an evasion of responsibilities, but rather as an effort to comply with what appeared to be the Lord's will for all the members of the directorate and the officers to be of the anointed ones [with a heavenly hope], since his hope was [earthly as] that of one of the "other sheep." ...Covington has continued to head the Society's legal department"
5.Jump up ^ "Declaring the Good News Without Letup (1942-1975)", Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, page 91, "In September 1945, Brother Covington graciously declined to serve further as vice president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (of Pennsylvania), explaining that he wished to comply with what was then understood to be Jehovah's will for all members of the directorate and officers—that they be spirit-anointed Christians, whereas he professed to be one of the 'other sheep.'"
6.Jump up ^ Covington, Hayden C. Defending and Legally Establishing the Good News (New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1950) p. 2.
7.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James, "Apocalypse Delayed", p. 107.
8.Jump up ^ "Covington, Hayden C." by John R. Vile, Great American Lawyers: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1, page 138
9.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 207, "Friday, September 6, 1946, ... Truman listened intently as the Society's lawyer [apparently Covington] developed the features of the resolution to the point where executive clemency was requested. Then, he recalls, "Truman broke in with a flare of emotion and said: ‘I don’t have any use for a S—O—B that won't fight for his country" ... the president thereafter gave his attention to the Society's attorney "as he concluded the request for the release of Jehovah's witnesses being held in prison under the Selective Service Act. Truman then said that he would discuss it with the Attorney General." In time, President Truman appointed his Amnesty Board. They reviewed thousands of court records and draft board files, recommending some pardons. But on December 23, 1947, Truman pardoned only 136 Witnesses"
10.Jump up ^ Muhammad Ali: A Biography by Anthony O. Edmonds, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, page 86
External links[edit]
"Moments In Time: Muhammed Ali". The Courier-Journal. 2004.[dead link]



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


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Frederick William Franz

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Frederick William Franz
FrederickWilliamFranz-atBrooklynBethel.png
Frederick William Franz

Born
12 September 1893
Covington, Kentucky, U.S.
Died
22 December 1992 (aged 99)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Frederick William Franz (September 12, 1893 – December 22, 1992) served as President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, the legal entity used to direct the work of Jehovah's Witnesses. He had previously served as Vice President of the same corporation from 1945 until 1977 and as a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses before replacing Nathan H. Knorr as president in June 1977.[1]
Biography[edit]
Franz was born on September 12, 1893 in Covington, Kentucky. He was baptized in the Lutheran Church, but attended Catholic services as a child as a matter of convenience, before later attending the Presbyterian Church.[2] He graduated from Woodward High School in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1911 and attended the University of Cincinnati where he studied liberal arts and later (for two years) Biblical Greek,[1][3] with the intention of becoming a Presbyterian preacher.[2] He learned German and could read Latin and Greek and in later years learned Spanish, Portuguese and French and a basic understanding of Hebrew.[3] His association with the Bible Students began after he read some of the literature of Charles Taze Russell. He was baptized as a Bible Student on either November 30, 1913,[4] or, according to Franz, April 5, 1914.[5]
In 1920 he joined the Watch Tower headquarters staff in Brooklyn, New York[2] and in 1926 became a member of the editorial staff as a Bible researcher and writer for the Society’s publications. Upon the death of Watch Tower president Joseph Rutherford, Franz became head of the editorial department, and in 1945 he replaced Hayden C. Covington as vice-president of the Watch Tower Society.[6] Franz was the Society's leading theologian[7] and has been named as a leading figure in the preparation of the Witnesses' New World Translation of the Bible.[8][9] His nephew and fellow Governing Body member Raymond Franz resigned from the Governing Body and was subsequently disfellowshipped in 1982 during F.W. Franz's presidency.[10]
Franz continued to contribute to Watch Tower Society literature until his death in 1992 at the age of 99.[11] He was succeeded as president of the Watch Tower Society by Milton G. Henschel.
External links[edit]
Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 111.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower, May 1, 1987, page 22-30.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
4.Jump up ^ "Rewarded With the Crown of Life", The Watchtower, March 15, 1993, page 31, 32.
5.Jump up ^ "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower", May 1, 1987, page 25
6.Jump up ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, examination of Frederick Franz pp. 5-6
7.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 66. ISBN 009-455940-6.
8.Jump up ^ Michael Marlowe editor, The New World Translation, published online by Bible Research
9.Jump up ^ Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, p. 253, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
10.Jump up ^ Witness Under Prosecution, Time Magazine, February 22, 1982
11.Jump up ^ Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
Preceded by
Nathan H. Knorr President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 June 22, 1977-December 22, 1992 Succeeded by
Milton G. Henschel


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Frederick William Franz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Frederick William Franz
FrederickWilliamFranz-atBrooklynBethel.png
Frederick William Franz

Born
12 September 1893
Covington, Kentucky, U.S.
Died
22 December 1992 (aged 99)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Frederick William Franz (September 12, 1893 – December 22, 1992) served as President of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, the legal entity used to direct the work of Jehovah's Witnesses. He had previously served as Vice President of the same corporation from 1945 until 1977 and as a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses before replacing Nathan H. Knorr as president in June 1977.[1]
Biography[edit]
Franz was born on September 12, 1893 in Covington, Kentucky. He was baptized in the Lutheran Church, but attended Catholic services as a child as a matter of convenience, before later attending the Presbyterian Church.[2] He graduated from Woodward High School in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1911 and attended the University of Cincinnati where he studied liberal arts and later (for two years) Biblical Greek,[1][3] with the intention of becoming a Presbyterian preacher.[2] He learned German and could read Latin and Greek and in later years learned Spanish, Portuguese and French and a basic understanding of Hebrew.[3] His association with the Bible Students began after he read some of the literature of Charles Taze Russell. He was baptized as a Bible Student on either November 30, 1913,[4] or, according to Franz, April 5, 1914.[5]
In 1920 he joined the Watch Tower headquarters staff in Brooklyn, New York[2] and in 1926 became a member of the editorial staff as a Bible researcher and writer for the Society’s publications. Upon the death of Watch Tower president Joseph Rutherford, Franz became head of the editorial department, and in 1945 he replaced Hayden C. Covington as vice-president of the Watch Tower Society.[6] Franz was the Society's leading theologian[7] and has been named as a leading figure in the preparation of the Witnesses' New World Translation of the Bible.[8][9] His nephew and fellow Governing Body member Raymond Franz resigned from the Governing Body and was subsequently disfellowshipped in 1982 during F.W. Franz's presidency.[10]
Franz continued to contribute to Watch Tower Society literature until his death in 1992 at the age of 99.[11] He was succeeded as president of the Watch Tower Society by Milton G. Henschel.
External links[edit]
Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 111.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower, May 1, 1987, page 22-30.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
4.Jump up ^ "Rewarded With the Crown of Life", The Watchtower, March 15, 1993, page 31, 32.
5.Jump up ^ "Looking Back Over 93 Years of Living", The Watchtower", May 1, 1987, page 25
6.Jump up ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, examination of Frederick Franz pp. 5-6
7.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 66. ISBN 009-455940-6.
8.Jump up ^ Michael Marlowe editor, The New World Translation, published online by Bible Research
9.Jump up ^ Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, p. 253, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
10.Jump up ^ Witness Under Prosecution, Time Magazine, February 22, 1982
11.Jump up ^ Obituary, The New York Times, December 24, 1992.
Preceded by
Nathan H. Knorr President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 June 22, 1977-December 22, 1992 Succeeded by
Milton G. Henschel


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Milton George Henschel

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Milton George Henschel
MiltonGeorgeHenschel.png
Milton George Henschel

Born
9 August 1920
Pomona, New Jersey, U.S.
Died
22 March 2003 (aged 82)
Brooklyn, NY, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Spouse(s)
Lucille Henschel

Question book-new.svg
 This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (September 2009)
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Milton George Henschel (August 9, 1920 - March 22, 2003) was a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and succeeded Frederick W. Franz as president of the Watch Tower Society in 1992.


Contents  [hide]
1 Personal life
2 Professional life
3 References
4 Additional reading

Personal life[edit]
Milton Henschel was born in Pomona, New Jersey.[1] His father, Herman George Henschel assisted in the establishment of the Watch Tower Society's farm on Staten Island, working with and mentoring the staff about once each week during the 1920s.[2] The family relocated to Brooklyn, New York in 1934 to enable Herman to work on construction projects in the printeries and residences for Jehovah's Witnesses' headquarters there.[3]
Milton was baptized as a Jehovah's Witness minister in 1934,[4] and joined the full-time Watch Tower staff in 1939.[5] His older brother, Warren, was a full-time minister assigned to Oregon until he was invited to serve at the Brooklyn facility around 1940.[6] In 1956, Henschel married Lucille Bennett, a graduate of the 14th class of the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead and a former missionary in Venezuela.[7] Henschel died on March 22, 2003 at age 82, survived by his wife Lucille and brother Warren.[8]
Professional life[edit]
In 1939, Henschel was appointed secretary to Nathan H. Knorr, who was overseeing work at the Watch Tower printery. After Knorr became president of the Watch Tower Society in 1942, Henschel continued as his assistant. Henschel was often with Knorr in his travels, visiting at least 150 countries during this time. By 1945, Henschel was a featured speaker at international events though only 25 years old.[9]
By 1947 Henschel had claimed to be "anointed"[10]—not unusual among Jehovah's Witnesses at the time—which was a criterion at the time for appointment as a director of the Watch Tower Society. Henschel was elected to the board of directors in 1947,[11] after the death of W. E. Van Amburgh (since 1903 Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society), who died on February 7 of that year.[12]
By 1960, Henschel was a zone overseer,[13] supervising and auditing the administrative and ministry activities of about 10% of the Watch Tower Society's branch offices.[14]
In March, 1963, Henschel was among a large group of Jehovah's Witnesses who were detained and assaulted during a religious conference in Liberia.[15] He returned a few months later to meet with Liberia's president to discuss freedom of worship for Jehovah's Witnesses. In June, 1963, Henschel was a guest on a talk show hosted by Larry King.[16]
In a July, 1968 interview with the Detroit Free Press, Henschel was asked about the Watch Tower Society's recently stated opposition to organ transplants,[17] to which he responded that "transplanting organs is really cannibalism",[18] a position that was abandoned in 1980.[19] In the same interview, Henschel described the Watch Tower view of the immediate future, making reference to the impending battle of Armageddon. He conceded that there was no specific date for the outbreak of Armageddon, but stated, "1975 is a year to watch," alluding to Jehovah's Witnesses' belief that 6000 years of mankind's existence would be reached that year, an apparent precursor to Christ's millennial reign.[20]
By 1973, Henschel was "branch overseer for the United States".[21] Henschel contributed to the book Religions of America (1975), edited by Leo Rosten, with the chapter "Who are Jehovah's Witnesses?". In 1984, Henschel was the chairman for the centennial commemoration of the incorporation of the Watch Tower Society.
In February 1990, Henschel met with the chairman of the Committee of Religious Affairs in Moscow, along with eleven Russian elders representing local Jehovah's Witnesses, which led to the official recognition of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Russia by March 1991.[22]
Henschel became president of the Watch Tower Society December 30, 1992 and remained in that position until 2000. Major organizational changes took place in 2000, as the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses was separated from the Society's board of directors. As a result, members of the Governing Body stepped aside from their capacities in the Watch Tower Society, and Don A. Adams was appointed president. Henschel remained a member of the Governing Body until his death in 2003.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
2.Jump up ^ "My Part in Advancing Right Worship", The Watchtower, June 15, 1965, pages 381-382
3.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
4.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
5.Jump up ^ "Obituaries in the News: Milton Henschel", Associated Press, March 31, 2003
6.Jump up ^ "Taught by Jehovah From My Youth", The Watchtower, November 1, 2003, page 20
7.Jump up ^ "Gilead School—50 Years Old and Going Strong!", The Watchtower, June 1, 1993, page 26
8.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
9.Jump up ^ "A Privileged Share in Postwar Expansion", The Watchtower, October 1, 2002, page 23
10.Jump up ^ 1974 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 46-47 (see also The Watchtower, July 1, 1947)
11.Jump up ^ "All Nations Expansion Assembly", The Watchtower, December 15, 1947, page 381
12.Jump up ^ "Resignation and New Appointment", The Watchtower, March 1, 1947 page 66
13.Jump up ^ "The Philippines", 1978 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 126
14.Jump up ^ "Ending the Fourth, Beginning the Fifth Decade of Kingdom Operation", The Watchtower, April 1, 1956, page 223
15.Jump up ^ 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 171-7.
16.Jump up ^ "Something Better Than Fame", Awake!, August 22, 2004, page 22
17.Jump up ^ Heart Transplants Held Cannibalism, The Detroit Free Press, July, 1968, by Hiley H. Ward.
18.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 11/15/1967, Questions from Readers.
19.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 3/15/1980, Questions from Readers.
20.Jump up ^ See Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God (PDF). Watch Tower Society. 1966. pp. 29–35..
21.Jump up ^ "Response to the Need for Workers", Awake!, November 8, 1973, page 26
22.Jump up ^ "Russia", 2008 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 198, 203
Additional reading[edit]
He Loved Kindness, The Watchtower, pg.31, August 15, 2003.
Preceded by
Frederick W. Franz President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 December 30, 1992-October 7, 2000 Succeeded by
Don A. Adams



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Jehovah's Witnesses
Watch Tower Society presidents
Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
1920 births
2003 deaths






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This page was last modified on 9 November 2014, at 20:41.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_George_Henschel








Milton George Henschel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Milton George Henschel
MiltonGeorgeHenschel.png
Milton George Henschel

Born
9 August 1920
Pomona, New Jersey, U.S.
Died
22 March 2003 (aged 82)
Brooklyn, NY, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Spouse(s)
Lucille Henschel

Question book-new.svg
 This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (September 2009)
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Milton George Henschel (August 9, 1920 - March 22, 2003) was a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses and succeeded Frederick W. Franz as president of the Watch Tower Society in 1992.


Contents  [hide]
1 Personal life
2 Professional life
3 References
4 Additional reading

Personal life[edit]
Milton Henschel was born in Pomona, New Jersey.[1] His father, Herman George Henschel assisted in the establishment of the Watch Tower Society's farm on Staten Island, working with and mentoring the staff about once each week during the 1920s.[2] The family relocated to Brooklyn, New York in 1934 to enable Herman to work on construction projects in the printeries and residences for Jehovah's Witnesses' headquarters there.[3]
Milton was baptized as a Jehovah's Witness minister in 1934,[4] and joined the full-time Watch Tower staff in 1939.[5] His older brother, Warren, was a full-time minister assigned to Oregon until he was invited to serve at the Brooklyn facility around 1940.[6] In 1956, Henschel married Lucille Bennett, a graduate of the 14th class of the Watchtower Bible School of Gilead and a former missionary in Venezuela.[7] Henschel died on March 22, 2003 at age 82, survived by his wife Lucille and brother Warren.[8]
Professional life[edit]
In 1939, Henschel was appointed secretary to Nathan H. Knorr, who was overseeing work at the Watch Tower printery. After Knorr became president of the Watch Tower Society in 1942, Henschel continued as his assistant. Henschel was often with Knorr in his travels, visiting at least 150 countries during this time. By 1945, Henschel was a featured speaker at international events though only 25 years old.[9]
By 1947 Henschel had claimed to be "anointed"[10]—not unusual among Jehovah's Witnesses at the time—which was a criterion at the time for appointment as a director of the Watch Tower Society. Henschel was elected to the board of directors in 1947,[11] after the death of W. E. Van Amburgh (since 1903 Secretary-Treasurer of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society), who died on February 7 of that year.[12]
By 1960, Henschel was a zone overseer,[13] supervising and auditing the administrative and ministry activities of about 10% of the Watch Tower Society's branch offices.[14]
In March, 1963, Henschel was among a large group of Jehovah's Witnesses who were detained and assaulted during a religious conference in Liberia.[15] He returned a few months later to meet with Liberia's president to discuss freedom of worship for Jehovah's Witnesses. In June, 1963, Henschel was a guest on a talk show hosted by Larry King.[16]
In a July, 1968 interview with the Detroit Free Press, Henschel was asked about the Watch Tower Society's recently stated opposition to organ transplants,[17] to which he responded that "transplanting organs is really cannibalism",[18] a position that was abandoned in 1980.[19] In the same interview, Henschel described the Watch Tower view of the immediate future, making reference to the impending battle of Armageddon. He conceded that there was no specific date for the outbreak of Armageddon, but stated, "1975 is a year to watch," alluding to Jehovah's Witnesses' belief that 6000 years of mankind's existence would be reached that year, an apparent precursor to Christ's millennial reign.[20]
By 1973, Henschel was "branch overseer for the United States".[21] Henschel contributed to the book Religions of America (1975), edited by Leo Rosten, with the chapter "Who are Jehovah's Witnesses?". In 1984, Henschel was the chairman for the centennial commemoration of the incorporation of the Watch Tower Society.
In February 1990, Henschel met with the chairman of the Committee of Religious Affairs in Moscow, along with eleven Russian elders representing local Jehovah's Witnesses, which led to the official recognition of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Russia by March 1991.[22]
Henschel became president of the Watch Tower Society December 30, 1992 and remained in that position until 2000. Major organizational changes took place in 2000, as the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses was separated from the Society's board of directors. As a result, members of the Governing Body stepped aside from their capacities in the Watch Tower Society, and Don A. Adams was appointed president. Henschel remained a member of the Governing Body until his death in 2003.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
2.Jump up ^ "My Part in Advancing Right Worship", The Watchtower, June 15, 1965, pages 381-382
3.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
4.Jump up ^ "Obituary: Milton Henschel, 82; Executive Who Led Jehovah's Witnesses", The New York Times, March 30, 2003, As Retrieved 2009-09-23
5.Jump up ^ "Obituaries in the News: Milton Henschel", Associated Press, March 31, 2003
6.Jump up ^ "Taught by Jehovah From My Youth", The Watchtower, November 1, 2003, page 20
7.Jump up ^ "Gilead School—50 Years Old and Going Strong!", The Watchtower, June 1, 1993, page 26
8.Jump up ^ "Milton Henschel dies at 82", Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses, As Retrieved 2010-03-14
9.Jump up ^ "A Privileged Share in Postwar Expansion", The Watchtower, October 1, 2002, page 23
10.Jump up ^ 1974 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 46-47 (see also The Watchtower, July 1, 1947)
11.Jump up ^ "All Nations Expansion Assembly", The Watchtower, December 15, 1947, page 381
12.Jump up ^ "Resignation and New Appointment", The Watchtower, March 1, 1947 page 66
13.Jump up ^ "The Philippines", 1978 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 126
14.Jump up ^ "Ending the Fourth, Beginning the Fifth Decade of Kingdom Operation", The Watchtower, April 1, 1956, page 223
15.Jump up ^ 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 171-7.
16.Jump up ^ "Something Better Than Fame", Awake!, August 22, 2004, page 22
17.Jump up ^ Heart Transplants Held Cannibalism, The Detroit Free Press, July, 1968, by Hiley H. Ward.
18.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 11/15/1967, Questions from Readers.
19.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, 3/15/1980, Questions from Readers.
20.Jump up ^ See Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God (PDF). Watch Tower Society. 1966. pp. 29–35..
21.Jump up ^ "Response to the Need for Workers", Awake!, November 8, 1973, page 26
22.Jump up ^ "Russia", 2008 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 198, 203
Additional reading[edit]
He Loved Kindness, The Watchtower, pg.31, August 15, 2003.
Preceded by
Frederick W. Franz President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 December 30, 1992-October 7, 2000 Succeeded by
Don A. Adams



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Jehovah's Witnesses
Watch Tower Society presidents
Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
1920 births
2003 deaths






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This page was last modified on 9 November 2014, at 20:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_George_Henschel








Nathan Homer Knorr

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Nathan Homer Knorr
NathanHomerKnorr-WTPres.png
Nathan Homer Knorr

Born
23 April 1905
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died
8 June 1977 (aged 72)
Wallkill, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Nathan Homer Knorr (April 23, 1905 - June 8, 1977) was the third president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society,[1] becoming so on January 13, 1942, replacing Joseph Franklin Rutherford, who had served in the position since 1916.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life
2 Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses
3 Organizational adjustments
4 Publications
5 See also
6 Sources
7 References

Life[edit]
Nathan Knorr was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States. He began to show interest in the International Bible Students at age 16. He left the Reformed Church in 1922 and was baptized on July 4, 1923 as a Bible Student following a baptism talk by Frederick W. Franz, with whom Knorr became close friends. Knorr became a volunteer at the Watch Tower headquarters in Brooklyn on September 6, 1923, and became its factory manager in September 1932. On January 11, 1934, at age 28, Knorr was elected director of the Peoples Pulpit Association (now Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.), and was made its vice president the following year. In January 1942, Knorr became president of International Bible Students Association and the corporations now known as Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, and Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York.[2] Knorr was married to Audrey Mock in 1953.
He died from a cerebral tumor June 8, 1977 while receiving hospice care at an extension of world headquarters, quieter Watchtower Farms in Wallkill, New York.[3]
Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Knorr contributed significantly to Jehovah's Witnesses, with an intense educational focus. Within a month of his taking office, arrangements were made for an Advanced Course in Theocratic Ministry, a school that featured Bible research and public speaking. On September 24, 1942, Knorr suggested that the Society establish another school to train missionaries for service in foreign countries. The suggestion was unanimously approved by the board of directors. The first class of the Gilead School - the name given to this missionary school - commenced February 1, 1943.
Knorr arranged for the creation of new branch offices in many countries. In 1942, when he became president, there were 25 branch offices worldwide. By 1946, despite the events of World War II, the number of branch offices increased to 57. Over the next 30 years, the number of branch offices increased to 97.
The doctrine of not accepting blood transfusions was also introduced during Knorr's leadership.
Organizational adjustments[edit]
From October 1, 1972, adjustments began in the oversight of the congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses. The writing of Aid to Bible Understanding led to a new understanding of the Bible's mention of elders and "older men" and seems to have been the catalyst for the religion to adjust its organizational structure.(Franz 21-22) A revision to the Watchtower Society's organizational manual in 1972 explains, "it is noteworthy that the Bible does not say that there was only one 'older man', one overseer, in each congregation. Rather, it indicates that there were a number of such."[4] There would no longer be one congregation servant, or overseer, but a body of elders and ministerial servants. One elder would be designated chairman, but all the elders would have equal authority and share the responsibility for making decisions.
Later, the chairmanship of the Governing Body would also be affected, rotating in alphabetical order. In December 1975, leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses passed from the president of the Watch Tower Society to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. Beginning January 1, 1976 the Governing Body formed several committees to oversee publishing, writing, teaching, service and personnel. Knorr worked with the new arrangement until illness shortly before his death forced his move from the world headquarters in Brooklyn, New York. Following Knorr's death in June 1977, Frederick William Franz succeeded him as corporation president.
Publications[edit]
Some of the publications used by Jehovah's Witnesses which were released during Knorr's stewardship were:
Equipped For Every Good Work
Let God Be True
Make Sure Of All Things
From Paradise Lost to Paradise Regained
Awake! magazine, which replaced Consolation
All Scripture Is Inspired Of God And Beneficial
New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.
See also[edit]
Jehovah's Witnesses publications
Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses
List of Watch Tower Society publications
Sources[edit]
Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (Watchtower), pages (96, 98, 101, 592)
Organization for Kingdom-Preaching and Disciple-Making, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ William Henry Conley served as president for almost four years before the Society's legal incorporation in 1884. See Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania#Presidents
2.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. p. 91.
3.Jump up ^ "Watching the World", Awake!, August 22, 1977, page 29, "On June 8, 1977
4.Jump up ^ Organized to do Jehovah's Will, Watchtower Bible and Tracy Society, page 53
Preceded by
Joseph F. Rutherford President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 January 13, 1942-June 8, 1977 Succeeded by
Frederick W. Franz


Authority control
VIAF: 74332373
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Watch Tower Society presidents
People from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
1905 births
1977 deaths
People from Wallkill, Orange County, New York





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This page was last modified on 26 May 2015, at 02:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Homer_Knorr








Nathan Homer Knorr

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Nathan Homer Knorr
NathanHomerKnorr-WTPres.png
Nathan Homer Knorr

Born
23 April 1905
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died
8 June 1977 (aged 72)
Wallkill, New York, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Nathan Homer Knorr (April 23, 1905 - June 8, 1977) was the third president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society,[1] becoming so on January 13, 1942, replacing Joseph Franklin Rutherford, who had served in the position since 1916.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life
2 Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses
3 Organizational adjustments
4 Publications
5 See also
6 Sources
7 References

Life[edit]
Nathan Knorr was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States. He began to show interest in the International Bible Students at age 16. He left the Reformed Church in 1922 and was baptized on July 4, 1923 as a Bible Student following a baptism talk by Frederick W. Franz, with whom Knorr became close friends. Knorr became a volunteer at the Watch Tower headquarters in Brooklyn on September 6, 1923, and became its factory manager in September 1932. On January 11, 1934, at age 28, Knorr was elected director of the Peoples Pulpit Association (now Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.), and was made its vice president the following year. In January 1942, Knorr became president of International Bible Students Association and the corporations now known as Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, and Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York.[2] Knorr was married to Audrey Mock in 1953.
He died from a cerebral tumor June 8, 1977 while receiving hospice care at an extension of world headquarters, quieter Watchtower Farms in Wallkill, New York.[3]
Contribution to Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Knorr contributed significantly to Jehovah's Witnesses, with an intense educational focus. Within a month of his taking office, arrangements were made for an Advanced Course in Theocratic Ministry, a school that featured Bible research and public speaking. On September 24, 1942, Knorr suggested that the Society establish another school to train missionaries for service in foreign countries. The suggestion was unanimously approved by the board of directors. The first class of the Gilead School - the name given to this missionary school - commenced February 1, 1943.
Knorr arranged for the creation of new branch offices in many countries. In 1942, when he became president, there were 25 branch offices worldwide. By 1946, despite the events of World War II, the number of branch offices increased to 57. Over the next 30 years, the number of branch offices increased to 97.
The doctrine of not accepting blood transfusions was also introduced during Knorr's leadership.
Organizational adjustments[edit]
From October 1, 1972, adjustments began in the oversight of the congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses. The writing of Aid to Bible Understanding led to a new understanding of the Bible's mention of elders and "older men" and seems to have been the catalyst for the religion to adjust its organizational structure.(Franz 21-22) A revision to the Watchtower Society's organizational manual in 1972 explains, "it is noteworthy that the Bible does not say that there was only one 'older man', one overseer, in each congregation. Rather, it indicates that there were a number of such."[4] There would no longer be one congregation servant, or overseer, but a body of elders and ministerial servants. One elder would be designated chairman, but all the elders would have equal authority and share the responsibility for making decisions.
Later, the chairmanship of the Governing Body would also be affected, rotating in alphabetical order. In December 1975, leadership of Jehovah's Witnesses passed from the president of the Watch Tower Society to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. Beginning January 1, 1976 the Governing Body formed several committees to oversee publishing, writing, teaching, service and personnel. Knorr worked with the new arrangement until illness shortly before his death forced his move from the world headquarters in Brooklyn, New York. Following Knorr's death in June 1977, Frederick William Franz succeeded him as corporation president.
Publications[edit]
Some of the publications used by Jehovah's Witnesses which were released during Knorr's stewardship were:
Equipped For Every Good Work
Let God Be True
Make Sure Of All Things
From Paradise Lost to Paradise Regained
Awake! magazine, which replaced Consolation
All Scripture Is Inspired Of God And Beneficial
New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.
See also[edit]
Jehovah's Witnesses publications
Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses
List of Watch Tower Society publications
Sources[edit]
Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (Watchtower), pages (96, 98, 101, 592)
Organization for Kingdom-Preaching and Disciple-Making, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ William Henry Conley served as president for almost four years before the Society's legal incorporation in 1884. See Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania#Presidents
2.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. p. 91.
3.Jump up ^ "Watching the World", Awake!, August 22, 1977, page 29, "On June 8, 1977
4.Jump up ^ Organized to do Jehovah's Will, Watchtower Bible and Tracy Society, page 53
Preceded by
Joseph F. Rutherford President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
 January 13, 1942-June 8, 1977 Succeeded by
Frederick W. Franz


Authority control
VIAF: 74332373
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Watch Tower Society presidents
People from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Members of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
1905 births
1977 deaths
People from Wallkill, Orange County, New York





Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Contents
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What links here
Related changes
Upload file
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Cite this page

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Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Magyar
Nederlands
Norsk bokmål
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
中文
Edit links
This page was last modified on 26 May 2015, at 02:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
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Joseph Franklin Rutherford

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Joseph Franklin Rutherford
J.F. Rutherford.gif
Joseph Franklin Rutherford

Born
November 8, 1869
Versailles, Missouri, U.S.
Died
January 8, 1942 (aged 72)
San Diego, California, U.S.
Nationality
American
Occupation
Lawyer
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Spouse(s)
Mary Malcolm Fetzer
Children
Malcolm Rutherford
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
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History
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Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
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Beliefs ·
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Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
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Blood ·
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Literature

The Watchtower ·
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New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
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Joseph Franklin Rutherford (November 8, 1869 – January 8, 1942), also known as "Judge" Rutherford, was the second president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. He played a primary role in the organization and doctrinal development of Jehovah's Witnesses,[1][2][3] which emerged from the Bible Student movement established by Charles Taze Russell.
Rutherford began a career in law, working as a court stenographer, trial lawyer and prosecutor. He became a special judge in the 14th Judicial District of Missouri at some time after 1895.[4] He developed an interest in the doctrines of Watch Tower Society president Charles Taze Russell, which led to his joining the Bible Student movement, and he was baptized in 1906. He was appointed the legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society in 1907, as well as a traveling representative prior to his election as president in 1917. His early presidency was marked by a dispute with the Society's board of directors, in which four of its seven members accused him of autocratic behavior and sought to reduce his powers. The resulting leadership crisis divided the Bible Student community and contributed to the loss of one-seventh of adherents by 1919 and thousands more by 1931.[5][6][7] Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower executives were imprisoned in 1918 after charges were laid over the publication of The Finished Mystery, a book deemed seditious for its opposition to World War I.[8][9]
Rutherford introduced many organizational and doctrinal changes that helped shape the current beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses.[10][11] He imposed a centralized administrative structure on the worldwide Bible Student movement, which he later called a theocracy, requiring all adherents to distribute literature via door to door preaching and to provide regular reports of their activity.[12][13] He also instituted training programs for public speaking as part of their weekly meetings for worship. He established 1914 as the date of Christ's invisible return, asserted that Christ died on a tree rather than a cross,[14][15] formulated the current Witness concept of Armageddon as God's war on the wicked, and reinforced the belief that the start of Christ's millennial reign was imminent. He condemned the observance of traditional celebrations such as Christmas and birthdays, the saluting of national flags and the singing of national anthems. He introduced the name "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931 and the term "Kingdom Hall" for houses of worship in 1935.[16]
He wrote twenty-one books and was credited by the Society in 1942 with the distribution of almost 400 million books and booklets.[17] Despite significant decreases during the 1920s, overall membership increased more than sixfold by the end of Rutherford's 25 years as president.[18][19]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life 1.1 Law career
2 Watch Tower Society 2.1 Board of directors
2.2 Presidency dispute
3 The Finished Mystery 3.1 Imprisonment and release
4 Reorganization 4.1 Administrative changes
4.2 Doctrinal changes
5 Character and attitudes
6 Personal life
7 Death and burial
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links

Early life[edit]
Rutherford was born on November 8, 1869 to James Calvin Rutherford and Leonora Strickland and raised in near-poverty in a Baptist farm family. Some sources list his place of birth as Boonville, Missouri, but according to his death certificate he was born in Versailles, Missouri.[20][21] Rutherford developed an interest in law from the age of 16.[22] Although his father discouraged this interest, he allowed Rutherford to go to college under the condition that he pay for a laborer to take his place on the family farm. Rutherford took out a loan[23] and helped to pay for his law studies by working as a door-to-door encyclopedia salesman and court stenographer.[24]
Law career[edit]
Rutherford spent two years as a judge's intern, became an official court reporter at age 20, and was admitted to the Missouri bar in May 1892 at age 22.[24] He became a trial lawyer for a law firm[25] and later served for four years in Boonville as a public prosecutor. He campaigned briefly for Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan.[26] He was appointed as a Special Judge in the Eighth Judicial Circuit Court of Missouri,[24][27][28][29] sitting as a substitute judge at least once when a regular judge was unable to hold court.[23] As a result of this appointment he became known by the sobriquet "Judge" Rutherford. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1909 and admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States the same year.[30]
Watch Tower Society[edit]



 Joseph F. Rutherford (1911)
In 1894 Rutherford purchased the first three volumes of Charles Taze Russell's Millennial Dawn series of Bible study textbooks from two colporteurs who visited his office. Rutherford, who then viewed all religions as insincere, shallow and hypocritical, was struck by Russell's sincerity and his sentiments towards religion, which mirrored his own view.[31][32] Rutherford immediately wrote to the Watch Tower Society to express appreciation for the books.[33] He was baptized twelve years later and he and his wife began holding Bible classes in their home.[26] In 1907, he became legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society at its Pittsburgh headquarters, and from around that time began to give public talks as a "pilgrim" representative of the Society.[25] As Russell's health deteriorated, Rutherford represented him on trips to Europe[34] and in April 1915 he was deputized to speak at a major debate with Baptist preacher J. H. Troy over four nights in Los Angeles before an audience of 12,000,[35] debating various subjects, including the state of the dead, hellfire and Christ's Second Coming.[36] Rutherford wrote a pamphlet, A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, in defense of Russell[37] and served as chairman of the Bible Students' Los Angeles convention in September 1916.
Board of directors[edit]
By 1916 Rutherford had become one of the seven directors of the Watch Tower Society; when Russell died on October 31, 1916 he joined vice-President Alfred I. Ritchie and Secretary-Treasurer William E. Van Amburgh on a three-man executive committee that ran the Pennsylvania corporation until a new president was elected at the annual general meeting the following January.[38] He also joined a five-person editorial committee to run The Watch Tower from the December 15, 1916 issue. Russell's will, drawn up in 1907, had named the five people he wished to run the magazine after his death;[39] Rutherford appeared only on a second list of five alternative members to fill any vacancies that arose.[40]
Bible Student Alexander H. Macmillan, who served as an aide to the executive committee, later wrote that tensions at the Watch Tower Society headquarters mounted as the day for election of the Society's officers approached. He wrote: "A few ambitious ones at headquarters were holding caucuses here and there, doing a little electioneering to get their men in. However, Van Amburgh and I held a large number of votes. Many shareholders, knowing of our long association with Russell, sent their proxies to us to be cast for the one whom we thought best fitted for office."[41] Macmillan, who claimed he had declined an offer from an ailing Russell months earlier to accept the position of president after his death,[42] agreed with Van Amburgh that Rutherford was the best candidate. According to Macmillan, "Rutherford did not know what was going on. He certainly didn't do any electioneering or canvassing for votes, but I guess he was doing some worrying, knowing if he was elected he would have a big job on his hands ... There is no doubt in our minds that the Lord's will was done in this choice. It is certain that Rutherford himself had nothing to do with it."[43]
Presidency dispute[edit]
Main article: Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)
On January 6, 1917, Rutherford, aged 47, was elected president of the Watch Tower Society, unopposed, at the Pittsburgh convention. By-laws passed by both the Pittsburgh convention and the board of directors stated that the president would be the executive officer and general manager of the Society, giving him full charge of its affairs worldwide.[44]
By June, four of the seven Watch Tower Society directors—Robert H. Hirsh, Alfred I. Ritchie, Isaac F. Hoskins and James D. Wright— had decided they had erred in endorsing Rutherford's expanded powers of management, claiming Rutherford had become autocratic.[45] In June, Hirsch attempted to rescind the new by-laws and reclaim the board's authority from the president.[46] Rutherford later claimed he had by then detected a conspiracy among the directors to seize control of the society.[47] In July, Rutherford gained a legal opinion from a Philadelphia corporation lawyer that none of his opposers were legally directors of the society. The Watch Tower Society's official 1959 account of its history claimed the legal advice given to the ousted directors confirmed that given to Rutherford;[48] however, the pamphlets produced by the expelled board members at the time indicated that their legal advice, acquired from several attorneys, disagreed with Rutherford's.[49][50] On July 12, Rutherford filled what he claimed were four vacancies on the board, appointing Macmillan and Pennsylvania Bible Students W. E. Spill, J. A. Bohnet and George H. Fisher as directors.[51] Between August and November the society and the four ousted directors published a series of pamphlets, with each side accusing the other of ambitious and reckless behavior. The former directors also claimed Rutherford had required all headquarters workers to sign a petition supporting him and threatened dismissal for any who refused to sign.[52] The former directors left the Brooklyn headquarters on August 8.[53] On January 5, 1918, shareholders returned Rutherford to office.
The controversy fractured the Bible Student movement and some congregations split into opposing groups loyal either to Rutherford or those he had expelled.[53][54] By mid-1919 about one in seven Bible Students had chosen to leave rather than accept his leadership,[55] and over the following decade they helped formed other groups including the Standfast Movement, the Layman's Home Missionary Movement, the Dawn Bible Students Association, the Pastoral Bible Institute, the Elijah Voice Movement, the Concordat Publishing Concern, and the Eagle Society.[56]
The Finished Mystery[edit]
In late 1916 Fisher and another prominent Bible Student at the Brooklyn headquarters, Clayton J. Woodworth, sought the Executive Committee's approval to produce a book about the prophecies of the books of Revelation and Ezekiel based primarily on Russell's writings.[57] Work on the book, The Finished Mystery, proceeded without the knowledge of the full Board of Directors and Editorial Committee[58][59] and was released by Rutherford to headquarters staff on July 17, 1917, the day he announced the appointment of the four replacement directors.



 "The Finished Mystery"—vol. 7 of "Studies in the Scriptures"
The book, which was misleadingly labeled as the posthumous seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures,[60][61] was denounced by Rutherford's opponents, but became a best-seller and was translated into six languages and serialized in The Watch Tower.[62] Expecting God's Kingdom to establish rule on earth and for the saints to be raised to heaven in 1918,[62] Rutherford wrote in January of that year: "The Christian looks for the year to bring the full consummation of the church's hopes."[63] He embarked on a vast advertising campaign to expose the "unrighteousness" of religions and their alliances with "beastly" governments, expanding on claims in The Finished Mystery that patriotism was a delusion and murder.[64][65] The campaign attracted the attention of governments and on February 12, 1918 the book was banned by the Canadian government for what a Winnipeg newspaper described as "seditious and antiwar statements"[66] On February 24 in Los Angeles Rutherford gave a talk entitled "The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living May Never Die" (subsequent talks in the series were renamed, "Millions Now Living Will Never Die")[67][68] in which he attacked the clergy, declaring: "As a class, according to the Scriptures, the clergymen are the most reprehensible men on earth for the great war that is now afflicting mankind."[66] Three days later the Army Intelligence Bureau seized the Society's Los Angeles offices and confiscated literature.
Imprisonment and release[edit]
In early May 1918 US Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory condemned The Finished Mystery as "one of the most dangerous examples of ... propaganda ... a work written in extremely religious language and distributed in enormous numbers".[69] Warrants were issued for the arrest of Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower directors, who were charged under the 1917 Espionage Act of attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, refusal of duty in the armed forces and obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service of the U.S. while it was at war.[65] On June 21 seven of them, including Rutherford, were sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. Rutherford feared his opponents would gain control of the Society in his absence. On January 2, 1919 he learned he had been re-elected president at the Pittsburgh convention the day before, convincing him that God wanted him in the position.[70][71] In March 1919 the directors were released on bail after an appeals court ruled they had been wrongly convicted; in May 1920 the government announced that all charges had been dropped.[72]
Reorganization[edit]
Administrative changes[edit]
Following his release from prison, Rutherford began a major reorganization of Bible Student activities. At a May, 1919 convention in Ohio he announced the publication of a new magazine, The Golden Age (later renamed Awake!). Because Russell's will had decreed the Society should publish no other periodicals[73] the new magazine was at first published by "Woodworth, Hudgings & Martin", with a Manhattan (rather than Brooklyn) address.[74] Within months Bible Students were organized to distribute it door-to-door.[73] He expanded the Society's printing facilities, revived the colporteur work and in 1920 introduced the requirement for weekly reports of Bible Students' preaching activity.[75][76] He expanded and reorganized overseas branch offices[77] in what he regarded as a "cleansing" and "sifting" work.[78]
Beginning with an eight-day convention at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922 Rutherford, launched a series of major international conventions under the theme "Advertise the King and Kingdom", attracting crowds of up to 20,000.[79] Audiences were urged to "herald the message far and wide".[80] He stressed that the primary duty of all Bible Students was to become "publicity agents" in fulfillment of Matthew 24:14, especially in the form of door-to-door evangelism with the Society's publications.[81][82] In 1928 Rutherford began to teach that the Cedar Point convention and the events resulting from it fulfilled the prophecy of the 1290 days at Daniel 12:11.[83][84]
In 1920, Rutherford published a booklet, Millions Now Living Will Never Die, and a year later published his first hardcover book, The Harp of God. This was followed by a further nineteen hardcover books, each with one-word titles, such as Creation (1927), Jehovah (1934) and Children (1941). His publications reached a total printing of 36 million copies.[85] In 1925 he gained full control over what doctrines would be taught in Watch Tower Society publications, overruling the refusal by the five-man Editorial Committee to publish his article, "Birth of the Nation",[86] which contained significant doctrinal changes.[87] Rutherford later claimed Satan had "tried to prevent the publication of that article ... but failed in that effort";[88] In 1927 the Watch Tower Society ceased printing of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures.[89] The Editorial Committee was dissolved in 1931, after which Rutherford wrote every leading article in The Watch Tower until his death.[90] The 1933 Watch Tower Society Yearbook observed that the demise of the Editorial Committee indicated "that the Lord himself is running his organization".[91]
Rutherford expanded his means of spreading the Watch Tower message in 1924 with the start of 15-minute radio broadcasts, initially from WBBR, based on Staten Island, and eventually via a network of as many as 480 radio stations.[92] A 1931 talk was broadcast throughout North America, Australia and France, but his attacks on the clergy resulted in both the NBC and BBC radio networks banning his broadcasts.[93]
In 1928 Rutherford began to abolish the system of electing elders by congregational voting, dismissing them as "haughty" and "lazy", and finally asserting in 1932 that electing elders was unscriptural.[94][95] He impressed on elders the need to obey the Society's "regulations", "instructions" and "directions" without complaint.[96] Service directors, who reported back to Brooklyn, were appointed in each congregation and a weekly "service meeting" introduced to meeting programs.[97] In 1933 Rutherford claimed that abolishing elective elders was a fulfillment of the prophecy of 2300 days at Daniel 8:13–14, and that God's sanctuary (the Watch Tower Society) was thereby cleansed.[98]
At a 1931 Bible Student assembly in Columbus, Ohio Rutherford proposed a new name for the organization, Jehovah's witnesses, to differentiate them from the proliferation of other groups that followed Russell's teachings.[92] Bible Students who opposed or abandoned Rutherford to form new groups were increasingly described as the "evil servant class" by The Watchtower, which said it was wrong to pray for those who were "unfaithful".[99][100] Four years later the term "Kingdom Hall" was introduced for the local meeting place of congregations.[101]
In 1937, the door-to-door preaching program was extended to formally include "back calls" on interested people and Witnesses were urged to start one-hour Bible studies in the homes of householders.[102][103] In the late 1930s, he advocated the use of "sound cars" and portable phonographs with which talks by Rutherford were played to passersby and householders.[102]
In 1938 he introduced the term "theocracy" to describe the religion's system of government, with Consolation explaining: "The Theocracy is at present administered by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, of which Judge Rutherford is the president and general manager."[104] "Zone servants" (now known as circuit overseers) were appointed to supervise congregations. In a Watchtower article Rutherford declared the need for congregations to "get in line" with the changed structure.[105][106]
By 1942, the year of his death, worldwide attendance at the annual Memorial of Christ's death was 140,450 though his restructuring of the Bible Student community coincided with a dramatic loss of followers during the 1920s and 1930s. Worldwide attendance of the annual Memorial of Christ's death fell from 90,434 in 1925[107] to 17,380 in 1928.[108] Memorial attendance figures did not surpass 90,000 again until 1940.[108] Author Tony Wills, who analyzed attendance and "field worker" statistics, suggests it was the "more dedicated" Bible Students who quit through the 1920s, to be replaced by newcomers in larger numbers, although Rutherford dismissed the loss of the original Bible Students as the Lord "shaking out" the unfaithful.[109][110] In the 1942 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, Rutherford wrote that the year's achievements "would, on the face of it, show that the Theocratic witness work on earth is about done".[111][112]
Doctrinal changes[edit]
In July 1917, Rutherford had The Finished Mystery published as a seventh volume of the Studies in the Scriptures series. The volume, though written by Fisher and Woodworth, was advertised as Russell's "posthumous work" and "last legacy"[113][114] but contained several interpretations and viewpoints not espoused by Russell,[115][116] including an urging of all Bible Students to cast judgment upon Christendom and its clergy, the adoption of new dates for the fulfillment of particular prophecies, a claim that salvation is tied to membership within the Watch Tower Society, as well as shunning and censuring any who reject the interpretations given in the volume or related articles in The Watch Tower magazine.



 "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" contains some of the earliest doctrinal changes


 Newspaper advertisement for Rutherford's "Millions" lecture.
In the February 1918 discourse "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" (printed in booklet form in May 1920) a revision of Russell's calculation of a "Jubilee type" was presented, changing it from 1875 to 1925,[117][118] despite Russell's rejection of such a change a few months prior to his death.[119] In October 1920 the Society published a new edition of Russell's 1881 Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices. It included an appendix introducing many alterations or reinterpretations of Russell's original views on the death of Jesus and the role of Christ's followers in heaven as typified in the ceremonies of the Jewish tabernacle.[120]
At the 1922 Cedar Point convention Rutherford began teaching that Christ's reign had begun in 1914,[121] and not 1878 as Russell had taught.[122] Rutherford expanded on this view in the March 1, 1925 issue of The Watch Tower in the article "Birth of The Nation", which he later acknowledged "caused a real stir or shake-up within the ranks."[88] In 1927 he moved the date of the resurrection of the "sleeping saints" (all Christians who had died since Jesus' time) from 1878 to 1918[123][124] and as early as 1930 began to dismiss the year 1874 as the date for the invisible presence of Christ in favor of the year 1914.[125][126]
From 1925 he developed the view of the battle of Armageddon as a universal war waged by God rather than Russell's belief that it was the decline of human society into social, political and religious anarchy. Rutherford based his interpretations on the books of Exodus, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Psalms as well as additional material from the books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles.[127][128][129] An article in the January 1, 1926 Watch Tower introduced new emphasis on the importance of the name "Jehovah";[130] from 1929 Rutherford taught that the vindication of God's name—which would ultimately occur when millions of unbelievers were destroyed at Armageddon—was the primary doctrine of Christianity and more important than God's display of goodness or grace toward humankind.[131][132][133][134] In 1932 he published an interpretation of a passage in Ezekiel describing the attack on Jerusalem by Gog of Magog, in which he predicted an intensification of persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses that would culminate in God intervening on their behalf to begin the battle of Armageddon, which would destroy all opposers of God's organization.[111]
In 1926 he discredited Russell's teaching on the importance of Christian "character development" or personal "sanctification"[81][135][136] and a year later discarded the teaching that Russell had been the "faithful and wise servant" of Matthew 24:45–47, warning that the desire to revere men was a snare set by the Devil.[81][137] In May 1926 Rutherford released his book Deliverance at the Bible Student's convention in Kensington, England later interpreting the event as the fulfillment of the 1335 days of Daniel 12:12.[138]
In 1927, Christmas was declared to be of pagan origin, and the following year its celebration by Bible Students was condemned as supporting "Satan's organization".[139][140] Mother's Day was condemned in 1931,[141] with other holidays as well as birthdays officially renounced in subsequent years.[142][143]
In 1928 Rutherford discarded Russell's teaching that the natural Jews would be restored to Palestine and return to God's favor, despite having declared ten years earlier that prophecies of their restoration were already being fulfilled with the British takeover of Palestine from Turkey during World War I.[144] He denied there was a role for Jews in God's Kingdom arrangement and by 1933 he had reversed Russell's earlier teaching, claiming that prominent Jewish business leaders were "arrogant, self-important and extremely selfish," and would gain no favored standing with God.[145] The teaching that God would restore the Jews to Palestine was discontinued around the same time.[146]
Russell's teaching that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built under God's direction[147] was overturned in 1928, when Rutherford asserted that it had been built under the direction of Satan for the purpose of deceiving God's people in the last days.[148][149] The announcement prompted further defections among long-time Bible Students.[150][151]
In 1930, Rutherford published a systematic reinterpretation of the book of Revelation.[152] Many of the symbols recorded in the book were applied to events following 1918, specifically to Watch Tower conventions held in the years 1922 through 1928.[153] These reinterpretations reflected both a wholesale rejection of his own earlier views as well as the historicist interpretations of Pastor Russell.[154][155][156]
At a Washington, D.C. convention in 1935, Rutherford rejected Russell's teaching that the "great company" of Revelation 7:9 was a "secondary spiritual class" composed of millions of Christians who would be resurrected to heaven apart from the 144,000 "elect", and instead argued that the "great multitude", the "sheep" of Matthew 25 and the "Jonadabs" of 2 Kings chapter 10 all picture the people who could potentially survive Armageddon and receive everlasting human life on earth if they became Jehovah's Witnesses before it began.[157][158]
In 1935, Rutherford objected to U.S. state laws requiring school students to salute the flag as a means of instilling patriotism; in the 1936 Yearbook he declared that baptized Jehovah's Witnesses who did salute the flag were breaking their covenant with God and were thus "guilty of death".[159] In 1940, children in 43 states were expelled for refusing to salute the flag and the Watch Tower Society took most cases to court, with Rutherford personally leading the unsuccessful case of Minersville School District v. Gobitis. Controversy over the flag salute issue escalated and mob attacks became prevalent in many U.S. states until 1943 when the court overruled its previous decision in the case of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette.[160] A U.S. law magazine noted how Jehovah's Witnesses had helped shape the course of constitutional law, remarking: "Through almost constant litigation this organization had made possible an ever-increasing list of precedents concerning the application of the 14th amendment to freedom of speech and religion".[161]
In 1936, Rutherford rejected the belief that Jesus had been executed on a Roman cross, in favor of an upright stake or "tree."[162]
Character and attitudes[edit]



 Rutherford with Cadillac V-16 from the Watchtower publication The Messenger (1931)
Biographers describe Rutherford as tall and solidly built with a senatorial demeanor,[163] and a strong booming voice that helped make him a powerful orator.[164][165] In 1917, The New York Times stated that Rutherford "has a reputation as an eloquent, forceful speaker".[27] Watch Tower Society literature states that his personality contrasted strongly with that of his predecessor. One Witness history book says that while Russell was kind, warm and tactful, Rutherford "was warm and generous toward his associates but he was also a brusque and direct type of person, and his legal background and experiences in early life gave him a directness in his approach to problems in dealing with his brothers that caused some to take offense."[166] Another Watch Tower Society account says he did not hide his feelings, adding, "His bluntness, even when spoken in kindness, was sometimes misunderstood."[167] Fellow Watch Tower Society director A. H. Macmillan says Rutherford "spoke as simply and directly to the people as he knew how, and he was an extremely forthright man. He was thoroughly convinced that what he had to say was the truth and that it was a matter of life and death."[168] Macmillan added, "He would never tolerate anything that would be contrary to what he clearly understood the Bible to teach. He was so strict about that, he would permit nothing that would seem to show a compromise when it came to an issue of the truth."[169] Author Tony Wills describes him as charitable and generous, and says his sympathy for the poor and oppressed was exceeded only by his hatred for the rich, the oppressors.[165] He also notes that he was a dynamic, impatient extrovert.[170] Other authors also address Rutherford's abrasiveness: James Penton describes him as blunt and moody with an explosive temper,[171] with "a streak of self-righteousness which caused him to regard anyone who opposed him as of the Devil",[172] while Alan Rogerson notes that he was a "dogmatic and insensitive person, obsessed with his own self-importance."[173]
Rutherford's confrontation with four Watch Tower Society directors who opposed him in 1917 highlighted both the forcefulness of his personality and his determination to fight for what he believed was right. Penton claims Rutherford played "hard-fisted church politics"[174] and Rogerson accuses Rutherford of using The Watchtower as a propaganda medium to attack his opposers in what was effectively a battle for his position as president.[7] At the heart of his opponents' complaints was his "autocratic" behavior as he strove to "exercise complete management of the Society and its affairs."[175] Penton similarly describes Rutherford's actions in his first year of presidency—including his appointment of new directors, refusal to allow the Society's accounts to be examined, and his unilateral decision to publish The Finished Mystery—as high-handed and secretive.[176] In contrast, Rutherford claimed, "It was my duty to use the power the Lord had put into my hands to support the interests of the shareholders and all others interested in the Truth throughout the world ... to be unfaithful to them would be unfaithful to the Lord."[177] Macmillan, who supported Rutherford throughout the crisis, claimed the president was extremely patient and "did everything that he could to help his opposers see their mistake, holding a number of meetings with them, trying to reason with them and show them how contrary their course was to the Society's charter".[169]



 A 1940 Rutherford booklet "exposing" a Catholic campaign of mob violence against Jehovah's Witnesses
According to Wills, Rutherford emerged from prison in 1919 bitter against the world and the collusion he saw between the clergy and military that had secured his imprisonment. Soon after his release he coined the term "Satan's organization" to refer to this supposed conspiracy.[178] In Watchtower articles Rutherford was similarly scathing towards big business, politics and the League of Nations.[179] Rogerson describes Rutherford's attitude towards the clergy—his avowed enemies—as "unadulterated hatred".[72] His attacks on clergymen, particularly those of the Catholic Church, from the late 1920s were strong enough to attract a ban on his broadcasts by the NBC radio network, which condemned his "rabid attack upon organized religion and the clergy".[180] He also applied criticizing terms to those who had deserted Watch Tower ranks, calling them the "evil servant".[181] He urged readers to view with contempt anyone who had "openly rebelled against God's order or commandments"[182] and also described elective elders of the 1930s who refused to submit to Watch Tower Society administrative changes as "despicable".[183]
Wills states that Rutherford seemed to relish his descriptions of how completely the wicked would be destroyed at Armageddon, dwelling at great length on prophecies of destruction. He claims that towards the close of his ministry Rutherford spent about half of each year's Watchtowers writing about Armageddon.[184]
According to Penton, Rutherford's austerity—evidenced by his distaste for Christmas, birthday parties and other popular customs[185] that were described as of pagan origin or that encouraged creature worship and were not to be observed[186]—led in turn to austerity becoming a part of Witness life. In 1938, he directed that singing be dispensed with at congregation meetings;[187][188][189][190] singing was reinstated soon after his death.[191]
Rutherford's books and magazine articles reveal his strong views on "the proper place of women" in the church and society. In a 1931 book he linked the post-1919 rise of women's movements that encouraged equality of the sexes with satanic influence,[192] and claimed the custom of men tipping their hats to women or standing when a woman approached was a scheme of the devil to turn men from God and indicated an effeminate streak in men who practiced the custom.[187] Mother's Day was similarly described as part of a plan to turn people away from God.[193] In 1938 he urged adherents to delay marriage and child-bearing until after Armageddon,[194] which Wills claims prompted a strong community bias among Witnesses against marriage. Those who did marry, says Wills, were considered to be weak in faith.[195] At a 1941 convention in Missouri he quoted Rudyard Kipling's description of women as "a rag and a bone and a hank of hair".[187][196]
Former Jehovah's Witness and former Governing Body member Raymond Franz claimed there was no evidence Rutherford engaged in door-to-door ministry despite his assertion that it was a requirement and sacred duty of all Witnesses. Franz claimed to have heard Rutherford's associates say his responsibilities as president "do not permit his engaging in this activity".[197] Macmillan, however, related details of Rutherford's home preaching in 1905 or 1906 when he was baptized,[198] and a 1975 article quoted several Witnesses relating their experiences with Rutherford in the house-to-house ministry in the 1920s.[199] The official history of Jehovah's Witnesses also notes, "Rutherford personally shared with other conventioners as they engaged in the work of Kingdom proclamation from house to house."[200] On August 2, 1928 in a meeting with the Bible Student elders who had attended a general convention in Detroit, Michigan Rutherford listed his responsibilities and concluded "when I have attended to many other details, I have not had very much time to go from door to door."[201]
Authors William Whalen and James Penton have claimed that Rutherford was to Russell what Brigham Young was to Mormon prophet Joseph Smith. Penton contends that both Russell and Smith were capable religious leaders but naive visionaries, while Rutherford and Young were "hard-bitten pragmatists who gave a degree of permanency to the movements they dominated".[202][203]
Personal life[edit]



Beth Sarim was built in San Diego, California in 1929. Rutherford died at the property in 1942.
Rutherford married Mary Malcolm Fetzer of Boonville, Missouri on December 31, 1891. Their only child, Malcolm Cleveland, was born on November 10, 1892.[204] The couple separated after Joseph Rutherford became president of the Watch Tower Society.[157] Mary remained an active member of the Jehovah's Witnesses until becoming confined to her home in the years before her death in 1962 at age 93.[205]
Rutherford had reportedly lost the use of one lung from pneumonia suffered during his imprisonment in 1918 and 1919; finding New York's winter weather "impossible", Rutherford was encouraged by a doctor to "spend as much time as possible" in a more favorable climate.[206] In 1929, a residence named Beth Sarim (literally, House of Princes) was constructed at San Diego, California for Rutherford's use,[207][208] initially as winter accommodation and later as a full-time residence.[205][209] He died at the property in 1942. The villa was sold in 1948, with The Watchtower declaring, "It had fully served its purpose and was now only serving as a monument quite expensive to keep."[210]
The standard of Rutherford's accommodation and his personal conduct attracted criticism from some Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses in the 1930s. Walter F. Salter, the Society's former branch manager in Canada, wrote a public letter to Rutherford in 1937, the month he was expelled from the religion, claiming that Rutherford had exclusive use of "luxurious" and "expensive" residences (in Brooklyn, Staten Island, Germany, and San Diego), as well as two Cadillacs[211][212][213] and alleged that on more than one occasion he had purchased for Rutherford cases of whiskey, brandy, beer and other liquors, and 'go from "drink to drink"'.[214] In July 1939 Olin R. Moyle, legal counsel for the Society, wrote an open letter of resignation to the president, in which he complained about behavior of some members of the Watch Tower Society, including Rutherford himself, that he considered excessive and inappropriate. Moyle mentioned California when discussing "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren." Moyle also accused Rutherford of "unkind treatment of the staff, outbursts of anger, discrimination and vulgar language" and condemned his allowing the "glorification of alcohol" at Bethel.[215][216][217] Penton notes that Moyle was a "teetotaller" and "puritanical", but claims Rutherford's drinking habits were "notorious" and cites unnamed former Brooklyn Bethel workers who told of occasional difficulties in getting Rutherford to the podium to give public talks due to inebriation.[218]
Death and burial[edit]
From the age of 70, Rutherford underwent several medical treatments for cancer of the colon.[219] This included an operation on November 5, 1941, which found "carcinoma of the rectal sigmoid". Doctors gave him less than six months to live.[21] Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on January 8, 1942 at the age of 72.[220] Cause of death was "uraemia due to carcinoma of the rectum due to pelvic metastasis."[21]
A Watch Tower Society staff member said of the announcement of Rutherford's death, "It was at noontime when the family was assembled for lunch. ... The announcement was brief. There were no speeches. No one took the day off to mourn. Rather, we went back to the factory and worked harder than ever."[219]
Rutherford's burial was delayed for five months[202] due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim, which he had previously expressed to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters.[221][222] According to Consolation, "Judge Rutherford looked for the early triumph of 'the King of the East', Christ Jesus, now leading the host of heaven, and he desired to be buried at dawn facing the rising sun, in an isolated part of the ground which would be administered by the princes, who should return from their graves."[223] Based on his claims that resurrected biblical characters would live at Beth Sarim, Rutherford concluded that it was appropriate that his bones be buried on the property.[224]
The legal problem arose because Beth Sarim was not a legally zoned cemetery.[225] Witnesses collected more than 14,000 signatures for two petitions—one supporting his burial at Beth Sarim, another for a second preferred site on a nearby Watch Tower Society property named Beth-Shan—that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted.[226] Consolation condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at either property, stating "It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord. ... So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan."[227][228][229]
Speculation that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim has been called "private rumor", 'frequently disproven', and "myth".[230][231][232] The May 4, 1942 issue of Time magazine noted Rutherford's burial at Rossville, New York, on Staten Island;[233] a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.[234][235] In 2002, a caretaker at the immediately adjoining graveyard answered an inquiry about Watch Tower's graveyard by noting, "I couldn't tell you who is buried on it because it has absolutely no markers or headstones".[236]
Rutherford was succeeded by Nathan Homer Knorr as president of the Watch Tower Society.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Leo P. Chall, Sociological Abstracts, vol 26 issues 1–3, "Sociology of Religion", 1978, p. 193 col 2: "Rutherford, through the Watch Tower Society, succeeded in changing all aspects of the sect from 1919 to 1932 and created Jehovah's Witnesses—a charismatic offshoot of the Bible student community."
2.Jump up ^ "The Embryonic State of a Religious Sect's Development: The Jehovah's Witnesses" Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain, ed. Michael Hill, 1972, issue 5 pp 11–12: "Joseph Franklin Rutherford succeeded to Russell's position as President of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, but only at the expense of antagonizing a large proportion of the Watch Towers subscribers. Nevertheless, he persisted in moulding the Society to suit his own programme of activist evangelism under systematic central control, and he succeeded in creating the administrative structure of the present-day sect of Jehovah's Witnesses."
3.Jump up ^ The Twentieth century, vol 153, 1953 p. 14: "This latter phenomenon, perhaps the most widely spread politico-religious movement at the present time, is linked, as are so many, with a source in America, in this case Judge Rutherford, the New York founder of Jehovah's Witnesses."
4.Jump up ^ An Encyclopedia of Religion, by Vergilius Ferm, 1945, p. 674; New York Times, January 7, 1917, Section I, p. 9.
5.Jump up ^ P.S.L. Johnson, The Present Truth and Herald of Christ's Epiphany, April 1927, p. 66: "Since the Fall of 1923 ... from 20,000 to 30,000 Truth people the world over have left the Society."
6.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 50
7.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 37
8.Jump up ^ "Postwar Enlargement of the Theocratic Organization", The Watchtower, July 15, 1950, p. 217
9.Jump up ^ Beckford 1975, p. 24
10.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 75
11.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 64
12.Jump up ^ "Testing and Sifting in Modern Times", The Watchtower, June 15, 1987, p. 17
13.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 53
14.Jump up ^ Riches, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1936, p. 27, "Jesus was crucified, not on a cross... Jesus was crucified by nailing his body to a tree. ...(Deuteronomy 21:22,23) ... (Galatians 3:13) ... Acts 5:30."
15.Jump up ^ "Flashes of Light—Great and Small", The Watchtower, May 15, 1995, p. 20.
16.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 319
17.Jump up ^ Consolation, May 27, 1942, p. 6. It is not clear from this publication whether this included the distribution of Russell's earlier writings.
18.Jump up ^ "Part 1—United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 94, "...earthwide report shows that the Memorial of Jesus Christ’s death on April 5, 1917, was attended by 21,274.
19.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, pp. 312–313: Memorial attendance figures in Rutherford's final years were 98,076 (1941) and 140,450 (1942)
20.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 47.
21.^ Jump up to: a b c Dept. of Public Health, San Diego California, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, Certificate of Death issued February 6, 1942
22.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 34.
23.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 81
24.^ Jump up to: a b c Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 67
25.^ Jump up to: a b "Modern History of Jehovah’s Witnesses", Watchtower, March 15, 1955, p. 175.
26.^ Jump up to: a b Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Visions of Glory – A History and Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses, Simon & Schuster, 1978, chapter 6.
27.^ Jump up to: a b The New York Times, January 17, 1919, Section I, p. 9, As Retrieved 2010-03-02
28.Jump up ^ "Religion: Jehovah's Witness", Time magazine, June 10, 1935, Online
29.Jump up ^ Biographies of Rutherford in the March 15, 1955 Watchtower and 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses state that his appointment as Special Judge was in the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit.
30.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 83
31.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 131 Wills (p. 131) claims Rutherford had never doubted God's existence, but Wills does not cite a source for that claim.
32.Jump up ^ The Watchtower (October 1, 1997, p. 6) cites a 1913 newspaper interview wherein Rutherford describes becoming an atheist after a Baptist minister claimed Rutherford's wife Mary would go to Hell because she had not been baptized.
33.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 67
34.Jump up ^ "British Branch report", Watch Tower, January 15, 1915, p. 26, Reprints 5616.
35.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 30
36.Jump up ^ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1991, p. 73.
37.Jump up ^ "Judge Rutherford's Spicy Defense", Watch Tower, May 1, 1915, p. 130. R5685.
38.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 647
39.Jump up ^ Russell's Last Will and Testament, The Watch Tower, December 15, 1916.
40.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 48
41.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 68
42.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 70
43.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 71
44.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 5,6
45.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, p. 4
46.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, p. 12
47.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 22–23
48.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose (1959) p. 71, col. 2
49.Jump up ^ Light After Darkness (September 1, 1917) p. 11
50.Jump up ^ Facts for Shareholders (November 15, 1917) p. 14
51.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 14,15
52.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, p. 9
53.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 68
54.Jump up ^ Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (1993) identifies opposing sides as "those loyal to the Society and those who were easy prey to the smooth talk of the opposers" (p. 68). Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses (1975) dismisses the four ousted directors as "rebellious individuals who claimed to be board members" (p. 87) and men who "ambitiously sought to gain administrative control of the Society" (p. 92).
55.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, pp. 93–94
56.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 39
57.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 97
58.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, p. 11
59.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watchtower. 1959. p. 70.
60.Jump up ^ Lawson, John D., American State Trials, vol 13, Thomas Law Book Company, 1921, p. viii: "After his death and after we were in the war they issued a seventh volume of this series, entitled "The Finished Mystery," which, under the guise of being a posthumous work of Pastor Russell, included an attack on the war and an attack on patriotism, which were not written by Pastor Russell and could not have possibly been written by him."
61.Jump up ^ Crompton, Robert. Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. 1996. pp 84–85: "One of Rutherford's first actions as president ... was, without reference either to his fellow directors or to the editorial committee which Russell had nominated in his will, to commission a seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures. Responsibility for preparing this volume was given to two of Russell's close associates, George H. Fisher and Clayton J. Woodworth. On the face of it, their brief was to edit for publication the notes left by Russell ... and to draw upon his published writings ... It is obvious ... that it was not in any straightforward sense the result of editing Russell's papers, rather it was in large measure the original work of Woodworth and Fisher at the behest of the new president."
62.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 40
63.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, October 1, 1917, January 1, 1918.
64.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 100
65.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 41
66.^ Jump up to: a b Macmillan 1957, p. 85
67.Jump up ^ The initial delivery was entitled "The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living May Never Die". See:
 "Noteworthy Events in the Modern-day History of Jehovah’s Witnesses", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom", 1993 Watch Tower, p. 719, "1918 The discourse “The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living May Never Die” is first delivered, on February 24, in Los Angeles, California. On March 31, in Boston, Massachusetts, the talk is entitled “The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living Will Never Die” [emphasis added]
68.Jump up ^ Los Angeles Morning Tribune, February 25, 1918, as recorded in Faith on the March by A. H. Macmillan, 1957, p. 86
69.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 89
70.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 106
71.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, pp. 105,106
72.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 44
73.^ Jump up to: a b Penton 1997, p. 56
74.Jump up ^ The Golden Age, volume 1, number 1, October 1, 1919, cover, As Retrieved 2010-02-16
75.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 53,54
76.Jump up ^ "Annual report for 1920", The Watchtower, December 15, 1920, "At the beginning of the fiscal year there were only 225 active colporteurs in the field. The number has now increased to 350, all of whom are devoting their entire time to the service ... In addition to the colporteurs there are reported to this office 8,052 class workers."
77.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 57
78.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 52,53
79.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 54
80.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 131
81.^ Jump up to: a b c Penton 1997, p. 60
82.Jump up ^ Watchtower March 1, 1925 p. 72 col 2
83.Jump up ^ Watchtower December 15, 1929 pp 371–77: "Briefly, then, these prophecies and the dates of their fulfilment [sic] are as follows, to wit: The fixed "time of the end" is October 1, 1914 A.D. The 1260-day period ended in April, 1918. The 1290-day period ended September, 1922. The 1335-day period of blessedness began May, 1926, and goes on for ever."
84.Jump up ^ The Harp of God, 1928 edition
85.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 58
86.Jump up ^ Watchtower, March 1, 1925 pp 67–74. In the content list on the cover the article is entitled Birth of a Nation, but the article itself on page 67 is entitled Birth of the Nation
87.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 59
88.^ Jump up to: a b Watchtower, July 1, 1938, p. 201.
89.Jump up ^ WTB&TS, "God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached" (1973) p. 347
90.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 121
91.Jump up ^ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1933, p. 11.
92.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 55
93.Jump up ^ Wills, pp. 149–151
94.Jump up ^ Penton, p. 64
95.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, pp. 177–179
96.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 176
97.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 175
98.Jump up ^ Watchtower July 15, 1933 pp. 214-15: "Beginning to count from the transgression resulting by reason of the League of Nations, and the giving of notice, which must begin May 25, 1926, the twenty-three hundred days, or six years, four months, and twenty days, would end October 15, 1932...What, then, took place at the end of the twenty-three-hundred-day period? The Watchtower, issues of August 15 and September 1, 1932, brought before God's people the Scriptural proof that the office of "elective elder", chosen or selected by vote of creatures, does not Scripturally exist, and that therefore the selection of elders by such means should end." In 1971 the Watchtower Society changed the interpretation ending the 2300 days in 1944 rather than 1932.
99.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, pp. 167–172
100.Jump up ^ Watchtower, February 15, 1933.
101.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom chap. 20 p. 319, 721
102.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 57
103.Jump up ^ "Testing and Sifting in Modern Times", The Watchtower, June 15, 1987, p. 18.
104.Jump up ^ Consolation, September 4, 1940, p. 25, as cited by Penton, p. 61.
105.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 201
106.Jump up ^ Watchtower, June 15, 1938.
107.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, p. 110
108.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, pp. 312–313
109.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 142, 146, 157–159
110.Jump up ^ 1931 Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, p. 57.
111.^ Jump up to: a b Wills 2007, p. 223
112.Jump up ^ Yearbook, 1942, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, p. 29.
113.Jump up ^ The Finished Mystery, 1917, p. 2: "POSTHUMOUS WORK OF PASTOR RUSSELL His Last Legacy to the Dear Israel of God (Matt. 20:9)"
114.Jump up ^ The Bible Students Monthly, December 1917, vol. 9 no. 9, p. 1: "The following article is extracted mainly from Pastor Russell's posthumous volume entitled "THE FINISHED MYSTERY," the 7th in the series of his STUDIES IN THE SCRIPTURES and published subsequent to his death... In this posthumous volume, which is called his "last legacy to the Christians of earth" is found a thorough exposition of every verse in the entire Book of Revelation."
115.Jump up ^ Tony Mills, A People for His Name, 2007, pp 97–8: "While he keeps faithfully to Russell's comments in most cases, there are a few times when he goes beyond Russell's plainly stated interpretation. In some of the chapters of Revelation on which Russell left no comments his imagination wandered free. He ridicules John Wesley, whom Russell admired, and his Methodist movement. He calls Europeans "the most cruel, bloodthirsty, quarrelsome, rapacious people on earth," a thought Russell denied. He ridicules Calvinists by saying that they have "lost their manhood, reason and common sense." He ridicules politics, patriotism, religion and almost everything the world holds holy, without (as Russell was careful to do) presenting the good along with the bad."
116.Jump up ^ Bible Students Tract Society, Notes and Comments on the Finished Mystery, Feb. 1919, pp 6–7: "Thus we have Bro. Woodworth's distinct statement that none of these interpretations of Revelation are Pastor Russell's, but another's [sic] (presumably his own)... Have Pastor Russell's interpretations been followed? To this we reply that in many cases they have not. On the contrary, entirely contradictory ones are frequently given."
117.Jump up ^ The Time is at Hand, 1889, p. 183: "Reckoned from the beginning of the seventy years desolation under Babylon, the great cycle [50x50] ends with the year A.D. 1875."
118.Jump up ^ Millions Now Living Will Never Die!, 1920, p.88 : "A simple calculation of these jubilees brings us to this important fact: Seventy jubilees of fifty years each would be a total of 3500 years. That period of time beginning 1575 before A.D. 1 of necessity would end in the fall of the year 1925."
119.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower April 15, 1916 p. 127: "We cannot help it that many of the dear friends continue to tell what THE WATCH TOWER believes, and to misrepresent its teachings. Our kindest thought must be that they are not giving much heed to its teachings. Otherwise they would know from its columns that we are not looking forward to 1925, nor to any other date. As expressly stated in THE WATCH TOWER, we are simply going on, our last date or appointment having been passed more than a year ago...we have no different time in mind from the Scriptures on the subject and do not expect to have any."
120.Jump up ^ Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices, 1920, Appendix of Notes pp 133–155: "Thirty-nine years have passed since the publication of this little booklet; and during that time some of the teachings herein contained have come to be seen in clearer light – even as the details of a mountain become more discernible the closer one draws to it. In harmony with these clearer understandings we suggest the following alterations in appendix form, leaving the text intact out of deference to the honored and beloved writer of the booklet."
121.Jump up ^ Watchtower, December 15, 1922, p. 394.
122.Jump up ^ "How Long, O Lord?", Zion's Watch Tower, January 1881.
123.Jump up ^ Watchtower June 1, 1927 p. 166.
124.Jump up ^ Light by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1930, p 226.
125.Jump up ^ The Golden Age May 7, 1930 p. 503
126.Jump up ^ The Golden Age March 14, 1934 p 380 "Prior to 1914 and years thereafter we thought that our Lord's return dated from 1874; and we took it for granted that the parousia or presence of our Lord dated from that time. An examination of the scriptures containing the word parousia shows that the presence of the Lord could not date prior to 1914."
127.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 154,155
128.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 47
129.Jump up ^ "Can This World’s Armageddon Be Avoided?", Watchtower, December 1, 1966, p. 730.
130.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 124
131.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 181, 182
132.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 69
133.Jump up ^ J.F. Rutherford, Prophecy, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1929, pp. 319, 328–333
134.Jump up ^ J.F. Rutherford, Vindication, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1931, pp. 9–14, 65–68, 135.
135.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 143
136.Jump up ^ "Character or Covenant – Which?", The Watchtower, May 1, 1926
137.Jump up ^ Watchtower, January 1, 1927, p. 7.
138.Jump up ^ Watchtower July 15, 1933 p. 214 col 2
139.Jump up ^ The Golden Age, December 14, 1927, "The Origin of Christmas", pp 178–79
140.Jump up ^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1974, p. 147
141.Jump up ^ Vindication book 1, 1931, pp 158–60: "On the face of it the arrangement of "Mother's Day" seems harmless and calculated to do good. But the people are in ignorance of Satan's subtle hand in the matter, and that he is back of the movement, to turn the people away from God... Neither the man nor the woman should be worshiped for doing right, because such doing of right is their duty. Creature worship of any kind is wrong and an abomination in the sight of God."
142.Jump up ^ George Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses, 2008, p. 21
143.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993, p. 199
144.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 38
145.Jump up ^ J. F. Rutherford, Favored People, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, as cited by Wills, 2007, p. 129.
146.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 46
147.Jump up ^ Thy Kingdom Come, pp. 309–376
148.Jump up ^ The Messenger, August 5, 1928 p. 1: "When the Lord spoke of hiding his people in his secret place he was not talking about any chambers in the pyramid, built by the Devil himself."
149.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, November 15, 1928
150.Jump up ^ Great Pyramid Passages, 1924, reprint by Portland Area Bible Students, 1988, pp i–xxxviii
151.Jump up ^ The Messenger, August 5, 1928 p. 2: "It sure did set the tongues wagging at the Fair Grounds and resulted in another overhauling of the old trunk wherein are kept a few choice relics of what, until recently, we honestly believed the Bible teaches."
152.Jump up ^ Light book 1 and 2, 1930
153.Jump up ^ Light book 1, 1930, p. 106
154.Jump up ^ The Finished Mystery, 1917
155.Jump up ^ Gruss, p. 172
156.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, Nov 15, 1916, p. 343
157.^ Jump up to: a b Penton 1997, p. 72
158.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, p. 140
159.Jump up ^ Yearbook, 1936, p. 22, "The saluting of or salutation to a flag means this: 'I depend on what the flag represents for my salvation. Those who know and serve God in spirit and in truth look to Jehovah God for salvation, and not to any man or any man-made organization. It therefore follows that the saluting of any flag by those who are in covenant with Jehovah God to do his will constitutes the breaking of that covenant with God, and such covenant breakers are guilty of death."
160.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 214–224
161.Jump up ^ American Bar Association's Bill of Rights Review, Vol 2, No.4, Summer 1942, p. 262.
162.Jump up ^ Riches, 1936, p. 27: "Jesus was crucified, not on a cross of wood, such as is exhibited in many images and pictures, and which images are made and exhibited by men; Jesus was crucified by nailing his body to a tree."
163.Jump up ^ Herbert H. Stroup, The Jehovah's Witnesses, Columbia University Press, 1945, p. 16.
164.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 47
165.^ Jump up to: a b Wills 2007, p. 131
166.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, pp. 68, 69
167.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 83
168.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, pp. 150,151
169.^ Jump up to: a b Macmillan 1957, p. 77
170.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 107
171.Jump up ^ P.S.L. Johnson's Harvest Siftings Reviewed (1917, p.17) relates an incident in which an enraged Rutherford rushed at him in a confrontation in Brooklyn Bethel, grabbed at his arm and "almost jerked me off my feet". Johnson complains that in an earlier hearing of complaints against him, Rutherford treated him to "sneers, sarcasm and ridicule. His face expressed more contempt than that of any other face upon which I have ever looked."(p.14)
172.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 47–48
173.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 35
174.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 51
175.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 3,4
176.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 51, 53
177.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, p. 17
178.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 132
179.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 131–138
180.Jump up ^ Yearbook, 1930, p. 38
181.Jump up ^ The term was drawn from the account of the "faithful servant" and "evil servant" of Matthew 24:45–51.
182.Jump up ^ Watchtower, February 15, 1933, p. 55.
183.Jump up ^ Watchtower, March 15, 1938, p.87
184.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 154
185.Jump up ^ J.F.Rutherford, Vindication, Vol I, pp. 188, 189, as cited by Wills, p. 139.
186.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 147
187.^ Jump up to: a b c Penton 1997, p. 66
188.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, p. 215
189.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 241, "singing in local congregations was largely dispensed with in about 1938"
190.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, May 1, 1938, p 139, "At all study meetings...the one presiding at the study might well, as a prelude to the meeting, briefly state God’s purpose which is now being performed... two minutes might well be devoted to such at the beginning of all meetings for study [by] the one presiding... A few words like the above pronounced at the beginning of the study would be far more beneficial than to occupy the same time in singing songs, which often express much that is out of harmony with the truth"
191.Jump up ^ "Music’s Place in Modern Worship", The Watchtower, February 1, 1997, pp 26–27, "In 1938 singing at congregation meetings was largely dispensed with. However, the wisdom of following apostolic example and direction soon prevailed. At the 1944 district convention, F. W. Franz...announced the release of the Kingdom Service Song Book for use at the weekly service meetings."
192.Jump up ^ J.F.Rutherford, Vindication, Vol I, pp. 155–159, as cited by Wills, p. 139.
193.Jump up ^ J.F.Rutherford, Vindication, Vol I, pp. 155–157, as cited by Wills, p. 139.
194.Jump up ^ Watchtower, November 15, 1938, p. 346.
195.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 138
196.Jump up ^ Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Visions of Glory – A History and Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses, Simon & Schuster, 1978, chapter 3.
197.Jump up ^ Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, Commentary Press, 2007, pp. 191–192
198.Jump up ^ "Part 1—United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1975 Watch Tower, p 83
199.Jump up ^ "Part 2—United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1975 Watch Tower, p 133
200.Jump up ^ "Conventions Proof of Our Brotherhood", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993 Watch Tower, p 260
201.Jump up ^ The Messenger, August 3, 1928 p. 5: "Frequently some elder says: "The president of the Society does not go from house to house selling books. Why should I?" ... When I have looked after the management of the work at headquarters with its many departments; when I have given attention to a voluminous mail; when I have managed thirty odd branch offices in different parts of the earth and kept in close touch with them by correspondence and examination of their reports, and given advice and counsel as to what shall be done; when I have given attention to may [sic] legal matters that have arisen against members of the Society by reason of the opposition of the enemy; when I have given counsel to the various parts of the radio work; when I have prepared copy for The Watch Tower and other publications; and occasionally written a book or booklet and followed its progress through the manufacturing thereof; and when I have attended to many other details, I have not had very much time to go from door to door."
202.^ Jump up to: a b Prof. William J. Whalen, Armageddon Around the Corner: A report on Jehovah's Witnesses, John Day, New York, 1962, page 67
203.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 75–76
204.Jump up ^ St. Paul Enterprise January 16, 1917 p. 1
205.^ Jump up to: a b "Advertise the King and the Kingdom! (1919–1941)", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993 Watch Tower, p 89
206.Jump up ^ "Advertise the King and the Kingdom! (1919–1941)", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993 Watch Tower, p 75
207.Jump up ^ "Beth-Sarim – Much Talked About House" (PDF), The Messenger (Watchtower), July 25, 1931: 6, 8. (17MB)
208.Jump up ^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1974 Watch Tower, p 194, "In time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for Brother Rutherford’s use."
209.Jump up ^ New York Times Deeds San Diego Home To Kings of Israel; Judge Rutherford in the Interim Occupies the House and Drives the Cars March 19, 1930 p. 31
210.Jump up ^ Watchtower, December 15, 1947, as cited by Proclaimers, 1993, p. 76.
211.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 72,73
212.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, May 15. 1937, p 159
213.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich by M. James Penton, University of Toronto Press, 2004, p 368; though Salter's letter was dated "April 1, 1937", Penton writes, "Salter had broken with the Watch Tower Society and had been excommunicated from the Witness community at the time he wrote the letter."
214.Jump up ^ Letter to Rutherford by Walter Salter, reproduced in Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich: sectarian politics under persecution by M. James Penton, University of Toronto Press, 2004, pp. 365-7., "I, at your orders would purchase cases of whiskey at $60.00 a case, and cases of brandy and other liquors, to say nothing of untold cases of beer. A bottle or two of liquor would not do... [Rutherford] sends us out from door to door to face the enemy while he goes from 'drink to drink,' and tells us if we don't we are going to be destroyed."
215.Jump up ^ Moyle letter to Rutherford, July 21, 1939.
216.Jump up ^ Tony Wills (2007), A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation, Lulu.com, pp. 202–204, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
217.Jump up ^ Society directors defended Rutherford in an October 1939 Watchtower article, accusing Moyle of lies and "wicked slander" and claimed he was a "Judas" trying to cause division. Moyle successfully sued the board of directors for libel, collecting $15,000 plus court costs. See Penton, pp. 80–83 and Wills, pp. 202–205.
218.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 72,73: "Although Jehovah's Witnesses have done everything possible to hide accounts of the judge's drinking habits, they are simply too notorious to be denied. Former workers at the Watch Tower's New York headquarters recount tales of his inebriation and drunken stupors. Others tell stories of how difficult it sometimes was to get him to the podium to give talks at conventions because of his drunkenness. In San Diego, California, where he spent his winters from 1930 until his death, an elderly lady still speaks of how she sold him great quantities of liquor when he came to purchase medicines in her husband's drugstore."
219.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 89
220.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 64. ISBN 0094559406.
221.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, p. 90
222.Jump up ^ "Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader", The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida), January 26, 1942: 18
223.Jump up ^ Consolation, May 27, 1942.
224.Jump up ^ Consolation, May 27, 1942 Missing or empty |title= (help)
225.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 74
226.Jump up ^ "San Diego officials line up against New Earth's princes", Consolation, May 27, 1942, pp. 6,9
227.Jump up ^ "No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary", San Diego Union, February 18, 1942
228.Jump up ^ Beth Shan—The Watchtower's "House of Security"
229.Jump up ^ Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes (PDF)
230.Jump up ^ Leonard & Marjorie Chretien (1988), Witnesses of Jehovah, Harvest House, p. 49, ISBN 0-89081-587-9
231.Jump up ^ San Diego Reader, June 28, 2008
232.Jump up ^ Mallios et al. (2007), Cemeteries of San Diego, Arcadia Publishing, p. 112, ISBN 978-0-7385-4714-5
233.Jump up ^ "Buried", Time, May 4, 1942
234.Jump up ^ "Announcements", The Watchtower, October 1, 1966, p 608
235.Jump up ^ "San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes", Consolation (Watchtower), May 27, 1942: 9, 14–16
236.Jump up ^ Van Amburgh, W. E. (2005), The way to paradise, An enlarged replica of the International Bible Students Association's original 1924 book, Lulu.com, pp. 45, 46, ISBN 1-4116-5971-6, retrieved July 12, 2009
Bibliography[edit]
Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16310-7.
Johnson, Paul S.L. (November 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings Reviewed (PDF), retrieved July 21, 2009
Macmillan, A.H. (1957), Faith on the March (PDF), Prentice-Hall
Penton, James M. (1997), Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-7973-3
Pierson, A.N. et al. (September 1, 1917), Light After Darkness (PDF), retrieved July 21, 2009
Rogerson, Alan (1969), Millions Now Living Will Never Die, Constable, London, ISBN 0-09-455940-6
Rutherford, J.F. (August 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009
Rutherford, J.F. (October 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings, Part II (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009
Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society (1975), 1975 Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society
Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society (1959), Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society
Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society (1993), Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society
Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Franklin Rutherford.
Rutherford and associates 1919 Application for Executive Clemency
Original schism documents 1917 to 1929
Online collection of Rutherford's writings
Works by Joseph Franklin Rutherford at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Joseph Franklin Rutherford at Internet Archive
News clippings relating to Judge Rutherford
News clippings from Rutherford's "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" campaign
Preceded by
Charles Taze Russell President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
 January 6, 1917 – January 8, 1942 Succeeded by
Nathan H. Knorr


Authority control
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 VIAF: 95206017 ·
 LCCN: n88058968 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0001 0927 2772 ·
 GND: 134036360 ·
 NDL: 00550716
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


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Joseph Franklin Rutherford

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Joseph Franklin Rutherford
J.F. Rutherford.gif
Joseph Franklin Rutherford

Born
November 8, 1869
Versailles, Missouri, U.S.
Died
January 8, 1942 (aged 72)
San Diego, California, U.S.
Nationality
American
Occupation
Lawyer
Religion
Jehovah's Witnesses
Spouse(s)
Mary Malcolm Fetzer
Children
Malcolm Rutherford
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Joseph Franklin Rutherford (November 8, 1869 – January 8, 1942), also known as "Judge" Rutherford, was the second president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. He played a primary role in the organization and doctrinal development of Jehovah's Witnesses,[1][2][3] which emerged from the Bible Student movement established by Charles Taze Russell.
Rutherford began a career in law, working as a court stenographer, trial lawyer and prosecutor. He became a special judge in the 14th Judicial District of Missouri at some time after 1895.[4] He developed an interest in the doctrines of Watch Tower Society president Charles Taze Russell, which led to his joining the Bible Student movement, and he was baptized in 1906. He was appointed the legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society in 1907, as well as a traveling representative prior to his election as president in 1917. His early presidency was marked by a dispute with the Society's board of directors, in which four of its seven members accused him of autocratic behavior and sought to reduce his powers. The resulting leadership crisis divided the Bible Student community and contributed to the loss of one-seventh of adherents by 1919 and thousands more by 1931.[5][6][7] Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower executives were imprisoned in 1918 after charges were laid over the publication of The Finished Mystery, a book deemed seditious for its opposition to World War I.[8][9]
Rutherford introduced many organizational and doctrinal changes that helped shape the current beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses.[10][11] He imposed a centralized administrative structure on the worldwide Bible Student movement, which he later called a theocracy, requiring all adherents to distribute literature via door to door preaching and to provide regular reports of their activity.[12][13] He also instituted training programs for public speaking as part of their weekly meetings for worship. He established 1914 as the date of Christ's invisible return, asserted that Christ died on a tree rather than a cross,[14][15] formulated the current Witness concept of Armageddon as God's war on the wicked, and reinforced the belief that the start of Christ's millennial reign was imminent. He condemned the observance of traditional celebrations such as Christmas and birthdays, the saluting of national flags and the singing of national anthems. He introduced the name "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931 and the term "Kingdom Hall" for houses of worship in 1935.[16]
He wrote twenty-one books and was credited by the Society in 1942 with the distribution of almost 400 million books and booklets.[17] Despite significant decreases during the 1920s, overall membership increased more than sixfold by the end of Rutherford's 25 years as president.[18][19]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life 1.1 Law career
2 Watch Tower Society 2.1 Board of directors
2.2 Presidency dispute
3 The Finished Mystery 3.1 Imprisonment and release
4 Reorganization 4.1 Administrative changes
4.2 Doctrinal changes
5 Character and attitudes
6 Personal life
7 Death and burial
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links

Early life[edit]
Rutherford was born on November 8, 1869 to James Calvin Rutherford and Leonora Strickland and raised in near-poverty in a Baptist farm family. Some sources list his place of birth as Boonville, Missouri, but according to his death certificate he was born in Versailles, Missouri.[20][21] Rutherford developed an interest in law from the age of 16.[22] Although his father discouraged this interest, he allowed Rutherford to go to college under the condition that he pay for a laborer to take his place on the family farm. Rutherford took out a loan[23] and helped to pay for his law studies by working as a door-to-door encyclopedia salesman and court stenographer.[24]
Law career[edit]
Rutherford spent two years as a judge's intern, became an official court reporter at age 20, and was admitted to the Missouri bar in May 1892 at age 22.[24] He became a trial lawyer for a law firm[25] and later served for four years in Boonville as a public prosecutor. He campaigned briefly for Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan.[26] He was appointed as a Special Judge in the Eighth Judicial Circuit Court of Missouri,[24][27][28][29] sitting as a substitute judge at least once when a regular judge was unable to hold court.[23] As a result of this appointment he became known by the sobriquet "Judge" Rutherford. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1909 and admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States the same year.[30]
Watch Tower Society[edit]



 Joseph F. Rutherford (1911)
In 1894 Rutherford purchased the first three volumes of Charles Taze Russell's Millennial Dawn series of Bible study textbooks from two colporteurs who visited his office. Rutherford, who then viewed all religions as insincere, shallow and hypocritical, was struck by Russell's sincerity and his sentiments towards religion, which mirrored his own view.[31][32] Rutherford immediately wrote to the Watch Tower Society to express appreciation for the books.[33] He was baptized twelve years later and he and his wife began holding Bible classes in their home.[26] In 1907, he became legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society at its Pittsburgh headquarters, and from around that time began to give public talks as a "pilgrim" representative of the Society.[25] As Russell's health deteriorated, Rutherford represented him on trips to Europe[34] and in April 1915 he was deputized to speak at a major debate with Baptist preacher J. H. Troy over four nights in Los Angeles before an audience of 12,000,[35] debating various subjects, including the state of the dead, hellfire and Christ's Second Coming.[36] Rutherford wrote a pamphlet, A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, in defense of Russell[37] and served as chairman of the Bible Students' Los Angeles convention in September 1916.
Board of directors[edit]
By 1916 Rutherford had become one of the seven directors of the Watch Tower Society; when Russell died on October 31, 1916 he joined vice-President Alfred I. Ritchie and Secretary-Treasurer William E. Van Amburgh on a three-man executive committee that ran the Pennsylvania corporation until a new president was elected at the annual general meeting the following January.[38] He also joined a five-person editorial committee to run The Watch Tower from the December 15, 1916 issue. Russell's will, drawn up in 1907, had named the five people he wished to run the magazine after his death;[39] Rutherford appeared only on a second list of five alternative members to fill any vacancies that arose.[40]
Bible Student Alexander H. Macmillan, who served as an aide to the executive committee, later wrote that tensions at the Watch Tower Society headquarters mounted as the day for election of the Society's officers approached. He wrote: "A few ambitious ones at headquarters were holding caucuses here and there, doing a little electioneering to get their men in. However, Van Amburgh and I held a large number of votes. Many shareholders, knowing of our long association with Russell, sent their proxies to us to be cast for the one whom we thought best fitted for office."[41] Macmillan, who claimed he had declined an offer from an ailing Russell months earlier to accept the position of president after his death,[42] agreed with Van Amburgh that Rutherford was the best candidate. According to Macmillan, "Rutherford did not know what was going on. He certainly didn't do any electioneering or canvassing for votes, but I guess he was doing some worrying, knowing if he was elected he would have a big job on his hands ... There is no doubt in our minds that the Lord's will was done in this choice. It is certain that Rutherford himself had nothing to do with it."[43]
Presidency dispute[edit]
Main article: Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)
On January 6, 1917, Rutherford, aged 47, was elected president of the Watch Tower Society, unopposed, at the Pittsburgh convention. By-laws passed by both the Pittsburgh convention and the board of directors stated that the president would be the executive officer and general manager of the Society, giving him full charge of its affairs worldwide.[44]
By June, four of the seven Watch Tower Society directors—Robert H. Hirsh, Alfred I. Ritchie, Isaac F. Hoskins and James D. Wright— had decided they had erred in endorsing Rutherford's expanded powers of management, claiming Rutherford had become autocratic.[45] In June, Hirsch attempted to rescind the new by-laws and reclaim the board's authority from the president.[46] Rutherford later claimed he had by then detected a conspiracy among the directors to seize control of the society.[47] In July, Rutherford gained a legal opinion from a Philadelphia corporation lawyer that none of his opposers were legally directors of the society. The Watch Tower Society's official 1959 account of its history claimed the legal advice given to the ousted directors confirmed that given to Rutherford;[48] however, the pamphlets produced by the expelled board members at the time indicated that their legal advice, acquired from several attorneys, disagreed with Rutherford's.[49][50] On July 12, Rutherford filled what he claimed were four vacancies on the board, appointing Macmillan and Pennsylvania Bible Students W. E. Spill, J. A. Bohnet and George H. Fisher as directors.[51] Between August and November the society and the four ousted directors published a series of pamphlets, with each side accusing the other of ambitious and reckless behavior. The former directors also claimed Rutherford had required all headquarters workers to sign a petition supporting him and threatened dismissal for any who refused to sign.[52] The former directors left the Brooklyn headquarters on August 8.[53] On January 5, 1918, shareholders returned Rutherford to office.
The controversy fractured the Bible Student movement and some congregations split into opposing groups loyal either to Rutherford or those he had expelled.[53][54] By mid-1919 about one in seven Bible Students had chosen to leave rather than accept his leadership,[55] and over the following decade they helped formed other groups including the Standfast Movement, the Layman's Home Missionary Movement, the Dawn Bible Students Association, the Pastoral Bible Institute, the Elijah Voice Movement, the Concordat Publishing Concern, and the Eagle Society.[56]
The Finished Mystery[edit]
In late 1916 Fisher and another prominent Bible Student at the Brooklyn headquarters, Clayton J. Woodworth, sought the Executive Committee's approval to produce a book about the prophecies of the books of Revelation and Ezekiel based primarily on Russell's writings.[57] Work on the book, The Finished Mystery, proceeded without the knowledge of the full Board of Directors and Editorial Committee[58][59] and was released by Rutherford to headquarters staff on July 17, 1917, the day he announced the appointment of the four replacement directors.



 "The Finished Mystery"—vol. 7 of "Studies in the Scriptures"
The book, which was misleadingly labeled as the posthumous seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures,[60][61] was denounced by Rutherford's opponents, but became a best-seller and was translated into six languages and serialized in The Watch Tower.[62] Expecting God's Kingdom to establish rule on earth and for the saints to be raised to heaven in 1918,[62] Rutherford wrote in January of that year: "The Christian looks for the year to bring the full consummation of the church's hopes."[63] He embarked on a vast advertising campaign to expose the "unrighteousness" of religions and their alliances with "beastly" governments, expanding on claims in The Finished Mystery that patriotism was a delusion and murder.[64][65] The campaign attracted the attention of governments and on February 12, 1918 the book was banned by the Canadian government for what a Winnipeg newspaper described as "seditious and antiwar statements"[66] On February 24 in Los Angeles Rutherford gave a talk entitled "The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living May Never Die" (subsequent talks in the series were renamed, "Millions Now Living Will Never Die")[67][68] in which he attacked the clergy, declaring: "As a class, according to the Scriptures, the clergymen are the most reprehensible men on earth for the great war that is now afflicting mankind."[66] Three days later the Army Intelligence Bureau seized the Society's Los Angeles offices and confiscated literature.
Imprisonment and release[edit]
In early May 1918 US Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory condemned The Finished Mystery as "one of the most dangerous examples of ... propaganda ... a work written in extremely religious language and distributed in enormous numbers".[69] Warrants were issued for the arrest of Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower directors, who were charged under the 1917 Espionage Act of attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, refusal of duty in the armed forces and obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service of the U.S. while it was at war.[65] On June 21 seven of them, including Rutherford, were sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. Rutherford feared his opponents would gain control of the Society in his absence. On January 2, 1919 he learned he had been re-elected president at the Pittsburgh convention the day before, convincing him that God wanted him in the position.[70][71] In March 1919 the directors were released on bail after an appeals court ruled they had been wrongly convicted; in May 1920 the government announced that all charges had been dropped.[72]
Reorganization[edit]
Administrative changes[edit]
Following his release from prison, Rutherford began a major reorganization of Bible Student activities. At a May, 1919 convention in Ohio he announced the publication of a new magazine, The Golden Age (later renamed Awake!). Because Russell's will had decreed the Society should publish no other periodicals[73] the new magazine was at first published by "Woodworth, Hudgings & Martin", with a Manhattan (rather than Brooklyn) address.[74] Within months Bible Students were organized to distribute it door-to-door.[73] He expanded the Society's printing facilities, revived the colporteur work and in 1920 introduced the requirement for weekly reports of Bible Students' preaching activity.[75][76] He expanded and reorganized overseas branch offices[77] in what he regarded as a "cleansing" and "sifting" work.[78]
Beginning with an eight-day convention at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922 Rutherford, launched a series of major international conventions under the theme "Advertise the King and Kingdom", attracting crowds of up to 20,000.[79] Audiences were urged to "herald the message far and wide".[80] He stressed that the primary duty of all Bible Students was to become "publicity agents" in fulfillment of Matthew 24:14, especially in the form of door-to-door evangelism with the Society's publications.[81][82] In 1928 Rutherford began to teach that the Cedar Point convention and the events resulting from it fulfilled the prophecy of the 1290 days at Daniel 12:11.[83][84]
In 1920, Rutherford published a booklet, Millions Now Living Will Never Die, and a year later published his first hardcover book, The Harp of God. This was followed by a further nineteen hardcover books, each with one-word titles, such as Creation (1927), Jehovah (1934) and Children (1941). His publications reached a total printing of 36 million copies.[85] In 1925 he gained full control over what doctrines would be taught in Watch Tower Society publications, overruling the refusal by the five-man Editorial Committee to publish his article, "Birth of the Nation",[86] which contained significant doctrinal changes.[87] Rutherford later claimed Satan had "tried to prevent the publication of that article ... but failed in that effort";[88] In 1927 the Watch Tower Society ceased printing of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures.[89] The Editorial Committee was dissolved in 1931, after which Rutherford wrote every leading article in The Watch Tower until his death.[90] The 1933 Watch Tower Society Yearbook observed that the demise of the Editorial Committee indicated "that the Lord himself is running his organization".[91]
Rutherford expanded his means of spreading the Watch Tower message in 1924 with the start of 15-minute radio broadcasts, initially from WBBR, based on Staten Island, and eventually via a network of as many as 480 radio stations.[92] A 1931 talk was broadcast throughout North America, Australia and France, but his attacks on the clergy resulted in both the NBC and BBC radio networks banning his broadcasts.[93]
In 1928 Rutherford began to abolish the system of electing elders by congregational voting, dismissing them as "haughty" and "lazy", and finally asserting in 1932 that electing elders was unscriptural.[94][95] He impressed on elders the need to obey the Society's "regulations", "instructions" and "directions" without complaint.[96] Service directors, who reported back to Brooklyn, were appointed in each congregation and a weekly "service meeting" introduced to meeting programs.[97] In 1933 Rutherford claimed that abolishing elective elders was a fulfillment of the prophecy of 2300 days at Daniel 8:13–14, and that God's sanctuary (the Watch Tower Society) was thereby cleansed.[98]
At a 1931 Bible Student assembly in Columbus, Ohio Rutherford proposed a new name for the organization, Jehovah's witnesses, to differentiate them from the proliferation of other groups that followed Russell's teachings.[92] Bible Students who opposed or abandoned Rutherford to form new groups were increasingly described as the "evil servant class" by The Watchtower, which said it was wrong to pray for those who were "unfaithful".[99][100] Four years later the term "Kingdom Hall" was introduced for the local meeting place of congregations.[101]
In 1937, the door-to-door preaching program was extended to formally include "back calls" on interested people and Witnesses were urged to start one-hour Bible studies in the homes of householders.[102][103] In the late 1930s, he advocated the use of "sound cars" and portable phonographs with which talks by Rutherford were played to passersby and householders.[102]
In 1938 he introduced the term "theocracy" to describe the religion's system of government, with Consolation explaining: "The Theocracy is at present administered by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, of which Judge Rutherford is the president and general manager."[104] "Zone servants" (now known as circuit overseers) were appointed to supervise congregations. In a Watchtower article Rutherford declared the need for congregations to "get in line" with the changed structure.[105][106]
By 1942, the year of his death, worldwide attendance at the annual Memorial of Christ's death was 140,450 though his restructuring of the Bible Student community coincided with a dramatic loss of followers during the 1920s and 1930s. Worldwide attendance of the annual Memorial of Christ's death fell from 90,434 in 1925[107] to 17,380 in 1928.[108] Memorial attendance figures did not surpass 90,000 again until 1940.[108] Author Tony Wills, who analyzed attendance and "field worker" statistics, suggests it was the "more dedicated" Bible Students who quit through the 1920s, to be replaced by newcomers in larger numbers, although Rutherford dismissed the loss of the original Bible Students as the Lord "shaking out" the unfaithful.[109][110] In the 1942 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, Rutherford wrote that the year's achievements "would, on the face of it, show that the Theocratic witness work on earth is about done".[111][112]
Doctrinal changes[edit]
In July 1917, Rutherford had The Finished Mystery published as a seventh volume of the Studies in the Scriptures series. The volume, though written by Fisher and Woodworth, was advertised as Russell's "posthumous work" and "last legacy"[113][114] but contained several interpretations and viewpoints not espoused by Russell,[115][116] including an urging of all Bible Students to cast judgment upon Christendom and its clergy, the adoption of new dates for the fulfillment of particular prophecies, a claim that salvation is tied to membership within the Watch Tower Society, as well as shunning and censuring any who reject the interpretations given in the volume or related articles in The Watch Tower magazine.



 "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" contains some of the earliest doctrinal changes


 Newspaper advertisement for Rutherford's "Millions" lecture.
In the February 1918 discourse "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" (printed in booklet form in May 1920) a revision of Russell's calculation of a "Jubilee type" was presented, changing it from 1875 to 1925,[117][118] despite Russell's rejection of such a change a few months prior to his death.[119] In October 1920 the Society published a new edition of Russell's 1881 Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices. It included an appendix introducing many alterations or reinterpretations of Russell's original views on the death of Jesus and the role of Christ's followers in heaven as typified in the ceremonies of the Jewish tabernacle.[120]
At the 1922 Cedar Point convention Rutherford began teaching that Christ's reign had begun in 1914,[121] and not 1878 as Russell had taught.[122] Rutherford expanded on this view in the March 1, 1925 issue of The Watch Tower in the article "Birth of The Nation", which he later acknowledged "caused a real stir or shake-up within the ranks."[88] In 1927 he moved the date of the resurrection of the "sleeping saints" (all Christians who had died since Jesus' time) from 1878 to 1918[123][124] and as early as 1930 began to dismiss the year 1874 as the date for the invisible presence of Christ in favor of the year 1914.[125][126]
From 1925 he developed the view of the battle of Armageddon as a universal war waged by God rather than Russell's belief that it was the decline of human society into social, political and religious anarchy. Rutherford based his interpretations on the books of Exodus, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Psalms as well as additional material from the books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles.[127][128][129] An article in the January 1, 1926 Watch Tower introduced new emphasis on the importance of the name "Jehovah";[130] from 1929 Rutherford taught that the vindication of God's name—which would ultimately occur when millions of unbelievers were destroyed at Armageddon—was the primary doctrine of Christianity and more important than God's display of goodness or grace toward humankind.[131][132][133][134] In 1932 he published an interpretation of a passage in Ezekiel describing the attack on Jerusalem by Gog of Magog, in which he predicted an intensification of persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses that would culminate in God intervening on their behalf to begin the battle of Armageddon, which would destroy all opposers of God's organization.[111]
In 1926 he discredited Russell's teaching on the importance of Christian "character development" or personal "sanctification"[81][135][136] and a year later discarded the teaching that Russell had been the "faithful and wise servant" of Matthew 24:45–47, warning that the desire to revere men was a snare set by the Devil.[81][137] In May 1926 Rutherford released his book Deliverance at the Bible Student's convention in Kensington, England later interpreting the event as the fulfillment of the 1335 days of Daniel 12:12.[138]
In 1927, Christmas was declared to be of pagan origin, and the following year its celebration by Bible Students was condemned as supporting "Satan's organization".[139][140] Mother's Day was condemned in 1931,[141] with other holidays as well as birthdays officially renounced in subsequent years.[142][143]
In 1928 Rutherford discarded Russell's teaching that the natural Jews would be restored to Palestine and return to God's favor, despite having declared ten years earlier that prophecies of their restoration were already being fulfilled with the British takeover of Palestine from Turkey during World War I.[144] He denied there was a role for Jews in God's Kingdom arrangement and by 1933 he had reversed Russell's earlier teaching, claiming that prominent Jewish business leaders were "arrogant, self-important and extremely selfish," and would gain no favored standing with God.[145] The teaching that God would restore the Jews to Palestine was discontinued around the same time.[146]
Russell's teaching that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built under God's direction[147] was overturned in 1928, when Rutherford asserted that it had been built under the direction of Satan for the purpose of deceiving God's people in the last days.[148][149] The announcement prompted further defections among long-time Bible Students.[150][151]
In 1930, Rutherford published a systematic reinterpretation of the book of Revelation.[152] Many of the symbols recorded in the book were applied to events following 1918, specifically to Watch Tower conventions held in the years 1922 through 1928.[153] These reinterpretations reflected both a wholesale rejection of his own earlier views as well as the historicist interpretations of Pastor Russell.[154][155][156]
At a Washington, D.C. convention in 1935, Rutherford rejected Russell's teaching that the "great company" of Revelation 7:9 was a "secondary spiritual class" composed of millions of Christians who would be resurrected to heaven apart from the 144,000 "elect", and instead argued that the "great multitude", the "sheep" of Matthew 25 and the "Jonadabs" of 2 Kings chapter 10 all picture the people who could potentially survive Armageddon and receive everlasting human life on earth if they became Jehovah's Witnesses before it began.[157][158]
In 1935, Rutherford objected to U.S. state laws requiring school students to salute the flag as a means of instilling patriotism; in the 1936 Yearbook he declared that baptized Jehovah's Witnesses who did salute the flag were breaking their covenant with God and were thus "guilty of death".[159] In 1940, children in 43 states were expelled for refusing to salute the flag and the Watch Tower Society took most cases to court, with Rutherford personally leading the unsuccessful case of Minersville School District v. Gobitis. Controversy over the flag salute issue escalated and mob attacks became prevalent in many U.S. states until 1943 when the court overruled its previous decision in the case of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette.[160] A U.S. law magazine noted how Jehovah's Witnesses had helped shape the course of constitutional law, remarking: "Through almost constant litigation this organization had made possible an ever-increasing list of precedents concerning the application of the 14th amendment to freedom of speech and religion".[161]
In 1936, Rutherford rejected the belief that Jesus had been executed on a Roman cross, in favor of an upright stake or "tree."[162]
Character and attitudes[edit]



 Rutherford with Cadillac V-16 from the Watchtower publication The Messenger (1931)
Biographers describe Rutherford as tall and solidly built with a senatorial demeanor,[163] and a strong booming voice that helped make him a powerful orator.[164][165] In 1917, The New York Times stated that Rutherford "has a reputation as an eloquent, forceful speaker".[27] Watch Tower Society literature states that his personality contrasted strongly with that of his predecessor. One Witness history book says that while Russell was kind, warm and tactful, Rutherford "was warm and generous toward his associates but he was also a brusque and direct type of person, and his legal background and experiences in early life gave him a directness in his approach to problems in dealing with his brothers that caused some to take offense."[166] Another Watch Tower Society account says he did not hide his feelings, adding, "His bluntness, even when spoken in kindness, was sometimes misunderstood."[167] Fellow Watch Tower Society director A. H. Macmillan says Rutherford "spoke as simply and directly to the people as he knew how, and he was an extremely forthright man. He was thoroughly convinced that what he had to say was the truth and that it was a matter of life and death."[168] Macmillan added, "He would never tolerate anything that would be contrary to what he clearly understood the Bible to teach. He was so strict about that, he would permit nothing that would seem to show a compromise when it came to an issue of the truth."[169] Author Tony Wills describes him as charitable and generous, and says his sympathy for the poor and oppressed was exceeded only by his hatred for the rich, the oppressors.[165] He also notes that he was a dynamic, impatient extrovert.[170] Other authors also address Rutherford's abrasiveness: James Penton describes him as blunt and moody with an explosive temper,[171] with "a streak of self-righteousness which caused him to regard anyone who opposed him as of the Devil",[172] while Alan Rogerson notes that he was a "dogmatic and insensitive person, obsessed with his own self-importance."[173]
Rutherford's confrontation with four Watch Tower Society directors who opposed him in 1917 highlighted both the forcefulness of his personality and his determination to fight for what he believed was right. Penton claims Rutherford played "hard-fisted church politics"[174] and Rogerson accuses Rutherford of using The Watchtower as a propaganda medium to attack his opposers in what was effectively a battle for his position as president.[7] At the heart of his opponents' complaints was his "autocratic" behavior as he strove to "exercise complete management of the Society and its affairs."[175] Penton similarly describes Rutherford's actions in his first year of presidency—including his appointment of new directors, refusal to allow the Society's accounts to be examined, and his unilateral decision to publish The Finished Mystery—as high-handed and secretive.[176] In contrast, Rutherford claimed, "It was my duty to use the power the Lord had put into my hands to support the interests of the shareholders and all others interested in the Truth throughout the world ... to be unfaithful to them would be unfaithful to the Lord."[177] Macmillan, who supported Rutherford throughout the crisis, claimed the president was extremely patient and "did everything that he could to help his opposers see their mistake, holding a number of meetings with them, trying to reason with them and show them how contrary their course was to the Society's charter".[169]



 A 1940 Rutherford booklet "exposing" a Catholic campaign of mob violence against Jehovah's Witnesses
According to Wills, Rutherford emerged from prison in 1919 bitter against the world and the collusion he saw between the clergy and military that had secured his imprisonment. Soon after his release he coined the term "Satan's organization" to refer to this supposed conspiracy.[178] In Watchtower articles Rutherford was similarly scathing towards big business, politics and the League of Nations.[179] Rogerson describes Rutherford's attitude towards the clergy—his avowed enemies—as "unadulterated hatred".[72] His attacks on clergymen, particularly those of the Catholic Church, from the late 1920s were strong enough to attract a ban on his broadcasts by the NBC radio network, which condemned his "rabid attack upon organized religion and the clergy".[180] He also applied criticizing terms to those who had deserted Watch Tower ranks, calling them the "evil servant".[181] He urged readers to view with contempt anyone who had "openly rebelled against God's order or commandments"[182] and also described elective elders of the 1930s who refused to submit to Watch Tower Society administrative changes as "despicable".[183]
Wills states that Rutherford seemed to relish his descriptions of how completely the wicked would be destroyed at Armageddon, dwelling at great length on prophecies of destruction. He claims that towards the close of his ministry Rutherford spent about half of each year's Watchtowers writing about Armageddon.[184]
According to Penton, Rutherford's austerity—evidenced by his distaste for Christmas, birthday parties and other popular customs[185] that were described as of pagan origin or that encouraged creature worship and were not to be observed[186]—led in turn to austerity becoming a part of Witness life. In 1938, he directed that singing be dispensed with at congregation meetings;[187][188][189][190] singing was reinstated soon after his death.[191]
Rutherford's books and magazine articles reveal his strong views on "the proper place of women" in the church and society. In a 1931 book he linked the post-1919 rise of women's movements that encouraged equality of the sexes with satanic influence,[192] and claimed the custom of men tipping their hats to women or standing when a woman approached was a scheme of the devil to turn men from God and indicated an effeminate streak in men who practiced the custom.[187] Mother's Day was similarly described as part of a plan to turn people away from God.[193] In 1938 he urged adherents to delay marriage and child-bearing until after Armageddon,[194] which Wills claims prompted a strong community bias among Witnesses against marriage. Those who did marry, says Wills, were considered to be weak in faith.[195] At a 1941 convention in Missouri he quoted Rudyard Kipling's description of women as "a rag and a bone and a hank of hair".[187][196]
Former Jehovah's Witness and former Governing Body member Raymond Franz claimed there was no evidence Rutherford engaged in door-to-door ministry despite his assertion that it was a requirement and sacred duty of all Witnesses. Franz claimed to have heard Rutherford's associates say his responsibilities as president "do not permit his engaging in this activity".[197] Macmillan, however, related details of Rutherford's home preaching in 1905 or 1906 when he was baptized,[198] and a 1975 article quoted several Witnesses relating their experiences with Rutherford in the house-to-house ministry in the 1920s.[199] The official history of Jehovah's Witnesses also notes, "Rutherford personally shared with other conventioners as they engaged in the work of Kingdom proclamation from house to house."[200] On August 2, 1928 in a meeting with the Bible Student elders who had attended a general convention in Detroit, Michigan Rutherford listed his responsibilities and concluded "when I have attended to many other details, I have not had very much time to go from door to door."[201]
Authors William Whalen and James Penton have claimed that Rutherford was to Russell what Brigham Young was to Mormon prophet Joseph Smith. Penton contends that both Russell and Smith were capable religious leaders but naive visionaries, while Rutherford and Young were "hard-bitten pragmatists who gave a degree of permanency to the movements they dominated".[202][203]
Personal life[edit]



Beth Sarim was built in San Diego, California in 1929. Rutherford died at the property in 1942.
Rutherford married Mary Malcolm Fetzer of Boonville, Missouri on December 31, 1891. Their only child, Malcolm Cleveland, was born on November 10, 1892.[204] The couple separated after Joseph Rutherford became president of the Watch Tower Society.[157] Mary remained an active member of the Jehovah's Witnesses until becoming confined to her home in the years before her death in 1962 at age 93.[205]
Rutherford had reportedly lost the use of one lung from pneumonia suffered during his imprisonment in 1918 and 1919; finding New York's winter weather "impossible", Rutherford was encouraged by a doctor to "spend as much time as possible" in a more favorable climate.[206] In 1929, a residence named Beth Sarim (literally, House of Princes) was constructed at San Diego, California for Rutherford's use,[207][208] initially as winter accommodation and later as a full-time residence.[205][209] He died at the property in 1942. The villa was sold in 1948, with The Watchtower declaring, "It had fully served its purpose and was now only serving as a monument quite expensive to keep."[210]
The standard of Rutherford's accommodation and his personal conduct attracted criticism from some Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses in the 1930s. Walter F. Salter, the Society's former branch manager in Canada, wrote a public letter to Rutherford in 1937, the month he was expelled from the religion, claiming that Rutherford had exclusive use of "luxurious" and "expensive" residences (in Brooklyn, Staten Island, Germany, and San Diego), as well as two Cadillacs[211][212][213] and alleged that on more than one occasion he had purchased for Rutherford cases of whiskey, brandy, beer and other liquors, and 'go from "drink to drink"'.[214] In July 1939 Olin R. Moyle, legal counsel for the Society, wrote an open letter of resignation to the president, in which he complained about behavior of some members of the Watch Tower Society, including Rutherford himself, that he considered excessive and inappropriate. Moyle mentioned California when discussing "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren." Moyle also accused Rutherford of "unkind treatment of the staff, outbursts of anger, discrimination and vulgar language" and condemned his allowing the "glorification of alcohol" at Bethel.[215][216][217] Penton notes that Moyle was a "teetotaller" and "puritanical", but claims Rutherford's drinking habits were "notorious" and cites unnamed former Brooklyn Bethel workers who told of occasional difficulties in getting Rutherford to the podium to give public talks due to inebriation.[218]
Death and burial[edit]
From the age of 70, Rutherford underwent several medical treatments for cancer of the colon.[219] This included an operation on November 5, 1941, which found "carcinoma of the rectal sigmoid". Doctors gave him less than six months to live.[21] Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on January 8, 1942 at the age of 72.[220] Cause of death was "uraemia due to carcinoma of the rectum due to pelvic metastasis."[21]
A Watch Tower Society staff member said of the announcement of Rutherford's death, "It was at noontime when the family was assembled for lunch. ... The announcement was brief. There were no speeches. No one took the day off to mourn. Rather, we went back to the factory and worked harder than ever."[219]
Rutherford's burial was delayed for five months[202] due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim, which he had previously expressed to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters.[221][222] According to Consolation, "Judge Rutherford looked for the early triumph of 'the King of the East', Christ Jesus, now leading the host of heaven, and he desired to be buried at dawn facing the rising sun, in an isolated part of the ground which would be administered by the princes, who should return from their graves."[223] Based on his claims that resurrected biblical characters would live at Beth Sarim, Rutherford concluded that it was appropriate that his bones be buried on the property.[224]
The legal problem arose because Beth Sarim was not a legally zoned cemetery.[225] Witnesses collected more than 14,000 signatures for two petitions—one supporting his burial at Beth Sarim, another for a second preferred site on a nearby Watch Tower Society property named Beth-Shan—that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted.[226] Consolation condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at either property, stating "It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord. ... So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan."[227][228][229]
Speculation that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim has been called "private rumor", 'frequently disproven', and "myth".[230][231][232] The May 4, 1942 issue of Time magazine noted Rutherford's burial at Rossville, New York, on Staten Island;[233] a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road.[234][235] In 2002, a caretaker at the immediately adjoining graveyard answered an inquiry about Watch Tower's graveyard by noting, "I couldn't tell you who is buried on it because it has absolutely no markers or headstones".[236]
Rutherford was succeeded by Nathan Homer Knorr as president of the Watch Tower Society.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Leo P. Chall, Sociological Abstracts, vol 26 issues 1–3, "Sociology of Religion", 1978, p. 193 col 2: "Rutherford, through the Watch Tower Society, succeeded in changing all aspects of the sect from 1919 to 1932 and created Jehovah's Witnesses—a charismatic offshoot of the Bible student community."
2.Jump up ^ "The Embryonic State of a Religious Sect's Development: The Jehovah's Witnesses" Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain, ed. Michael Hill, 1972, issue 5 pp 11–12: "Joseph Franklin Rutherford succeeded to Russell's position as President of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, but only at the expense of antagonizing a large proportion of the Watch Towers subscribers. Nevertheless, he persisted in moulding the Society to suit his own programme of activist evangelism under systematic central control, and he succeeded in creating the administrative structure of the present-day sect of Jehovah's Witnesses."
3.Jump up ^ The Twentieth century, vol 153, 1953 p. 14: "This latter phenomenon, perhaps the most widely spread politico-religious movement at the present time, is linked, as are so many, with a source in America, in this case Judge Rutherford, the New York founder of Jehovah's Witnesses."
4.Jump up ^ An Encyclopedia of Religion, by Vergilius Ferm, 1945, p. 674; New York Times, January 7, 1917, Section I, p. 9.
5.Jump up ^ P.S.L. Johnson, The Present Truth and Herald of Christ's Epiphany, April 1927, p. 66: "Since the Fall of 1923 ... from 20,000 to 30,000 Truth people the world over have left the Society."
6.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 50
7.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 37
8.Jump up ^ "Postwar Enlargement of the Theocratic Organization", The Watchtower, July 15, 1950, p. 217
9.Jump up ^ Beckford 1975, p. 24
10.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 75
11.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 64
12.Jump up ^ "Testing and Sifting in Modern Times", The Watchtower, June 15, 1987, p. 17
13.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 53
14.Jump up ^ Riches, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1936, p. 27, "Jesus was crucified, not on a cross... Jesus was crucified by nailing his body to a tree. ...(Deuteronomy 21:22,23) ... (Galatians 3:13) ... Acts 5:30."
15.Jump up ^ "Flashes of Light—Great and Small", The Watchtower, May 15, 1995, p. 20.
16.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 319
17.Jump up ^ Consolation, May 27, 1942, p. 6. It is not clear from this publication whether this included the distribution of Russell's earlier writings.
18.Jump up ^ "Part 1—United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 94, "...earthwide report shows that the Memorial of Jesus Christ’s death on April 5, 1917, was attended by 21,274.
19.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, pp. 312–313: Memorial attendance figures in Rutherford's final years were 98,076 (1941) and 140,450 (1942)
20.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 47.
21.^ Jump up to: a b c Dept. of Public Health, San Diego California, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, Certificate of Death issued February 6, 1942
22.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 34.
23.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 81
24.^ Jump up to: a b c Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 67
25.^ Jump up to: a b "Modern History of Jehovah’s Witnesses", Watchtower, March 15, 1955, p. 175.
26.^ Jump up to: a b Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Visions of Glory – A History and Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses, Simon & Schuster, 1978, chapter 6.
27.^ Jump up to: a b The New York Times, January 17, 1919, Section I, p. 9, As Retrieved 2010-03-02
28.Jump up ^ "Religion: Jehovah's Witness", Time magazine, June 10, 1935, Online
29.Jump up ^ Biographies of Rutherford in the March 15, 1955 Watchtower and 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses state that his appointment as Special Judge was in the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit.
30.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 83
31.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 131 Wills (p. 131) claims Rutherford had never doubted God's existence, but Wills does not cite a source for that claim.
32.Jump up ^ The Watchtower (October 1, 1997, p. 6) cites a 1913 newspaper interview wherein Rutherford describes becoming an atheist after a Baptist minister claimed Rutherford's wife Mary would go to Hell because she had not been baptized.
33.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 67
34.Jump up ^ "British Branch report", Watch Tower, January 15, 1915, p. 26, Reprints 5616.
35.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 30
36.Jump up ^ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1991, p. 73.
37.Jump up ^ "Judge Rutherford's Spicy Defense", Watch Tower, May 1, 1915, p. 130. R5685.
38.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 647
39.Jump up ^ Russell's Last Will and Testament, The Watch Tower, December 15, 1916.
40.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 48
41.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 68
42.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 70
43.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 71
44.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 5,6
45.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, p. 4
46.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, p. 12
47.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 22–23
48.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose (1959) p. 71, col. 2
49.Jump up ^ Light After Darkness (September 1, 1917) p. 11
50.Jump up ^ Facts for Shareholders (November 15, 1917) p. 14
51.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 14,15
52.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, p. 9
53.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 68
54.Jump up ^ Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (1993) identifies opposing sides as "those loyal to the Society and those who were easy prey to the smooth talk of the opposers" (p. 68). Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses (1975) dismisses the four ousted directors as "rebellious individuals who claimed to be board members" (p. 87) and men who "ambitiously sought to gain administrative control of the Society" (p. 92).
55.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, pp. 93–94
56.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 39
57.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 97
58.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, p. 11
59.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watchtower. 1959. p. 70.
60.Jump up ^ Lawson, John D., American State Trials, vol 13, Thomas Law Book Company, 1921, p. viii: "After his death and after we were in the war they issued a seventh volume of this series, entitled "The Finished Mystery," which, under the guise of being a posthumous work of Pastor Russell, included an attack on the war and an attack on patriotism, which were not written by Pastor Russell and could not have possibly been written by him."
61.Jump up ^ Crompton, Robert. Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. 1996. pp 84–85: "One of Rutherford's first actions as president ... was, without reference either to his fellow directors or to the editorial committee which Russell had nominated in his will, to commission a seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures. Responsibility for preparing this volume was given to two of Russell's close associates, George H. Fisher and Clayton J. Woodworth. On the face of it, their brief was to edit for publication the notes left by Russell ... and to draw upon his published writings ... It is obvious ... that it was not in any straightforward sense the result of editing Russell's papers, rather it was in large measure the original work of Woodworth and Fisher at the behest of the new president."
62.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 40
63.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, October 1, 1917, January 1, 1918.
64.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 100
65.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 41
66.^ Jump up to: a b Macmillan 1957, p. 85
67.Jump up ^ The initial delivery was entitled "The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living May Never Die". See:
 "Noteworthy Events in the Modern-day History of Jehovah’s Witnesses", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom", 1993 Watch Tower, p. 719, "1918 The discourse “The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living May Never Die” is first delivered, on February 24, in Los Angeles, California. On March 31, in Boston, Massachusetts, the talk is entitled “The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living Will Never Die” [emphasis added]
68.Jump up ^ Los Angeles Morning Tribune, February 25, 1918, as recorded in Faith on the March by A. H. Macmillan, 1957, p. 86
69.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 89
70.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, p. 106
71.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, pp. 105,106
72.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 44
73.^ Jump up to: a b Penton 1997, p. 56
74.Jump up ^ The Golden Age, volume 1, number 1, October 1, 1919, cover, As Retrieved 2010-02-16
75.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 53,54
76.Jump up ^ "Annual report for 1920", The Watchtower, December 15, 1920, "At the beginning of the fiscal year there were only 225 active colporteurs in the field. The number has now increased to 350, all of whom are devoting their entire time to the service ... In addition to the colporteurs there are reported to this office 8,052 class workers."
77.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 57
78.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 52,53
79.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 54
80.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 131
81.^ Jump up to: a b c Penton 1997, p. 60
82.Jump up ^ Watchtower March 1, 1925 p. 72 col 2
83.Jump up ^ Watchtower December 15, 1929 pp 371–77: "Briefly, then, these prophecies and the dates of their fulfilment [sic] are as follows, to wit: The fixed "time of the end" is October 1, 1914 A.D. The 1260-day period ended in April, 1918. The 1290-day period ended September, 1922. The 1335-day period of blessedness began May, 1926, and goes on for ever."
84.Jump up ^ The Harp of God, 1928 edition
85.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 58
86.Jump up ^ Watchtower, March 1, 1925 pp 67–74. In the content list on the cover the article is entitled Birth of a Nation, but the article itself on page 67 is entitled Birth of the Nation
87.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 59
88.^ Jump up to: a b Watchtower, July 1, 1938, p. 201.
89.Jump up ^ WTB&TS, "God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached" (1973) p. 347
90.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 121
91.Jump up ^ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1933, p. 11.
92.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 55
93.Jump up ^ Wills, pp. 149–151
94.Jump up ^ Penton, p. 64
95.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, pp. 177–179
96.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 176
97.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 175
98.Jump up ^ Watchtower July 15, 1933 pp. 214-15: "Beginning to count from the transgression resulting by reason of the League of Nations, and the giving of notice, which must begin May 25, 1926, the twenty-three hundred days, or six years, four months, and twenty days, would end October 15, 1932...What, then, took place at the end of the twenty-three-hundred-day period? The Watchtower, issues of August 15 and September 1, 1932, brought before God's people the Scriptural proof that the office of "elective elder", chosen or selected by vote of creatures, does not Scripturally exist, and that therefore the selection of elders by such means should end." In 1971 the Watchtower Society changed the interpretation ending the 2300 days in 1944 rather than 1932.
99.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, pp. 167–172
100.Jump up ^ Watchtower, February 15, 1933.
101.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom chap. 20 p. 319, 721
102.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, p. 57
103.Jump up ^ "Testing and Sifting in Modern Times", The Watchtower, June 15, 1987, p. 18.
104.Jump up ^ Consolation, September 4, 1940, p. 25, as cited by Penton, p. 61.
105.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 201
106.Jump up ^ Watchtower, June 15, 1938.
107.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, p. 110
108.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, pp. 312–313
109.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 142, 146, 157–159
110.Jump up ^ 1931 Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, p. 57.
111.^ Jump up to: a b Wills 2007, p. 223
112.Jump up ^ Yearbook, 1942, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, p. 29.
113.Jump up ^ The Finished Mystery, 1917, p. 2: "POSTHUMOUS WORK OF PASTOR RUSSELL His Last Legacy to the Dear Israel of God (Matt. 20:9)"
114.Jump up ^ The Bible Students Monthly, December 1917, vol. 9 no. 9, p. 1: "The following article is extracted mainly from Pastor Russell's posthumous volume entitled "THE FINISHED MYSTERY," the 7th in the series of his STUDIES IN THE SCRIPTURES and published subsequent to his death... In this posthumous volume, which is called his "last legacy to the Christians of earth" is found a thorough exposition of every verse in the entire Book of Revelation."
115.Jump up ^ Tony Mills, A People for His Name, 2007, pp 97–8: "While he keeps faithfully to Russell's comments in most cases, there are a few times when he goes beyond Russell's plainly stated interpretation. In some of the chapters of Revelation on which Russell left no comments his imagination wandered free. He ridicules John Wesley, whom Russell admired, and his Methodist movement. He calls Europeans "the most cruel, bloodthirsty, quarrelsome, rapacious people on earth," a thought Russell denied. He ridicules Calvinists by saying that they have "lost their manhood, reason and common sense." He ridicules politics, patriotism, religion and almost everything the world holds holy, without (as Russell was careful to do) presenting the good along with the bad."
116.Jump up ^ Bible Students Tract Society, Notes and Comments on the Finished Mystery, Feb. 1919, pp 6–7: "Thus we have Bro. Woodworth's distinct statement that none of these interpretations of Revelation are Pastor Russell's, but another's [sic] (presumably his own)... Have Pastor Russell's interpretations been followed? To this we reply that in many cases they have not. On the contrary, entirely contradictory ones are frequently given."
117.Jump up ^ The Time is at Hand, 1889, p. 183: "Reckoned from the beginning of the seventy years desolation under Babylon, the great cycle [50x50] ends with the year A.D. 1875."
118.Jump up ^ Millions Now Living Will Never Die!, 1920, p.88 : "A simple calculation of these jubilees brings us to this important fact: Seventy jubilees of fifty years each would be a total of 3500 years. That period of time beginning 1575 before A.D. 1 of necessity would end in the fall of the year 1925."
119.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower April 15, 1916 p. 127: "We cannot help it that many of the dear friends continue to tell what THE WATCH TOWER believes, and to misrepresent its teachings. Our kindest thought must be that they are not giving much heed to its teachings. Otherwise they would know from its columns that we are not looking forward to 1925, nor to any other date. As expressly stated in THE WATCH TOWER, we are simply going on, our last date or appointment having been passed more than a year ago...we have no different time in mind from the Scriptures on the subject and do not expect to have any."
120.Jump up ^ Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices, 1920, Appendix of Notes pp 133–155: "Thirty-nine years have passed since the publication of this little booklet; and during that time some of the teachings herein contained have come to be seen in clearer light – even as the details of a mountain become more discernible the closer one draws to it. In harmony with these clearer understandings we suggest the following alterations in appendix form, leaving the text intact out of deference to the honored and beloved writer of the booklet."
121.Jump up ^ Watchtower, December 15, 1922, p. 394.
122.Jump up ^ "How Long, O Lord?", Zion's Watch Tower, January 1881.
123.Jump up ^ Watchtower June 1, 1927 p. 166.
124.Jump up ^ Light by J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1930, p 226.
125.Jump up ^ The Golden Age May 7, 1930 p. 503
126.Jump up ^ The Golden Age March 14, 1934 p 380 "Prior to 1914 and years thereafter we thought that our Lord's return dated from 1874; and we took it for granted that the parousia or presence of our Lord dated from that time. An examination of the scriptures containing the word parousia shows that the presence of the Lord could not date prior to 1914."
127.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 154,155
128.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 47
129.Jump up ^ "Can This World’s Armageddon Be Avoided?", Watchtower, December 1, 1966, p. 730.
130.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 124
131.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 181, 182
132.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 69
133.Jump up ^ J.F. Rutherford, Prophecy, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1929, pp. 319, 328–333
134.Jump up ^ J.F. Rutherford, Vindication, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1931, pp. 9–14, 65–68, 135.
135.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 143
136.Jump up ^ "Character or Covenant – Which?", The Watchtower, May 1, 1926
137.Jump up ^ Watchtower, January 1, 1927, p. 7.
138.Jump up ^ Watchtower July 15, 1933 p. 214 col 2
139.Jump up ^ The Golden Age, December 14, 1927, "The Origin of Christmas", pp 178–79
140.Jump up ^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1974, p. 147
141.Jump up ^ Vindication book 1, 1931, pp 158–60: "On the face of it the arrangement of "Mother's Day" seems harmless and calculated to do good. But the people are in ignorance of Satan's subtle hand in the matter, and that he is back of the movement, to turn the people away from God... Neither the man nor the woman should be worshiped for doing right, because such doing of right is their duty. Creature worship of any kind is wrong and an abomination in the sight of God."
142.Jump up ^ George Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses, 2008, p. 21
143.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993, p. 199
144.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 38
145.Jump up ^ J. F. Rutherford, Favored People, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, as cited by Wills, 2007, p. 129.
146.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 46
147.Jump up ^ Thy Kingdom Come, pp. 309–376
148.Jump up ^ The Messenger, August 5, 1928 p. 1: "When the Lord spoke of hiding his people in his secret place he was not talking about any chambers in the pyramid, built by the Devil himself."
149.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, November 15, 1928
150.Jump up ^ Great Pyramid Passages, 1924, reprint by Portland Area Bible Students, 1988, pp i–xxxviii
151.Jump up ^ The Messenger, August 5, 1928 p. 2: "It sure did set the tongues wagging at the Fair Grounds and resulted in another overhauling of the old trunk wherein are kept a few choice relics of what, until recently, we honestly believed the Bible teaches."
152.Jump up ^ Light book 1 and 2, 1930
153.Jump up ^ Light book 1, 1930, p. 106
154.Jump up ^ The Finished Mystery, 1917
155.Jump up ^ Gruss, p. 172
156.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, Nov 15, 1916, p. 343
157.^ Jump up to: a b Penton 1997, p. 72
158.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, p. 140
159.Jump up ^ Yearbook, 1936, p. 22, "The saluting of or salutation to a flag means this: 'I depend on what the flag represents for my salvation. Those who know and serve God in spirit and in truth look to Jehovah God for salvation, and not to any man or any man-made organization. It therefore follows that the saluting of any flag by those who are in covenant with Jehovah God to do his will constitutes the breaking of that covenant with God, and such covenant breakers are guilty of death."
160.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 214–224
161.Jump up ^ American Bar Association's Bill of Rights Review, Vol 2, No.4, Summer 1942, p. 262.
162.Jump up ^ Riches, 1936, p. 27: "Jesus was crucified, not on a cross of wood, such as is exhibited in many images and pictures, and which images are made and exhibited by men; Jesus was crucified by nailing his body to a tree."
163.Jump up ^ Herbert H. Stroup, The Jehovah's Witnesses, Columbia University Press, 1945, p. 16.
164.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 47
165.^ Jump up to: a b Wills 2007, p. 131
166.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, pp. 68, 69
167.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 83
168.Jump up ^ Macmillan 1957, pp. 150,151
169.^ Jump up to: a b Macmillan 1957, p. 77
170.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 107
171.Jump up ^ P.S.L. Johnson's Harvest Siftings Reviewed (1917, p.17) relates an incident in which an enraged Rutherford rushed at him in a confrontation in Brooklyn Bethel, grabbed at his arm and "almost jerked me off my feet". Johnson complains that in an earlier hearing of complaints against him, Rutherford treated him to "sneers, sarcasm and ridicule. His face expressed more contempt than that of any other face upon which I have ever looked."(p.14)
172.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 47–48
173.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 35
174.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 51
175.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 3,4
176.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 51, 53
177.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, p. 17
178.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 132
179.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, pp. 131–138
180.Jump up ^ Yearbook, 1930, p. 38
181.Jump up ^ The term was drawn from the account of the "faithful servant" and "evil servant" of Matthew 24:45–51.
182.Jump up ^ Watchtower, February 15, 1933, p. 55.
183.Jump up ^ Watchtower, March 15, 1938, p.87
184.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 154
185.Jump up ^ J.F.Rutherford, Vindication, Vol I, pp. 188, 189, as cited by Wills, p. 139.
186.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, p. 147
187.^ Jump up to: a b c Penton 1997, p. 66
188.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1959, p. 215
189.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 241, "singing in local congregations was largely dispensed with in about 1938"
190.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, May 1, 1938, p 139, "At all study meetings...the one presiding at the study might well, as a prelude to the meeting, briefly state God’s purpose which is now being performed... two minutes might well be devoted to such at the beginning of all meetings for study [by] the one presiding... A few words like the above pronounced at the beginning of the study would be far more beneficial than to occupy the same time in singing songs, which often express much that is out of harmony with the truth"
191.Jump up ^ "Music’s Place in Modern Worship", The Watchtower, February 1, 1997, pp 26–27, "In 1938 singing at congregation meetings was largely dispensed with. However, the wisdom of following apostolic example and direction soon prevailed. At the 1944 district convention, F. W. Franz...announced the release of the Kingdom Service Song Book for use at the weekly service meetings."
192.Jump up ^ J.F.Rutherford, Vindication, Vol I, pp. 155–159, as cited by Wills, p. 139.
193.Jump up ^ J.F.Rutherford, Vindication, Vol I, pp. 155–157, as cited by Wills, p. 139.
194.Jump up ^ Watchtower, November 15, 1938, p. 346.
195.Jump up ^ Wills 2007, p. 138
196.Jump up ^ Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Visions of Glory – A History and Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses, Simon & Schuster, 1978, chapter 3.
197.Jump up ^ Raymond Franz, In Search of Christian Freedom, Commentary Press, 2007, pp. 191–192
198.Jump up ^ "Part 1—United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1975 Watch Tower, p 83
199.Jump up ^ "Part 2—United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1975 Watch Tower, p 133
200.Jump up ^ "Conventions Proof of Our Brotherhood", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993 Watch Tower, p 260
201.Jump up ^ The Messenger, August 3, 1928 p. 5: "Frequently some elder says: "The president of the Society does not go from house to house selling books. Why should I?" ... When I have looked after the management of the work at headquarters with its many departments; when I have given attention to a voluminous mail; when I have managed thirty odd branch offices in different parts of the earth and kept in close touch with them by correspondence and examination of their reports, and given advice and counsel as to what shall be done; when I have given attention to may [sic] legal matters that have arisen against members of the Society by reason of the opposition of the enemy; when I have given counsel to the various parts of the radio work; when I have prepared copy for The Watch Tower and other publications; and occasionally written a book or booklet and followed its progress through the manufacturing thereof; and when I have attended to many other details, I have not had very much time to go from door to door."
202.^ Jump up to: a b Prof. William J. Whalen, Armageddon Around the Corner: A report on Jehovah's Witnesses, John Day, New York, 1962, page 67
203.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 75–76
204.Jump up ^ St. Paul Enterprise January 16, 1917 p. 1
205.^ Jump up to: a b "Advertise the King and the Kingdom! (1919–1941)", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993 Watch Tower, p 89
206.Jump up ^ "Advertise the King and the Kingdom! (1919–1941)", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993 Watch Tower, p 75
207.Jump up ^ "Beth-Sarim – Much Talked About House" (PDF), The Messenger (Watchtower), July 25, 1931: 6, 8. (17MB)
208.Jump up ^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1974 Watch Tower, p 194, "In time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for Brother Rutherford’s use."
209.Jump up ^ New York Times Deeds San Diego Home To Kings of Israel; Judge Rutherford in the Interim Occupies the House and Drives the Cars March 19, 1930 p. 31
210.Jump up ^ Watchtower, December 15, 1947, as cited by Proclaimers, 1993, p. 76.
211.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 72,73
212.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, May 15. 1937, p 159
213.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich by M. James Penton, University of Toronto Press, 2004, p 368; though Salter's letter was dated "April 1, 1937", Penton writes, "Salter had broken with the Watch Tower Society and had been excommunicated from the Witness community at the time he wrote the letter."
214.Jump up ^ Letter to Rutherford by Walter Salter, reproduced in Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich: sectarian politics under persecution by M. James Penton, University of Toronto Press, 2004, pp. 365-7., "I, at your orders would purchase cases of whiskey at $60.00 a case, and cases of brandy and other liquors, to say nothing of untold cases of beer. A bottle or two of liquor would not do... [Rutherford] sends us out from door to door to face the enemy while he goes from 'drink to drink,' and tells us if we don't we are going to be destroyed."
215.Jump up ^ Moyle letter to Rutherford, July 21, 1939.
216.Jump up ^ Tony Wills (2007), A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation, Lulu.com, pp. 202–204, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
217.Jump up ^ Society directors defended Rutherford in an October 1939 Watchtower article, accusing Moyle of lies and "wicked slander" and claimed he was a "Judas" trying to cause division. Moyle successfully sued the board of directors for libel, collecting $15,000 plus court costs. See Penton, pp. 80–83 and Wills, pp. 202–205.
218.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 72,73: "Although Jehovah's Witnesses have done everything possible to hide accounts of the judge's drinking habits, they are simply too notorious to be denied. Former workers at the Watch Tower's New York headquarters recount tales of his inebriation and drunken stupors. Others tell stories of how difficult it sometimes was to get him to the podium to give talks at conventions because of his drunkenness. In San Diego, California, where he spent his winters from 1930 until his death, an elderly lady still speaks of how she sold him great quantities of liquor when he came to purchase medicines in her husband's drugstore."
219.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, p. 89
220.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 64. ISBN 0094559406.
221.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, p. 90
222.Jump up ^ "Witnesses Ask Right To Bury Leader", The Evening Independent (St Petersburg, Florida), January 26, 1942: 18
223.Jump up ^ Consolation, May 27, 1942.
224.Jump up ^ Consolation, May 27, 1942 Missing or empty |title= (help)
225.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 74
226.Jump up ^ "San Diego officials line up against New Earth's princes", Consolation, May 27, 1942, pp. 6,9
227.Jump up ^ "No Will Left By Rutherford, Says Secretary", San Diego Union, February 18, 1942
228.Jump up ^ Beth Shan—The Watchtower's "House of Security"
229.Jump up ^ Beth Shan and the Return of the Princes (PDF)
230.Jump up ^ Leonard & Marjorie Chretien (1988), Witnesses of Jehovah, Harvest House, p. 49, ISBN 0-89081-587-9
231.Jump up ^ San Diego Reader, June 28, 2008
232.Jump up ^ Mallios et al. (2007), Cemeteries of San Diego, Arcadia Publishing, p. 112, ISBN 978-0-7385-4714-5
233.Jump up ^ "Buried", Time, May 4, 1942
234.Jump up ^ "Announcements", The Watchtower, October 1, 1966, p 608
235.Jump up ^ "San Diego's Officials Line Up Against Earth's New Princes", Consolation (Watchtower), May 27, 1942: 9, 14–16
236.Jump up ^ Van Amburgh, W. E. (2005), The way to paradise, An enlarged replica of the International Bible Students Association's original 1924 book, Lulu.com, pp. 45, 46, ISBN 1-4116-5971-6, retrieved July 12, 2009
Bibliography[edit]
Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16310-7.
Johnson, Paul S.L. (November 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings Reviewed (PDF), retrieved July 21, 2009
Macmillan, A.H. (1957), Faith on the March (PDF), Prentice-Hall
Penton, James M. (1997), Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-7973-3
Pierson, A.N. et al. (September 1, 1917), Light After Darkness (PDF), retrieved July 21, 2009
Rogerson, Alan (1969), Millions Now Living Will Never Die, Constable, London, ISBN 0-09-455940-6
Rutherford, J.F. (August 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009
Rutherford, J.F. (October 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings, Part II (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009
Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society (1975), 1975 Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society
Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society (1959), Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society
Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society (1993), Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society
Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Franklin Rutherford.
Rutherford and associates 1919 Application for Executive Clemency
Original schism documents 1917 to 1929
Online collection of Rutherford's writings
Works by Joseph Franklin Rutherford at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Joseph Franklin Rutherford at Internet Archive
News clippings relating to Judge Rutherford
News clippings from Rutherford's "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" campaign
Preceded by
Charles Taze Russell President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
 January 6, 1917 – January 8, 1942 Succeeded by
Nathan H. Knorr


Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 95206017 ·
 LCCN: n88058968 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0001 0927 2772 ·
 GND: 134036360 ·
 NDL: 00550716
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1869 births
1942 deaths
20th-century religious leaders
American Christian religious leaders
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American judges
American anti–World War I activists
Apocalypticists
Bible Student movement
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Former Baptists
Missouri lawyers
People from Boonville, Missouri
Persons acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917
Premillennialism
Watch Tower Society presidents
Writers from Missouri













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George Benson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other people named George Benson, see George Benson (disambiguation).

George Benson
George Benson 2009.jpg
George Benson performing in Madrid 2009

Background information

Born
March 22, 1943 (age 72)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Genres
Jazz, funk, rhythm and blues, soul
Occupation(s)
Musician, singer-songwriter
Instruments
Vocals, guitar, archtop guitar
Years active
1954 (as little George Benson)[1][2]
 1963–present
Labels
Prestige Records (1964–65)
Columbia Records (1966–67)
Verve Records (1968)
A&M Records (1968–70)
CTI Records (1971–76)
Warner Bros. Records (1976–94)
GRP Records (1995–2005)
Concord Records (2006–present)
Associated acts
Jack McDuff, Earl Klugh, Al Jarreau, Joe Farrell, Count Basie Orchestra, McCoy Tyner, Joe Sample, Fuse One, Wes Montgomery, Django Reinhardt, Charlie Christian
Website
Official website
Notable instruments
Ibanez GB10 Signature Model
 Ibanez GB200 Signature Model
George Benson (born March 22, 1943)[3] is a ten-time Grammy Award-winning American musician, guitarist and singer-songwriter. He began his professional career at twenty-one, as a jazz guitarist. Benson uses a rest-stroke picking technique similar to that of gypsy jazz players such as Django Reinhardt.
A former child prodigy, Benson first came to prominence in the 1960s, playing soul jazz with Jack McDuff and others. He then launched a successful solo career, alternating between jazz, pop, R&B singing, and scat singing. His album Breezin' was certified triple-platinum, hitting #1 on the Billboard album chart in 1976.[4] His concerts were well attended through the 1980s, and he still has a large following.[4] He has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography 1.1 Early career
1.2 1970s and 1980s
1.3 1990s to present
1.4 Personal life
2 Discography
3 Awards 3.1 Grammy Awards
4 References
5 External links

Biography[edit]
Early career[edit]
Benson was born and raised in the Hill District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[5][6] At the age of seven, he first played the ukulele in a corner drug store, for which he was paid a few dollars. At the age of eight, he played guitar[5] in an unlicensed nightclub on Friday and Saturday nights, but the police soon closed the club down.[citation needed] At the age of 10, he recorded his first single record, "She Makes Me Mad",[1] with RCA-Victor in New York, under the name "Little Georgie".[5]
Benson attended and graduated Schenley High School.[7][8] As a youth, instead, he learned how to play straight-ahead instrumental jazz during a relationship performing for several years with organist Jack McDuff. One of his many early guitar heroes was country-jazz guitarist Hank Garland.[9][10] At the age of 21, he recorded his first album as leader, The New Boss Guitar, featuring McDuff.[3] Benson's next recording was It's Uptown with the George Benson Quartet, including Lonnie Smith on organ and Ronnie Cuber on baritone saxophone.[3] Benson followed it up with The George Benson Cookbook, also with Lonnie Smith and Ronnie Cuber on baritone and drummer Marion Booker.[3] Miles Davis employed Benson in the mid-1960s, featuring his guitar on "Paraphernalia" on his 1968 Columbia release, Miles in the Sky before going to Verve Records.
Benson then signed with Creed Taylor's jazz label CTI Records, where he recorded several albums, with jazz heavyweights guesting, to some success, mainly in the jazz field. His 1974 release, Bad Benson, climbed to the top spot in the Billboard jazz chart, while the follow-ups, Good King Bad (#51 Pop album) and Benson and Farrell (with Joe Farrell), both reached the jazz top-three sellers. Benson also did a version of The Beatles's 1969 album Abbey Road called The Other Side of Abbey Road, also released in 1969, and a version of "White Rabbit", originally written and recorded by San Francisco rock group Great Society, and made famous by Jefferson Airplane.[3] Benson played on numerous sessions for other CTI artists during this time, including Freddie Hubbard and Stanley Turrentine, notably on the latter's acclaimed album Sugar.
1970s and 1980s[edit]




George Benson "Breezin'" (1976)







Title track sample from George Benson's Breezin′ album

Problems playing this file? See media help.
By the mid- to late 1970s, as he recorded for Warner Bros. Records, a whole new audience began to discover Benson. With the 1976 release Breezin', Benson sang a lead vocal on the track "This Masquerade", which became a huge pop hit and won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. (He had sung vocals infrequently on albums earlier in his career, notably his rendition of "Here Comes the Sun" on the Other Side of Abbey Road album.) The rest of the album is instrumental, including his rendition of the 1975 Jose Feliciano composition "Affirmation". Breezin′ was a significant album in terms of popular music history – the first jazz release to go platinum.
In 1976, Benson toured with soul singer Minnie Riperton, who had been diagnosed with terminal breast cancer earlier that year. Also in 1976, George Benson appeared as a guitarist and backup vocalist on Stevie Wonder's song "Another Star" from Wonder's album Songs in the Key of Life. He also recorded the original version of "The Greatest Love of All" for the 1977 Muhammad Ali bio-pic, The Greatest, which was later covered by Whitney Houston as "Greatest Love of All".[11] During this time Benson recorded with the German conductor Claus Ogerman.[12] The live take of "On Broadway", recorded a few months later from the 1978 release Weekend in L.A., also won a Grammy. He has worked with Freddie Hubbard on a number of his albums throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
The Qwest record label (a subsidiary of Warner Bros., run by Quincy Jones) released Benson's breakthrough pop album Give Me The Night, produced by Jones. Benson made it into the pop and R&B top ten with the song "Give Me the Night" (written by former Heatwave keyboardist Rod Temperton). More importantly, Quincy Jones encouraged Benson to search his roots for further vocal inspiration, and he re-discovered his love for Nat Cole, Ray Charles and Donny Hathaway in the process, influencing a string of further vocal albums into the 1990s. Despite returning to his jazz and guitar playing most recently, this theme was reflected again much later in Benson's 2000 release Absolute Benson, featuring a cover of one of Hathaway's most notable songs, "The Ghetto". Benson accumulated three other platinum LPs and two gold albums.[11]
1990s to present[edit]




George Benson – "This Masquerade"







Sample track from George Benson's Breezin' album (1976)

Problems playing this file? See media help.
In 1985, Benson and guitarist Chet Atkins went on the smooth jazz charts with their collaboration "Sunrise", one of two songs from the duo released on Atkins' disc Stay Tuned. In 1992, Benson appeared on Jack McDuff's Colour Me Blue album, his first appearance on a Concord album. Benson signed with Concord Records in 2005 and toured with Al Jarreau in America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to promote their 2006 multiple Grammy-winning album Givin' It Up.[citation needed]
To commemorate the long-term relationship between Benson and Ibanez and to celebrate 30 years of collaboration on the GB Signature Models, Ibanez created the GB30TH, a very limited-edition model featuring a gold-foil finish inspired by the traditional Japanese Garahaku art form.[13] In 2009, Benson was recognized by the National Endowment of the Arts as a Jazz Master, the nation's highest honor in jazz.[14] Benson performed at the 49th issue of the Ohrid Summer Festival in Macedonia on July 25, 2009, and his tribute show to Nat King Cole An Unforgettable Tribute to Nat King Cole as part of the Istanbul International Jazz Festival in Turkey on July 27. In the fall of 2009, Benson finished recording a new album entitled Songs and Stories, with Marcus Miller, producer John Burk,[15] and session musicians David Paich and Steve Lukather.[16] As a part of the promotion for his recent Concord Music Group/Monster Music release Songs and Stories, Benson has appeared and/or performed on The Tavis Smiley Show,[17] Jimmy Kimmel Live![18] and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.[19]
Benson toured throughout 2010 in North America, Europe and the Pacific Rim, including an appearance at the Singapore Sun Festival.[20] He performed at the Java Jazz Festival March 4–6, 2011. In 2011, Benson released the album Guitar Man—revisiting his 1960s/early-1970s guitar-playing roots with a 12-song collection of covers of both jazz and pop standards overseen by producer John Burk.[21]

 In June 2013, Benson released his fourth album for Concord Records, Inspiration: A Tribute to Nat King Cole, which featured Wynton Marsalis, Idina Menzel, Till Brönner, and Judith Hill. In September, he returned to perform at Rock in Rio festival, in Rio de Janeiro, 35 years after his first performance at this festival, which was then the inaugural one.[22]
Personal life[edit]
Benson has been married to Johnnie Lee since 1965. Benson describes his music as focusing more on love and romance, rather than sexuality.[23] He is one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[24]
Discography[edit]



 Benson in September 2011
Main article: George Benson discography
Awards[edit]
Grammy Awards[edit]
List of Grammy Awards received by George Benson[25]

Year
Category
Title
Notes
1977 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Theme from Good King Bad" 
1977 Best Pop Instrumental Performance Breezin' 
1977 Record of the Year "This Masquerade" Tommy LiPuma, producer
1979 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance "On Broadway" 
1981 Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male "Moody's Mood" 
1981 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Off Broadway" 
1981 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Give Me the Night 
1984 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Being with You" 
2007 Best Traditional R&B Performance "God Bless the Child" with Al Jarreau & Jill Scott
2007 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Mornin'" 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Australian ABCTV Flashez interview January 1, 1977.
2.Jump up ^ 45 Discography for Groove Records
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e allmusic Biography
4.^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 54. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Bird, Christiane (2001). The Da Capo Jazz And Blues Lover's Guide to the U.s. Da Capo Press. p. 196. ISBN 0306810344. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
6.Jump up ^ Mitchem, Stephanie Y.; Townes, Emilie Maureen (2008). Faith, Health, and Healing in African American Life. ABC-CLIO. p. 111. ISBN 0275993752. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ "NEW – Pittsburgh's Schenley school – whose alums include Andy Warhol and George Benson – to close". The Tribune-Democrat. June 26, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
8.Jump up ^ Smydo, Joe (December 10, 2005). "Panel to study if Schenley High can survive". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
9.Jump up ^ Associated Press (July 8, 2004). "Hank Garland living in shadow of his greatness". MSNBC. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
10.Jump up ^ Upchurch, Frances (December 20, 1978). "But Hank Sugarfoot Garland Was To Play His Guitar Again". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
11.^ Jump up to: a b VH1 – Artists bio
12.Jump up ^ Ogerman website
13.Jump up ^ "Ibanez.com". Ibanez.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
14.Jump up ^ National Endowment for the Arts (March 22, 1943). "NEA Jazz Masters: George Benson, Vocalist and Solo Instrumentalist (Guitar)". Nea.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ "Biography". George Benson. August 25, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
16.Jump up ^ Stevelukather.net
17.Jump up ^ "Tavis Smiley . Shows . George Benson . October 6, 2009". PBS. October 6, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
18.Jump up ^ "Jimmy Kimmel Live Tomorrow Night, Wednesday Sep. 23!". George Benson. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
19.Jump up ^ Mergner, Lee. "Jazz Articles: George Benson Appearing With The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Show — By Lee Mergner — Jazz Articles". Jazztimes.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ YourSingapore.com – Music at Singapore Sun Festival
21.Jump up ^ George Benson interview by Pete Lewis, Blues & Soul, May 2012.
22.Jump up ^ Benson e Ivan Lins levam 'risada mais gostosa' e choro ao Rock in Rio
23.Jump up ^ Walden, Celia. "George Benson interview: love songs are one of the things in life that last". Telegraph. Telegraph. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
24.Jump up ^ Benson stated that he donated considerable funds to the religion's Watchtower Society. Robert E. Johnson, associate editor. "George Benson tells how he copes with fame, family, career and the stresses of show business"Jet Magazine 1 May 1989, pages 57-59, [1]
25.Jump up ^ "Past Winners Search". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
External links[edit]
Book icon Book: George Benson

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Benson.
George Benson at AllMusic
Official website


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
George Benson








































































Wikipedia book




[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1970s)




























Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85419947 ·
 LCCN: n82099720 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7838 7381 ·
 GND: 120446901 ·
 SUDOC: 150684576 ·
 BNF: cb13891366t (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 467f69b6-8d6d-4d2c-bfad-e89adf2806ff
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1943 births
Living people
American male singers
American male composers
American songwriters
American jazz guitarists
American jazz singers
Smooth jazz guitarists
Lead guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Schenley High School alumni
African-American guitarists
African-American singers
Groove Records artists
GRP Records artists
Verve Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Warner Bros. Records artists
Concord Records artists
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Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American singer-songwriters
















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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson








George Benson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other people named George Benson, see George Benson (disambiguation).

George Benson
George Benson 2009.jpg
George Benson performing in Madrid 2009

Background information

Born
March 22, 1943 (age 72)
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Genres
Jazz, funk, rhythm and blues, soul
Occupation(s)
Musician, singer-songwriter
Instruments
Vocals, guitar, archtop guitar
Years active
1954 (as little George Benson)[1][2]
 1963–present
Labels
Prestige Records (1964–65)
Columbia Records (1966–67)
Verve Records (1968)
A&M Records (1968–70)
CTI Records (1971–76)
Warner Bros. Records (1976–94)
GRP Records (1995–2005)
Concord Records (2006–present)
Associated acts
Jack McDuff, Earl Klugh, Al Jarreau, Joe Farrell, Count Basie Orchestra, McCoy Tyner, Joe Sample, Fuse One, Wes Montgomery, Django Reinhardt, Charlie Christian
Website
Official website
Notable instruments
Ibanez GB10 Signature Model
 Ibanez GB200 Signature Model
George Benson (born March 22, 1943)[3] is a ten-time Grammy Award-winning American musician, guitarist and singer-songwriter. He began his professional career at twenty-one, as a jazz guitarist. Benson uses a rest-stroke picking technique similar to that of gypsy jazz players such as Django Reinhardt.
A former child prodigy, Benson first came to prominence in the 1960s, playing soul jazz with Jack McDuff and others. He then launched a successful solo career, alternating between jazz, pop, R&B singing, and scat singing. His album Breezin' was certified triple-platinum, hitting #1 on the Billboard album chart in 1976.[4] His concerts were well attended through the 1980s, and he still has a large following.[4] He has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography 1.1 Early career
1.2 1970s and 1980s
1.3 1990s to present
1.4 Personal life
2 Discography
3 Awards 3.1 Grammy Awards
4 References
5 External links

Biography[edit]
Early career[edit]
Benson was born and raised in the Hill District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[5][6] At the age of seven, he first played the ukulele in a corner drug store, for which he was paid a few dollars. At the age of eight, he played guitar[5] in an unlicensed nightclub on Friday and Saturday nights, but the police soon closed the club down.[citation needed] At the age of 10, he recorded his first single record, "She Makes Me Mad",[1] with RCA-Victor in New York, under the name "Little Georgie".[5]
Benson attended and graduated Schenley High School.[7][8] As a youth, instead, he learned how to play straight-ahead instrumental jazz during a relationship performing for several years with organist Jack McDuff. One of his many early guitar heroes was country-jazz guitarist Hank Garland.[9][10] At the age of 21, he recorded his first album as leader, The New Boss Guitar, featuring McDuff.[3] Benson's next recording was It's Uptown with the George Benson Quartet, including Lonnie Smith on organ and Ronnie Cuber on baritone saxophone.[3] Benson followed it up with The George Benson Cookbook, also with Lonnie Smith and Ronnie Cuber on baritone and drummer Marion Booker.[3] Miles Davis employed Benson in the mid-1960s, featuring his guitar on "Paraphernalia" on his 1968 Columbia release, Miles in the Sky before going to Verve Records.
Benson then signed with Creed Taylor's jazz label CTI Records, where he recorded several albums, with jazz heavyweights guesting, to some success, mainly in the jazz field. His 1974 release, Bad Benson, climbed to the top spot in the Billboard jazz chart, while the follow-ups, Good King Bad (#51 Pop album) and Benson and Farrell (with Joe Farrell), both reached the jazz top-three sellers. Benson also did a version of The Beatles's 1969 album Abbey Road called The Other Side of Abbey Road, also released in 1969, and a version of "White Rabbit", originally written and recorded by San Francisco rock group Great Society, and made famous by Jefferson Airplane.[3] Benson played on numerous sessions for other CTI artists during this time, including Freddie Hubbard and Stanley Turrentine, notably on the latter's acclaimed album Sugar.
1970s and 1980s[edit]




George Benson "Breezin'" (1976)







Title track sample from George Benson's Breezin′ album

Problems playing this file? See media help.
By the mid- to late 1970s, as he recorded for Warner Bros. Records, a whole new audience began to discover Benson. With the 1976 release Breezin', Benson sang a lead vocal on the track "This Masquerade", which became a huge pop hit and won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. (He had sung vocals infrequently on albums earlier in his career, notably his rendition of "Here Comes the Sun" on the Other Side of Abbey Road album.) The rest of the album is instrumental, including his rendition of the 1975 Jose Feliciano composition "Affirmation". Breezin′ was a significant album in terms of popular music history – the first jazz release to go platinum.
In 1976, Benson toured with soul singer Minnie Riperton, who had been diagnosed with terminal breast cancer earlier that year. Also in 1976, George Benson appeared as a guitarist and backup vocalist on Stevie Wonder's song "Another Star" from Wonder's album Songs in the Key of Life. He also recorded the original version of "The Greatest Love of All" for the 1977 Muhammad Ali bio-pic, The Greatest, which was later covered by Whitney Houston as "Greatest Love of All".[11] During this time Benson recorded with the German conductor Claus Ogerman.[12] The live take of "On Broadway", recorded a few months later from the 1978 release Weekend in L.A., also won a Grammy. He has worked with Freddie Hubbard on a number of his albums throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
The Qwest record label (a subsidiary of Warner Bros., run by Quincy Jones) released Benson's breakthrough pop album Give Me The Night, produced by Jones. Benson made it into the pop and R&B top ten with the song "Give Me the Night" (written by former Heatwave keyboardist Rod Temperton). More importantly, Quincy Jones encouraged Benson to search his roots for further vocal inspiration, and he re-discovered his love for Nat Cole, Ray Charles and Donny Hathaway in the process, influencing a string of further vocal albums into the 1990s. Despite returning to his jazz and guitar playing most recently, this theme was reflected again much later in Benson's 2000 release Absolute Benson, featuring a cover of one of Hathaway's most notable songs, "The Ghetto". Benson accumulated three other platinum LPs and two gold albums.[11]
1990s to present[edit]




George Benson – "This Masquerade"







Sample track from George Benson's Breezin' album (1976)

Problems playing this file? See media help.
In 1985, Benson and guitarist Chet Atkins went on the smooth jazz charts with their collaboration "Sunrise", one of two songs from the duo released on Atkins' disc Stay Tuned. In 1992, Benson appeared on Jack McDuff's Colour Me Blue album, his first appearance on a Concord album. Benson signed with Concord Records in 2005 and toured with Al Jarreau in America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to promote their 2006 multiple Grammy-winning album Givin' It Up.[citation needed]
To commemorate the long-term relationship between Benson and Ibanez and to celebrate 30 years of collaboration on the GB Signature Models, Ibanez created the GB30TH, a very limited-edition model featuring a gold-foil finish inspired by the traditional Japanese Garahaku art form.[13] In 2009, Benson was recognized by the National Endowment of the Arts as a Jazz Master, the nation's highest honor in jazz.[14] Benson performed at the 49th issue of the Ohrid Summer Festival in Macedonia on July 25, 2009, and his tribute show to Nat King Cole An Unforgettable Tribute to Nat King Cole as part of the Istanbul International Jazz Festival in Turkey on July 27. In the fall of 2009, Benson finished recording a new album entitled Songs and Stories, with Marcus Miller, producer John Burk,[15] and session musicians David Paich and Steve Lukather.[16] As a part of the promotion for his recent Concord Music Group/Monster Music release Songs and Stories, Benson has appeared and/or performed on The Tavis Smiley Show,[17] Jimmy Kimmel Live![18] and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.[19]
Benson toured throughout 2010 in North America, Europe and the Pacific Rim, including an appearance at the Singapore Sun Festival.[20] He performed at the Java Jazz Festival March 4–6, 2011. In 2011, Benson released the album Guitar Man—revisiting his 1960s/early-1970s guitar-playing roots with a 12-song collection of covers of both jazz and pop standards overseen by producer John Burk.[21]

 In June 2013, Benson released his fourth album for Concord Records, Inspiration: A Tribute to Nat King Cole, which featured Wynton Marsalis, Idina Menzel, Till Brönner, and Judith Hill. In September, he returned to perform at Rock in Rio festival, in Rio de Janeiro, 35 years after his first performance at this festival, which was then the inaugural one.[22]
Personal life[edit]
Benson has been married to Johnnie Lee since 1965. Benson describes his music as focusing more on love and romance, rather than sexuality.[23] He is one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[24]
Discography[edit]



 Benson in September 2011
Main article: George Benson discography
Awards[edit]
Grammy Awards[edit]
List of Grammy Awards received by George Benson[25]

Year
Category
Title
Notes
1977 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Theme from Good King Bad" 
1977 Best Pop Instrumental Performance Breezin' 
1977 Record of the Year "This Masquerade" Tommy LiPuma, producer
1979 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance "On Broadway" 
1981 Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male "Moody's Mood" 
1981 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "Off Broadway" 
1981 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Give Me the Night 
1984 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Being with You" 
2007 Best Traditional R&B Performance "God Bless the Child" with Al Jarreau & Jill Scott
2007 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Mornin'" 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Australian ABCTV Flashez interview January 1, 1977.
2.Jump up ^ 45 Discography for Groove Records
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e allmusic Biography
4.^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 54. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Bird, Christiane (2001). The Da Capo Jazz And Blues Lover's Guide to the U.s. Da Capo Press. p. 196. ISBN 0306810344. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
6.Jump up ^ Mitchem, Stephanie Y.; Townes, Emilie Maureen (2008). Faith, Health, and Healing in African American Life. ABC-CLIO. p. 111. ISBN 0275993752. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ "NEW – Pittsburgh's Schenley school – whose alums include Andy Warhol and George Benson – to close". The Tribune-Democrat. June 26, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
8.Jump up ^ Smydo, Joe (December 10, 2005). "Panel to study if Schenley High can survive". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
9.Jump up ^ Associated Press (July 8, 2004). "Hank Garland living in shadow of his greatness". MSNBC. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
10.Jump up ^ Upchurch, Frances (December 20, 1978). "But Hank Sugarfoot Garland Was To Play His Guitar Again". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
11.^ Jump up to: a b VH1 – Artists bio
12.Jump up ^ Ogerman website
13.Jump up ^ "Ibanez.com". Ibanez.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
14.Jump up ^ National Endowment for the Arts (March 22, 1943). "NEA Jazz Masters: George Benson, Vocalist and Solo Instrumentalist (Guitar)". Nea.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ "Biography". George Benson. August 25, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
16.Jump up ^ Stevelukather.net
17.Jump up ^ "Tavis Smiley . Shows . George Benson . October 6, 2009". PBS. October 6, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
18.Jump up ^ "Jimmy Kimmel Live Tomorrow Night, Wednesday Sep. 23!". George Benson. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
19.Jump up ^ Mergner, Lee. "Jazz Articles: George Benson Appearing With The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Show — By Lee Mergner — Jazz Articles". Jazztimes.com. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ YourSingapore.com – Music at Singapore Sun Festival
21.Jump up ^ George Benson interview by Pete Lewis, Blues & Soul, May 2012.
22.Jump up ^ Benson e Ivan Lins levam 'risada mais gostosa' e choro ao Rock in Rio
23.Jump up ^ Walden, Celia. "George Benson interview: love songs are one of the things in life that last". Telegraph. Telegraph. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
24.Jump up ^ Benson stated that he donated considerable funds to the religion's Watchtower Society. Robert E. Johnson, associate editor. "George Benson tells how he copes with fame, family, career and the stresses of show business"Jet Magazine 1 May 1989, pages 57-59, [1]
25.Jump up ^ "Past Winners Search". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
External links[edit]
Book icon Book: George Benson

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Benson.
George Benson at AllMusic
Official website


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
George Benson








































































Wikipedia book




[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Grammy Award for Record of the Year (1970s)




























Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85419947 ·
 LCCN: n82099720 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7838 7381 ·
 GND: 120446901 ·
 SUDOC: 150684576 ·
 BNF: cb13891366t (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 467f69b6-8d6d-4d2c-bfad-e89adf2806ff
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1943 births
Living people
American male singers
American male composers
American songwriters
American jazz guitarists
American jazz singers
Smooth jazz guitarists
Lead guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Schenley High School alumni
African-American guitarists
African-American singers
Groove Records artists
GRP Records artists
Verve Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Warner Bros. Records artists
Concord Records artists
African-American jazz guitarists
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American singer-songwriters
















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This page was last modified on 17 May 2015, at 23:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson








Larry Graham

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the Australian politician, see Larry Graham (politician).


 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012)

Larry Graham
Larry Graham.jpg
Background information

Birth name
Larry Graham, Jr.
Born
August 14, 1946 (age 68)
Beaumont, Texas, United States
Genres
Funk, soul, R&B
Occupation(s)
Musician, songwriter, producer
Instruments
Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, organ, harmonica
Years active
1961–present
Labels
Epic, Warner Bros., NPG, RhinoSphinx
Associated acts
Sly and the Family Stone, Prince, Graham Central Station, Drake
Website
www.larrygraham.com
Notable instruments
White Moon bass nicknamed as Sunshine, Fender Jazz Bass
Larry Graham, Jr. (born August 14, 1946) is an American bass guitar player, both with the popular and influential psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "thumpin′ and pluckin′".[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Discography 2.1 With Graham Central Station
2.2 Solo albums
2.3 Singles
3 References
4 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Beaumont, Texas, to successful musicians, Graham played bass in the highly successful and influential funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1966 to 1972. It is said that he pioneered the art of slap-pop playing on the electric bass, in part to provide percussive and rhythmic elements in addition to the notes of the bass line when his mother's band lacked a drummer; the slap of the thumb being used to emulate a bass drum and the pop of the index or middle finger as a snare drum.[1] This style has become archetypal of modern funk. Slap-pop playing couples a percussive thumb-slapping technique of the lower strings with an aggressive finger-snap of the higher strings, often in rhythmic alternation. The slap and pop technique incorporates a large ratio of muted or "dead" notes to normal notes, which adds to the rhythmic effect.
This "slap" bass style was later used by such artists as Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson, Mark King, Flea, Victor Wooten, Jonas Hellborg, Kim Clarke of Defunkt, Marcus Miller, Stanley Clarke, and John Norwood Fisher of Fishbone.
After Sly and the Family Stone, Graham formed his own band, Graham Central Station. The name is a pun on Grand Central Station, the train station located in Manhattan, New York City. Graham Central Station had several hits in the 1970s, including "Hair".
In the mid-1970s, Larry Graham worked with Betty Davis, the second ex-wife of jazz legend Miles Davis. Betty Davis' band included members of the Tower of Power horns and the Pointer Sisters, and she recorded three albums to critical acclaim but limited commercial success.
In 1975, Graham became one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[2] Eventually, he was credited with introducing Prince to the faith. In the early 1980s, Graham recorded five solo albums and had several solo hits on the R&B charts. His biggest hit was "One in a Million You", a crossover hit, which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1980.
He reformed Graham Central Station in the early 1990s and performed with the band for several years during which they released two live albums. One was recorded in Japan in 1992, and the other, recorded in London in 1996, had only 1000 copies printed and was exclusively sold at concerts.
In 1998, he recorded a solo album under the name Graham Central Station, GCS 2000. It was a collaboration between Larry Graham and Prince. While Graham wrote all the songs, except one co-written by Prince, the album was co-arranged and co-produced by Prince, and most of the instruments and vocals were recorded by both Graham and Prince. Graham also played bass on tours with Prince in 1997–2000. He appeared in Prince's 1998 VHS Beautiful Strange and 1999 DVD Rave Un2 the Year 2000.
He has appeared with Prince since then at various international venues.
Larry Graham and Graham Central Station performed internationally with a world tour in 2010 and the "Funk Around The World" international tour in 2011. He appeared as a special guest at Jim James' "Rock N' Soul Dance Party Superjam" at Bonnaroo 2013.
Graham is the father of singer/songwriter and producer Darric Graham and is the uncle of Canadian rapper and actor Aubrey Graham (Drake).
Discography[edit]
With Graham Central Station[edit]
Graham Central Station (Warner Bros., 1974)
Release Yourself (Warner Bros., 1974)
Ain't No 'Bout-A-Doubt It (Warner Bros., 1975)
Mirror (Warner Bros., 1976)
Now Do U Wanta Dance (Warner Bros., 1977)
My Radio Sure Sounds Good to Me (Warner Bros., 1978)
Live in Japan (1992)
Live in London (1996)
Back by Popular Demand (1998)
The Best of Larry Graham and Graham Central Station, Vol. 1 (Warner Bros., 1996)
Raise Up (2012)
Solo albums[edit]
All Warner Bros. releases.1979: Star Walk
1980: One in a Million You
1981: Just Be My Lady
1982: Sooner or Later
1983: Victory
1985: Fired Up
NPG Records release1998: GCS2000 (as Graham Central Station)
Singles[edit]

Year
Title
Album
U.S. Hot 100
U.S. R&B
UK Singles Chart[3]
1980 "One in a Million You" One in a Million You 9 1 
1980 "When We Get Married" One in a Million You 76 9 
1981 "Guess Who" Just Be My Lady  69 
1981 "Just Be My Lady" Just Be My Lady 67 4 
1982 "Don't Stop When You're Hot"/
 "Sooner or Later" Sooner or Later 102
 110 16
 27 54

1983 "I Never Forget Your Eyes" Victory  34 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Larry Graham: Trunk of the Funk Tree", Bass Player magazine, April 2007.
2.Jump up ^ Awake! magazine, February 22, 1989, p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 233. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[edit]
A bio from the Ultimate Band List.
"Release Yourself: From Sly Stone's roughhouse to the Artist's clubhouse, groundbreaking bassist Larry Graham finds new power in Minnesota", City Pages, July 21, 1999.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Sly and the Family Stone


Sly Stone ·
 Freddie Stone ·
 Rose Stone ·
 Cynthia Robinson ·
 Greg Errico ·
 Jerry Martini ·
 Larry Graham
 

Studio albums
A Whole New Thing (1967) ·
 Dance to the Music (1968) ·
 Life (1968) ·
 Stand! (1969) ·
 There's a Riot Goin' On (1971) ·
 Fresh (1973) ·
 Small Talk (1974) ·
 High on You (Sly Stone, 1975) ·
 Heard Ya Missed Me, Well I'm Back (1976) ·
 Back on the Right Track (1979) ·
 Ain't But the One Way (1982) ·
 I'm Back! Family & Friends (Sly Stone, 2011)
 

Live albums
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
 

Compilations
Greatest Hits ·
 Ten Years Too Soon ·
 Sly & the Family Stone Anthology ·
 Who in the Funk Do You Think You Are: The Warner Bros. Recordings ·
 Rock and Roll ·
 The Essential Sly & the Family Stone ·
 Different Strokes by Different Folks ·
 Higher! ·
 The Collection
 

Singles
"Underdog" ·
 "Dance to the Music" ·
 "Dance à la Musique" ·
 "Life" ·
 "Everyday People" ·
 "Stand!" ·
 "Hot Fun in the Summertime" ·
 "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)" ·
 "I Want to Take You Higher" ·
 "Family Affair" ·
 "Runnin' Away" ·
 "(You Caught Me) Smilin'" ·
 "I Ain't Got Nobody" ·
 "If You Want Me to Stay" ·
 "Frisky" ·
 "Time for Livin'" ·
 "Loose Booty" ·
 "I Get High on You" ·
 "Le Lo Li" ·
 "Crossword Puzzle" ·
 "Blessing in Disguise" ·
 "Family Again"
 

Additional personnel
Vet Stone ·
 Mary McCreary ·
 Elva Mouton ·
 Gerry Gibson ·
 Rustee Allen ·
 Pat Rizzo ·
 Andy Newmark ·
 Bill Lordan ·
 Vicki Blackwell ·
 Jim Strassburg
 

Related articles
Awards ·
 Discography ·
 Sly Stone solo discography ·
 Members ·
 Little Sister
 

Wikipedia book Book ·
 Category Category
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85756903 ·
 LCCN: n96014742 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7841 2663 ·
 GND: 134642031 ·
 BNF: cb14042501r (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 87982d06-55e1-456c-a11e-9911cc320f45
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1946 births
Living people
African-American singers
African-American rock musicians
American baritones
American bass guitarists
American funk bass guitarists
American funk singers
American male singers
Songwriters from Texas
American funk musicians
American Jehovah's Witnesses
People from Beaumont, Texas
Sly and the Family Stone members
Singers from Texas












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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Graham








Larry Graham

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the Australian politician, see Larry Graham (politician).


 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012)

Larry Graham
Larry Graham.jpg
Background information

Birth name
Larry Graham, Jr.
Born
August 14, 1946 (age 68)
Beaumont, Texas, United States
Genres
Funk, soul, R&B
Occupation(s)
Musician, songwriter, producer
Instruments
Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, organ, harmonica
Years active
1961–present
Labels
Epic, Warner Bros., NPG, RhinoSphinx
Associated acts
Sly and the Family Stone, Prince, Graham Central Station, Drake
Website
www.larrygraham.com
Notable instruments
White Moon bass nicknamed as Sunshine, Fender Jazz Bass
Larry Graham, Jr. (born August 14, 1946) is an American bass guitar player, both with the popular and influential psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "thumpin′ and pluckin′".[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Discography 2.1 With Graham Central Station
2.2 Solo albums
2.3 Singles
3 References
4 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Beaumont, Texas, to successful musicians, Graham played bass in the highly successful and influential funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1966 to 1972. It is said that he pioneered the art of slap-pop playing on the electric bass, in part to provide percussive and rhythmic elements in addition to the notes of the bass line when his mother's band lacked a drummer; the slap of the thumb being used to emulate a bass drum and the pop of the index or middle finger as a snare drum.[1] This style has become archetypal of modern funk. Slap-pop playing couples a percussive thumb-slapping technique of the lower strings with an aggressive finger-snap of the higher strings, often in rhythmic alternation. The slap and pop technique incorporates a large ratio of muted or "dead" notes to normal notes, which adds to the rhythmic effect.
This "slap" bass style was later used by such artists as Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson, Mark King, Flea, Victor Wooten, Jonas Hellborg, Kim Clarke of Defunkt, Marcus Miller, Stanley Clarke, and John Norwood Fisher of Fishbone.
After Sly and the Family Stone, Graham formed his own band, Graham Central Station. The name is a pun on Grand Central Station, the train station located in Manhattan, New York City. Graham Central Station had several hits in the 1970s, including "Hair".
In the mid-1970s, Larry Graham worked with Betty Davis, the second ex-wife of jazz legend Miles Davis. Betty Davis' band included members of the Tower of Power horns and the Pointer Sisters, and she recorded three albums to critical acclaim but limited commercial success.
In 1975, Graham became one of Jehovah's Witnesses.[2] Eventually, he was credited with introducing Prince to the faith. In the early 1980s, Graham recorded five solo albums and had several solo hits on the R&B charts. His biggest hit was "One in a Million You", a crossover hit, which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1980.
He reformed Graham Central Station in the early 1990s and performed with the band for several years during which they released two live albums. One was recorded in Japan in 1992, and the other, recorded in London in 1996, had only 1000 copies printed and was exclusively sold at concerts.
In 1998, he recorded a solo album under the name Graham Central Station, GCS 2000. It was a collaboration between Larry Graham and Prince. While Graham wrote all the songs, except one co-written by Prince, the album was co-arranged and co-produced by Prince, and most of the instruments and vocals were recorded by both Graham and Prince. Graham also played bass on tours with Prince in 1997–2000. He appeared in Prince's 1998 VHS Beautiful Strange and 1999 DVD Rave Un2 the Year 2000.
He has appeared with Prince since then at various international venues.
Larry Graham and Graham Central Station performed internationally with a world tour in 2010 and the "Funk Around The World" international tour in 2011. He appeared as a special guest at Jim James' "Rock N' Soul Dance Party Superjam" at Bonnaroo 2013.
Graham is the father of singer/songwriter and producer Darric Graham and is the uncle of Canadian rapper and actor Aubrey Graham (Drake).
Discography[edit]
With Graham Central Station[edit]
Graham Central Station (Warner Bros., 1974)
Release Yourself (Warner Bros., 1974)
Ain't No 'Bout-A-Doubt It (Warner Bros., 1975)
Mirror (Warner Bros., 1976)
Now Do U Wanta Dance (Warner Bros., 1977)
My Radio Sure Sounds Good to Me (Warner Bros., 1978)
Live in Japan (1992)
Live in London (1996)
Back by Popular Demand (1998)
The Best of Larry Graham and Graham Central Station, Vol. 1 (Warner Bros., 1996)
Raise Up (2012)
Solo albums[edit]
All Warner Bros. releases.1979: Star Walk
1980: One in a Million You
1981: Just Be My Lady
1982: Sooner or Later
1983: Victory
1985: Fired Up
NPG Records release1998: GCS2000 (as Graham Central Station)
Singles[edit]

Year
Title
Album
U.S. Hot 100
U.S. R&B
UK Singles Chart[3]
1980 "One in a Million You" One in a Million You 9 1 
1980 "When We Get Married" One in a Million You 76 9 
1981 "Guess Who" Just Be My Lady  69 
1981 "Just Be My Lady" Just Be My Lady 67 4 
1982 "Don't Stop When You're Hot"/
 "Sooner or Later" Sooner or Later 102
 110 16
 27 54

1983 "I Never Forget Your Eyes" Victory  34 
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Larry Graham: Trunk of the Funk Tree", Bass Player magazine, April 2007.
2.Jump up ^ Awake! magazine, February 22, 1989, p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 233. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[edit]
A bio from the Ultimate Band List.
"Release Yourself: From Sly Stone's roughhouse to the Artist's clubhouse, groundbreaking bassist Larry Graham finds new power in Minnesota", City Pages, July 21, 1999.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Sly and the Family Stone


Sly Stone ·
 Freddie Stone ·
 Rose Stone ·
 Cynthia Robinson ·
 Greg Errico ·
 Jerry Martini ·
 Larry Graham
 

Studio albums
A Whole New Thing (1967) ·
 Dance to the Music (1968) ·
 Life (1968) ·
 Stand! (1969) ·
 There's a Riot Goin' On (1971) ·
 Fresh (1973) ·
 Small Talk (1974) ·
 High on You (Sly Stone, 1975) ·
 Heard Ya Missed Me, Well I'm Back (1976) ·
 Back on the Right Track (1979) ·
 Ain't But the One Way (1982) ·
 I'm Back! Family & Friends (Sly Stone, 2011)
 

Live albums
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
 

Compilations
Greatest Hits ·
 Ten Years Too Soon ·
 Sly & the Family Stone Anthology ·
 Who in the Funk Do You Think You Are: The Warner Bros. Recordings ·
 Rock and Roll ·
 The Essential Sly & the Family Stone ·
 Different Strokes by Different Folks ·
 Higher! ·
 The Collection
 

Singles
"Underdog" ·
 "Dance to the Music" ·
 "Dance à la Musique" ·
 "Life" ·
 "Everyday People" ·
 "Stand!" ·
 "Hot Fun in the Summertime" ·
 "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)" ·
 "I Want to Take You Higher" ·
 "Family Affair" ·
 "Runnin' Away" ·
 "(You Caught Me) Smilin'" ·
 "I Ain't Got Nobody" ·
 "If You Want Me to Stay" ·
 "Frisky" ·
 "Time for Livin'" ·
 "Loose Booty" ·
 "I Get High on You" ·
 "Le Lo Li" ·
 "Crossword Puzzle" ·
 "Blessing in Disguise" ·
 "Family Again"
 

Additional personnel
Vet Stone ·
 Mary McCreary ·
 Elva Mouton ·
 Gerry Gibson ·
 Rustee Allen ·
 Pat Rizzo ·
 Andy Newmark ·
 Bill Lordan ·
 Vicki Blackwell ·
 Jim Strassburg
 

Related articles
Awards ·
 Discography ·
 Sly Stone solo discography ·
 Members ·
 Little Sister
 

Wikipedia book Book ·
 Category Category
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 85756903 ·
 LCCN: n96014742 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7841 2663 ·
 GND: 134642031 ·
 BNF: cb14042501r (data) ·
 MusicBrainz: 87982d06-55e1-456c-a11e-9911cc320f45
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1946 births
Living people
African-American singers
African-American rock musicians
American baritones
American bass guitarists
American funk bass guitarists
American funk singers
American male singers
Songwriters from Texas
American funk musicians
American Jehovah's Witnesses
People from Beaumont, Texas
Sly and the Family Stone members
Singers from Texas












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This page was last modified on 5 May 2015, at 05:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Graham








Teresa Graves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Teresa Graves
Teresa Graves Get Christie Love 1974.jpg
Graves in Get Christie Love, 1974.

Born
Terresa Graves
January 10, 1948
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Died
October 10, 2002 (aged 54)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Cause of death
 Burns sustained in House Fire.

Resting place
 Cremated
Nationality
American
Other names
Theresa Graves
Occupation
Actress, Singer
Years active
1967–1983
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
William Reddick (m. 1977–83)
Teresa Graves (born Terresa Graves; January 10, 1948 – October 10, 2002) was an American actress and singer. As the star of the 1974 Get Christie Love!, Graves is credited as being the first African-American woman to star in her own hour-long drama television series.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life and Career
2 Later Years/Death
3 Acting roles
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links

Early life and Career[edit]
Born in Houston, Texas, Graves began her career singing with The Doodletown Pipers.[2] She soon turned to acting and became a regular in the two variety shows: Our Place (1967) and the infamous single episode of Turn-On (1969). She then became a regular on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In during its third season.[3] Graves appeared in a number of films before her pivotal role in the 1974 television movie Get Christie Love!. She reprised the role of police investigator "Christie Love" in a short-lived TV series of the same name, which featured Charles Cioffi and Jack Kelly as Lieutenants Reardon and Ryan, respectively, Love's supervisors. Jet magazine described Graves as "television's most delightful detective, the epitome of a tough lady cop with more feminine features than Venus".[4]
Later Years/Death[edit]
Graves was baptized as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in 1974, and almost immediately began using her celebrity to bring international awareness to the persecution of Witnesses in Malawi under then-leader Hastings Kamuzu Banda's "one-party rule".[5] In 1983, she retired from show business to devote her time to the religion. For the rest of her life, Graves resided at 3437 West 78th Place in the Hyde Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, and took care of her mother.[2] On October 10, 2002, Graves' home caught fire. She was found unconscious in a bedroom before being rushed to the hospital where she later died.[6] She was 54 years old.
Acting roles[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1969 Turn-On Regular Performer 1 episode
1970–1971 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In Regular performer 26 episodes
1971 The Funny Side Minority Wife Unknown episodes
1972 Keeping Up with the Joneses  Television movie
1972 The New Dick Van Dyke Show Nurse Allen 1 episode
1973 The Rookies Susan Davis 1 episode
1973 That Man Bolt Samantha Nightingale 
1974 Vampira Countess Vampira Alternative titles: Old Dracula
Old Drac
1974 Black Eye Cynthia 
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love Television movie
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love 21 episodes

Awards and nominations[edit]

Year
Award
Result
Category
Film or series
1975 Golden Globe Award Nominated Best TV Actress - Drama Get Christie Love!
1977 TP de Oro Won Best Foreign Actress (Mejor Actriz Extranjera) Get Christie Love!
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Levine, Elana (2007). Wallowing in Sex: The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television. Duke University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-8223-3919-6.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "`Get Christy Love' TV star Teresa Graves, 54, dies in fire". Jet. 2002-10-28. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
3.Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (1999). From Beautiful Downtown Burbank: A Critical History of Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in, 1968-1973. McFarland. p. 204. ISBN 0-7864-0766-2.
4.Jump up ^ "TV's Tough Lady Copy", Jet magazine, November 14, 1974, cover and pages 58-60, Online
5.Jump up ^ "Choosing Between Two Loves in My Life" as told by Teresa Graves, Awake!, April 22, 1977, p. 19.
6.Jump up ^ "Teresa Graves, 53, Of 'Get Christie Love'". The New York Times. 2002-10-16. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teresa Graves.

Portal icon Biography portal
Teresa Graves at the Internet Movie Database
Teresa Graves at the African American Registry (archived by the Wayback Machine)
Teresa Graves at Find a Grave


Authority control
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 ISNI: 0000 0000 5954 4134 ·
 BNF: cb141830813 (data)
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1948 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Accidental deaths in California
Actresses from Texas
African-American female singers
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American pop singers
Deaths from fire in the United States
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Traditional pop music singers
African-American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses









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This page was last modified on 11 May 2015, at 12:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Graves








Teresa Graves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Teresa Graves
Teresa Graves Get Christie Love 1974.jpg
Graves in Get Christie Love, 1974.

Born
Terresa Graves
January 10, 1948
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Died
October 10, 2002 (aged 54)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Cause of death
 Burns sustained in House Fire.

Resting place
 Cremated
Nationality
American
Other names
Theresa Graves
Occupation
Actress, Singer
Years active
1967–1983
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
William Reddick (m. 1977–83)
Teresa Graves (born Terresa Graves; January 10, 1948 – October 10, 2002) was an American actress and singer. As the star of the 1974 Get Christie Love!, Graves is credited as being the first African-American woman to star in her own hour-long drama television series.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life and Career
2 Later Years/Death
3 Acting roles
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links

Early life and Career[edit]
Born in Houston, Texas, Graves began her career singing with The Doodletown Pipers.[2] She soon turned to acting and became a regular in the two variety shows: Our Place (1967) and the infamous single episode of Turn-On (1969). She then became a regular on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In during its third season.[3] Graves appeared in a number of films before her pivotal role in the 1974 television movie Get Christie Love!. She reprised the role of police investigator "Christie Love" in a short-lived TV series of the same name, which featured Charles Cioffi and Jack Kelly as Lieutenants Reardon and Ryan, respectively, Love's supervisors. Jet magazine described Graves as "television's most delightful detective, the epitome of a tough lady cop with more feminine features than Venus".[4]
Later Years/Death[edit]
Graves was baptized as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in 1974, and almost immediately began using her celebrity to bring international awareness to the persecution of Witnesses in Malawi under then-leader Hastings Kamuzu Banda's "one-party rule".[5] In 1983, she retired from show business to devote her time to the religion. For the rest of her life, Graves resided at 3437 West 78th Place in the Hyde Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, and took care of her mother.[2] On October 10, 2002, Graves' home caught fire. She was found unconscious in a bedroom before being rushed to the hospital where she later died.[6] She was 54 years old.
Acting roles[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1969 Turn-On Regular Performer 1 episode
1970–1971 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In Regular performer 26 episodes
1971 The Funny Side Minority Wife Unknown episodes
1972 Keeping Up with the Joneses  Television movie
1972 The New Dick Van Dyke Show Nurse Allen 1 episode
1973 The Rookies Susan Davis 1 episode
1973 That Man Bolt Samantha Nightingale 
1974 Vampira Countess Vampira Alternative titles: Old Dracula
Old Drac
1974 Black Eye Cynthia 
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love Television movie
1974 Get Christie Love! Christie Love 21 episodes

Awards and nominations[edit]

Year
Award
Result
Category
Film or series
1975 Golden Globe Award Nominated Best TV Actress - Drama Get Christie Love!
1977 TP de Oro Won Best Foreign Actress (Mejor Actriz Extranjera) Get Christie Love!
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Levine, Elana (2007). Wallowing in Sex: The New Sexual Culture of 1970s American Television. Duke University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-8223-3919-6.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "`Get Christy Love' TV star Teresa Graves, 54, dies in fire". Jet. 2002-10-28. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
3.Jump up ^ Erickson, Hal (1999). From Beautiful Downtown Burbank: A Critical History of Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in, 1968-1973. McFarland. p. 204. ISBN 0-7864-0766-2.
4.Jump up ^ "TV's Tough Lady Copy", Jet magazine, November 14, 1974, cover and pages 58-60, Online
5.Jump up ^ "Choosing Between Two Loves in My Life" as told by Teresa Graves, Awake!, April 22, 1977, p. 19.
6.Jump up ^ "Teresa Graves, 53, Of 'Get Christie Love'". The New York Times. 2002-10-16. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teresa Graves.

Portal icon Biography portal
Teresa Graves at the Internet Movie Database
Teresa Graves at the African American Registry (archived by the Wayback Machine)
Teresa Graves at Find a Grave


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Katherine Jackson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other people named Katherine Jackson, see Katherine Jackson (disambiguation).


 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Katherine Jackson

Born
Kattie B. Screws
 May 4, 1930 (age 85)
Barbour County, Alabama, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
Joe Jackson
 (m. 1949)
Children
10, See below
Parent(s)
Martha Bridges (1907–1990)
 Prince Albert Scruse (1907–1997)

Listen to this article (info/dl)













This audio file was created from a revision of the "Katherine Jackson" article dated 2011-02-10, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Katherine Esther Jackson (née Scruse; born Kattie B. Screws on May 4, 1930) is the matriarch of the Jackson musical family.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 The Jackson family
3 My Family
4 Recent years
5 Death of Michael Jackson
6 Children
7 References

Early life[edit]
Jackson was born Kattie B. Screws in Barbour County, Alabama, to Martha (née Upshaw; December 14, 1907 – April 25, 1990) and Prince Albert Screws (October 16, 1907 – January 21, 1997). When Jackson was four, her father changed his surname to "Scruse", and renamed his daughter to Katherine Esther. The younger of two daughters, Jackson contracted polio at two but survived the disease. Effects of the disease left her with a noticeable permanent limp. At four, Jackson's family moved to East Chicago, Indiana, a suburb outside Chicago and next to Gary, Indiana in northwest Indiana. As a child, Jackson aspired to become a country singer but was dismayed to find that there were no notable black country stars. Jackson's parents divorced when she was still a youngster. In high school, Jackson joined the local high school band. In 1947, Jackson met Joseph Jackson also living in East Chicago. After a year-long courtship that started after Joseph annulled an early marriage, they married in November 1949. In January 1950, they purchased a two-bedroom house in Gary. During the couple's early years, they sang together, with Joe playing guitar. After Joe's dream of a boxing career was dashed, he continued working at East Chicago's Inland Steel Company while Jackson gave birth to her ten children. The sixth of which were twins, Marlon and twin brother, Brandon, although he died as stillborn.
The Jackson family[edit]
Main articles: Jackson family and Jackson 5
For a period, to help make ends meet, Jackson worked as a store clerk in a local Sears store. In 1963, Jackson, who was raised a Baptist, discovered the Jehovah's Witness faith. After her conversion in 1965, all of her children followed her into the faith. While Joe, who was brought up in the Lutheran faith, also practiced the religion, it was often said he decided not to convert. As Jackson's brood grew, she quit her position at Sears and settled primarily as a housewife while keeping her children safe from the streets. By the early 1960s, several of Jackson's sons began to show off their musical talents. In 1963, Joe formed The Jackson Brothers with three of their eldest sons, being Jackie, Tito and Jermaine. Around the same time, Jackson's younger son Michael was also showing off his talent, which was discovered first by Jackson, who noticed Michael, at the age of four, singing along to the radio while dancing to the rhythm. But when she tried to tell Joe of Michael's talent, he brushed her aside, though she insisted.
A year later, Joe enlisted Michael and older brother Marlon Jackson into the group not as vocalists, but as backing instrumentalists, playing percussion. It wouldn't be until 1966 that Joe began to see seven-year-old Michael's overall talents three years after Jackson's discovery. Beforehand, Michael had performed onstage without his father's knowledge at several school recitals starting at five. By the end of 1966, Michael was positioned as the second frontman of the group after Jermaine. Acting on advice from a schoolteacher, Joe changed the group's name to The Jackson Five. In 1967, after winning several talent shows in Gary, Joe Jackson decided to make the group a professional act when Gordon Keith the owner and producer at Gary's Steeltown Records discovered them, signing them to their first contract in November 1967. Their first single, "Big Boy", produced by Keith, was released on January 30, 1968 and became a local hit. Jackson began designing the group's costumes, which she continued until the group found national fame months after signing with Motown Records in March 1969. During the Jackson 5's 1970-71 heyday, Jackson - along with her three daughters and youngest son - was barely mentioned in the press. This changed in 1974 when Joe began building careers around his three younger children and eldest daughter. Michael often mentioned Jackson lovingly. Jackson started to become part of her husband's management team when the grown-up members of the group (which renamed themselves The Jacksons after splitting from Motown in 1975) reunited for the Victory Tour in 1984. On his 1982 album, Thriller, Michael dedicated the album to her. Janet Jackson would do the same following the release of her 1989 album, Rhythm Nation 1814, the first album where she wasn't under the watchful eye of her father following the success of Control, as Janet had fired him months after its release. Michael often said that his mother was appreciative of his solo music and approved of songs such as "Billie Jean" but said she was cautious of Michael's mature material, including "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough". In 1985, acknowledging what was then a positive impact on her children's successful music careers, national urban magazine Essence honored her as "Mother of the Year".
My Family[edit]
In 1990, Jackson released her autobiography, My Family,[1] which documented her early years and her relationship with her husband and their children, eight of whom wrote salutes to their mother in the book's foreword.[1] She detailed that her husband on more than a few occasions had committed adultery, one of which resulted in the birth of a daughter named Joh'Vonnie Jackson with another woman named Cheryl Terrell on August 30, 1974.[1]
In an unauthorized biography of Janet Jackson, a confrontational family incident was described. This biography claims that, in 1979, Jackson and her two youngest children, Randy and Janet, confronted a woman who worked for Joseph's company, whom Jackson had often reportedly accused of cheating with Joseph. That incident was re-dramatized for the 1992 miniseries The Jacksons: An American Dream. However in the miniseries, Jackson was shown confronting Joseph instead of the woman about the alleged incident.
In the late 1980s, Jackson began experiencing an estrangement with her daughter La Toya after she was being managed by Jack Gordon. In her 1991 memoirs, La Toya: Growing Up in the Jackson Family, La Toya alleged that Jackson was emotionally abusive, charges Jackson denied to the press and blamed Gordon, who married La Toya in 1989, for "brainwashing" her. In 1997, La Toya and Jackson reconciled after she filed for divorce from Gordon.
Jackson was portrayed by Angela Bassett in the 1992 miniseries The Jacksons: An American Dream. Patricia Idlette portrayed her in the 2004 film Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story.
Recent years[edit]
Jackson has spent the last couple of decades talking to the press defending her children, mainly Michael, who began to gain notoriety for his eccentricities. In a recent interview promoting her Michael Jackson Story Book/DVD on The Oprah Winfrey Show, however, Jackson acknowledged that Michael was addicted to plastic surgery and also got her husband to admit to physically disciplining their children.[2] Over the years, it had been acknowledged by some that Joe was abusive towards his children, which he has continually denied despite admissions by both La Toya and Michael.[citation needed]
Jackson splits her time between Las Vegas and her Hayvenhurst home in Encino.
Despite rumours that she is estranged from Joe, she denied those rumours in an interview and dismissed rumours that Joe was banned from The Jackson family home as something the media tried to cook up and false.[1]. According to her son Jermaine Jackson's 2011 book (You Are Not Alone: Michael through a Brother's Eyes), Jackson had told Michael that she was nearing the age of 80 and before she died, she wanted to see her sons perform together one last time. One of Michael Jackson's future plans as part of his deal with AEG Live was a final reunion tour with his brothers.
Death of Michael Jackson[edit]
On June 25, 2009, Michael died from Propofol intoxication at the hands of his physician Dr. Conrad Murray. Jackson, along with the rest of the family, attended his memorial which was held on July 7, 2009. On June 29, 2009, Jackson was granted temporary guardianship of Michael's three children.[3] Court documents indicated that she was also seeking control over the three children's interests in their late father's estate.[3] Although Debbie Rowe, the biological mother of the two eldest children and Michael's second wife, had not seen or interacted with the children for years, as of July 4, 2009, she petitioned the courts for custody of her children. As of July 30, 2009, Jackson and Debbie Rowe reached a settlement pertaining to the care of Michael's three children, Prince Michael I ("Prince"), Paris Katherine and Prince Michael II, ("Blanket"), will be raised by Katherine; Rowe will have visitation rights and continue to receive the yearly payments to which Michael had agreed.
On August 3, 2009, the judge named Jackson as the children's permanent guardian. On July 25, 2012, Jackson's guardianship of the children was suspended by the court amid allegations that she may have been held against her will by several Jackson family members as a result of a financial dispute between those family members and the Michael Jackson Estate.[4] Guardianship of the children was temporarily given to Michael Jackson’s nephew TJ Jackson, one of Tito's sons.[5] The guardianship resumed with TJ Jackson added as a co-guardian.[6] [7]
Children[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal
Ten children were born to Katherine and Joe Jackson.[1]
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951)
Tariano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953)
Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (born December 11, 1954)
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
Brandon Jackson (stillborn March 12, 1957)
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009)
Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d Jackson, Katherine; Rich Wiseman (1990). My Family, the Jacksons. St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN 0-312-92350-3.
2.Jump up ^ Gina Serpe (8 November 2010). "Michael Jackson's Kids, Parents Join Oprah: Talk Plastic Surgery, Beatings and…French Toast?". eonline.com.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Daily Mail Reporter (2009-06-29). "Michael Jackson's mother wins temporary custody of his three children". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
4.Jump up ^ "Katherine Jackson loses custody of MJ’s kids". 26 July 2012.
5.Jump up ^ "Judge suspends Katherine Jackson as guardian of Michael Jackson's children". CNN News. 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
6.Jump up ^ Duke, Alan (2 August 2012). "Katherine Jackson resumes guardianship of Michael Jackson's children". CNN. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
7.Jump up ^ http://www.autopsyfiles.org/reports/Celebs/jackson,%20michael_report.pdf


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Jackson family


Parents
Joe Jackson: 1928 ·
 Katherine Jackson: 1930
 

Children
Maureen Reillette (Rebbie): 1950 ·
 Sigmund Esco (Jackie): 1951 ·
 Toriano Adaryll (Tito): 1953 ·
 Jermaine La Jaune: 1954 ·
 La Toya Yvonne: 1956 ·
 Marlon David: 1957 ·
 Michael Joseph: 1958–2009 ·
 Steven Randall (Randy): 1961 ·
 Janet Damita Jo: 1966
 

Grandchildren
Austin Brown: 1985
 

Musical groups
The Jackson 5/The Jacksons ·
 3T
 

Television
The Jacksons ·
 The Jacksons: An American Dream ·
 The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty
 

Portal The Jackson Family portal




Authority control
VIAF: 113608995
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1930 births
American autobiographers
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Jackson musical family
Living people
People from Barbour County, Alabama
People from East Chicago, Indiana
People from Gary, Indiana
African-American people
African-American Christians
Michael Jackson
People with poliomyelitis
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Jackson







Listen to this article

Katherine Jackson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other people named Katherine Jackson, see Katherine Jackson (disambiguation).


 This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Katherine Jackson

Born
Kattie B. Screws
 May 4, 1930 (age 85)
Barbour County, Alabama, U.S.
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
Joe Jackson
 (m. 1949)
Children
10, See below
Parent(s)
Martha Bridges (1907–1990)
 Prince Albert Scruse (1907–1997)

Listen to this article (info/dl)













This audio file was created from a revision of the "Katherine Jackson" article dated 2011-02-10, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Katherine Esther Jackson (née Scruse; born Kattie B. Screws on May 4, 1930) is the matriarch of the Jackson musical family.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 The Jackson family
3 My Family
4 Recent years
5 Death of Michael Jackson
6 Children
7 References

Early life[edit]
Jackson was born Kattie B. Screws in Barbour County, Alabama, to Martha (née Upshaw; December 14, 1907 – April 25, 1990) and Prince Albert Screws (October 16, 1907 – January 21, 1997). When Jackson was four, her father changed his surname to "Scruse", and renamed his daughter to Katherine Esther. The younger of two daughters, Jackson contracted polio at two but survived the disease. Effects of the disease left her with a noticeable permanent limp. At four, Jackson's family moved to East Chicago, Indiana, a suburb outside Chicago and next to Gary, Indiana in northwest Indiana. As a child, Jackson aspired to become a country singer but was dismayed to find that there were no notable black country stars. Jackson's parents divorced when she was still a youngster. In high school, Jackson joined the local high school band. In 1947, Jackson met Joseph Jackson also living in East Chicago. After a year-long courtship that started after Joseph annulled an early marriage, they married in November 1949. In January 1950, they purchased a two-bedroom house in Gary. During the couple's early years, they sang together, with Joe playing guitar. After Joe's dream of a boxing career was dashed, he continued working at East Chicago's Inland Steel Company while Jackson gave birth to her ten children. The sixth of which were twins, Marlon and twin brother, Brandon, although he died as stillborn.
The Jackson family[edit]
Main articles: Jackson family and Jackson 5
For a period, to help make ends meet, Jackson worked as a store clerk in a local Sears store. In 1963, Jackson, who was raised a Baptist, discovered the Jehovah's Witness faith. After her conversion in 1965, all of her children followed her into the faith. While Joe, who was brought up in the Lutheran faith, also practiced the religion, it was often said he decided not to convert. As Jackson's brood grew, she quit her position at Sears and settled primarily as a housewife while keeping her children safe from the streets. By the early 1960s, several of Jackson's sons began to show off their musical talents. In 1963, Joe formed The Jackson Brothers with three of their eldest sons, being Jackie, Tito and Jermaine. Around the same time, Jackson's younger son Michael was also showing off his talent, which was discovered first by Jackson, who noticed Michael, at the age of four, singing along to the radio while dancing to the rhythm. But when she tried to tell Joe of Michael's talent, he brushed her aside, though she insisted.
A year later, Joe enlisted Michael and older brother Marlon Jackson into the group not as vocalists, but as backing instrumentalists, playing percussion. It wouldn't be until 1966 that Joe began to see seven-year-old Michael's overall talents three years after Jackson's discovery. Beforehand, Michael had performed onstage without his father's knowledge at several school recitals starting at five. By the end of 1966, Michael was positioned as the second frontman of the group after Jermaine. Acting on advice from a schoolteacher, Joe changed the group's name to The Jackson Five. In 1967, after winning several talent shows in Gary, Joe Jackson decided to make the group a professional act when Gordon Keith the owner and producer at Gary's Steeltown Records discovered them, signing them to their first contract in November 1967. Their first single, "Big Boy", produced by Keith, was released on January 30, 1968 and became a local hit. Jackson began designing the group's costumes, which she continued until the group found national fame months after signing with Motown Records in March 1969. During the Jackson 5's 1970-71 heyday, Jackson - along with her three daughters and youngest son - was barely mentioned in the press. This changed in 1974 when Joe began building careers around his three younger children and eldest daughter. Michael often mentioned Jackson lovingly. Jackson started to become part of her husband's management team when the grown-up members of the group (which renamed themselves The Jacksons after splitting from Motown in 1975) reunited for the Victory Tour in 1984. On his 1982 album, Thriller, Michael dedicated the album to her. Janet Jackson would do the same following the release of her 1989 album, Rhythm Nation 1814, the first album where she wasn't under the watchful eye of her father following the success of Control, as Janet had fired him months after its release. Michael often said that his mother was appreciative of his solo music and approved of songs such as "Billie Jean" but said she was cautious of Michael's mature material, including "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough". In 1985, acknowledging what was then a positive impact on her children's successful music careers, national urban magazine Essence honored her as "Mother of the Year".
My Family[edit]
In 1990, Jackson released her autobiography, My Family,[1] which documented her early years and her relationship with her husband and their children, eight of whom wrote salutes to their mother in the book's foreword.[1] She detailed that her husband on more than a few occasions had committed adultery, one of which resulted in the birth of a daughter named Joh'Vonnie Jackson with another woman named Cheryl Terrell on August 30, 1974.[1]
In an unauthorized biography of Janet Jackson, a confrontational family incident was described. This biography claims that, in 1979, Jackson and her two youngest children, Randy and Janet, confronted a woman who worked for Joseph's company, whom Jackson had often reportedly accused of cheating with Joseph. That incident was re-dramatized for the 1992 miniseries The Jacksons: An American Dream. However in the miniseries, Jackson was shown confronting Joseph instead of the woman about the alleged incident.
In the late 1980s, Jackson began experiencing an estrangement with her daughter La Toya after she was being managed by Jack Gordon. In her 1991 memoirs, La Toya: Growing Up in the Jackson Family, La Toya alleged that Jackson was emotionally abusive, charges Jackson denied to the press and blamed Gordon, who married La Toya in 1989, for "brainwashing" her. In 1997, La Toya and Jackson reconciled after she filed for divorce from Gordon.
Jackson was portrayed by Angela Bassett in the 1992 miniseries The Jacksons: An American Dream. Patricia Idlette portrayed her in the 2004 film Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story.
Recent years[edit]
Jackson has spent the last couple of decades talking to the press defending her children, mainly Michael, who began to gain notoriety for his eccentricities. In a recent interview promoting her Michael Jackson Story Book/DVD on The Oprah Winfrey Show, however, Jackson acknowledged that Michael was addicted to plastic surgery and also got her husband to admit to physically disciplining their children.[2] Over the years, it had been acknowledged by some that Joe was abusive towards his children, which he has continually denied despite admissions by both La Toya and Michael.[citation needed]
Jackson splits her time between Las Vegas and her Hayvenhurst home in Encino.
Despite rumours that she is estranged from Joe, she denied those rumours in an interview and dismissed rumours that Joe was banned from The Jackson family home as something the media tried to cook up and false.[1]. According to her son Jermaine Jackson's 2011 book (You Are Not Alone: Michael through a Brother's Eyes), Jackson had told Michael that she was nearing the age of 80 and before she died, she wanted to see her sons perform together one last time. One of Michael Jackson's future plans as part of his deal with AEG Live was a final reunion tour with his brothers.
Death of Michael Jackson[edit]
On June 25, 2009, Michael died from Propofol intoxication at the hands of his physician Dr. Conrad Murray. Jackson, along with the rest of the family, attended his memorial which was held on July 7, 2009. On June 29, 2009, Jackson was granted temporary guardianship of Michael's three children.[3] Court documents indicated that she was also seeking control over the three children's interests in their late father's estate.[3] Although Debbie Rowe, the biological mother of the two eldest children and Michael's second wife, had not seen or interacted with the children for years, as of July 4, 2009, she petitioned the courts for custody of her children. As of July 30, 2009, Jackson and Debbie Rowe reached a settlement pertaining to the care of Michael's three children, Prince Michael I ("Prince"), Paris Katherine and Prince Michael II, ("Blanket"), will be raised by Katherine; Rowe will have visitation rights and continue to receive the yearly payments to which Michael had agreed.
On August 3, 2009, the judge named Jackson as the children's permanent guardian. On July 25, 2012, Jackson's guardianship of the children was suspended by the court amid allegations that she may have been held against her will by several Jackson family members as a result of a financial dispute between those family members and the Michael Jackson Estate.[4] Guardianship of the children was temporarily given to Michael Jackson’s nephew TJ Jackson, one of Tito's sons.[5] The guardianship resumed with TJ Jackson added as a co-guardian.[6] [7]
Children[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal
Ten children were born to Katherine and Joe Jackson.[1]
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951)
Tariano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953)
Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (born December 11, 1954)
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
Brandon Jackson (stillborn March 12, 1957)
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009)
Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d Jackson, Katherine; Rich Wiseman (1990). My Family, the Jacksons. St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN 0-312-92350-3.
2.Jump up ^ Gina Serpe (8 November 2010). "Michael Jackson's Kids, Parents Join Oprah: Talk Plastic Surgery, Beatings and…French Toast?". eonline.com.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Daily Mail Reporter (2009-06-29). "Michael Jackson's mother wins temporary custody of his three children". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
4.Jump up ^ "Katherine Jackson loses custody of MJ’s kids". 26 July 2012.
5.Jump up ^ "Judge suspends Katherine Jackson as guardian of Michael Jackson's children". CNN News. 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
6.Jump up ^ Duke, Alan (2 August 2012). "Katherine Jackson resumes guardianship of Michael Jackson's children". CNN. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
7.Jump up ^ http://www.autopsyfiles.org/reports/Celebs/jackson,%20michael_report.pdf


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Jackson family


Parents
Joe Jackson: 1928 ·
 Katherine Jackson: 1930
 

Children
Maureen Reillette (Rebbie): 1950 ·
 Sigmund Esco (Jackie): 1951 ·
 Toriano Adaryll (Tito): 1953 ·
 Jermaine La Jaune: 1954 ·
 La Toya Yvonne: 1956 ·
 Marlon David: 1957 ·
 Michael Joseph: 1958–2009 ·
 Steven Randall (Randy): 1961 ·
 Janet Damita Jo: 1966
 

Grandchildren
Austin Brown: 1985
 

Musical groups
The Jackson 5/The Jacksons ·
 3T
 

Television
The Jacksons ·
 The Jacksons: An American Dream ·
 The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty
 

Portal The Jackson Family portal




Authority control
VIAF: 113608995
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1930 births
American autobiographers
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Jackson musical family
Living people
People from Barbour County, Alabama
People from East Chicago, Indiana
People from Gary, Indiana
African-American people
African-American Christians
Michael Jackson
People with poliomyelitis
People from Los Angeles, California











Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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What links here
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Upload file
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Permanent link
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Cite this page

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Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Azərbaycanca
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
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Simple English
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Svenska
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Edit links
This page was last modified on 22 May 2015, at 16:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Jackson







This is a good article. Click here for more information.

Rebbie Jackson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Rebbie Jackson

Birth name
Maureen Reillette Jackson
Born
May 29, 1950 (age 65)
Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Genres
R&B, pop, soul
Occupation(s)
Singer, actress
Years active
1974–1998, 2010–present
Labels
Columbia
 MJJ Productions/MJJ Music
 SuperBird Records
 Music Records
Associated acts
The Jackson 5
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Brown (née Jackson; born May 29, 1950) is an American singer professionally known as Rebbie Jackson /ˈriːbi ˈdʒæksən/. Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, she is the eldest child of the Jackson family of musicians. She first performed on stage with her siblings during shows in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in 1974, before subsequently appearing in the television series The Jacksons. Her sister La Toya was born on Jackson's 6th birthday. At age 34, Jackson released her debut album Centipede (1984). The album featured songs written by Smokey Robinson, Prince, and Jackson's younger brother Michael, whose contribution (the title track "Centipede") became Rebbie's most successful single release. By the end of the 1980s, the singer had released two more albums in quick succession: Reaction (1986) and R U Tuff Enuff (1988).
Following a 10-year hiatus in her musical career, Jackson returned with the 1998 album Yours Faithfully. The production of the album, her last to date, was a collaboration with artists and producers such as Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams, Keith Thomas, and Eliot Kennedy. It also featured contributions from her children. In 2011, Rebbie embarked on the "Pick Up the Phone Tour," which is dedicated to teens who have committed suicide all over the U.S.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life and career 1.1 Childhood and youth
1.2 Marriage
1.3 Grandchildren
1.4 Early career
1.5 Centipede
1.6 Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff
1.7 Yours Faithfully
1.8 Death of Michael Jackson
2 Discography 2.1 Albums
2.2 Singles
3 Footnotes
4 References
5 External links

Life and career[edit]
Childhood and youth[edit]



 First row, from left: Janet Jackson, Randy Jackson, La Toya Jackson, Rebbie Jackson (1977)
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, to a working-class family on May 29, 1950. The daughter of Joseph Walter "Joe" and Katherine Esther (née Scruse), she is the eldest of their ten children. Her siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Brandon (d. 1957), Marlon, Michael (d. June 25, 2009), Randy, and Janet.[1] Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and blues (R&B) band called The Falcons with his brother, Luther.[2] His wife, Katherine, is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her children to follow the religion. Rebbie, La Toya, and Michael became the most devout of the children as time progressed.[3] Reflecting on her early life, Rebbie acknowledged in a 1980s magazine interview that her role within the family had been that of a "second mother" to her younger siblings, whom she would often babysit.[4]
Marriage[edit]
18-year-old Rebbie's announcement that she wanted to marry her childhood love, Nathaniel Brown, in May 1968 created a division in the Jackson family. Jackson expressed her feelings for the man and proclaimed that she wanted to move with him to Kentucky. Katherine encouraged her daughter to proceed with the union; she felt that being a wife and mother were important roles for all of her daughters to play. Joseph, however, was against the marriage; he wanted Rebbie to follow in the footsteps of her brothers (The Jackson 5) and become a singer. Her father felt that married life would stop her from becoming a success in the entertainment business.[5] Though Rebbie had taken clarinet, piano and dance lessons in her childhood, she had no interest in a music career.[5][6] This was despite the fact that according to brother Jermaine she had won several singing contests, duetting with brother Jackie. The teenager thought a happy home was more comforting and secure than the instability of show business.[5] She also wanted to leave her family's drama-filled home on Jackson Street. Arguments ensued for several weeks before her father relented and allowed Rebbie to wed Brown. Having the last word on the matter, Joseph refused to walk his daughter down the aisle.[7]
Brown and Jackson have three children, daughters Stacee (born May 5, 1971) and Yashi (born October 5, 1977), and son Austin (born November 22, 1985).[8] Rebbie's husband, Nathaniel Brown, died of cancer on January 6, 2013.[9]
Grandchildren[edit]
Rebbie has one grandson, London Blue Salas (born July 25, 2005), from her oldest daughter, Stacee.
Early career[edit]
Jackson began her singing career in 1974, performing with her siblings in Las Vegas. The Vegas shows had initially begun in April, without Rebbie; due to a sprained ankle, Rebbie's debut was postponed until June. Her five brothers were the main draws, with herself, Randy, Janet, and La Toya serving as fillers for the performances.[10]
When The Jackson 5 parted with their record label Motown in 1976, they signed to CBS Records and rebranded themselves as The Jacksons.[11] Additionally, the brothers were signed to CBS-TV to star with their family in a variety series called The Jacksons. The shows premiered in June 1976, and featured all of the siblings excluding Jermaine, who had chosen to stay with Motown. The initial series run of the 30-minute programs was four weeks. Due to ratings success, more episodes were ordered in January 1977. The shows marked the first time that an African-American family had ever starred in a television series. The run of programs concluded shortly afterward.[12]
Prior to the series, Jackson had thought of her singing as merely a private hobby. The Jacksons—as well as an early love of musicals—motivated her to become a professional recording artist, and the show's producer encouraged her to sing.[13][14] Jackson served as a backing vocalist for several musicians around this time, as well as a cabaret singer. She contributed her voice for songs by artists such as The Emotions, Sonny Bono and Betty Wright before Jackson's second pregnancy stalled her musical career for a short time.[6][15][16]
Centipede[edit]
Following years of preparation, Jackson's debut album Centipede was distributed in October 1984 by CBS Records, who had signed her as a solo artist two years previously.[13][14] The album was only released once the singer had ensured that family life was secure and that she had spent time with her children during their important younger years. Centipede became a moderate chart success, reaching number 13 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 63 on its Top 200. The recording of the album had been a family affair; it involved several contributions from her relatives. Her husband Nathaniel Brown co-wrote the song "Come Alive Saturday Night" with two of his wife's brothers: Randy and Tito. The latter Jackson also penned "Hey Boy" with his wife Dee Dee.[13] The most successful song from the album was the million-selling title track, "Centipede".[16] Written, arranged and produced by Michael, the song also featured Jackson's famous brother on backing vocals.[13] It reached number 4 on the Black Singles Chart and was subsequently certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[16][17][18] "Centipede" marked Michael's first effort at writing and producing since the release of his successful Thriller (1982).[6]
Other tracks from Rebbie's album included cover versions of songs by Prince ("I Feel for You") and Smokey Robinson and the Miracles ("A Fork in the Road").[16] The album received mixed reviews from journalists and music critics.[19][20][21] According to the magazine Jet, Centipede marked Jackson's emergence as a "legitimate recording artist" and "cleared the major hurdle of demonstrating that she [was] talented and marketable".[13] With the album, Jackson became the last of her siblings to embark on a recording career and the last in line to release hit material.[6][22][23]
Rebbie later revealed that there was a lot of discussion at the time of the release of Centipede over whether she should use the Jackson surname professionally or not. To begin with Rebbie did not want to use her pre-marriage surname, but later reasoned that it was silly to deny her heritage. Jackson explained that she did, however, compromise with the use of her family name on the Centipede album cover - "Rebbie is large and Jackson is small".[13] She further stated that the success of siblings Michael and Janet had not been a hindrance to her, but served as an enhancement to her career. Rebbie added that she did not have to worry about "name recognition".[14]
Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff[edit]
Reaction served as a follow-up album to Centipede, and was released in October 1986.[6] The album was recorded at Tito's Ponderosa Studios in Los Angeles, California.[24] Her brother Tito produced Reaction along with David Conley and David Townsend of the R&B group Surface. Duets were featured on the album, including one with Cheap Trick lead singer Robin Zander and another with Isaac Hayes.[6][16] The Zander-Jackson collaboration ("You Send the Rain Away") was released as a single, and peaked at number 50 on the R&B singles chart. Jackson's duet with Hayes, the ballad "Tonight I'm Yours", was not released as a single, though received substantial airplay. Reaction's title track ("Reaction") was the most popular hit from the album, reaching number 16 on the R&B singles chart.[6]
The R U Tuff Enuff album succeeded Reaction upon its release in July 1988.[6] Jackson was more involved with the production of the album than she had been on her previous releases. She stated at the time of R U Tuff Enuff's distribution that the sound on the album differed from anything she had done previously. Jackson commented that the album was "more versatile", while noting that it resembled other albums because it had a lot of dance music.[14] Two singles were released from the album and charted on the R&B singles chart: "Plaything", which made it into the top 10, and the title track "R U Tuff Enuff", which peaked at number 78.[6][16][25] By mid-June 1988, R U Tuff Enuff had reportedly sold 300,000 copies.[26] MTV later concluded that the album "struggled".[16] Jackson would lend her vocals to "2300 Jackson Street" (the title track of her brothers' 2300 Jackson Street album), before taking a hiatus from releasing music.[16][27][28] Jackson later stated that she performed around the world during this hiatus.[29]
Yours Faithfully[edit]



When fans find out there's another Jackson coming out, they want to hear what the person is about. That can be a double-edged sword.
Rebbie Jackson, 1998[29]
Following a 10-year break from music, Jackson signed with her brother Michael's record label, MJJ Music, in 1997. From the label, Yours Faithfully was released on March 31, 1998. The album featured a remixed version of Jackson's successful "Centipede".[16][29] Initially, the singer had not wanted to feature the track, believing that it was part of the past. After thinking about it for a while, Jackson felt that the inclusion of the remix—which features a rap by son Austin—would be a good way to return to the music scene. In addition, two of her other children, Stacee and Yashi, contributed backing vocals for the album. Other tracks from the album included "Fly Away", which was written and produced by brother Michael, who also served as co-executive producer for Yours Faithfully.[29] Fellow producers included Keith Thomas and Eliot Kennedy.[30] The album also featured a duet with Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams on The Spinners' "I Don't Want to Lose You", which Jet described as being a "sizzling" rendition.[29] Yours Faithfully's title track was released as a single and peaked at number 76 on the R&B chart.[25] Vibe magazine's Quohnos Mitchell expressed disappointment in the album, labelling its content a "mix of dated R&B grooves dressed up with a few cleverly placed samples".[31]
Death of Michael Jackson[edit]
Jackson's brother Michael died in June 2009, because of propofol intoxication. His memorial service was held several days later on July 7, and the finale featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems "We Are the World" and "Heal the World".[32][33] The singalong featured Michael's siblings (including Rebbie) and the late singer's children.[33][34][35] Following the service—which was held at Los Angeles' Staples Center—Rebbie, along with sisters Janet and La Toya, addressed fans at the nearby L.A. Live entertainment complex. "We are extremely grateful for all the support. We love you all."[36] In the weeks following Michael's death, it was speculated by media sources that Rebbie would be the primary caregiver for her late brother's three children; Prince Michael, Prince Michael II and Paris. It was stated that even if Michael and Rebbie's mother Katherine were granted custody of her grandchildren, Rebbie would care for the three siblings on a day-to-day basis at the Jackson family's Encino home.[16] Katherine was named the legal guardian of the trio in August 2009.[37][38] In early 2011, Rebbie announced she's begun recording for a new album, her first in 14 years. She's also been performing throughout the states with a set list that contains her best known songs, some of her brothers' songs, and some Motown classics.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]

Year
Album
Peak chart positions
Worldwide sales

U.S. Top 200[39]
U.S. R&B[40]
1984 Centipede Released: October 10, 1984
Labels: CBS Records
 63 13 
1986 Reaction Released: March 9, 1986
Labels: CBS Records
 54 6 
1988 R U Tuff Enuff Released: July 12, 1988
Labels: CBS Records
 — 58 300,000 units[26]
1998 Yours Faithfully Released: March 31, 1998
Labels: MJJ Productions
 28 67 
Singles[edit]

Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
Certifications
(sales thresholds)

U.S. R&B[25]
U.S. Hot 100[41]
RIANZ[42]
1984 "Centipede" 4 24 4 Centipede US: Gold[18]

1985 "A Fork in the Road" 40 — — —
1986 "Reaction" 16 — — Reaction —
1987 "You Send the Rain Away" — — — —
"2300 Jackson Street" (The Jacksons featuring Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Rebbie Jackson and Marlon Jackson) 9 — — 2300 Jackson Street —
1988 "Plaything" 8 — — R U Tuff Enuff —
"R U Tuff Enuff" 78 — — —
1998 "Yours Faithfully" 76 — — Yours Faithfully —
Footnotes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 11–14.
2.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 17–18.
4.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson goes back to Gary home, talks about famous brother, sisters". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 72 (25). September 14, 1987. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Taraborrelli (2004), p. 35.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hogan, Ed. "Rebbie Jackson biography". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
7.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 36.
8.Jump up ^ Campbell (1993), p. 20.
9.Jump up ^ Caitlin White (January 10, 2013). "Rebbie Jackson, Husband Death: Nathaniel Brown Loses Cancer Battle". The Boombox. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 115–117.
11.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 137–142.
12.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 143–146.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Collier, Aldore (May 27, 1985). "Rebbie, oldest sister, latest bloomer, in the Jackson family". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 68 (11). Retrieved October 11, 2009.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c d Wynn, Ron (June 21, 1988). "Rebbie is a solo Jackson". Star-Banner. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ Dineen (1993), p. 59.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Ditzian, Eric (July 23, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Sister Rebbie May Take Care Of Kids". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
17.Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Family Tree: Janet, Rebbie, Marlon And More". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
18.^ Jump up to: a b "RIAA database". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 11, 2009. (To search the database for Jackson's releases, type "Rebbie Jackson" into the Artist field and the title of the release into the Title field.)
19.Jump up ^ Harry, Rich (October 13, 1984). "An Oddly Compatible Couple: Johnny Mathis, Husker Du Pop Music/singles". The Morning Call. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ Takiff, Jonathan (October 18, 1984). "The hot discs for gift-givers". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
21.Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (September 16, 1984). "Rap and dance music: diverse performers are giving it a whirl". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
22.Jump up ^ "Sister Rebbie". The Daily Courier. November 11, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
23.Jump up ^ "The eldest of the Jacksons". St. Petersburg Times. November 15, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
24.Jump up ^ McTavish, Brian (July 16, 1987). "Rebbie Jackson is ready for her to turn on the charts" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
25.^ Jump up to: a b c "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop songs". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
26.^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Jackson's sister to perform in Middlesboro" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Lexington Herald-Leader. June 17, 1988. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
27.Jump up ^ "Jacksons say no hard feelings". Wilmington Morning Star. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
28.Jump up ^ "Jacksons aren't fighting". St. Petersburg Times. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
29.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rebbie Jackson releases hot new album, 'Yours Faithfully'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 93 (23). May 4, 1988. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
30.Jump up ^ Yours Faithfully (Media notes). Rebbie Jackson. MJJ Music. 1988.
31.Jump up ^ Mitchell, Quohnos (March 1998). "Yours Faithfully". Vibe (Vibe Media Group) 6 (2). ISSN 1070-4701. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Harris, Chris (July 7, 2009). "Who Is Michael Jackson Memorial Performer Shaheen Jafargholi?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
33.^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Kyle (July 8, 2009). "Who Sang 'We Are The World' At Michael Jackson Memorial?". MTV. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
34.Jump up ^ Powers, Anne (July 7, 2009). "Michael Jackson memorial: 'We Are the World,' 'Who's Lovin' You' and the final performances". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
35.Jump up ^ "Millions watch Michael Jackson's LA memorial". The Jerusalem Post. July 7, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
36.Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (July 8, 2009). "Janet Jackson, Sisters Thank Fans After Michael Jackson Memorial". MTV. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
37.Jump up ^ "Jackson's mother granted custody". BBC News. August 4, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
38.Jump up ^ Deutsch, Linda (August 17, 2009). "Jackson had long history with estate executor". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
39.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Top 200 albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
40.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
41.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
42.Jump up ^ "Ultratop Singles Chart Archives". Ultratop. ultratop.be. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
References[edit]
Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Boston, Massachusetts: Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. London, England: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6.
Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, West Virginia: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
External links[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal
Rebbie Jackson at Allmusic
Rebbie Jackson at the Internet Movie Database


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Rebbie Jackson

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Rebbie Jackson

Birth name
Maureen Reillette Jackson
Born
May 29, 1950 (age 65)
Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Genres
R&B, pop, soul
Occupation(s)
Singer, actress
Years active
1974–1998, 2010–present
Labels
Columbia
 MJJ Productions/MJJ Music
 SuperBird Records
 Music Records
Associated acts
The Jackson 5
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Brown (née Jackson; born May 29, 1950) is an American singer professionally known as Rebbie Jackson /ˈriːbi ˈdʒæksən/. Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, she is the eldest child of the Jackson family of musicians. She first performed on stage with her siblings during shows in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in 1974, before subsequently appearing in the television series The Jacksons. Her sister La Toya was born on Jackson's 6th birthday. At age 34, Jackson released her debut album Centipede (1984). The album featured songs written by Smokey Robinson, Prince, and Jackson's younger brother Michael, whose contribution (the title track "Centipede") became Rebbie's most successful single release. By the end of the 1980s, the singer had released two more albums in quick succession: Reaction (1986) and R U Tuff Enuff (1988).
Following a 10-year hiatus in her musical career, Jackson returned with the 1998 album Yours Faithfully. The production of the album, her last to date, was a collaboration with artists and producers such as Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams, Keith Thomas, and Eliot Kennedy. It also featured contributions from her children. In 2011, Rebbie embarked on the "Pick Up the Phone Tour," which is dedicated to teens who have committed suicide all over the U.S.


Contents  [hide]
1 Life and career 1.1 Childhood and youth
1.2 Marriage
1.3 Grandchildren
1.4 Early career
1.5 Centipede
1.6 Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff
1.7 Yours Faithfully
1.8 Death of Michael Jackson
2 Discography 2.1 Albums
2.2 Singles
3 Footnotes
4 References
5 External links

Life and career[edit]
Childhood and youth[edit]



 First row, from left: Janet Jackson, Randy Jackson, La Toya Jackson, Rebbie Jackson (1977)
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, to a working-class family on May 29, 1950. The daughter of Joseph Walter "Joe" and Katherine Esther (née Scruse), she is the eldest of their ten children. Her siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Brandon (d. 1957), Marlon, Michael (d. June 25, 2009), Randy, and Janet.[1] Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and blues (R&B) band called The Falcons with his brother, Luther.[2] His wife, Katherine, is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her children to follow the religion. Rebbie, La Toya, and Michael became the most devout of the children as time progressed.[3] Reflecting on her early life, Rebbie acknowledged in a 1980s magazine interview that her role within the family had been that of a "second mother" to her younger siblings, whom she would often babysit.[4]
Marriage[edit]
18-year-old Rebbie's announcement that she wanted to marry her childhood love, Nathaniel Brown, in May 1968 created a division in the Jackson family. Jackson expressed her feelings for the man and proclaimed that she wanted to move with him to Kentucky. Katherine encouraged her daughter to proceed with the union; she felt that being a wife and mother were important roles for all of her daughters to play. Joseph, however, was against the marriage; he wanted Rebbie to follow in the footsteps of her brothers (The Jackson 5) and become a singer. Her father felt that married life would stop her from becoming a success in the entertainment business.[5] Though Rebbie had taken clarinet, piano and dance lessons in her childhood, she had no interest in a music career.[5][6] This was despite the fact that according to brother Jermaine she had won several singing contests, duetting with brother Jackie. The teenager thought a happy home was more comforting and secure than the instability of show business.[5] She also wanted to leave her family's drama-filled home on Jackson Street. Arguments ensued for several weeks before her father relented and allowed Rebbie to wed Brown. Having the last word on the matter, Joseph refused to walk his daughter down the aisle.[7]
Brown and Jackson have three children, daughters Stacee (born May 5, 1971) and Yashi (born October 5, 1977), and son Austin (born November 22, 1985).[8] Rebbie's husband, Nathaniel Brown, died of cancer on January 6, 2013.[9]
Grandchildren[edit]
Rebbie has one grandson, London Blue Salas (born July 25, 2005), from her oldest daughter, Stacee.
Early career[edit]
Jackson began her singing career in 1974, performing with her siblings in Las Vegas. The Vegas shows had initially begun in April, without Rebbie; due to a sprained ankle, Rebbie's debut was postponed until June. Her five brothers were the main draws, with herself, Randy, Janet, and La Toya serving as fillers for the performances.[10]
When The Jackson 5 parted with their record label Motown in 1976, they signed to CBS Records and rebranded themselves as The Jacksons.[11] Additionally, the brothers were signed to CBS-TV to star with their family in a variety series called The Jacksons. The shows premiered in June 1976, and featured all of the siblings excluding Jermaine, who had chosen to stay with Motown. The initial series run of the 30-minute programs was four weeks. Due to ratings success, more episodes were ordered in January 1977. The shows marked the first time that an African-American family had ever starred in a television series. The run of programs concluded shortly afterward.[12]
Prior to the series, Jackson had thought of her singing as merely a private hobby. The Jacksons—as well as an early love of musicals—motivated her to become a professional recording artist, and the show's producer encouraged her to sing.[13][14] Jackson served as a backing vocalist for several musicians around this time, as well as a cabaret singer. She contributed her voice for songs by artists such as The Emotions, Sonny Bono and Betty Wright before Jackson's second pregnancy stalled her musical career for a short time.[6][15][16]
Centipede[edit]
Following years of preparation, Jackson's debut album Centipede was distributed in October 1984 by CBS Records, who had signed her as a solo artist two years previously.[13][14] The album was only released once the singer had ensured that family life was secure and that she had spent time with her children during their important younger years. Centipede became a moderate chart success, reaching number 13 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 63 on its Top 200. The recording of the album had been a family affair; it involved several contributions from her relatives. Her husband Nathaniel Brown co-wrote the song "Come Alive Saturday Night" with two of his wife's brothers: Randy and Tito. The latter Jackson also penned "Hey Boy" with his wife Dee Dee.[13] The most successful song from the album was the million-selling title track, "Centipede".[16] Written, arranged and produced by Michael, the song also featured Jackson's famous brother on backing vocals.[13] It reached number 4 on the Black Singles Chart and was subsequently certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[16][17][18] "Centipede" marked Michael's first effort at writing and producing since the release of his successful Thriller (1982).[6]
Other tracks from Rebbie's album included cover versions of songs by Prince ("I Feel for You") and Smokey Robinson and the Miracles ("A Fork in the Road").[16] The album received mixed reviews from journalists and music critics.[19][20][21] According to the magazine Jet, Centipede marked Jackson's emergence as a "legitimate recording artist" and "cleared the major hurdle of demonstrating that she [was] talented and marketable".[13] With the album, Jackson became the last of her siblings to embark on a recording career and the last in line to release hit material.[6][22][23]
Rebbie later revealed that there was a lot of discussion at the time of the release of Centipede over whether she should use the Jackson surname professionally or not. To begin with Rebbie did not want to use her pre-marriage surname, but later reasoned that it was silly to deny her heritage. Jackson explained that she did, however, compromise with the use of her family name on the Centipede album cover - "Rebbie is large and Jackson is small".[13] She further stated that the success of siblings Michael and Janet had not been a hindrance to her, but served as an enhancement to her career. Rebbie added that she did not have to worry about "name recognition".[14]
Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff[edit]
Reaction served as a follow-up album to Centipede, and was released in October 1986.[6] The album was recorded at Tito's Ponderosa Studios in Los Angeles, California.[24] Her brother Tito produced Reaction along with David Conley and David Townsend of the R&B group Surface. Duets were featured on the album, including one with Cheap Trick lead singer Robin Zander and another with Isaac Hayes.[6][16] The Zander-Jackson collaboration ("You Send the Rain Away") was released as a single, and peaked at number 50 on the R&B singles chart. Jackson's duet with Hayes, the ballad "Tonight I'm Yours", was not released as a single, though received substantial airplay. Reaction's title track ("Reaction") was the most popular hit from the album, reaching number 16 on the R&B singles chart.[6]
The R U Tuff Enuff album succeeded Reaction upon its release in July 1988.[6] Jackson was more involved with the production of the album than she had been on her previous releases. She stated at the time of R U Tuff Enuff's distribution that the sound on the album differed from anything she had done previously. Jackson commented that the album was "more versatile", while noting that it resembled other albums because it had a lot of dance music.[14] Two singles were released from the album and charted on the R&B singles chart: "Plaything", which made it into the top 10, and the title track "R U Tuff Enuff", which peaked at number 78.[6][16][25] By mid-June 1988, R U Tuff Enuff had reportedly sold 300,000 copies.[26] MTV later concluded that the album "struggled".[16] Jackson would lend her vocals to "2300 Jackson Street" (the title track of her brothers' 2300 Jackson Street album), before taking a hiatus from releasing music.[16][27][28] Jackson later stated that she performed around the world during this hiatus.[29]
Yours Faithfully[edit]



When fans find out there's another Jackson coming out, they want to hear what the person is about. That can be a double-edged sword.
Rebbie Jackson, 1998[29]
Following a 10-year break from music, Jackson signed with her brother Michael's record label, MJJ Music, in 1997. From the label, Yours Faithfully was released on March 31, 1998. The album featured a remixed version of Jackson's successful "Centipede".[16][29] Initially, the singer had not wanted to feature the track, believing that it was part of the past. After thinking about it for a while, Jackson felt that the inclusion of the remix—which features a rap by son Austin—would be a good way to return to the music scene. In addition, two of her other children, Stacee and Yashi, contributed backing vocals for the album. Other tracks from the album included "Fly Away", which was written and produced by brother Michael, who also served as co-executive producer for Yours Faithfully.[29] Fellow producers included Keith Thomas and Eliot Kennedy.[30] The album also featured a duet with Men of Vizion's Spanky Williams on The Spinners' "I Don't Want to Lose You", which Jet described as being a "sizzling" rendition.[29] Yours Faithfully's title track was released as a single and peaked at number 76 on the R&B chart.[25] Vibe magazine's Quohnos Mitchell expressed disappointment in the album, labelling its content a "mix of dated R&B grooves dressed up with a few cleverly placed samples".[31]
Death of Michael Jackson[edit]
Jackson's brother Michael died in June 2009, because of propofol intoxication. His memorial service was held several days later on July 7, and the finale featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems "We Are the World" and "Heal the World".[32][33] The singalong featured Michael's siblings (including Rebbie) and the late singer's children.[33][34][35] Following the service—which was held at Los Angeles' Staples Center—Rebbie, along with sisters Janet and La Toya, addressed fans at the nearby L.A. Live entertainment complex. "We are extremely grateful for all the support. We love you all."[36] In the weeks following Michael's death, it was speculated by media sources that Rebbie would be the primary caregiver for her late brother's three children; Prince Michael, Prince Michael II and Paris. It was stated that even if Michael and Rebbie's mother Katherine were granted custody of her grandchildren, Rebbie would care for the three siblings on a day-to-day basis at the Jackson family's Encino home.[16] Katherine was named the legal guardian of the trio in August 2009.[37][38] In early 2011, Rebbie announced she's begun recording for a new album, her first in 14 years. She's also been performing throughout the states with a set list that contains her best known songs, some of her brothers' songs, and some Motown classics.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]

Year
Album
Peak chart positions
Worldwide sales

U.S. Top 200[39]
U.S. R&B[40]
1984 Centipede Released: October 10, 1984
Labels: CBS Records
 63 13 
1986 Reaction Released: March 9, 1986
Labels: CBS Records
 54 6 
1988 R U Tuff Enuff Released: July 12, 1988
Labels: CBS Records
 — 58 300,000 units[26]
1998 Yours Faithfully Released: March 31, 1998
Labels: MJJ Productions
 28 67 
Singles[edit]

Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
Certifications
(sales thresholds)

U.S. R&B[25]
U.S. Hot 100[41]
RIANZ[42]
1984 "Centipede" 4 24 4 Centipede US: Gold[18]

1985 "A Fork in the Road" 40 — — —
1986 "Reaction" 16 — — Reaction —
1987 "You Send the Rain Away" — — — —
"2300 Jackson Street" (The Jacksons featuring Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Rebbie Jackson and Marlon Jackson) 9 — — 2300 Jackson Street —
1988 "Plaything" 8 — — R U Tuff Enuff —
"R U Tuff Enuff" 78 — — —
1998 "Yours Faithfully" 76 — — Yours Faithfully —
Footnotes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 11–14.
2.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 15.
3.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 17–18.
4.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson goes back to Gary home, talks about famous brother, sisters". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 72 (25). September 14, 1987. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Taraborrelli (2004), p. 35.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hogan, Ed. "Rebbie Jackson biography". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
7.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), p. 36.
8.Jump up ^ Campbell (1993), p. 20.
9.Jump up ^ Caitlin White (January 10, 2013). "Rebbie Jackson, Husband Death: Nathaniel Brown Loses Cancer Battle". The Boombox. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 115–117.
11.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 137–142.
12.Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004), pp. 143–146.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Collier, Aldore (May 27, 1985). "Rebbie, oldest sister, latest bloomer, in the Jackson family". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 68 (11). Retrieved October 11, 2009.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c d Wynn, Ron (June 21, 1988). "Rebbie is a solo Jackson". Star-Banner. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ Dineen (1993), p. 59.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Ditzian, Eric (July 23, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Sister Rebbie May Take Care Of Kids". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
17.Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Family Tree: Janet, Rebbie, Marlon And More". MTV. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
18.^ Jump up to: a b "RIAA database". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 11, 2009. (To search the database for Jackson's releases, type "Rebbie Jackson" into the Artist field and the title of the release into the Title field.)
19.Jump up ^ Harry, Rich (October 13, 1984). "An Oddly Compatible Couple: Johnny Mathis, Husker Du Pop Music/singles". The Morning Call. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
20.Jump up ^ Takiff, Jonathan (October 18, 1984). "The hot discs for gift-givers". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
21.Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (September 16, 1984). "Rap and dance music: diverse performers are giving it a whirl". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
22.Jump up ^ "Sister Rebbie". The Daily Courier. November 11, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
23.Jump up ^ "The eldest of the Jacksons". St. Petersburg Times. November 15, 1984. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
24.Jump up ^ McTavish, Brian (July 16, 1987). "Rebbie Jackson is ready for her to turn on the charts" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
25.^ Jump up to: a b c "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop songs". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
26.^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Jackson's sister to perform in Middlesboro" (PAYMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS FULL ARTICLE). Lexington Herald-Leader. June 17, 1988. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
27.Jump up ^ "Jacksons say no hard feelings". Wilmington Morning Star. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
28.Jump up ^ "Jacksons aren't fighting". St. Petersburg Times. April 3, 1989. Retrieved October 11, 2009.[dead link]
29.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rebbie Jackson releases hot new album, 'Yours Faithfully'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 93 (23). May 4, 1988. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
30.Jump up ^ Yours Faithfully (Media notes). Rebbie Jackson. MJJ Music. 1988.
31.Jump up ^ Mitchell, Quohnos (March 1998). "Yours Faithfully". Vibe (Vibe Media Group) 6 (2). ISSN 1070-4701. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Harris, Chris (July 7, 2009). "Who Is Michael Jackson Memorial Performer Shaheen Jafargholi?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
33.^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Kyle (July 8, 2009). "Who Sang 'We Are The World' At Michael Jackson Memorial?". MTV. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
34.Jump up ^ Powers, Anne (July 7, 2009). "Michael Jackson memorial: 'We Are the World,' 'Who's Lovin' You' and the final performances". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
35.Jump up ^ "Millions watch Michael Jackson's LA memorial". The Jerusalem Post. July 7, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
36.Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (July 8, 2009). "Janet Jackson, Sisters Thank Fans After Michael Jackson Memorial". MTV. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
37.Jump up ^ "Jackson's mother granted custody". BBC News. August 4, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
38.Jump up ^ Deutsch, Linda (August 17, 2009). "Jackson had long history with estate executor". The Guardian. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
39.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Top 200 albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
40.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: R&B/hip-hop albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
41.Jump up ^ "Rebbie Jackson chart history: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
42.Jump up ^ "Ultratop Singles Chart Archives". Ultratop. ultratop.be. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
References[edit]
Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Boston, Massachusetts: Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. London, England: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6.
Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, West Virginia: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
External links[edit]

Portal icon The Jackson Family portal
Rebbie Jackson at Allmusic
Rebbie Jackson at the Internet Movie Database


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbie_Jackson








Jneiro Jarel

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Jneiro Jarel
Jneiro Jarel Getty.jpeg
Background information

Birth name
Omar Jarel Gilyard
Also known as
Dr. Who Dat?, Capital Peoples, Panama Blaque, Rocque Wun, Mel Owens, JJ Tron, Gwizzo, Phish Bone
Origin
United States
Genres
Hip hop
Occupation(s)
Producer, composer, rapper, vocalist, DJ, multi-instrumentalist
Instruments
Sampler, drum machine
Years active
1989-present
Labels
Lex Records, Label Who?, Ropeadope Records, Kindred Spirits, Alpha Pup Records
Associated acts
Willie Isz, JJ DOOM, Shape of Broad Minds, DOOM, Khujo, Dave Sitek, Count Bass D, Kimbra, Damon Albarn, DRC Music
Website
www.jneirojarel.com
Omar Jarel Gilyard, known by his stage name Jneiro Jarel, is an American recording artist, music producer, composer and DJ. Recognized for his versatile, abstract, and often experimental style,[1] he is also known for his beat-making alias Dr. Who Dat? and his groups Willie Isz, JJ DOOM and Shape of Broad Minds,[2] who've shared the stage with artists ranging from Jay-Z to Radiohead. He has collaborated with artists such as Damon Albarn, Count Bass D, Massive Attack, TV on the Radio and Kimbra among others.[3][4][5]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Career 2.1 2000-2005: Early Career
2.2 2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition
2.3 2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who
3 Personal Life
4 Discography 4.1 Jneiro Jarel
4.2 Dr. Who Dat?
4.3 Shape of Broad Minds
4.4 Willie Isz
4.5 Capital Peoples
4.6 DRC Music
4.7 JJ DOOM
4.8 Productions
4.9 Remixes
4.10 Mixes
4.11 DJ Mixes
4.12 Guest appearances
4.13 Compilation appearances
5 References
6 External links

History[edit]
Jarel was born in Brooklyn, and would spend the next several years of his life living in Maryland, Arizona, Atlanta and Houston, before eventually moving back to New York. It was in New York that he started his own label, Orienj Recordings (now Label Who?), and released his first EP as a solo artist.[6]
In 2003 he signed to indie record label Kindred Spirits,[7] and was the sole representative from New York to participate in and perform at Red Bull Music Academy in Cape Town, South Africa.[8]
In 2004 Jneiro moved to Philadelphia and, through his success in the indie music scene, was able to work with some of the cities most influential artists King Britt and Rich Medina.[9][10]
He signed a multi album record deal with Lex Records in 2006.[6][11]
Career[edit]
2000-2005: Early Career[edit]
Following the 2000 release of his Section A EP,[12] Jneiro also released his first full-length album, Timeless Volume 1 in 2004, via Label Who?[13] Over the next year he'd make a number of guest appearances and contributions on various projects, and release several promo singles and DJ mixes,[14] before jointly releasing his Three Piece Puzzle LP on, both, Kindred Spirits and Ropeadope Records in 2005.[6] The album was universally met with positive reception.[15][16][17]
2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition[edit]
2006 marked the beginning of Jarel's relationship with Lex Records, and saw the release of his critically acclaimed instrumental project, Beat Journey, under his Dr. Who Dat? alias.[18][19][20] The album cover art was designed by the UK based graphic artists collective, and frequent Lex Records collaborators, Ehquestionmark,[21][22] best known for their previous work on The Mouse and the Mask and Ghetto Pop Life. The aesthetic approach featured in "Beat Journey's" art design would become a staple in Jneiro's future releases.[23][24]
He followed up Beat Journey with his 2007 Lex release, Craft of the Lost Art, under the group name Shape of Broad Minds.[25] Like many of his previous works, "Craft..." saw Jarel incorporating several of his aliases on to the album, although this was the first time they would all converge in one place.[26] In addition to fellow group member and emcee Jawwaad Taylor, the project also included a number of features from DOOM, Count Bass D, Stacy Epps and John Robinson.[25] "Craft..." widely received positive reviews,[27][28] and saw Jneiro teaming with Ehquestionmark once more, for an artwork design that included a limited edition, glow-in-the-dark LP, as well as an EP, single and mixtape download.[29]
In early 2009 he revisited his Dr. Who Dat? alter ego for the digital-only release of Beyond 2morrow.[30] This instrumental EP would showcase the more experimental approach to production that was previously, but briefly, explored in some of Jneiro's earlier work.[31] Having been fully realized and embraced on this project, it would also help in solidifying his place among a growing musical genre that would later become popular in the Low End Theory and L.A. beat scene.[32]
That same year Jneiro teamed with Goodie Mob's Khujo Goodie to form the group Willie Isz. They released their debut project Georgiavania on June 15, 2009, via Lex Records.[33] The album features backing vocals from Tunde Adebimpe of TV on the Radio,[34] and continued the string of positive reception Jarel's work had come to know.[35] It would also set the stage for a number of collaborations between Jarel and TV on the Radio's Dave Sitek.[36][37][38][39]
2010 brought about both new and old professional relationships. Jarel signed a digital distribution deal with Alpha Pup Records, which resulted in the release of his Android Love Mayhem- EP and the reissue of Beyond 2morrow, as Jneiro Jarel.[40] Artwork for both EP's was handled by painter and muralist, and Three Piece Puzzle album cover designer, Joshua Mays.[41]
Jneiro also joined forces with Kindred Spirits again and released the Brazilian themed album Fauna.[42]
All three projects had heavy electronic overtones in their production, and continued to show Jarel's willingness to move away from more traditional sample based music, and explore beyond the rigid boundaries set in place by many musical genres.[43][44][45]
In 2011 Jneiro was handpicked by Damon Albarn to be a part of the, newly established, musical collective DRC Music (Democratic Republic of the Congo Music) group. Working in conjunction with Oxfam, the project's intention was to bring awareness to Oxfam's relief work in Congo, as well as give exposure to over fifty local Congolese musicians. Albarn assembled a team of ten producers, composed of Jarel, Dan the Automator, XL Recordings managers Richard Russell & Rodaidh McDonald, Kwes, Actress, Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Marc Antoine, Alwest, and Remi Kabaka Jr. to work alongside local musicians in Kinshasa. The result was Kinshasa One Two; an album recorded in five days, with all of its proceeds going towards Oxfam. It was released on Warp Records October 3, 2011.[46][47]
2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who[edit]
On December 16, 2011, a Dave Sitek remix of a JJ DOOM track, titled "Rhymin' Slang", was posted on Pitchfork.[48] JJ DOOM was revealed to be the pairing of Jneiro Jarel and Lex label mate DOOM, which drew speculation at the time that the two were working on an album together. This suspicion was confirmed when Pitchfork later ran an article on February 16, 2012, detailing the album's title, Key to the Kuffs, and leaked one of its tracks "Banished".[49] A third track from the album, "Guv'nor", was posted on Pitchfork July 27, 2012.[50]
KTTK was released August 20, 2012 on Lex Records.[51] Debuting at number 124 on the Billboard 200,[52] "...Kuffs" received notable positive praise,[53][54] eventually charting a total of six Billboard charts[55] and landing on several "Best Albums of 2012" lists.[56][57][58] It had a number of high-profile guest appearances, from previous Jneiro Jarel collaborators Damon Albarn and Khujo Goodie, to Beth Gibbons of Portishead.[51]
A video for the song "Guv'nor" premiered August 23, 2012.[59] Directed by Ninian Doff and presented by RizLab,[60] the video garnered attention for its use of an optical illusion/split-screen visual effect.[61] Later a video for the "Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix)" would be released, as an extension of the JJ DOOM/RizLab project.[62]
The album artwork for Key to the Kuffs was designed by American artist/graff artist, Steve "ESPO" Powers.[63] Powers would also later direct the music video for JJ DOOM's "Bookhead". The video premiered June 19, 2013 and the track was featured on the expanded, deluxe edition of KTTK, titled Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition),[64] released August 20, 2013.[65] The "Butter Edition" also included the Dave Sitek "Rhymin' Slang" remix, as well as the previously released, alternative version of "Retarded Fren" by Radiohead's Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood. It also featured a number of guest contributions in the form of remixes, features and alternative versions from Beck, BADBADNOTGOOD, Del the Funky Homosapien and Clams Casino.[66]
In August 2013, Jneiro Jarel announced (via Okayplayer) the official launch of his own record label, Label Who, with Ropeadope Records serving as digital distributor.[3]
Personal Life[edit]
On February 20, 2015, he announced to Whatiz Media that he is "proudly one of Jehovah’s Witnesses".[67]
Discography[edit]
Jneiro Jarel[edit]
Section A (2000)
Timeless Vol. 1 (2004)
Three Piece Puzzle (2005)
"Big Bounce Theory" b/w "Quantum Leap" (2005)
Fauna (2010)
Android Love Mayhem EP (2010)
"Amazonica" b/w "See Them Cry" (2010)
Beyond 2morrow reissue (2010)
Flora (2014)'
Dr. Who Dat?[edit]
Beat Journey (2006)
Rhyme Cycle EP (2006)
Beyond 2morrow (2009)
Shape of Broad Minds[edit]
Blue Experience EP (2007)
Craft of the Lost Art (2007)
Raiders Of The Lost Mix (2007)
"OPR8R" (2008)
Willie Isz[edit]
Georgiavania (2009)
Capital Peoples[edit]
Amazonica (1999-2004) (2009)
DRC Music[edit]
Kinshasa One Two (2011)
JJ DOOM[edit]
Key to the Kuffs (2012)[68]
Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) EP Very limited exclusive blue 12' vinyl. (2012)
Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) flexi-disc 7' Exclusive single face flexi-disc vinyl sold with #24 Wax Poetics Japan. (2012)
Key to the Kuffs (Butter Version) (2013)[69]
Bookhead EP (2014)[70]
Productions[edit]
"Choklit Ninja" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
"Rhyme Cycle" by Stacy Epps on Ruff Draft (2007)
"The Experiment" "Vocal Overload" by John Robinson on I Am Not For Sale (2008)
Remixes[edit]
"Yellow Daisies (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Fertile Ground on Remixes 01 (2005)
"Holdin' On (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by Champion Souls on Holdin' On EP Two (2005)
"Vibes From THe Tribe (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Build An Ark on Remixes (2005)
"Dust (Rocque Wun Mix)" by Recloose on Dust (Remixes) (2005)
"My Affection" by Vassy on My Affection (2005)
"My Juvenile (Jneiro Jarel's Minimal Animal Remix)" by Björk (2009)
"Pretty Wings (Jneiro Jarel's Willie Isz Remix)" by Maxwell (2009)
"Gazzilion Ear (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
"Gazzilion Ear (Jneiro Jarel feat. Dave Sitek Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
"Harmony Korine (David A. Sitek and Jneiro Jarel Magnetized Nebula Mix)" by Steven Wilson (2009)
"Shout Me Out Remix" by TV on the Radio on Crying (2009)
"Balada 45 (Like A Brazilian Girl Remix)" by Arthur Verocai (2010)
"Electric Love (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Vikter Duplaix on Electric Love-EP (2010)
"Atlas Air (Jneiro Jarel's Lavender Jungle Remix)" by Massive Attack on Atlas Air EP (2010)
"Groove Me (Jneiro Jarel Remix feat. Theophilus London)" by Maximum Balloon on Maximum Balloon (2010)
"Messin' (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Amatus (2014)
"90's Music (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Kimbra on 90s Music EP (2014)
Mixes[edit]
"Mindgames (Sneaky Pete Edit)" by Rich Medina (2004)
DJ Mixes[edit]
Houston We Have A Solution (2005)
Andrew Meza's BTS Radio Mix (2007)
Return of The Shoegaze (2008)
Jneiro Jarel aka Dr. Who Dat's BBC Radio 1 Mary Anne Hobbs Mix (2009)
BBC Radio 1 Rob Da Bank JJ DOOM Mix (2012)
Exclusive JJ DOOM Mixtape for Dazed Digital (2012)
Traptronic Dreams Mixtape (2012)
Jneiro Jarel x Bonafide Beats Mix #50 (2014)
Echoes In Viberia (Kimbra Mixtape) By Jneiro Jarel (2014)
Guest appearances[edit]
"Lookin' At Me" by Kid Sublime on Basement Soul (2005)
"Not Tomorrow But" "No Game" by Breakthrough on Breakthrough (2005)
"Choklit Ninja" "Blues Baby" "Weight" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
"Chea Chea" by King Britt on Jazzmental (2005)
"Eyes And Ears" by Ohmega Watts on Watts Happening (2007)
"Evil Child" by Cilla K. on Evil Child (2010)
Compilation appearances[edit]
"Sun Walkers" "Eeee Love" "Do You Thang" on Soul Purpose Is To Move You: Kindred Spirits Collection (2004)
"Sun Walkers" "Doinis!!" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 1) (2004)
"Doinis!!" on Undercover Cuts 21 (2005)
"Soul Starr" "Big Bounce Theory" "Get Yuh Own" on Rush Hour Mixed Series Vol.01 (2005)
"Lookin' At Me" on Habitat Collection: Fireside (2005)
"Lookin' At Me" on Jimmy Woo One (2006)
"Big Bounce Theory Part 2" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 2) (2007)
"Picante" on Basement Soul (2007)
"Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)" "Viberian Twilight Part 2" on Complex Vol. 1 (2012)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Joy of Lex (#06 Extended Feature)". Bonafide Magazine. June 17, 2012.
2.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Rate Your Music. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Stats", Eddie. "Jneiro Jarel Launches Label Who". okayplayer.com. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
4.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "OKP Exclusive: Kimbra Talks ‘The Golden Echo’ LP + Jneiro Jarel x Kimbra – ‘Echoes In Viberia’ Mixtape Premiere". okayplayer.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
5.Jump up ^ Swales, Kris. "Jneiro Jarel's Australian Debut With RBMA". RedBull. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Marisa. "Jneiro Jarel- Music Biography, Credits and Discography". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
7.Jump up ^ "Kindred Spirits Artist Profile-Jneiro Jarel". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
8.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Red Bull Music Academy. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
9.Jump up ^ "Download Benefit Compilation for Kool Herc featuring Jneiro Jarel". Lex Records. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
10.Jump up ^ "Rich Medina' Connecting the Dots". Allmusic. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
11.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Groups, Projects & Aliases". Lex Records. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
12.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Section A". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
13.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Timeless Volume 1". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
14.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Discography". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
15.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Three Piece Puzzle- Jneiro Jarel-". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
16.Jump up ^ Doggett, Tom (December 20, 2005). "Jneiro Jarel:Three Piece Puzzle:Label Who". RapReviews.com.
17.Jump up ^ B, Lucy. "Jneiro Jarel "Three Piece Puzzle" (Ropeadope)". beatlife.com. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
18.Jump up ^ "Beat Journey- Dr. Who Dat?". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
19.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". XLR8R. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
20.Jump up ^ Gasteier, Matthew (December 5, 2006). "Album Review: Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". Prefix Magazine.
21.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?-Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
22.Jump up ^ Allworthy, Paul (March 7, 2010). "EHQUESTIONMARK?- BONAFIDE EXCLUSIVE". Bonafide Magazine.
23.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
24.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
25.^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
26.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
27.Jump up ^ Wilson, Tony (October 2007). "Craft of the Lost Art". frieze (magazine).
28.Jump up ^ Serwer, Jesse (November 5, 2007). "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". XLR8R.
29.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008.
30.Jump up ^ smith, Jason (February 11, 2009). "Dr. Who Dat?, Beyond 2morrow". Impose Magazine.
31.Jump up ^ "Review: Dr. Who Dat?, "Beyond 2morrow"". Plug One. January 23, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Murray, Robin (January 26, 2012). "Craft Of The Lost Art- Jneiro Jarel". Clash.
33.Jump up ^ Noz, Andrew (May 22, 2009). "Willie Isz: Something Else". Hiphopdx.com.
34.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania". Discogs. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
35.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania- Willie Isz". Metacritic. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
36.Jump up ^ "MF Doom- Gazillion Ear EP (Jneiro Jarel & Dave Sitek remix) video". NME. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
37.Jump up ^ "TV On The Radio- Shout Me Out (Willie Isz Remix by Jneiro Jarel". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
38.Jump up ^ "Maximum Balloon- Groove Me (feat. Theophilus London) (by Jneiro Jarel Remix)". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
39.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 16, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
40.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Alpha Pup Records. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
41.Jump up ^ "Feature Interview-Joshua Mays: Meditations on Canvas". CultureFphiles.com. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
42.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Fauna". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
43.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Android Love Mayhem EP". Impose Magazine. May 24, 2010.
44.Jump up ^ Varine, Patrick (January 12, 2009). "Album Reviews: Dr. Who Dat?, Mr. Chop". Wickedlocal.com access.
45.Jump up ^ "Escape With Jneiro Jarel To 'Amazonica'". Soulbounce.com. September 29, 2010.
46.Jump up ^ "DRC Music- Kinshasa One Two". DRC Music. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
47.Jump up ^ "DRC Music". Warp Records. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
48.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 15, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
49.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (15 February 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
50.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (July 27, 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
51.^ Jump up to: a b Horowitz, Steven (August 16, 2012). "JJ DOOM "Key To The Kuffs" Album Stream". Hiphoxdx.com.
52.Jump up ^ http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.20947/title.hip-hop-album-sales-the-week-ending-8-26-2012
53.Jump up ^ "Key To The Kuffs-JJ DOOM". Metacritic. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
54.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-'Key To The Kuffs'". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
55.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
56.Jump up ^ "Exclaim!'s Best Albums of 2012: Hip-Hop". Exclaim!. December 18, 2012.
57.Jump up ^ "Staff Lists: Toussaint's Top Albums and Songs of 2012". spartanchronicle.com. November 29, 2012.
58.Jump up ^ Adams, Dart (January 1, 2013). "50 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2012". The Urban Daily.
59.Jump up ^ Grosinger, Matt (August 23, 2012). "Video: JJ DOOM-"Guv'nor"". The Fader.
60.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM "GUV'NOR" From Album KEY TO THE KUFFS- RizLab Project #4". Lex Records. August 23, 2012.
61.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-Guv'nor". Pretty Much Amazing access. May 31, 2013.
62.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-"Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix) Video"". NME. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM (Jneiro Jarel and DOOM) Album Artwork by ESPO". Ego Trip. July 5, 2012.
64.Jump up ^ Battan, Carrie (June 19, 2013). "Video: JJ DOOM: "BOOKHEAD"". Pitchfork Media.
65.Jump up ^ "Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition): JJ Doom". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
66.Jump up ^ Martins, Chris (June 20, 2013). "Hear Thom Yorke, Dave Sitek, and Clams Casino Rework JJ DOOM's Gritty Rap Tracks". Spin.
67.Jump up ^ "JNEIRO JAREL AKA DR WHO DAT -THE INTERVIEW". Whatiz. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
68.Jump up ^ Fallon, Patric (February 16, 2012). "Jneiro Jarel and MF DOOM Are JJ DOOM". XLR8R.
69.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "JJ DOOM Prep Fans For 'Key to the Kuffs' (Butter Version)". okayplayer. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
70.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM RELEASE BOOKHEAD EP AS LIMITED EDITION PICTURE DISC, AND IT LOOKS ACE". factmag.com. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Jneiro Jarel discography at Discogs
Jneiro Jarel on Lex Records
Jneiro Jarel on Alpha Pup Records



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American hip hop record producers
Hip hop DJs
Living people
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Rappers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1975 births





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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jneiro_Jarel








Jneiro Jarel

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Jneiro Jarel
Jneiro Jarel Getty.jpeg
Background information

Birth name
Omar Jarel Gilyard
Also known as
Dr. Who Dat?, Capital Peoples, Panama Blaque, Rocque Wun, Mel Owens, JJ Tron, Gwizzo, Phish Bone
Origin
United States
Genres
Hip hop
Occupation(s)
Producer, composer, rapper, vocalist, DJ, multi-instrumentalist
Instruments
Sampler, drum machine
Years active
1989-present
Labels
Lex Records, Label Who?, Ropeadope Records, Kindred Spirits, Alpha Pup Records
Associated acts
Willie Isz, JJ DOOM, Shape of Broad Minds, DOOM, Khujo, Dave Sitek, Count Bass D, Kimbra, Damon Albarn, DRC Music
Website
www.jneirojarel.com
Omar Jarel Gilyard, known by his stage name Jneiro Jarel, is an American recording artist, music producer, composer and DJ. Recognized for his versatile, abstract, and often experimental style,[1] he is also known for his beat-making alias Dr. Who Dat? and his groups Willie Isz, JJ DOOM and Shape of Broad Minds,[2] who've shared the stage with artists ranging from Jay-Z to Radiohead. He has collaborated with artists such as Damon Albarn, Count Bass D, Massive Attack, TV on the Radio and Kimbra among others.[3][4][5]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Career 2.1 2000-2005: Early Career
2.2 2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition
2.3 2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who
3 Personal Life
4 Discography 4.1 Jneiro Jarel
4.2 Dr. Who Dat?
4.3 Shape of Broad Minds
4.4 Willie Isz
4.5 Capital Peoples
4.6 DRC Music
4.7 JJ DOOM
4.8 Productions
4.9 Remixes
4.10 Mixes
4.11 DJ Mixes
4.12 Guest appearances
4.13 Compilation appearances
5 References
6 External links

History[edit]
Jarel was born in Brooklyn, and would spend the next several years of his life living in Maryland, Arizona, Atlanta and Houston, before eventually moving back to New York. It was in New York that he started his own label, Orienj Recordings (now Label Who?), and released his first EP as a solo artist.[6]
In 2003 he signed to indie record label Kindred Spirits,[7] and was the sole representative from New York to participate in and perform at Red Bull Music Academy in Cape Town, South Africa.[8]
In 2004 Jneiro moved to Philadelphia and, through his success in the indie music scene, was able to work with some of the cities most influential artists King Britt and Rich Medina.[9][10]
He signed a multi album record deal with Lex Records in 2006.[6][11]
Career[edit]
2000-2005: Early Career[edit]
Following the 2000 release of his Section A EP,[12] Jneiro also released his first full-length album, Timeless Volume 1 in 2004, via Label Who?[13] Over the next year he'd make a number of guest appearances and contributions on various projects, and release several promo singles and DJ mixes,[14] before jointly releasing his Three Piece Puzzle LP on, both, Kindred Spirits and Ropeadope Records in 2005.[6] The album was universally met with positive reception.[15][16][17]
2006-2011: Lex Records and mainstream recognition[edit]
2006 marked the beginning of Jarel's relationship with Lex Records, and saw the release of his critically acclaimed instrumental project, Beat Journey, under his Dr. Who Dat? alias.[18][19][20] The album cover art was designed by the UK based graphic artists collective, and frequent Lex Records collaborators, Ehquestionmark,[21][22] best known for their previous work on The Mouse and the Mask and Ghetto Pop Life. The aesthetic approach featured in "Beat Journey's" art design would become a staple in Jneiro's future releases.[23][24]
He followed up Beat Journey with his 2007 Lex release, Craft of the Lost Art, under the group name Shape of Broad Minds.[25] Like many of his previous works, "Craft..." saw Jarel incorporating several of his aliases on to the album, although this was the first time they would all converge in one place.[26] In addition to fellow group member and emcee Jawwaad Taylor, the project also included a number of features from DOOM, Count Bass D, Stacy Epps and John Robinson.[25] "Craft..." widely received positive reviews,[27][28] and saw Jneiro teaming with Ehquestionmark once more, for an artwork design that included a limited edition, glow-in-the-dark LP, as well as an EP, single and mixtape download.[29]
In early 2009 he revisited his Dr. Who Dat? alter ego for the digital-only release of Beyond 2morrow.[30] This instrumental EP would showcase the more experimental approach to production that was previously, but briefly, explored in some of Jneiro's earlier work.[31] Having been fully realized and embraced on this project, it would also help in solidifying his place among a growing musical genre that would later become popular in the Low End Theory and L.A. beat scene.[32]
That same year Jneiro teamed with Goodie Mob's Khujo Goodie to form the group Willie Isz. They released their debut project Georgiavania on June 15, 2009, via Lex Records.[33] The album features backing vocals from Tunde Adebimpe of TV on the Radio,[34] and continued the string of positive reception Jarel's work had come to know.[35] It would also set the stage for a number of collaborations between Jarel and TV on the Radio's Dave Sitek.[36][37][38][39]
2010 brought about both new and old professional relationships. Jarel signed a digital distribution deal with Alpha Pup Records, which resulted in the release of his Android Love Mayhem- EP and the reissue of Beyond 2morrow, as Jneiro Jarel.[40] Artwork for both EP's was handled by painter and muralist, and Three Piece Puzzle album cover designer, Joshua Mays.[41]
Jneiro also joined forces with Kindred Spirits again and released the Brazilian themed album Fauna.[42]
All three projects had heavy electronic overtones in their production, and continued to show Jarel's willingness to move away from more traditional sample based music, and explore beyond the rigid boundaries set in place by many musical genres.[43][44][45]
In 2011 Jneiro was handpicked by Damon Albarn to be a part of the, newly established, musical collective DRC Music (Democratic Republic of the Congo Music) group. Working in conjunction with Oxfam, the project's intention was to bring awareness to Oxfam's relief work in Congo, as well as give exposure to over fifty local Congolese musicians. Albarn assembled a team of ten producers, composed of Jarel, Dan the Automator, XL Recordings managers Richard Russell & Rodaidh McDonald, Kwes, Actress, Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Marc Antoine, Alwest, and Remi Kabaka Jr. to work alongside local musicians in Kinshasa. The result was Kinshasa One Two; an album recorded in five days, with all of its proceeds going towards Oxfam. It was released on Warp Records October 3, 2011.[46][47]
2012-Present: JJ DOOM and Label Who[edit]
On December 16, 2011, a Dave Sitek remix of a JJ DOOM track, titled "Rhymin' Slang", was posted on Pitchfork.[48] JJ DOOM was revealed to be the pairing of Jneiro Jarel and Lex label mate DOOM, which drew speculation at the time that the two were working on an album together. This suspicion was confirmed when Pitchfork later ran an article on February 16, 2012, detailing the album's title, Key to the Kuffs, and leaked one of its tracks "Banished".[49] A third track from the album, "Guv'nor", was posted on Pitchfork July 27, 2012.[50]
KTTK was released August 20, 2012 on Lex Records.[51] Debuting at number 124 on the Billboard 200,[52] "...Kuffs" received notable positive praise,[53][54] eventually charting a total of six Billboard charts[55] and landing on several "Best Albums of 2012" lists.[56][57][58] It had a number of high-profile guest appearances, from previous Jneiro Jarel collaborators Damon Albarn and Khujo Goodie, to Beth Gibbons of Portishead.[51]
A video for the song "Guv'nor" premiered August 23, 2012.[59] Directed by Ninian Doff and presented by RizLab,[60] the video garnered attention for its use of an optical illusion/split-screen visual effect.[61] Later a video for the "Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix)" would be released, as an extension of the JJ DOOM/RizLab project.[62]
The album artwork for Key to the Kuffs was designed by American artist/graff artist, Steve "ESPO" Powers.[63] Powers would also later direct the music video for JJ DOOM's "Bookhead". The video premiered June 19, 2013 and the track was featured on the expanded, deluxe edition of KTTK, titled Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition),[64] released August 20, 2013.[65] The "Butter Edition" also included the Dave Sitek "Rhymin' Slang" remix, as well as the previously released, alternative version of "Retarded Fren" by Radiohead's Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood. It also featured a number of guest contributions in the form of remixes, features and alternative versions from Beck, BADBADNOTGOOD, Del the Funky Homosapien and Clams Casino.[66]
In August 2013, Jneiro Jarel announced (via Okayplayer) the official launch of his own record label, Label Who, with Ropeadope Records serving as digital distributor.[3]
Personal Life[edit]
On February 20, 2015, he announced to Whatiz Media that he is "proudly one of Jehovah’s Witnesses".[67]
Discography[edit]
Jneiro Jarel[edit]
Section A (2000)
Timeless Vol. 1 (2004)
Three Piece Puzzle (2005)
"Big Bounce Theory" b/w "Quantum Leap" (2005)
Fauna (2010)
Android Love Mayhem EP (2010)
"Amazonica" b/w "See Them Cry" (2010)
Beyond 2morrow reissue (2010)
Flora (2014)'
Dr. Who Dat?[edit]
Beat Journey (2006)
Rhyme Cycle EP (2006)
Beyond 2morrow (2009)
Shape of Broad Minds[edit]
Blue Experience EP (2007)
Craft of the Lost Art (2007)
Raiders Of The Lost Mix (2007)
"OPR8R" (2008)
Willie Isz[edit]
Georgiavania (2009)
Capital Peoples[edit]
Amazonica (1999-2004) (2009)
DRC Music[edit]
Kinshasa One Two (2011)
JJ DOOM[edit]
Key to the Kuffs (2012)[68]
Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) EP Very limited exclusive blue 12' vinyl. (2012)
Rhymin Slang (JJ Tron Remix) flexi-disc 7' Exclusive single face flexi-disc vinyl sold with #24 Wax Poetics Japan. (2012)
Key to the Kuffs (Butter Version) (2013)[69]
Bookhead EP (2014)[70]
Productions[edit]
"Choklit Ninja" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
"Rhyme Cycle" by Stacy Epps on Ruff Draft (2007)
"The Experiment" "Vocal Overload" by John Robinson on I Am Not For Sale (2008)
Remixes[edit]
"Yellow Daisies (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Fertile Ground on Remixes 01 (2005)
"Holdin' On (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by Champion Souls on Holdin' On EP Two (2005)
"Vibes From THe Tribe (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Build An Ark on Remixes (2005)
"Dust (Rocque Wun Mix)" by Recloose on Dust (Remixes) (2005)
"My Affection" by Vassy on My Affection (2005)
"My Juvenile (Jneiro Jarel's Minimal Animal Remix)" by Björk (2009)
"Pretty Wings (Jneiro Jarel's Willie Isz Remix)" by Maxwell (2009)
"Gazzilion Ear (Dr. Who Dat? Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
"Gazzilion Ear (Jneiro Jarel feat. Dave Sitek Remix)" by DOOM on Gazzillion Ear EP (2009)
"Harmony Korine (David A. Sitek and Jneiro Jarel Magnetized Nebula Mix)" by Steven Wilson (2009)
"Shout Me Out Remix" by TV on the Radio on Crying (2009)
"Balada 45 (Like A Brazilian Girl Remix)" by Arthur Verocai (2010)
"Electric Love (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Vikter Duplaix on Electric Love-EP (2010)
"Atlas Air (Jneiro Jarel's Lavender Jungle Remix)" by Massive Attack on Atlas Air EP (2010)
"Groove Me (Jneiro Jarel Remix feat. Theophilus London)" by Maximum Balloon on Maximum Balloon (2010)
"Messin' (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Amatus (2014)
"90's Music (Jneiro Jarel Remix)" by Kimbra on 90s Music EP (2014)
Mixes[edit]
"Mindgames (Sneaky Pete Edit)" by Rich Medina (2004)
DJ Mixes[edit]
Houston We Have A Solution (2005)
Andrew Meza's BTS Radio Mix (2007)
Return of The Shoegaze (2008)
Jneiro Jarel aka Dr. Who Dat's BBC Radio 1 Mary Anne Hobbs Mix (2009)
BBC Radio 1 Rob Da Bank JJ DOOM Mix (2012)
Exclusive JJ DOOM Mixtape for Dazed Digital (2012)
Traptronic Dreams Mixtape (2012)
Jneiro Jarel x Bonafide Beats Mix #50 (2014)
Echoes In Viberia (Kimbra Mixtape) By Jneiro Jarel (2014)
Guest appearances[edit]
"Lookin' At Me" by Kid Sublime on Basement Soul (2005)
"Not Tomorrow But" "No Game" by Breakthrough on Breakthrough (2005)
"Choklit Ninja" "Blues Baby" "Weight" by Rich Medina on Connecting The Dots (2005)
"Chea Chea" by King Britt on Jazzmental (2005)
"Eyes And Ears" by Ohmega Watts on Watts Happening (2007)
"Evil Child" by Cilla K. on Evil Child (2010)
Compilation appearances[edit]
"Sun Walkers" "Eeee Love" "Do You Thang" on Soul Purpose Is To Move You: Kindred Spirits Collection (2004)
"Sun Walkers" "Doinis!!" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 1) (2004)
"Doinis!!" on Undercover Cuts 21 (2005)
"Soul Starr" "Big Bounce Theory" "Get Yuh Own" on Rush Hour Mixed Series Vol.01 (2005)
"Lookin' At Me" on Habitat Collection: Fireside (2005)
"Lookin' At Me" on Jimmy Woo One (2006)
"Big Bounce Theory Part 2" on Witness Future Vintage (Vol. 2) (2007)
"Picante" on Basement Soul (2007)
"Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)" "Viberian Twilight Part 2" on Complex Vol. 1 (2012)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Joy of Lex (#06 Extended Feature)". Bonafide Magazine. June 17, 2012.
2.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Rate Your Music. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Stats", Eddie. "Jneiro Jarel Launches Label Who". okayplayer.com. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
4.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "OKP Exclusive: Kimbra Talks ‘The Golden Echo’ LP + Jneiro Jarel x Kimbra – ‘Echoes In Viberia’ Mixtape Premiere". okayplayer.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
5.Jump up ^ Swales, Kris. "Jneiro Jarel's Australian Debut With RBMA". RedBull. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Marisa. "Jneiro Jarel- Music Biography, Credits and Discography". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
7.Jump up ^ "Kindred Spirits Artist Profile-Jneiro Jarel". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
8.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Red Bull Music Academy. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
9.Jump up ^ "Download Benefit Compilation for Kool Herc featuring Jneiro Jarel". Lex Records. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
10.Jump up ^ "Rich Medina' Connecting the Dots". Allmusic. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
11.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Groups, Projects & Aliases". Lex Records. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
12.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Section A". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
13.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Timeless Volume 1". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
14.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel- Discography". Discogs. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
15.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Three Piece Puzzle- Jneiro Jarel-". Allmusic. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
16.Jump up ^ Doggett, Tom (December 20, 2005). "Jneiro Jarel:Three Piece Puzzle:Label Who". RapReviews.com.
17.Jump up ^ B, Lucy. "Jneiro Jarel "Three Piece Puzzle" (Ropeadope)". beatlife.com. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
18.Jump up ^ "Beat Journey- Dr. Who Dat?". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
19.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". XLR8R. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
20.Jump up ^ Gasteier, Matthew (December 5, 2006). "Album Review: Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". Prefix Magazine.
21.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?-Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
22.Jump up ^ Allworthy, Paul (March 7, 2010). "EHQUESTIONMARK?- BONAFIDE EXCLUSIVE". Bonafide Magazine.
23.Jump up ^ "Dr. Who Dat?- Beat Journey". The Cover Up. August 15, 2007.
24.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
25.^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
26.Jump up ^ Thomas, Vincent. "Shape of Broad Minds". Allmusic. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
27.Jump up ^ Wilson, Tony (October 2007). "Craft of the Lost Art". frieze (magazine).
28.Jump up ^ Serwer, Jesse (November 5, 2007). "Shape of Broad Minds- Craft of the Lost Art". XLR8R.
29.Jump up ^ "Shape of Broad Minds: Craft of the Lost Art". Sleevage. January 2, 2008.
30.Jump up ^ smith, Jason (February 11, 2009). "Dr. Who Dat?, Beyond 2morrow". Impose Magazine.
31.Jump up ^ "Review: Dr. Who Dat?, "Beyond 2morrow"". Plug One. January 23, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Murray, Robin (January 26, 2012). "Craft Of The Lost Art- Jneiro Jarel". Clash.
33.Jump up ^ Noz, Andrew (May 22, 2009). "Willie Isz: Something Else". Hiphopdx.com.
34.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania". Discogs. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
35.Jump up ^ "Willie Isz-Georgiavania- Willie Isz". Metacritic. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
36.Jump up ^ "MF Doom- Gazillion Ear EP (Jneiro Jarel & Dave Sitek remix) video". NME. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
37.Jump up ^ "TV On The Radio- Shout Me Out (Willie Isz Remix by Jneiro Jarel". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
38.Jump up ^ "Maximum Balloon- Groove Me (feat. Theophilus London) (by Jneiro Jarel Remix)". RCRD LBL. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
39.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 16, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
40.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel". Alpha Pup Records. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
41.Jump up ^ "Feature Interview-Joshua Mays: Meditations on Canvas". CultureFphiles.com. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
42.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Fauna". Kindred Spirits. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
43.Jump up ^ "Jneiro Jarel-Android Love Mayhem EP". Impose Magazine. May 24, 2010.
44.Jump up ^ Varine, Patrick (January 12, 2009). "Album Reviews: Dr. Who Dat?, Mr. Chop". Wickedlocal.com access.
45.Jump up ^ "Escape With Jneiro Jarel To 'Amazonica'". Soulbounce.com. September 29, 2010.
46.Jump up ^ "DRC Music- Kinshasa One Two". DRC Music. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
47.Jump up ^ "DRC Music". Warp Records. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
48.Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (December 15, 2011). "JJ DOOM: "Rhymin' Slang (Dave Sitek Remix)"". Pitchfork Media.
49.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (15 February 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
50.Jump up ^ Battanon, Carrie (July 27, 2012). "DOOM Teams With Jneiro Jarel for Album". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
51.^ Jump up to: a b Horowitz, Steven (August 16, 2012). "JJ DOOM "Key To The Kuffs" Album Stream". Hiphoxdx.com.
52.Jump up ^ http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.20947/title.hip-hop-album-sales-the-week-ending-8-26-2012
53.Jump up ^ "Key To The Kuffs-JJ DOOM". Metacritic. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
54.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-'Key To The Kuffs'". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
55.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM-Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
56.Jump up ^ "Exclaim!'s Best Albums of 2012: Hip-Hop". Exclaim!. December 18, 2012.
57.Jump up ^ "Staff Lists: Toussaint's Top Albums and Songs of 2012". spartanchronicle.com. November 29, 2012.
58.Jump up ^ Adams, Dart (January 1, 2013). "50 Best Hip-Hop Albums of 2012". The Urban Daily.
59.Jump up ^ Grosinger, Matt (August 23, 2012). "Video: JJ DOOM-"Guv'nor"". The Fader.
60.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM "GUV'NOR" From Album KEY TO THE KUFFS- RizLab Project #4". Lex Records. August 23, 2012.
61.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-Guv'nor". Pretty Much Amazing access. May 31, 2013.
62.Jump up ^ "Video: JJ DOOM-"Rhymin' Slang (JJ Tron Remix) Video"". NME. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM (Jneiro Jarel and DOOM) Album Artwork by ESPO". Ego Trip. July 5, 2012.
64.Jump up ^ Battan, Carrie (June 19, 2013). "Video: JJ DOOM: "BOOKHEAD"". Pitchfork Media.
65.Jump up ^ "Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition): JJ Doom". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
66.Jump up ^ Martins, Chris (June 20, 2013). "Hear Thom Yorke, Dave Sitek, and Clams Casino Rework JJ DOOM's Gritty Rap Tracks". Spin.
67.Jump up ^ "JNEIRO JAREL AKA DR WHO DAT -THE INTERVIEW". Whatiz. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
68.Jump up ^ Fallon, Patric (February 16, 2012). "Jneiro Jarel and MF DOOM Are JJ DOOM". XLR8R.
69.Jump up ^ Lamb, Karas. "JJ DOOM Prep Fans For 'Key to the Kuffs' (Butter Version)". okayplayer. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
70.Jump up ^ "JJ DOOM RELEASE BOOKHEAD EP AS LIMITED EDITION PICTURE DISC, AND IT LOOKS ACE". factmag.com. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Jneiro Jarel discography at Discogs
Jneiro Jarel on Lex Records
Jneiro Jarel on Alpha Pup Records



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American hip hop record producers
Hip hop DJs
Living people
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Rappers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1975 births





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Dave Meyers (basketball)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

David Meyers
Dave Meyers vs USC.png
Meyers with UCLA in 1972–73

Personal information

Born
April 21, 1953 (age 62)
San Diego, California
Nationality
American
Listed height
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
Listed weight
215 lb (98 kg)
Career information

High school
Sonora (La Habra, California)
College
UCLA (1972–1975)
NBA draft
1975 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2nd overall
Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers
Pro career
1975–1980
Position
Power forward
Number
21, 22, 7
Career history

1975–1980
Milwaukee Bucks
Career highlights and awards
2× NCAA champion (1973, 1975)
Consensus first-team All-American (1975)
First-team All-Pac-8 (1975)

Career NBA statistics

Points
3,149 (11.2 ppg)
Rebounds
1,771 (6.3 rpg)
Assists
652 (2.3 apg)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com

David William Meyers (born April 21, 1953) is a retired American college basketball forward/center for the University of California, Los Angeles and professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association for the Milwaukee Bucks.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 NBA career
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Born in San Diego, California, Meyers was one of 11 children (six girls, five boys) of Bob and Pat Meyers.[1] Bob was a standout basketball player at Marquette University and was the Warriors' captain in 1944-45.[2] He attended high school at Sonora High School in La Habra, California. As a senior, he averaged 22.7 points per game in leading the Raiders to the Orange League title and, in the postseason, the California Southern Section AA championship. Meyers was named AA Player of the Year.[3]
College career[edit]
As a sophomore in 1972-73, Meyers played a backup role on the UCLA Bruins men's basketball team, averaging 4.9 points per game, sixth on the team, and 2.9 rebounds. UCLA won the Pacific-8 title, went 30-0 and captured the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament with an 87-66 win over Memphis. Meyers totaled four points and three rebounds in the championship game.[4]
As a junior in 1973-74, Meyers became a starter on a front line with future Hall-of-Famers Bill Walton and Jamaal Wilkes.[5] Meyers averaged 11.4 points and 5.7 rebounds per game, both third on the team behind Walton and Wilkes, with a field goal percentage of .488.[6] UCLA won another Pacific-8 title and posted a 26-4 record before falling to North Carolina State in a memorable double-overtime game in the Final Four.[7]
In 1974-75, with Walton and Wilkes graduated, the Bruins reloaded and Meyers was the senior starter on a front line with two sophomores and future All-Americans Marques Johnson and Richard Washington. Meyers led the team in both scoring and rebounding with 18.3 points and 7.9 rebounds per game with a .484 field goal percentage.[8] He won the John Wooden Award as UCLA's Most Valuable Player[9] and he was a consensus first-team All-American.[10] The Bruins went 28-3 and won the NCAA championship in the 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, the team's 10th in a 12-year span, with a 92-85 win over Kentucky.[11] Meyers totaled 24 points and 11 rebounds in the championship game.[12]
Meyers appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1975 with the headline "UCLA Still Best in the West."[13] He will be inducted into the Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Hall of Honor during the 2015 Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament in Las Vegas, NV.[14]
NBA career[edit]
Meyers was the second pick in the first round of the 1975 NBA Draft by the Los Angeles Lakers.[15] Nineteen days later,[16] Meyers was part of one of the biggest trades in NBA history as he, along with Elmore Smith, Junior Bridgeman, and Brian Winters, was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Walt Wesley.
In his rookie season of 1975-76 with the Bucks, Meyers played 72 games and averaged 22.1 minutes per game. He averaged 7.4 points, 6.2 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game.[17] He posted a then career single-game high of 28 points in just his third NBA game, against the New Orleans Jazz.[18]
In 1976-77, Meyers was limited to 52 games but his playing time increased to over 25 minutes per game, He averaged 9.7 points, 6.8 rebound and 1.7 assists per game, with a .467 field goal percentage.[19] On April 10, 1977 he set a new personal best of 31 points against the San Antonio Spurs.[20]
In 1977-78, his third season, Meyers came into his own as a starter and the Bucks, after two losing seasons, rebounded to a 44-38 record. Playing alongside his former UCLA teammate Marques Johnson, Meyers played 80 games and averaged over 30 minutes per game. Meyers posted a career-high 14.7 points per game along with 6.7 rebounds and a career-high 3.0 assists.[21] On November 15, 1977, he upped his single-game scoring personal best to 32 points, against the Portland Trailblazers.[22]
Meyers missed the 1978-79 season with a back injury.
In the 1979-'80 season for the Bucks, he played 79 games and just under 28 minutes per game as the Bucks went 49-33 and won the NBA Midwest Division.[23] Meyers average 12.1 points, 5.7 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game.
After four NBA seasons, on April 30, 1980 Meyers made a surprise announcement that he was retiring from basketball to spend more time with his family and devote more of his time to his Jehovah's Witness faith.[24]
Personal life[edit]
Meyers married his wife, Linda, in 1975. Daughter Crystal was born a year later, and son Sean followed three years later. Meyers worked as a sales rep for Motorola and took night classes in education at National University.[25] He received his teaching certificate and, beginning in 1988, for many years he served as a sixth-grade teacher at Railroad Canyon School in Lake Elsinore, California. He has also served as a basketball instructor, both privately and at camps, primarily for children ages 8-12.[26]
Meyers is the older brother of Ann Meyers, who also was an outstanding basketball player as well as the only woman to sign a free-agent contract by an NBA team (Indiana Pacers, 1979).[27]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
2.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30500&ATCLID=209427408
3.Jump up ^ http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Basketball/HelmsBasketballAnnual1971.pdf
4.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1973-03-26-memphis.html
5.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
6.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1974.html
7.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
8.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1975.html
9.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
10.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
11.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
12.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1975-03-31-kentucky.html
13.Jump up ^ UCLA STILL BEST IN THE WEST. Sports Illustrated. February 17, 1975, Volume 42, Issue 7
14.Jump up ^ Pac-12 Basketball Hall of Honor to Induct 2014-15 Class, Pac-12 Conference, January 15, 2015
15.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
16.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
17.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
18.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1976/
19.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
20.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1977/
21.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
22.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1978/
23.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/MIL/1980.html
24.Jump up ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RNYVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6210,61392&dq=dave+meyers+retire&hl=en
25.Jump up ^ http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017845/index.htm
26.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
27.Jump up ^ Mercury Name Ann Meyers Drysdale New GM
External links[edit]


Map of USA and Canada, NBA, zoom.svgNational Basketball Association portal
 

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dave Meyers (basketball).
Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com


[show]
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UCLA Bruins Men's Basketball 1972–73 NCAA Champions
















[show]
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UCLA Bruins Men's Basketball 1974–75 NCAA Champions















[show]
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1975 NCAA Men's Basketball Consensus All-Americans






















[show]
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1975 NBA Draft

















































 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1953 births
Living people
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Basketball players at the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players at the 1974 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players at the 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players from California
Los Angeles Lakers draft picks
Los Angeles Lakers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
UCLA Bruins men's basketball players




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Dave Meyers (basketball)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

David Meyers
Dave Meyers vs USC.png
Meyers with UCLA in 1972–73

Personal information

Born
April 21, 1953 (age 62)
San Diego, California
Nationality
American
Listed height
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
Listed weight
215 lb (98 kg)
Career information

High school
Sonora (La Habra, California)
College
UCLA (1972–1975)
NBA draft
1975 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2nd overall
Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers
Pro career
1975–1980
Position
Power forward
Number
21, 22, 7
Career history

1975–1980
Milwaukee Bucks
Career highlights and awards
2× NCAA champion (1973, 1975)
Consensus first-team All-American (1975)
First-team All-Pac-8 (1975)

Career NBA statistics

Points
3,149 (11.2 ppg)
Rebounds
1,771 (6.3 rpg)
Assists
652 (2.3 apg)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com

David William Meyers (born April 21, 1953) is a retired American college basketball forward/center for the University of California, Los Angeles and professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association for the Milwaukee Bucks.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 NBA career
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Born in San Diego, California, Meyers was one of 11 children (six girls, five boys) of Bob and Pat Meyers.[1] Bob was a standout basketball player at Marquette University and was the Warriors' captain in 1944-45.[2] He attended high school at Sonora High School in La Habra, California. As a senior, he averaged 22.7 points per game in leading the Raiders to the Orange League title and, in the postseason, the California Southern Section AA championship. Meyers was named AA Player of the Year.[3]
College career[edit]
As a sophomore in 1972-73, Meyers played a backup role on the UCLA Bruins men's basketball team, averaging 4.9 points per game, sixth on the team, and 2.9 rebounds. UCLA won the Pacific-8 title, went 30-0 and captured the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament with an 87-66 win over Memphis. Meyers totaled four points and three rebounds in the championship game.[4]
As a junior in 1973-74, Meyers became a starter on a front line with future Hall-of-Famers Bill Walton and Jamaal Wilkes.[5] Meyers averaged 11.4 points and 5.7 rebounds per game, both third on the team behind Walton and Wilkes, with a field goal percentage of .488.[6] UCLA won another Pacific-8 title and posted a 26-4 record before falling to North Carolina State in a memorable double-overtime game in the Final Four.[7]
In 1974-75, with Walton and Wilkes graduated, the Bruins reloaded and Meyers was the senior starter on a front line with two sophomores and future All-Americans Marques Johnson and Richard Washington. Meyers led the team in both scoring and rebounding with 18.3 points and 7.9 rebounds per game with a .484 field goal percentage.[8] He won the John Wooden Award as UCLA's Most Valuable Player[9] and he was a consensus first-team All-American.[10] The Bruins went 28-3 and won the NCAA championship in the 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, the team's 10th in a 12-year span, with a 92-85 win over Kentucky.[11] Meyers totaled 24 points and 11 rebounds in the championship game.[12]
Meyers appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1975 with the headline "UCLA Still Best in the West."[13] He will be inducted into the Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Hall of Honor during the 2015 Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament in Las Vegas, NV.[14]
NBA career[edit]
Meyers was the second pick in the first round of the 1975 NBA Draft by the Los Angeles Lakers.[15] Nineteen days later,[16] Meyers was part of one of the biggest trades in NBA history as he, along with Elmore Smith, Junior Bridgeman, and Brian Winters, was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Walt Wesley.
In his rookie season of 1975-76 with the Bucks, Meyers played 72 games and averaged 22.1 minutes per game. He averaged 7.4 points, 6.2 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game.[17] He posted a then career single-game high of 28 points in just his third NBA game, against the New Orleans Jazz.[18]
In 1976-77, Meyers was limited to 52 games but his playing time increased to over 25 minutes per game, He averaged 9.7 points, 6.8 rebound and 1.7 assists per game, with a .467 field goal percentage.[19] On April 10, 1977 he set a new personal best of 31 points against the San Antonio Spurs.[20]
In 1977-78, his third season, Meyers came into his own as a starter and the Bucks, after two losing seasons, rebounded to a 44-38 record. Playing alongside his former UCLA teammate Marques Johnson, Meyers played 80 games and averaged over 30 minutes per game. Meyers posted a career-high 14.7 points per game along with 6.7 rebounds and a career-high 3.0 assists.[21] On November 15, 1977, he upped his single-game scoring personal best to 32 points, against the Portland Trailblazers.[22]
Meyers missed the 1978-79 season with a back injury.
In the 1979-'80 season for the Bucks, he played 79 games and just under 28 minutes per game as the Bucks went 49-33 and won the NBA Midwest Division.[23] Meyers average 12.1 points, 5.7 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game.
After four NBA seasons, on April 30, 1980 Meyers made a surprise announcement that he was retiring from basketball to spend more time with his family and devote more of his time to his Jehovah's Witness faith.[24]
Personal life[edit]
Meyers married his wife, Linda, in 1975. Daughter Crystal was born a year later, and son Sean followed three years later. Meyers worked as a sales rep for Motorola and took night classes in education at National University.[25] He received his teaching certificate and, beginning in 1988, for many years he served as a sixth-grade teacher at Railroad Canyon School in Lake Elsinore, California. He has also served as a basketball instructor, both privately and at camps, primarily for children ages 8-12.[26]
Meyers is the older brother of Ann Meyers, who also was an outstanding basketball player as well as the only woman to sign a free-agent contract by an NBA team (Indiana Pacers, 1979).[27]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
2.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30500&ATCLID=209427408
3.Jump up ^ http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/HELMS/Basketball/HelmsBasketballAnnual1971.pdf
4.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1973-03-26-memphis.html
5.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
6.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1974.html
7.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
8.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/ucla/1975.html
9.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
10.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
11.Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/fls/30500/old_site/pdf/m-baskbl/2011-12/misc_non_event/1112_MBB_MG_History.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=30500
12.Jump up ^ http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1975-03-31-kentucky.html
13.Jump up ^ UCLA STILL BEST IN THE WEST. Sports Illustrated. February 17, 1975, Volume 42, Issue 7
14.Jump up ^ Pac-12 Basketball Hall of Honor to Induct 2014-15 Class, Pac-12 Conference, January 15, 2015
15.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
16.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
17.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
18.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1976/
19.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
20.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1977/
21.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01.html
22.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/meyerda01/gamelog/1978/
23.Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/MIL/1980.html
24.Jump up ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RNYVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AhIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6210,61392&dq=dave+meyers+retire&hl=en
25.Jump up ^ http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017845/index.htm
26.Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1995-04-01/sports/sp-49593_1_dave-meyers
27.Jump up ^ Mercury Name Ann Meyers Drysdale New GM
External links[edit]


Map of USA and Canada, NBA, zoom.svgNational Basketball Association portal
 

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dave Meyers (basketball).
Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
UCLA Bruins Men's Basketball 1972–73 NCAA Champions
















[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
UCLA Bruins Men's Basketball 1974–75 NCAA Champions















[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
1975 NCAA Men's Basketball Consensus All-Americans






















[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
1975 NBA Draft

















































 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1953 births
Living people
American Jehovah's Witnesses
Basketball players at the 1973 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players at the 1974 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players at the 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Basketball players from California
Los Angeles Lakers draft picks
Los Angeles Lakers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
UCLA Bruins men's basketball players




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Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Contents
Featured content
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Random article
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About Wikipedia
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Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
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Page information
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Cite this page

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Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
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Français
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Edit links
This page was last modified on 11 February 2015, at 08:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(basketball)







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Prince (musician)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Prince
Prince at Coachella 001.jpg
Prince performing in 2008

Background information

Birth name
Prince Roger Nelson [1]
Also known as
Jamie Starr ·
 Christopher ·
 Alexander Nevermind ·
 The Purple One ·
 Joey Coco ·
 Prince logo.svg ·
 The artist formerly known as Prince
 
Born
June 7, 1958 (age 56)
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Genres
Funk ·
 R&B ·
 rock ·
 pop ·
 new wave ·
 Minneapolis sound ·
 synthpop
 
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter ·
 multi-instrumentalist ·
 record producer ·
 dancer ·
 actor ·
 film director
 
Instruments
Vocals ·
 guitar ·
 keyboards ·
 Linn Drum
 
Years active
1976–present
Labels
Warner Bros. ·
 Paisley Park ·
 NPG ·
 EMI ·
 Columbia ·
 Arista ·
 Universal
 
Associated acts
The Revolution ·
 Wendy & Lisa ·
 The New Power Generation ·
 The Time ·
 Morris Day ·
 Sheila E. ·
 Vanity 6 ·
 Apollonia 6 ·
 Mazarati ·
 The Family ·
 94 East ·
 Madhouse ·
 Andy Allo ·
 3rdeyegirl
 
Prince Roger Nelson (born June 7, 1958), known by his mononym Prince, is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. A major figure in popular music for over three decades, Prince is renowned as an innovator and is widely-known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence and wide vocal range. Widely regarded as the pioneer of Minneapolis sound, Prince's music combines rock, R&B, soul, funk, hip hop, disco, psychedelia, jazz, and pop.
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Prince developed an interest in music at an early age, writing his first song at age seven. After recording songs with his cousin's band 94 East, 19-year-old Prince recorded several unsuccessful demo tapes before releasing his debut album, For You, in 1978 under the guidance of Manager Owen Husney. His 1979 album, Prince, went platinum due to the success of the singles "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" and "I Wanna Be Your Lover". His next three records, Dirty Mind (1980), Controversy (1981) and 1999 (1982), continued his success, showcasing Prince's trademark of prominently sexual lyrics and incorporation of elements of funk, dance and rock music. In 1984, he began referring to his backup band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain, which served as the soundtrack to his film debut of the same name.
After releasing the albums Around the World in a Day (1985) and Parade (1986), The Revolution disbanded and Prince released the critically acclaimed double album Sign "O" the Times (1987) as a solo artist. He released three more solo albums before debuting The New Power Generation band in 1991. After changing his stage name to an unpronounceable symbol (Prince logo.svg), also known as the "Love Symbol", in 1993, he began releasing new albums at a faster pace to remove himself from contractual obligations to Warner Bros; he released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998. In 2000, he began referring to himself as "Prince" once again. He has released fourteen albums since then, including his latest, Art Official Age, released on September 30, 2014.
Prince has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.[2] He has won seven Grammy Awards[3] a Golden Globe,[4] and an Academy Award.[5] He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, the first year of his eligibility.[6] Rolling Stone has ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career 2.1 1975–84: Beginnings and breakthrough
2.2 1984–87: The Revolution, Purple Rain and subsequent releases
2.3 1987–91: Solo again, Sign "O" the Times and spiritual rebirth
2.4 1991–94: The New Power Generation, Diamonds and Pearls and name change
2.5 1994–2000: Increased output and The Gold Experience
2.6 2000–06: Turnaround, Musicology, label change and 3121
2.7 2007–10: Super Bowl XLI, Planet Earth and LOtUSFLOW3R
2.8 2010–12: 20Ten and The Welcome 2 Tours
2.9 2013–present: 3rdeyegirl and return to Warner Bros.
3 Personal life
4 Multi-instrumental abilities
5 Stage names
6 Copyright issues
7 Discography
8 Filmography
9 Tours
10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Grammy Awards
10.2 MTV Video Music Awards
10.3 Academy Awards
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links

Early life
Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Mattie Della (Shaw) and John Lewis Nelson.[8] His parents were both African-American[8] and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, with all four of his grandparents hailing from the state.[9][10] Prince's father was a pianist and songwriter and his mother was a jazz singer. Prince was named after his father, whose stage name was Prince Rogers, and who performed with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In a 1991 interview with A Current Affair, Prince's father said that "I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do".[11] Prince's childhood nickname was Skipper.[12]
In a PBS interview, Prince told Tavis Smiley that he was "born epileptic" and "used to have seizures" when he was young. During the interview, he also said: "My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, 'Mom, I'm not going to be sick anymore,' and she said, 'Why?' and I said, 'Because an angel told me so'."[13]
Prince's sister Tika Evene (usually called Tyka) was born in 1960.[14] Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father.[15] Prince wrote his first tune, "Funk Machine", on his father's piano when he was seven.[15] When Prince was ten years old, his parents separated. Following the separation, Prince constantly switched homes, sometimes living with his father, and sometimes with his mother and stepfather.[15] Finally he moved into the home of neighbors, the Andersons, and befriended their son, Andre Anderson, who later became known as André Cymone.[16]
Prince and Anderson joined Prince's cousin, Charles Smith, in a band called Grand Central while they were attending Minneapolis's Central High School. Smith was later replaced by Morris Day on the drums. Prince played piano and guitar for the band which performed at clubs and parties in the Minneapolis area. Grand Central later changed its name to Champagne and started playing original music influenced by Sly & the Family Stone, James Brown, Earth, Wind & Fire, Miles Davis, Parliament-Funkadelic, Carlos Santana, Jimi Hendrix, and Todd Rundgren.[17] Prince also played basketball in high school.[18]
Career
1975–84: Beginnings and breakthrough
In 1975, Pepe Willie, the husband of Prince's cousin, Shauntel, formed the band 94 East with Marcy Ingvoldstad and Kristie Lazenberry. Willie hired André Cymone and Prince to record tracks with 94 East. Those songs were written by Willie and Prince contributed guitar tracks. Prince also co-wrote, with Willie, the 94 East song, "Just Another Sucker". The band recorded tracks which later became the album Minneapolis Genius – The Historic 1977 Recordings. Prince also recorded, but never released, a song written by Willie, "If You See Me" (also known as, "Do Yourself a Favor"). In 1995, Willie released the album 94 East featuring Prince, Symbolic Beginning, which included original recordings by Prince and Cymone.
In 1976, Prince created a demo tape with producer Chris Moon in Moon's Minneapolis studio. Unable to secure a recording contract, Moon brought the tape to Owen Husney, a Minneapolis businessman. Husney signed Prince, at the age of 17, to a management contract and helped Prince create a demo recording at Sound 80 Studios in Minneapolis using producer/engineer David Z. The demo recording, along with a press kit produced at Husney's ad agency, resulted in interest from several record companies including Warner Bros. Records, A&M Records, and Columbia Records.
With the help of Husney, Prince signed a recording contract with Warner Bros.. The record company agreed to give Prince creative control for three albums and ownership of the publishing rights.[citation needed] Husney and Prince then left Minneapolis and moved to Sausalito, California where Prince's first album, For You, was recorded at Record Plant Studios. Subsequently, the album was mixed in Los Angeles and released in on April 7, 1978.[19] According to the For You album notes, Prince produced, arranged, composed and played all 27 instruments on the recording. The album was written and performed by Prince, except for the song "Soft and Wet" which had lyrics co-written by Moon. The cost of recording the album was twice Prince's initial advance. Prince used the Prince's Music Co. to publish his songs. "Soft and Wet" reached No. 12 on the Hot Soul Singles chart and No. 92 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song "Just as Long as We're Together" reached No. 91 on the Hot Soul Singles chart.



 Ticket to Prince's first performance with his band in January 1979
In 1979, Prince created a band that included André Cymone on bass, Dez Dickerson on guitar, Gayle Chapman and Doctor Fink on keyboards, and Bobby Z. on drums. Their first show was at the Capri Theater on January 5, 1979. Warner Bros. executives attended the show but decided that Prince and the band needed more time to develop his music.[20] In October 1979, Prince released a self-titled album, Prince, which was No. 4 on the Billboard Top R&B/Black Albums charts, and No. 22 on the Billboard 200, going platinum. It contained two R&B hits: "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" and "I Wanna Be Your Lover". "I Wanna Be Your Lover" sold over a million copies, and reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 1 for two weeks on the Hot Soul Singles chart. Prince performed both these songs on January 26, 1980, on American Bandstand. On this album, Prince used Ecnirp Music – BMI.[21]
In 1980, Prince released the album, Dirty Mind, which he recorded in his own studio. The album was certified gold and the attendant single "Uptown" reached No. 5 on the Billboard Dance chart and No. 5 on the Hot Soul Singles charts. Prince was also the opening act for Rick James' 1980 Fire It Up tour. Dirty Mind contained sexually explicit material, including the title song, "Head", and the song "Sister". In February 1981, Prince made his first appearance on Saturday Night Live, performing "Partyup". In October 1981, Prince released the album, Controversy. He played several dates in support of it, at first as one of the opening acts for the Rolling Stones, who were then on tour in the US. He began 1982 with a small tour of college towns where he was the headlining act. The songs on Controversy were published by Controversy Music[22] – ASCAP, a practice he continued until the Emancipation album in 1996. Controversy also marked the introduction of Prince's use of abbreviated spelling, such as spelling the words you as U, to as 2, and for as 4, as indicated by the inclusion of the track "Jack U Off". (His earlier song titles had used conventional spelling.)[23] By 2002, MTV.com noted that "[n]ow all of his titles, liner notes and Web postings are written in his own shorthand spelling, as seen on 1999's Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic, which featured 'Hot Wit U.'"[24]
In 1981, Prince formed a side project band called the Time. The band released four albums between 1981 and 1990, with Prince writing and performing most of the instrumentation and backing vocals, with lead vocals by Morris Day.[citation needed] In late 1982, Prince released a double album, 1999, which sold over three million copies.[25] The title track was a protest against nuclear proliferation and became his first top ten hit in countries outside the US. Prince's "Little Red Corvette" was one of the first two videos by a black artist played in heavy rotation on MTV, along with Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean".[26] The song "Delirious" also placed in the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
1984–87: The Revolution, Purple Rain and subsequent releases
During this period Prince referred to his band as the Revolution. The band's name was also printed, in reverse, on the cover of 1999 inside the letter "I" of the word "Prince". The band consisted of Lisa Coleman and Doctor Fink on keyboards, Bobby Z. on drums, Brown Mark on bass, and Dez Dickerson on guitar. Jill Jones, a backing singer, was also part of The Revolution line up for the 1999 album and tour. Following the 1999 Tour, Dickerson left the group for religious reasons. In the 2003 book Possessed: The Rise and Fall of Prince, author Alex Hahn says that Dickerson was reluctant to sign a three-year contract and wanted to pursue other musical ventures. Dickerson was replaced by Wendy Melvoin, a childhood friend of Coleman. At first the band was used sparsely in the studio but this gradually changed during the mid-1980s.[citation needed]
Prince's 1984 album Purple Rain sold more than 13 million copies in the US and spent 24 consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart. The film of the same name won an Academy Award and grossed more than $80 million in the US.[27]



 Prince performing in Brussels during the Hit N Run Tour in 1986
Songs from the film were hits on pop charts around the world, while "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy" reached No. 1 and the title track reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. At one point in 1984, Prince simultaneously had the No. 1 album, single, and film in the US; it was the first time a singer had achieved this feat.[28] Prince won the Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for Purple Rain, and the album is ranked 72nd Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[29] The album is included on the list of Time magazine's All-Time 100 Albums.[30] After Tipper Gore heard her 12-year-old daughter Karenna listening to Prince's song "Darling Nikki", she founded the Parents Music Resource Center.[31] The center advocates the mandatory use of a warning label ("Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics") on the covers of records that have been judged to contain language or lyrical content unsuitable for minors. The recording industry later voluntarily complied with this request.[32] Of what is considered the Filthy Fifteen Prince's compositions appear no. 1 and no. 2, with the fourth position occupied by his protégée Vanity.[33]
In 1985, Prince announced that he would discontinue live performances and music videos after the release of his next album. His subsequent recording Around the World in a Day held the No. 1 spot on the Billboard 200 for three weeks. In 1986 his album Parade reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 on the R&B charts. The first single, "Kiss", with the video choreographed by Louis Falco, reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was originally written for a side project called Mazarati. That same year the song "Manic Monday", which was written by Prince and recorded by The Bangles, reached No. 2 on the Hot 100 chart. The album Parade served as the soundtrack for Prince's second film, Under the Cherry Moon. Prince directed and starred in the movie, which also featured Kristin Scott Thomas. He received the Golden Raspberry Award for his efforts in acting and directing.[34]
In 1986, Prince began a series of sporadic live performances called the Hit n Run – Parade Tour. After the tour Prince abolished The Revolution, fired Wendy & Lisa and replaced Bobby Z. with Sheila E. Brown Mark quit the band while keyboardist Doctor Fink remained. Prince then recruited new band members Miko Weaver on guitar, Atlanta Bliss on trumpet, Eric Leeds on saxophone, Boni Boyer on keyboards, Levi Seacer, Jr. on bass and dancer Cat Glover.[citation needed]
1987–91: Solo again, Sign "O" the Times and spiritual rebirth
Prior to the disbanding of The Revolution, Prince was working on two separate projects, The Revolution album Dream Factory and a solo effort, Camille.[35] Unlike the three previous band albums, Dream Factory included significant input from the band members and even featured a number of songs with lead vocals by Wendy & Lisa,[35] while the Camille project saw Prince create a new persona primarily singing in a speeded-up, female-sounding voice. With the dismissal of The Revolution, Prince consolidated material from both shelved albums, along with some new songs, into a three-LP album to be titled Crystal Ball.[36] However, Warner Bros. forced Prince to trim the triple album to a double album and Sign "O" the Times was released on March 31, 1987.[37]
The album peaked at No.6 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[37] The first single, "Sign o' the Times", would chart at No. 3 on the Hot 100.[38] The follow-up single, "If I Was Your Girlfriend" charted poorly at No. 67 on the Hot 100, but went to No.12 on R&B chart.[38] The third single, a duet with Sheena Easton, "U Got the Look" charted at No. 2 on the Hot 100, No. 11 on the R&B chart,[38] and the final single "I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man" finished at No.10 on Hot 100 and No.14 on the R&B chart.[38]
Despite receiving the greatest critical acclaim of any album in Prince's career, including being named the top album of the year by the Pazz & Jop critics' poll, and eventually selling 3.2 million copies, album sales steadily declined.[39] In Europe, however, it performed well and Prince promoted the album overseas with a lengthy tour. Putting together a new backing band from the remnants of The Revolution, Prince added bassist Levi Seacer, Jr., Boni Boyer on keyboards, and dancer/choreographer Cat Glover to go with new drummer Sheila E. and holdovers Miko Weaver, Doctor Fink, Eric Leeds, Atlanta Bliss, and the Bodyguards (Jerome, Wally Safford, and Greg Brooks) for the Sign o' the Times Tour.
The tour was a success overseas, with Warner Bros. and Prince's managers wanting to bring it to the US to resuscitate sagging sales of Sign "O" the Times;[40][41] however, Prince balked at a full US tour, as he was ready to produce a new album.[40] As a compromise the last two nights of the tour were filmed for release in movie theaters. The film quality was deemed subpar and reshoots were performed at his Paisley Park studios.[40] The film Sign o' the Times was released on November 20, 1987. Much like the album, the film garnered more critical praise than the previous year's Under the Cherry Moon; however, its box-office receipts were minimal, and it quickly left theaters.[41]
The next album intended for release was to be The Black Album.[42] More instrumental and funk and R&B themed than recent releases,[43] The Black Album also saw Prince experiment with hip hop music on the songs "Bob George" and "Dead on It". Prince was set to release the album with a monochromatic black cover with only the catalog number printed, but after 500,000 copies had been pressed,[44] Prince had a spiritual epiphany that the album was evil and had it recalled.[45] It would later be released by Warner Bros. as a limited edition album in 1994. Prince went back in the studio for eight weeks and recorded Lovesexy.
Released on May 10, 1988, Lovesexy serves as a spiritual opposite to the dark The Black Album.[46] Every song is a solo effort by Prince, with exception of "Eye No" which was recorded with his backing band at the time, dubbed the "Lovesexy Band" by fans. Lovesexy would reach No. 11 on the Billboard 200 and No. 5 on the R&B albums chart.[47] The lead single, "Alphabet St.", peaked at No. 8 on the Hot 100 and No. 3 on the R&B chart,[37] but finished with only selling 750,000 copies.[48]
Prince again took his post-Revolution backing band (minus the Bodyguards) on a three leg, 84-show Lovesexy World Tour; although the shows were well received by huge crowds, they lost money due to the expensive sets and incorporated props.[49][50]



 Prince performing during his Nude Tour in 1990
In 1989, Prince appeared on Madonna's studio album Like a Prayer, co-writing and singing the duet "Love Song" and playing electric guitar (uncredited) on the songs "Like a Prayer", "Keep It Together", and "Act of Contrition". He also began work on a number of musical projects, including Rave Unto the Joy Fantastic and early drafts of his Graffiti Bridge film,[51][52] but both were put on hold when he was asked by Batman director Tim Burton to record several songs for the upcoming live-action adaptation. Prince went into the studio and produced an entire nine-track album that Warner Bros. released on June 20, 1989. Batman peaked at No.1 on the Billboard 200,[53] selling 4.3 million copies.[54] The single "Batdance" topped the Billboard and R&B charts.[37]
Additionally, the single "The Arms of Orion" with Sheena Easton charted at No. 36, and "Partyman" (also featuring the vocals of Prince's then-girlfriend, nicknamed Anna Fantastic) charted at No. 18 on the Hot 100 and at No. 5 on the R&B chart, while the love ballad "Scandalous!" went to No. 5 on the R&B chart.[37] However, he did have to sign away all publishing rights to the songs on the album to Warner Bros. as part of the deal to do the soundtrack.
In 1990, Prince went back on tour with a revamped band for his stripped down, back-to-basics Nude Tour. With the departures of Boni Boyer, Sheila E., the horns, and Cat, Prince brought in Rosie Gaines on keys, drummer Michael Bland, and dancing trio The Game Boyz (Tony M., Kirky J., and Damon Dickson). The European and Japanese tour was a financial success with its short, greatest hits setlist.[55] As the year progressed, Prince finished production on his fourth film, Graffiti Bridge, and the album of the same name. Initially, Warner Bros. was reluctant to fund the film, but with Prince's assurances it would be a sequel to Purple Rain as well as the involvement of the original members of The Time, the studio greenlit the project.[56] Released on August 20, 1990, the album reached No. 6 on the Billboard 200 and R&B albums chart.[57] The single "Thieves in the Temple" reaching No. 6 on the Hot 100 and No. 1 on the R&B chart.[37] Also from that album, "Round and Round" placed at No. 12 on the US charts and No. 2 on the R&B charts. The song featured the teenage Tevin Campbell (who also had a role in the film) on lead vocals. The film, released on November 20, 1990, was a critical and box-office flop, grossing just $4.2 million.[58] After the release of the film and album, the last remaining members of The Revolution, Miko Weaver and Doctor Fink, left Prince's band.
1991–94: The New Power Generation, Diamonds and Pearls and name change



 Prince's Yellow Cloud Guitar at the Smithsonian Castle. Prince can be seen playing this guitar in the "Gett Off" video.
1991 marked the debut of Prince's new band, the New Power Generation. With guitarist Miko Weaver and long-time keyboardist Doctor Fink gone, Prince added bass player Sonny T., Tommy Barbarella on keyboards, and a brass section known as the Hornheads to go along with Levi Seacer (taking over on guitar), Rosie Gaines, Michael Bland, and the Game Boyz. With significant input from his band members, Diamonds and Pearls was released on October 1, 1991. Reaching No. 3 on the Billboard 200 album chart,[59] Diamonds and Pearls saw four hit singles released in the United States. "Gett Off" peaked at No. 21 on the Hot 100 and No. 6 on the R&B charts, followed by "Cream", which gave Prince his fifth US No. 1 single. The title track "Diamonds and Pearls" became the album's third single, reaching No. 3 on the Hot 100 and the top spot on the R&B charts. "Money Don't Matter 2 Night" peaked at No. 23 and No. 14 on the Hot 100 and R&B charts respectively.[60]
1992 saw Prince and The New Power Generation release his 12th album, Love Symbol Album,[61] bearing only an unpronounceable symbol on the cover (later copyrighted as Love Symbol #2).[62] The album, generally referred to as the Love Symbol Album, would peak at No. 5 on the Billboard 200.[63] While the label wanted "7" to be the first single, Prince fought to have "My Name Is Prince" as he "felt that the song's more hip-hoppery would appeal to the same audience" that had purchased the previous album.[64] Prince got his way but "My Name Is Prince" only managed to reach No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 23 on the R&B chart. The follow-up single "Sexy MF" fared worse, charting at No. 66 on the Hot 100 and No. 76 on the R&B chart. The label's preferred lead single choice "7" would be the album's lone top ten hit, reaching No. 7.[60] 'Love Symbol Album' would go on to sell 2.8 million copies worldwide.[64]

Logo. Hollow circle above downward arrow crossed with a curlicued horn-shaped symbol and then a short bar

 The unpronounceable symbol (later dubbed "Love Symbol #2")
After two failed attempts in 1990 and 1991,[65] Warner Bros. finally released a greatest hits compilation with the three-disc The Hits/The B-Sides in 1993. The first two discs were also sold separately as The Hits 1 and The Hits 2. In addition to featuring the majority of Prince's hit singles (with the exception of "Batdance" and other songs that appeared on the Batman soundtrack), The Hits includes an array of previously hard-to-find recordings, notably B-sides spanning the majority of Prince's career, as well as a handful of previously unreleased tracks such as the Revolution-recorded "Power Fantastic" and a live recording of "Nothing Compares 2 U" with Rosie Gaines. Two new songs, "Pink Cashmere" and "Peach", were chosen as promotional singles to accompany the compilation album.
1993 also marked the year in which Prince changed his stage name to the Love Symbol (see left), which was explained as a combination of the symbols for male (♂) and female (♀).[62] In order to use the symbol in print media, Warner Bros. had to organize a mass mailing of floppy disks with a custom font.[66] Because the symbol had no stated pronunciation, he was often referred to as "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince", TAFKAP, and "The Artist".
1994–2000: Increased output and The Gold Experience
In 1994, Prince's attitude towards his artistic output underwent a notable shift. He began to view releasing albums in quick succession as a means of ejecting himself from his contractual obligations to Warner Bros. The label, he believed, was intent on limiting his artistic freedom by insisting that he release albums more sporadically. He also blamed Warner Bros. for the poor commercial performance of the Love Symbol Album, claiming that it was insufficiently marketed by Warner. It was out of these developments that the aborted The Black Album was officially released, approximately seven years after its initial recording and near-release. The "new" release, which was already in wide circulation as a bootleg, sold relatively poorly.
Following that disappointing venture, Warner Bros. succumbed to Prince's wishes to release an album of new material, to be entitled Come. When Come was eventually released, it confirmed all of Warner's fears. It became Prince's poorest-selling album to date, struggling to even shift 500,000 copies. Even more frustrating was the fact that Prince insisted on crediting the album to "Prince 1958–1993".
Prince pushed to have his next album The Gold Experience released simultaneously with Love Symbol-era material. Warner Bros. allowed the single "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" to be released via a small, independent distributor, Bellmark Records, in February 1994. The release was successful, reaching No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 in many other countries, but it would not prove to be a model for subsequent releases. Warner Bros. still resisted releasing The Gold Experience, fearing poor sales and citing "market saturation" as a defense. When eventually released in September 1995, The Gold Experience failed to sell well, although it reached the top 10 of the Billboard 200 initially, and many reviewed it as Prince's best effort since Sign "O" the Times. The album is now out-of-print. Chaos and Disorder, released in 1996, was Prince's final album of new material for Warner Bros., as well as one of his least commercially successful releases. Prince attempted a major comeback later that year when, free of any further contractual obligations to Warner Bros., he released Emancipation, a 36-song, 3-CD set (each disc was exactly 60 minutes long). The album was released via his own NPG Records with distribution through EMI. To publish his songs on Emancipation, Prince did not use Controversy Music – ASCAP, which he had used for all his records since 1981, but rather used Emancipated Music Inc.[67] – ASCAP.
Certified Platinum by the RIAA, Emancipation is the first record featuring covers by Prince of songs of other artists: Joan Osborne's top ten hit song of 1995 "One of Us";[68] "Betcha by Golly Wow!" (written by Thomas Randolf Bell and Linda Creed);[69] "I Can't Make You Love Me" (written by James Allen Shamblin II and Michael Barry Reid);[70] and "La-La (Means I Love You)" (written by Thomas Randolf Bell and William Hart).[71]
Prince released Crystal Ball, a five-CD collection of unreleased material, in 1998. The distribution of this album was disorderly, with some fans pre-ordering the album on his website up to a year before it was eventually shipped to them; these pre-orders were eventually delivered months after the record had gone on sale in retail stores. The retail edition has only four discs, as it is missing the Kamasutra disc. There are also two different packaging editions for retail, one being in a four-disc sized jewel case with a simple white cover and the Love Symbol in a colored circle; the other is all four discs in a round translucent snap jewel case. The discs are the same, as is the CD jacket. The Newpower Soul album released three months later failed to make much of an impression on the charts. His collaboration on Chaka Khan's Come 2 My House, and Larry Graham's GCS2000, both released on the NPG Records label around the same time as Newpower Soul met with the same fate, despite heavy promotion and live appearances on Vibe with Sinbad, and the NBC Today show's Summer Concert Series.
In 1999, Prince once again signed with a major label, Arista Records, to release a new record, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic. In an attempt to make his new album a success, Prince easily gave more interviews than at any other point in his career, appearing on MTV's Total Request Live (with his album cover on the front of the Virgin Megastore, in the background on TRL throughout the whole show), Larry King Live (with Larry Graham) and other media outlets. Nevertheless, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic failed to perform well commercially. A few months earlier, Warner Bros. had also released The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale, a collection of unreleased material recorded by Prince throughout his career, and his final recording commitment on his contract with Warner Bros. The greatest success he had during the year was with the EP 1999: The New Master, released in time for Prince to collect a small portion of the sales dollars Warner Bros. had been seeing for the album and singles of the original 1999.
The pay-per-view concert, Rave Un2 the Year 2000, was broadcast on December 31, 1999 and consisted of footage from the December 17 and 18 concerts of his 1999 tour. The concert featured appearances by many guest musicians including Lenny Kravitz, George Clinton, Jimmy Russell, and The Time. It was released to home video the following year. A remix album, Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic (as opposed to "Un2") was released exclusively through Prince's NPG Music Club in April 2000.
2000–06: Turnaround, Musicology, label change and 3121
On May 16, 2000, Prince ceased using the Love Symbol moniker and returned to using "Prince" again, after his publishing contract with Warner/Chappell expired. In a press conference, he stated that, after being freed from undesirable relationships associated with the name "Prince", he would formally revert to using his real name. Prince still frequently uses the symbol as a logo and on album artwork and continues to play a Love Symbol-shaped guitar. For several years following the release of Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic, Prince primarily released new music through his Internet subscription service, NPGOnlineLtd.com (later NPGMusicClub.com). Two albums that show substantive jazz influence were available commercially at record stores: 2001's The Rainbow Children, and the 2003 instrumental record N.E.W.S which was nominated for a Best Pop Instrumental Album Grammy Award. Another album of largely jazz-influenced music, Xpectation, was released via download in 2003 to members of the NPGMusicClub. Xpectation is jazz themed along with new age and atmospheric themes.
In 2002, Prince released his first live album, One Nite Alone... Live!, which features performances from the One Nite Alone...Tour. The 3-CD box set, which also includes a disc of "aftershow" music entitled It Ain't Over!, failed to chart. During this time, Prince sought to engage more effectively with his fan base via the NPG Music Club, pre-concert sound checks, and at yearly "celebrations" at Paisley Park, his music studios. Fans were invited into the studio for tours, interviews, discussions and music-listening sessions. Some of these fan discussions were filmed for an unreleased documentary, directed by Kevin Smith. Smith discusses what happened during those days at length in his An Evening with Kevin Smith DVD. Performances were also arranged to showcase Prince's talents, as well as to collaborate with popular and well-established artists and guests including Alicia Keys, the Time, Erykah Badu, Nikka Costa, George Clinton, and Norah Jones.
On February 8, 2004, Prince appeared at the Grammy Awards with Beyoncé Knowles. In a performance that opened the show, Prince and Knowles performed a medley of "Purple Rain", "Let's Go Crazy", "Baby I'm a Star", and Knowles' "Crazy in Love". The following month, Prince was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The award was presented to him by Alicia Keys along with Big Boi and André 3000 of OutKast. As well as performing a trio of his own hits during the ceremony, Prince also participated in a tribute to fellow inductee George Harrison in a rendering of Harrison's "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", playing a long guitar solo that ended the song. In addition he performed "Red House" on the album Power of Soul: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix. On February 19, The Tavis Smiley Show broadcast included a performance of "Reflection" from Prince's Musicology album. Prince was accompanied by Wendy Melvoin, formerly of The Revolution.
In April 2004, Prince released Musicology through a one-album agreement with Columbia Records. The album rose as high as the top five on a number of international charts (including the US, UK, Germany and Australia). The US chart success was assisted by the CD being included as part of the concert ticket purchase, and each CD thereby qualifying (as chart rules then stood) towards US chart placement. Musicology is R&B and soul-themed along with funk, pop, quiet storm, and rock. Three months later, Spin named him the greatest frontman of all time.[72] That same year, Rolling Stone magazine named Prince as the highest-earning musician in the world, with an annual income of $56.5 million,[73] largely due to his Musicology Tour, which Pollstar named as the top concert draw among musicians in US. The artist played an impressive run of 96 concerts; the average ticket price for a show was US$61. Further highlighting the success of the album, Prince's Musicology went on to receive two Grammy wins, for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Call My Name" and Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance for the title track. Musicology was also nominated for Best R&B Song and Best R&B Album, while "Cinnamon Girl" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. The album became the artist's most commercially successful since Diamonds and Pearls, partly due to a radical scheme devised which included in Billboard′s sales figures those that were distributed to each customer during ticket sales for the Musicology tour, with concert figures accounting for 25% of the total album sales.[74] Rolling Stone magazine has ranked Prince No. 27 on their list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7]
In April 2005, Prince played guitar (along with En Vogue singing backing vocals) on Stevie Wonder's single "So What the Fuss", Wonder's first since 1999.[75] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, Prince offered a personal response by recording two new songs, "S.S.T." and the instrumental "Brand New Orleans", at Paisley Park in the early hours of September 2. Prince again performed all instrumental and vocal parts. These recordings were quickly dispersed to the public via Prince's NPG Music Club, and "S.S.T." was later picked up by iTunes, where it reached No. 1 on the store's R&B chart. On October 25, Sony Records released a version of the single on CD.
In late 2005, Prince signed with Universal Records to release his album, 3121, on March 21, 2006 (3/21). The first single was the Latin-tinged "Te Amo Corazón", the video for which was directed by actress Salma Hayek and filmed in Marrakech, Morocco, featuring Argentine actress and singer Mía Maestro. The video for the second single, "Black Sweat", was nominated at the MTV VMAs for Best Cinematography. The immediate success of 3121 gave Prince his first No. 1 debut on the Billboard 200 with the album. To promote the new album, Prince was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live on February 4, 2006, 17 years after his last SNL appearance on the 15th anniversary special and nearly 25 years since his first appearance on a regular episode in 1981, making Prince the only SNL musical guest to have that long of a gap between appearances. He performed two songs from the album, "Fury" and "Beautiful, Loved & Blessed", with Támar. Prince also held a contest to win a trip to see a 'Purple Ticket Concert' at his private residence in Hollywood, California. Seven winning tickets were placed inside 3121 CD packages in the US, and other tickets were given away in various contests on the Internet and around the world. On May 6, 2006, 24 prizewinners (with a guest each) attended a star-studded private party and performance at Prince's home.
On June 12, 2006, Prince received a Webby Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of his "visionary" use of the Internet; Prince was the first major artist to release an entire album, 1997's Crystal Ball, exclusively on the Internet (although he did take phone orders for it as well...1-800-NEW-FUNK).
Only weeks after winning a Webby Award, Prince abruptly shut down his then-official NPG Music Club website on July 4, 2006, after more than five years of operation.[citation needed] On the day of the music club's shutdown, a lawsuit was filed against Prince by the British company HM Publishing (owners of the Nature Publishing Group, also NPG). Despite these events occurring on the same day, Prince's attorney has called it pure coincidence and stated that the site did not close due to the trademark dispute.[76] Prince appeared at multiple award ceremonies in 2006. On February 15, 2006, Prince performed at the BRIT Awards along with Wendy & Lisa and Sheila E. He played "Te Amo Corazón" and "Fury" from 3121 and "Purple Rain" and "Let's Go Crazy" from Purple Rain. On June 27, 2006, Prince appeared at the BET Awards, where he was awarded Best Male R&B Artist. In addition to receiving his award, Prince performed a medley of Chaka Khan songs for Khan's BET Lifetime Award. Prince had previously written and performed several songs with the singer.
In November 2006, Prince was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, appearing to collect his award but not performing. Also in November 2006, Prince opened a nightclub named 3121 in Las Vegas at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino. He performed weekly on Friday and Saturday nights until April 2007, when his contract with the Rio ended. On August 22, 2006, Prince released Ultimate Prince. The double disc set contains one CD of previous hits, and another of extended versions and mixes of material that had largely only previously been available on vinyl record B-sides. Prince wrote and performed a song for the hit 2006 animated film Happy Feet. The song, entitled "The Song of the Heart", appears on the film's soundtrack, which also features a cover of Prince's earlier hit "Kiss", sung by Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. In January 2007, "The Song of the Heart" won a Golden Globe for Best Original Song.[77]
2007–10: Super Bowl XLI, Planet Earth and LOtUSFLOW3R



 Prince's stage set for the Earth Tour in 2007
On February 2, 2007, Prince played at the Super Bowl XLI press conference. He and the band played a set comprising Chuck Berry's hit, "Johnny B. Goode", "Anotherloverholenyohead" from Parade and "Get On the Boat" from 3121. Prince performed at the Super Bowl XLI halftime show in Miami, Florida on February 4, 2007. The performance consisted of three Purple Rain tracks ("Let's Go Crazy", "Baby I'm a Star" and the title track), along with cover versions of "We Will Rock You" by Queen, "All Along the Watchtower" by Bob Dylan, the Foo Fighters song "Best of You" and "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival. Coincidentally, Miami had rain on the day of the Super Bowl, which was lit purple during the performance of "Purple Rain". He played on a large stage shaped as his symbol. The event was carried to 140 million television viewers, the largest audience of his life. On February 4, 2010, Billboard.com ranked the performance as the greatest Super Bowl performance ever.[78]
Prince played 21 concerts in London during the summer of 2007. The Earth Tour included 21 nights at the 20,000 capacity O2 Arena, with Maceo Parker in his band. Tickets for the O2 Arena were capped by Prince at £31.21. The residency at the O2 Arena was increased to 15 nights after all 140,000 tickets for the original seven sold out in just 20 minutes.[79] It was then further extended to 21 nights.[80] On May 10, 2007, Prince performed a "secret" gig at London's KOKO in front of a small crowd of fans and celebrities. A prelude to the forthcoming summer gigs in London, Prince played a relaxed set of hits including ("Kiss", changing the lyric from "You don't have to watch Dynasty" to Desperate Housewives, "Girls & Boys", and "Nothing Compares 2 U") alongside more recent tracks, plus a cover version of Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy".
Prince made an appearance at the 2007 ALMA Awards, performing with Sheila E. in June 2007. On June 28, 2007, the UK national newspaper the Mail on Sunday revealed that it had made a deal to give Prince's new album, Planet Earth, away for free with an "imminent" edition of the paper, making it the first place in the world to get the album. This move sparked controversy among music distributors and also led the UK arm of Prince's distributor, Sony BMG, to withdraw from distributing the album in UK stores.[81] The UK's largest high street music retailer, HMV, decided to stock the paper on release day due to the giveaway. Planet Earth is rock-oriented along with disco, and other various music styles. On July 7, 2007, Prince returned to his hometown of Minneapolis to perform three shows in what was unofficially declared Prince Day in Minnesota. He performed concerts at the Macy's Auditorium (to promote his new perfume "3121") on Nicollet Mall, the Target Center arena, and First Avenue.[82] It was the first time he had played at First Avenue (the club appeared in the film Purple Rain) since 1987.[83]



 Prince playing with Maceo Parker in the O2
On April 25, 2008, Prince performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, where he debuted a new song, "Turn Me Loose". Days after, he headlined the Coachella Festival 2008. Prince was paid more than $5 million for his performance at Coachella, according to Reuters.[84] Prince cancelled a concert, planned at Dublin's Croke Park on June 16, 2008, at just 10 days' notice. In October 2009 promoters MCD Productions went to court to sue Prince for €1.6 million, after paying him $1.5 million, half his agreed fee of $3 million for the concert. MCD claim they had to refund 55,126 tickets purchased and its total losses exceeded $1.66 million. Prince's lawyers argued the MCD claim was "greatly inflated".[85][86] Prince settled the case out of court in February 2010 for $2.95 million.[87][88] During the trial, it was revealed that Prince had been offered $22 million for seven concerts as part of a proposed 2008 European tour.[89] In October 2008, Prince released a live album entitled Indigo Nights, as well as 21 Nights, an accompanying book of poems, lyrics and photos. The book chronicled his record-breaking tenure at London's O2 Arena in 2007, while the album is a collection of songs performed live at aftershows in the IndigO2.



 Prince at the Coachella Festival in 2008
On December 18, 2008, Prince premiered four songs from his new album on LA's Indie rock radio station Indie 103.1.[90] The radio station's programmers Max Tolkoff and Mark Sovel had been invited to Prince's home to hear the new rock-oriented music. Prince then surprised the two by giving them a CD with four songs to premiere on their radio station. The music debuted the next day on Jonesy's Jukebox, hosted by Sex Pistol Steve Jones.[91] The music comprised a cover of "Crimson and Clover" by Tommy James and the Shondells, together with "Colonized Mind", "Wall of Berlin" and "4ever". The same day, another new Prince composition entitled "(There'll Never B) Another Like Me" premiered on the now obsolete and defunct website mplsound.com — replacing a shorter, instrumental version of the song that streamed several days previously.
On January 3, 2009, a new website LotusFlow3r.com was launched, streaming some of the recently aired material ("Crimson and Clover", "(There'll Never B) Another Like Me" and "Here Eye Come") and promising opportunities to listen to and buy music by Prince and guests, watch videos and buy concert tickets for future events. On January 31, Prince released two more songs on LotusFlow3r.com: "Disco Jellyfish", and "Another Boy". "Chocolate Box", "Colonized Mind", and "All This Love" have since been released on the website. Prince released a triple album set containing LOtUSFLOW3R, MPLSoUND, and an album credited to his new protégé, Bria Valente, called Elixer, on March 24, 2009, followed by a physical release on March 29. The release was preceded by performances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. It was released in other countries digitally, with official physical release dates yet to be announced. The album peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200, and critics' opinions were mixed to positive.
On July 18, 2009, Prince performed two shows at the Montreux Jazz Festival, being backed by the New Power Generation including Rhonda Smith, Renato Neto and John Blackwell. There he played "A Large Room with No Light", which had been in Prince's "vault" for some time. On October 11, 2009, Prince gave two surprise concerts at the glass-and-iron Grand Palais exhibition hall after visiting the landmark Paris building on the banks of the Seine.[92] On October 12, he gave another surprise gig at La Cigale. On October 24, Prince played a concert at his own Paisley Park complex in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[93]
2010–12: 20Ten and The Welcome 2 Tours
In January 2010, Prince wrote a new song, "Purple and Gold", inspired by his visit to a Minnesota Vikings football game against the Dallas Cowboys.[94] The song is a simple, drumline-driven track. The following month, Prince let Minneapolis-area public radio station 89.3 The Current premiere his new song "Cause and Effect" as a gesture in support of independent radio.[95]
In 2010, Prince was listed in TIME magazine's annual ranking of the "100 Most Influential People in the World".[96]
Prince released a new single on Minneapolis radio station 89.3 The Current called "Hot Summer" on June 7, his 52nd birthday. Also in June, Prince appeared on the cover of the July 2010 issue of Ebony,[97] and he received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 BET Awards.[98]
Prince released his album 20Ten in July 2010 as a free covermount with publications in the UK, Belgium, Germany, and France.[99] Prince has refused access to the album to digital download services. He also closed his official website, LotusFlow3r.com. In an interview with the Daily Mirror, Prince said, "The Internet's completely over. I don't see why I should give my new music to iTunes or anyone else. They won't pay me an advance for it and then they get angry when they can't get it... Anyway, all these computers and digital gadgets are no good. They just fill your head with numbers and that can't be good for you."[100]
On July 4, 2010 Prince began his 20Ten Tour, a concert tour in two legs with shows in Europe. The second leg began on October 15[101] and ended with a concert following the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on November 14.[102] The second half of the tour has a new band, John Blackwell, Ida Kristine Nielsen, and Sheila E.[103] Prince let Europe 1 debut the snippet of his new song "Rich Friends" from the "new" album 20Ten Deluxe on October 8, 2010.[104] Prince started the Welcome 2 Tour on December 15, 2010.[105]
Prince was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame on December 7, 2010.[106]
On February 12, 2011, Prince presented Barbra Streisand with an award and donated $1.5 million to charities.[107] On the same day, it was reported that he was unimpressed about Glee covering his hit "Kiss", and that he had not authorised its use.[108]
On the May 18, 2011, it was announced that Prince would be headlining Hop Farm Festival on July 3, 2011, marking his first UK show since 2007 and his first ever UK festival appearance.[109]
Despite having previously rejected the Internet for music distribution, on November 24, 2011, Prince re-released a reworked version of the previously unreleased song "Extraloveable" through both iTunes and Spotify.[110][111][112] Purple Music, a Switzerland-based record label, released a CD single "Dance 4 Me" on December 12, 2011, as part of a club remixes package including Bria Valente CD single "2 Nite" released on February 23, 2012. The CD features club remixes by Jamie Lewis and David Alexander, produced by Prince.[113][114]
2013–present: 3rdeyegirl and return to Warner Bros.
In January 2013, Prince released a lyric video for a new song called "Screwdriver".[115] A couple of months later in April 2013, Prince announced a short West Coast tour with 3rdeyegirl as his backing band.[116] The final two dates of the tour were in Minneapolis where former Revolution drummer Bobby Z. sat in as guest drummer on both shows.[117] In May, Prince announced a deal with Kobalt Music to market and distribute his music.[118]
On August 14, 2013, Prince officially sent his first tweet through the 3RDEYEGIRL Twitter account.[119] The same day, he released a new solo single for exclusive download through the 3RDEYEGIRL.com website.[120] The single "Breakfast Can Wait" received attention for its cover art, featuring comedian Dave Chappelle's notable impersonation of the singer in a sketch on the 2000s Comedy Central series Chappelle's Show.[121]
In February 2014, Prince performed concerts with 3rdeyegirl in London. Beginning with intimate shows, the first was held at the London home of singer Lianne La Havas, followed by two performances of what Prince described as a "sound check" at the Electric Ballroom in Camden,[122] and another at Shepherds Bush Empire.[123]
On April 18, 2014, Prince released a new single entitled "The Breakdown". Along with the surprise release, news came that a new album was in the works, an expanded edition of Purple Rain would be released for the 30th anniversary, and he has re-signed with his former label, Warner Bros. Records after an 18-year split. He also gained the rights to his master recordings from the 1980s, which had been a point of contention for his initial split with the major label.[124]
In May 2015, following the death of Freddie Gray and the subsequent riots, Prince released a song entitled "Baltimore" in tribute to Gray and in support of the protesters in Baltimore.[125][126][127][128] He also held a surprise tribute concert for Gray at his Paisley Park estate called 'Dance Rally 4 Peace' in which he reportedly encouraged fans to wear the color gray in honor of Freddie Gray.[129]
Personal life
Prince resides near Minneapolis, Minnesota.[130] Over the years Prince has been romantically linked with many celebrities, including Kim Basinger, Madonna, Vanity, Sheila E., Carmen Electra, Susanna Hoffs, Anna Fantastic,[11] Sherilyn Fenn,[131] and Susan Moonsie of Vanity 6 and Apollonia 6.[14] Prince was engaged to Susannah Melvoin in 1985.[132] He married his backup singer and dancer, Mayte Garcia, on Valentine's Day, 1996. They had a son, Boy Gregory (born October 16, 1996), who was born with Pfeiffer syndrome and died a week after birth.[133] Prince and Mayte divorced in 1999. In 2001, Prince married Manuela Testolini in a private ceremony. Testolini filed for divorce in May 2006.[134] He also had a short-term relationship with protégée Bria Valente in 2007.[100]
Prince became a member of Jehovah's Witnesses in 2001 following a two-year-long debate with friend and fellow Jehovah's Witness, musician Larry Graham. Prince said he didn't consider it a conversion, but a "realization"; "It's like Morpheus and Neo in The Matrix," he explained. He attends meetings at a local Kingdom Hall and occasionally knocks on people's doors to discuss his faith.[135] Prince has reportedly needed double-hip-replacement surgery since 2005 but won't undergo the operation unless it is a bloodless surgery because Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions.[136] The condition is rumored to be aggravated by repeated onstage dancing in high-heeled boots.[137] However, when Prince was interviewed in 2010, journalist Peter Willis said he believed the rumors of Prince needing double hip surgery to be unfounded and untrue as Prince appeared to be agile.[100]
Prince is vegan.[138] The liner notes for his album Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic featured a message about the cruelty involved in wool production.[139]
Since 2008, Prince has been managed by UK-based Kiran Sharma.[140]
Speaking about her relationship with Prince in an interview with Norwegian station NRK in November 2014, Sinead O'Connor said that Prince had summoned her to his house after "Nothing Compares 2U". O'Connor said "I made it without him. I'd never met him. He summoned me to his house—and it's foolish to do this to an Irish woman—he said he didn't like me saying bad words in interviews. So I told him to fuck off." O'Connor alleged the row became physical. "He got quite violent. I had to escape out of his house at 5 in the morning. He packed a bigger punch than mine."[141] "Nothing Compares 2U" is the song Prince penned which later became a worldwide hit for O'Connor in 1990.
Multi-instrumental abilities


 This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (December 2014)
In addition to his singing abilities (which encompass a wide range from falsetto to baritone and rapid, flamboyant shifts of register, as well as diverse characterisation) Prince is one of pop music's most prominent multi-instrumentalists. The precise number of instruments he is capable of playing remains obscure, partly due to the active mythologizing of his abilities and working practices (such as the claim that he had played "all 27 instruments" on his debut album, which appears to have included various different kinds of guitar, keyboard and synthesizer in the total).
As a live performer he tends to focus on guitar, piano, lead vocals and occasional harmonica. On recordings he has also played assorted keyboards and synthesizers, bass guitar, drums, various percussion instruments and saxophone, as well as mastering both drum and synthesizer programming. Prince has mentioned learning and performing simple parts on particular instruments that he does not otherwise play (such as concert harp) in order to serve song arrangements on albums.
Stage names
In 1993, during negotiations regarding the release of The Gold Experience, a legal battle ensued between Warner Bros. and Prince over the artistic and financial control of his musical output. During the lawsuit, he appeared in public with the word "slave" written on his cheek. Prince explained his name change as follows:

The first step I have taken toward the ultimate goal of emancipation from the chains that bind me to Warner Bros. was to change my name from Prince to the Love Symbol. Prince is the name that my mother gave me at birth. Warner Bros. took the name, trademarked it, and used it as the main marketing tool to promote all of the music that I wrote. The company owns the name Prince and all related music marketed under Prince. I became merely a pawn used to produce more money for Warner Bros...
I was born Prince and did not want to adopt another conventional name. The only acceptable replacement for my name, and my identity, was the Love Symbol, a symbol with no pronunciation, that is a representation of me and what my music is about. This symbol is present in my work over the years; it is a concept that has evolved from my frustration; it is who I am. It is my name.[142]
Prince has used pseudonyms to separate himself from the music (either his own or that of others) for which he has had input; "I was just getting tired of seeing my name," he said, "If you give away an idea, you still own that idea. In fact, giving it away strengthens it. Why do people feel they have to take credit for everything they do? Ego, that's the only reason."[143] These pseudonyms include: Jamie Starr and The Starr Company (for the songs he wrote for the Time and many other artists from 1981–1984),[144][145] Joey Coco (for many unreleased Prince songs in the late 1980s, as well as songs written for Sheena Easton & Kenny Rogers),[146] Paisley Park (occasionally used in the early 1990s for his production credits on songs, including those written for Martika and Kid Creole),[147] Alexander Nevermind (for writing the 1984 song "Sugar Walls" by Sheena Easton),[148] and Christopher (used for his song writing credit of "Manic Monday" for the Bangles).[149]
Copyright issues
On September 14, 2007, Prince announced that he was going to sue YouTube and eBay because they "are clearly able [to] filter porn and pedophile material but appear to choose not to filter out the unauthorized music and film content which is core to their business success." Web Sheriff, the international Internet policing company he hired, told Reuters: "The problem is that one can reduce it to zero and then the next day there will be 100 or 500 or whatever. This carries on ad nauseam at Prince's expense."[150][151]
In October 2007, Stephanie Lenz filed a lawsuit against Universal Music Publishing Group, claiming they were abusing copyright law, after the music publisher had YouTube take down Lenz's home movie in which the Prince song "Let's Go Crazy" played faintly in the background.[152]
On November 5, 2007, several fan sites of Prince formed "Prince Fans United" to fight back against legal requests they claim Prince made to cease and desist all use of photographs, images, lyrics, album covers and anything linked to Prince's likeness.[153] While Prince's lawyers claimed that the use of such representations constituted copyright infringement, the Prince Fans United claimed that the legal actions were "attempts to stifle all critical commentary about Prince." A few days later, Prince released a statement denying the fansites' claims, stating "The action taken earlier this week was not to shut down fansites, or control comment in any way. The issue was simply to do with in regards to copyright and trademark of images and only images, and no lawsuits have been filed." The statement from AEG, Prince's promoter, asserted that the only "offending items" on the three fansites were live shots from Prince's 21 nights in London at the O2 Arena earlier in the year.[154]
On November 8, 2007, Prince Fans United received a song named "PFUnk", providing a kind of "unofficial answer" to their movement. The song, originally debuted on the PFU main site,[155] was retitled "F.U.N.K." and is available on iTunes.
On November 14, 2007, it was reported that the satirical website b3ta.com had pulled their "image challenge of the week" devoted to Prince after legal threats from the star under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. B3ta co-founder Rob Manuel wrote on the site: "Under threat of legal action from Prince's legal team of 'potential closure of your web site' – We have removed the Prince image challenge and B3ta apologizes unreservedly to AEG / NPG and Prince for any offence caused. We also ask our members to avoid photoshopping Prince and posting them on our boards."[156]
At the 2008 Coachella Music Festival, Prince performed a cover of Radiohead's "Creep", but immediately after he forced YouTube and other sites to remove footage that fans had taken of the performance, despite Radiohead's demand for it to remain on the website.[157] Days later, YouTube reinstated the videos, while Radiohead claimed "it's our song, let people hear it." In 2009, Prince put the video of that Coachella performance on his then-official website LotusFlow3r.com.
In 2013, the Electronic Frontier Foundation granted to Prince the inaugural "Raspberry Beret Lifetime Aggrievement Award",[158] a reference to resentment of parties who allege unfair treatment and misuse of copyright claims by the artist and his lawyers.[159]
In January 2014, Prince filed a lawsuit titled Prince v. Chodera against 22 online users for direct copyright infringement, unauthorized fixation, and contributory copyright infringement and bootlegging.[160] Several of the users were fans who had shared links to bootlegged versions of several Prince concerts through social media websites like Facebook.[161][162]
Discography
Main articles: Prince albums discography and Prince singles discography
Studio albums
For You (1978)
Prince (1979)
Dirty Mind (1980)
Controversy (1981)
1999 (1982)
Purple Rain (1984)
Around the World in a Day (1985)
Parade (1986)
Sign o' the Times (1987)
Lovesexy (1988)
Batman (1989)
Graffiti Bridge (1990)
Diamonds and Pearls (1991)
Love Symbol Album Prince logo.svg (1992)
Come (1994)
The Black Album (1994)
The Gold Experience (1995)
Chaos and Disorder (1996)
Emancipation (1996)
Crystal Ball (1998)
Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic (1999)
The Rainbow Children (2001)
One Nite Alone... (2002)
Xpectation (2003)
N.E.W.S (2003)
The Chocolate Invasion (2004)
The Slaughterhouse (2004)
Musicology (2004)
3121 (2006)
Planet Earth (2007)
Lotusflow3r / MPLSound (2009)
20Ten (2010)
Plectrumelectrum (2014)
Art Official Age (2014)
Filmography

Year
Film
Role

1984 Purple Rain The Kid
1986 Under the Cherry Moon Christopher Tracy
1987 Sign o' the Times Himself
1990 Graffiti Bridge The Kid

Tours
Prince Tour (1979–80)
Dirty Mind Tour (1980–81)
Controversy Tour (1981–82)
1999 Tour (1982–83)
Purple Rain Tour (1984–85)
Parade Tour (1986)
Sign o' the Times Tour (1987)
Lovesexy Tour (1988–89)
Nude Tour (1990)
Diamonds and Pearls Tour (1992)
Act I and II (1993)
The Ultimate Live Experience (1995)
Gold Tour (1996)
Love 4 One Another Charities Tour (1997)
Jam of the Year Tour (1997–98)
New Power Soul Tour/Festival (1998)
Hit n Run Tour (2000–01)
A Celebration (2001)
One Nite Alone... Tour (2002)
2003–2004 World Tour (2003–04)
Musicology Live 2004ever (2004)
Per4ming Live 3121 (2006–07)
21 Nights in London: The Earth Tour (2007)
20Ten Tour (2010)
Welcome 2 (2010–12)
Live Out Loud Tour w/3rdeyegirl (2013)
Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
Earning 33 nominations, Prince has won seven Grammys. He also has had two albums − 1999 and Purple Rain − awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

Year
Nominated work
Award category
Result
1984 "International Lover" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
1985 Purple Rain Album of the Year Nominated
Purple Rain Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Won
Purple Rain Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Won
"I Feel for You" Best R&B Song Won
1987 "Kiss" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Won
"Kiss" Best R&B Song Nominated
1988 Sign "O" the Times Album of the Year Nominated
"U Got the Look" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
"U Got the Look" Best R&B Song Nominated
1990 Batman Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
"Batdance" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
1991 "Nothing Compares 2 U" Song of the Year Nominated
1992 "Gett Off" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
1993 "Diamonds and Pearls" Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
1995 "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
1996 "Eye Hate U" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
The Gold Experience Best R&B Album Nominated
2004 N.E.W.S. Best Pop Instrumental Album Nominated
2005 "Cinnamon Girl" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
"Call My Name" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Won
"Call My Name" Best R&B Song Nominated
"Musicology" Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance Won
Musicology Best R&B Album Nominated
2007 "Black Sweat" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
"Beautiful, Loved and Blessed" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
"3121" Best Urban/Alternative Performance Nominated
"Black Sweat" Best R&B Song Nominated
3121 Best R&B Album Nominated
2008 "Future Baby Mama" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Won
"The Song of the Heart" Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Nominated
2010 "Dreamer" Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) is an award show by cable network MTV to honor the top music videos of the year. It was first held in September 1984 and was originally meant as an alternative to the Grammy Awards in the video category. Prince has won four awards from 12 nominations throughout his career.

Year
Nominated work
Award category
Result
1985 "When Doves Cry" Best Choreography in a Video Nominated
1986 "Raspberry Beret" Best Choreography in a Video Won
1988 "U Got the Look" Best Male Video Won
Best Stage Performance in a Video Won
Best Choreography in a Video Nominated
Best Editing in a Video Nominated
1989 "I Wish U Heaven" Best Special Effects in a Video Nominated
1990 "Batdance" Best Video from a Film Nominated
1992 "Cream" Best Dance Video Won
1993 "7" Best R&B Video Nominated
2004 "Musicology" Best Male Video Nominated
2006 "Black Sweat" Best Cinematography in a Video Nominated
Academy Awards

Year
Nominated work
Award category
Result
1985 "Purple Rain" Best Original Song Score Won
See also
Book icon Book: Prince

List of best-selling music artists
List of best-selling music artists in the United States
Unreleased Prince projects
References
1.Jump up ^ Bream, Jon (March 4, 2015). "The real story behind Prince's junior high basketball photo". StarTribune.
2.Jump up ^ Misani (April 12, 2011). "Prince brings early Valentine's Day gift to NYC". New York Amsterdam News. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
3.Jump up ^ "Grammy search database". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
4.Jump up ^ "Golden Globe Awards". goldenglobes.org. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
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7.^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Ahmir (March 24, 2004). "100 Greatest Artists". Rolling Stone.
8.^ Jump up to: a b "I Would Die 4 U: Why Prince Became an Icon - Touré". 2013-03-19.
9.Jump up ^ Smolenyak, Megan. "Huffington Post". Hey, Prince, Your Roots Are Showing. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
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11.^ Jump up to: a b Hahn 2004.
12.Jump up ^ Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm. Greenwood Publishing. p. 483. ISBN 0-313-34046-3.
13.Jump up ^ Lynch, Jason (April 28, 2009). "Prince Talks about His Struggle with Epilepsy". People.
14.^ Jump up to: a b Nilsen, Per (2003). Dance Music Sex Romance: Prince: The First Decade. SAF. p. 19. ISBN 0-946719-64-0.
15.^ Jump up to: a b c Obituary: John Nelson. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
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27.Jump up ^ "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Retrieved February 27, 2010.
28.Jump up ^ Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm. Greenwood Press. p. 419. ISBN 0-313-34044-7.
29.Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", November 18, 2003, at RollingStone.com. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
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32.Jump up ^ Macdonald, Cameron (January 23, 2006). "Treating Dandruff by Decapitation". Stylus.
33.Jump up ^ "Filthy Fifteen contain 2 Prince's compositions and 1 of his protege Vanity occupying the top 3". Nndb.com. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
34.Jump up ^ "Golden Raspberry Award Winners". Factacular. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
35.^ Jump up to: a b Draper, pp. 76–78.
36.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 80.
37.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Sign 'O' the Times". Billboard. Retrieved March 3, 2009.[dead link]
38.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Artist Chart History — Prince". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
39.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 81.
40.^ Jump up to: a b c Draper, pp. 86–87.
41.^ Jump up to: a b Hahn 2004, p. 118.
42.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 90
43.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 92
44.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 91
45.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 121–122.
46.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 93
47.Jump up ^ "Lovesexy". Billboard magazine. Retrieved January 13, 2009.[dead link]
48.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 94.
49.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 152–153.
50.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 95.
51.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 155–156.
52.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 96
53.Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Batman". Billboard. Retrieved January 13, 2009.[dead link]
54.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, p. 157.
55.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, p. 166.
56.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 104.
57.Jump up ^ "Graffiti Bridge". Billboard. Retrieved January 13, 2001. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)[dead link]
58.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 105.
59.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, p. 177.
60.^ Jump up to: a b "Discography (more) – Prince — Sign 'O' the Times". Billboard. May 9, 1987. Retrieved July 18, 2009.[dead link]
61.Jump up ^ Prince & The New Power Generation Discography. Discogs. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
62.^ Jump up to: a b Carter, Andrew (June 23, 1999). "The People Formerly Known as Fans". City Pages. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
63.Jump up ^ "Billboard Chart positions for Prince". Retrieved May 29, 2010.
64.^ Jump up to: a b Hahn 2004, p. 187.
65.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 192–193.
66.Jump up ^ "Prince The Artist BIO, Biography". Angelfire.com. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
67.Jump up ^ "ASCAP profile for Emancipated Music". Ascap.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
68.Jump up ^ "Chart history for 'One Of Us'". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
69.Jump up ^ "BMI credits for "Betcha By Golly Wow!"". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
70.Jump up ^ "BMI credits for "I Can't Make You Love Me"". Ascap.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
71.Jump up ^ "BMI credits for "La-La Means I Love You"". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
72.Jump up ^ "Prince Tops Frontmen Poll". Contactmusic.com. July 27, 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
73.Jump up ^ "Prince crowned 'top music earner'". BBC. February 9, 2005.
74.Jump up ^ D'Angelo, Joe (May 28, 2004). "Billboard Sours On Prince's Musicology Sales Experiment: Magazine changes policy on tallying albums sold with tickets". MTV.
75.Jump up ^ "So What the Fuss credits". Discog.
76.Jump up ^ Finn, Natalie (July 12, 2006). "Prince Site Fades to Black". E!.
77.Jump up ^ "Golden Globe Awards". goldenglobes.org.
78.Jump up ^ Dave Hoekstra (February 5, 2007). "Purple rain turned super". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
79.Jump up ^ "Prince shows sell out in minutes". NME. UK. May 11, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
80.Jump up ^ "Prince extends tour". Yahoo! Music News. June 11, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
81.Jump up ^ Allen, Katie (June 29, 2007). "Music industry attacks Sunday newspaper's free Prince CD". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved July 18, 2009.
82.Jump up ^ DeRusha, Jason (July 7, 2007). "Prince Thrills Fans With 3 Minneapolis Shows". wcco.com.
83.Jump up ^ "Prince plays 3 shows in his hometown". USA Today. July 8, 2007.
84.Jump up ^ Sulugiuc, Gelu (April 28, 2008). "Prince reigns at California music festival". Reuters.
85.Jump up ^ Mary Carolan (October 13, 2009). "No solid reason given for Prince no-show, court told". The Irish TImes. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
86.Jump up ^ Mary Carolan (December 9, 2009). "Prince told to furnish documents in MCD case". The Irish TImes. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
87.Jump up ^ "Prince settles cancelled Dublin gig case". BBC. February 26, 2010.
88.Jump up ^ Pogatchnik, Shawn (March 26, 2010). "Prince ordered to pay Irish promoter $3 million". Associated Press.[dead link]
89.Jump up ^ "Singer Prince Settles Lawsuit Over Axed Dublin Gig". The New York Times. February 26, 2010.[dead link]
90.Jump up ^ Prince Premieres Four New Songs On L.A.'s Indie 103; New Album On the Way | Music News. Rolling Stone (December 18, 2008). Retrieved on April 16, 2012.
91.Jump up ^ Powers, Ann (December 19, 2008). "103.1 debuts new Prince tracks". Los Angeles Times.
92.Jump up ^ Tickets to Prince's Paris shows sell out in 77 minutes, AFP, October 8, 2009.
93.Jump up ^ Anthony, Steven (October 26, 2009). "All Day, All Night – How I Spent My Weekend At Paisley Park". The Musictionary.
94.Jump up ^ "Prince Releases Minnesota Vikings Song". myfox9.com. January 21, 2010.
95.Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (February 26, 2010). "Prince Gives New "Cause and Effect" to Minnesota Public Radio". Rolling Stone.
96.Jump up ^ "Full List – The 2010 TIME 100". Time. April 29, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
97.Jump up ^ "Prince Covers Ebony's July 2010 Issue". Entertainment Rundown. June 7, 2010.
98.Jump up ^ "Prince To Be Honored By BET". Billboard. September 14, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
99.Jump up ^ "Prince To Release '20Ten' For Free In Europe". Billboard. September 14, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
100.^ Jump up to: a b c Willis, Peter (May 7, 2010). "Prince- World Exclusive Interview: Peter Willis Goes Inside The Star's Secret World". Daily Mirror (London).
101.Jump up ^ Bream, Jon (October 5, 2010). "Prince postpones concert in Helsinki". Star Tribune.
102.Jump up ^ Sever, Brooke (September 28, 2010). "Kanye West and Prince join F1 line-up". digitalproductionme.
103.Jump up ^ "Official PRINCE Tour Announcement". Drfunkenberry.com. September 30, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
104.Jump up ^ "New Prince Song Snippet!~ "Rich Friends" Listen Now". Drfunkenberry.com. October 8, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
105.Jump up ^ "Prince Rocks Opening Night Of His "Welcome 2 America" Tour at the Izod". Drfunkenberry.com. December 16, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
106.Jump up ^ "PRINCE & The Revolution's "Purple Rain" Get Grammy Induction + My Thoughts". Drfunkenberry.com. December 7, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
107.Jump up ^ "Prince Presents Barbra Streisand With Award; Gives Away 1.5 million To Charities". Drfunkenberry.com. February 12, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
108.Jump up ^ "Exclusive! Prince Not Happy With "Glee" Over Use Of "Kiss"". Drfunkenberry.com. February 12, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
109.Jump up ^ Lee, Ann (March 30, 2012), "Prince to join Morrissey and Brandon Flowers at Hop Farm Festival 2011". Metro. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
110.Jump up ^ "Prince released new song "extraloveable"". Drfunkenberry.com. November 23, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
111.Jump up ^ "Extraloveable on iTunes". Apple. November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
112.Jump up ^ "Extraloveable on Spotify". Apple. November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
113.Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
114.Jump up ^ "Bria Valente". Purplemusic.ch. February 23, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
115.Jump up ^ "Video: Prince Posts Clip for New Song 'Screwdriver'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
116.Jump up ^ "3rdeyegirl tour dates". Drfunkenberry.com. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
117.Jump up ^ "Bobby Z. Will Play "Purple Rain" With PRINCE At The Myth!". Drfunkenberry.com. May 24, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
118.Jump up ^ "PRINCE & Kobalt Make Marketing & Distribution Deal Official". Drfunkenberry.com. May 20, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
119.Jump up ^ "Testing 1 2 PRINCE Starts Tweeting! Uh Seriously!". Drfunkenberry.com. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
120.Jump up ^ "3RDEYEGIRL - PLECTRUMELECTRUM". New Album - PLECTRUMELECTRUM. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
121.Jump up ^ "Dave Chappelle and Prince, together at last! (Sort of)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
122.Jump up ^ "Prince to charge $10 for live shows". BBC News (BBC). February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
123.Jump up ^ "Prince's band release live footage of Shepherds Bush Empire gig", NME.
124.Jump up ^ "Prince Fans Prepare for the Deluge". NPR (BBC). April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
125.Jump up ^ "Prince records tribute to Baltimore and Freddie Gray". Guardian. 1 May 2015.
126.Jump up ^ "Prince to release song dedicated to Baltimore". Baltimore Sun. 2 May 2015.
127.Jump up ^ Steve Forrest; Ben Brumfield (1 May 2015). "CNN Exclusive: Prince records ode to Baltimore after Freddie Gray protests". CNN.
128.Jump up ^ Jess Denham (1 May 2015). "Baltimore riots: Prince records tribute song after Freddie Gray dies in police custody". The Independent.
129.Jump up ^ Alex Young (4 May 2015). "Prince holds dance party in tribute to Freddie Gray". Consequence of Sound.
130.Jump up ^ Bryan, Victoria (October 14, 2010). "Prince considering move to Europe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
131.Jump up ^ Daly, Steven (December 1990). "Sherilyn Fenn – Is she the sexiest woman on television?". The Face.
132.Jump up ^ Elan, Priya (September 20, 2008). "Purple Reign". The Guardian (London).
133.Jump up ^ Kennedy, Dana; Sinclair, Tom (December 20, 1996). "Prince's Saddest Song". Entertainment Weekly.
134.Jump up ^ Levy, Daniel S. (July 27, 2006). "Prince's Wife, Manuela (Partner of five years), Filed for Divorce". People.
135.Jump up ^ Hoffman, Claire (November 24, 2008). "Soup With Prince". The New Yorker.
136.Jump up ^ Freedom du Lac, J. (June 11, 2009). "Prince Hips the World to His Jehovah's Witness". The Washington Post.
137.Jump up ^ Forder, Rachel (October 19, 2005). "When Hip Gives Way to Hip Replacement". The Daily Telegraph (London).
138.Jump up ^ Faber, Judy (May 22, 2006). "Prince Is Voted 'Sexiest Vegetarian'". CBS News.
139.Jump up ^ Jet. June 12, 2006. p. 35. Missing or empty |title= (help)
140.Jump up ^ "Prince's Manager Shortlisted For Asian Woman Of Achievement Award". Mtv.co.uk. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
141.Jump up ^ Kelly, Aoife (November 18, 2014). "'I told him to f*** off' - Sinead O'Connor reveals she had punch-up with Prince". Irish Independent (Dublin). Retrieved December 1, 2014.
142.Jump up ^ Heatley, Michael (2008). Where Were You... When the Music Played? 120 Unforgettable Moments in Music History. Penguin Books. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7621-0988-3.
143.Jump up ^ Coryat, Karl (November 1999). "His Highness Gets Down!". Bass Player.
144.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Jamie Starr". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
145.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to The Starr Company". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
146.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Joey Coco". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
147.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Paisley Park". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
148.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Alexander Nevermind". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
149.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Christopher". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
150.Jump up ^ "Prince To Sue YouTube, eBay Over Unauthorized Content". Billboard. 2007.
151.Jump up ^ Hamilton, Fiona (September 13, 2007). "Prince takes on YouTube over clips". The Times (London).
152.Jump up ^ Francescani, Chris (October 26, 2007). "The Home Video Prince Doesn't Want You to See". ABC News.
153.Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen (November 7, 2007). "Prince threatens to sue his fans over online images". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved July 18, 2009.
154.Jump up ^ "Prince 'not suing fans': Singer hits back at fansite claims". NME. November 9, 2007.
155.Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (November 9, 2007). "Prince Releases Diss Track As Battle With Fans Gets Funky". Rolling Stone.
156.Jump up ^ Kiss, Jemima (November 15, 2007). "B3ta bates Prince". The Guardian (London).
157.Jump up ^ "Prince Is Being A “Creep,” Radiohead Tell Him He’s A Loser - Stereogum". StereoGum. May 30, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
158.Jump up ^ "The Raspberry Beret Lifetime Aggrievement Award". Eff.org. May 7, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
159.Jump up ^ "Prince Inducted Into Takedown Hall of Shame With New Lifetime Aggrievement Award | Electronic Frontier Foundation". Eff.org. May 7, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
160.Jump up ^ "Prince v. Chodera - Scribd". Scribd.com. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
161.Jump up ^ "Prince Files Lawsuit Against Facebook Fans Over Bootlegged Concerts". TIME.com. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
162.Jump up ^ Michaels, Sean. "Prince sues internet users for total of $22m over alleged bootleg recordings". The Guardian. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
Further reading
Draper, Jason (2008). Prince: Life & Times. Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-906002-18-3.
Hahn, Alex (2004). Possessed: The Rise And Fall Of Prince. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7749-7.
Jones, Liz (1998). Purple Reign: The Artist Formerly Known as Prince. Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1-55972-448-7.
Uptown (2004). The Vault – The Definitive Guide to the Musical World of Prince. Nilsen Publishing. ISBN 91-631-5482-X.
External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Prince (musician) (category)

 Quotations related to Prince (musician) at Wikiquote
Prince at the Internet Movie Database
Prince at AllMusic
Prince at Billboard.com


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Categories: Prince (musician)
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Prince (musician)

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Prince
Prince at Coachella 001.jpg
Prince performing in 2008

Background information

Birth name
Prince Roger Nelson [1]
Also known as
Jamie Starr ·
 Christopher ·
 Alexander Nevermind ·
 The Purple One ·
 Joey Coco ·
 Prince logo.svg ·
 The artist formerly known as Prince
 
Born
June 7, 1958 (age 56)
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Genres
Funk ·
 R&B ·
 rock ·
 pop ·
 new wave ·
 Minneapolis sound ·
 synthpop
 
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter ·
 multi-instrumentalist ·
 record producer ·
 dancer ·
 actor ·
 film director
 
Instruments
Vocals ·
 guitar ·
 keyboards ·
 Linn Drum
 
Years active
1976–present
Labels
Warner Bros. ·
 Paisley Park ·
 NPG ·
 EMI ·
 Columbia ·
 Arista ·
 Universal
 
Associated acts
The Revolution ·
 Wendy & Lisa ·
 The New Power Generation ·
 The Time ·
 Morris Day ·
 Sheila E. ·
 Vanity 6 ·
 Apollonia 6 ·
 Mazarati ·
 The Family ·
 94 East ·
 Madhouse ·
 Andy Allo ·
 3rdeyegirl
 
Prince Roger Nelson (born June 7, 1958), known by his mononym Prince, is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actor. A major figure in popular music for over three decades, Prince is renowned as an innovator and is widely-known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence and wide vocal range. Widely regarded as the pioneer of Minneapolis sound, Prince's music combines rock, R&B, soul, funk, hip hop, disco, psychedelia, jazz, and pop.
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Prince developed an interest in music at an early age, writing his first song at age seven. After recording songs with his cousin's band 94 East, 19-year-old Prince recorded several unsuccessful demo tapes before releasing his debut album, For You, in 1978 under the guidance of Manager Owen Husney. His 1979 album, Prince, went platinum due to the success of the singles "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" and "I Wanna Be Your Lover". His next three records, Dirty Mind (1980), Controversy (1981) and 1999 (1982), continued his success, showcasing Prince's trademark of prominently sexual lyrics and incorporation of elements of funk, dance and rock music. In 1984, he began referring to his backup band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain, which served as the soundtrack to his film debut of the same name.
After releasing the albums Around the World in a Day (1985) and Parade (1986), The Revolution disbanded and Prince released the critically acclaimed double album Sign "O" the Times (1987) as a solo artist. He released three more solo albums before debuting The New Power Generation band in 1991. After changing his stage name to an unpronounceable symbol (Prince logo.svg), also known as the "Love Symbol", in 1993, he began releasing new albums at a faster pace to remove himself from contractual obligations to Warner Bros; he released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998. In 2000, he began referring to himself as "Prince" once again. He has released fourteen albums since then, including his latest, Art Official Age, released on September 30, 2014.
Prince has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.[2] He has won seven Grammy Awards[3] a Golden Globe,[4] and an Academy Award.[5] He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, the first year of his eligibility.[6] Rolling Stone has ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career 2.1 1975–84: Beginnings and breakthrough
2.2 1984–87: The Revolution, Purple Rain and subsequent releases
2.3 1987–91: Solo again, Sign "O" the Times and spiritual rebirth
2.4 1991–94: The New Power Generation, Diamonds and Pearls and name change
2.5 1994–2000: Increased output and The Gold Experience
2.6 2000–06: Turnaround, Musicology, label change and 3121
2.7 2007–10: Super Bowl XLI, Planet Earth and LOtUSFLOW3R
2.8 2010–12: 20Ten and The Welcome 2 Tours
2.9 2013–present: 3rdeyegirl and return to Warner Bros.
3 Personal life
4 Multi-instrumental abilities
5 Stage names
6 Copyright issues
7 Discography
8 Filmography
9 Tours
10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Grammy Awards
10.2 MTV Video Music Awards
10.3 Academy Awards
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links

Early life
Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Mattie Della (Shaw) and John Lewis Nelson.[8] His parents were both African-American[8] and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, with all four of his grandparents hailing from the state.[9][10] Prince's father was a pianist and songwriter and his mother was a jazz singer. Prince was named after his father, whose stage name was Prince Rogers, and who performed with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In a 1991 interview with A Current Affair, Prince's father said that "I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do".[11] Prince's childhood nickname was Skipper.[12]
In a PBS interview, Prince told Tavis Smiley that he was "born epileptic" and "used to have seizures" when he was young. During the interview, he also said: "My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, 'Mom, I'm not going to be sick anymore,' and she said, 'Why?' and I said, 'Because an angel told me so'."[13]
Prince's sister Tika Evene (usually called Tyka) was born in 1960.[14] Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father.[15] Prince wrote his first tune, "Funk Machine", on his father's piano when he was seven.[15] When Prince was ten years old, his parents separated. Following the separation, Prince constantly switched homes, sometimes living with his father, and sometimes with his mother and stepfather.[15] Finally he moved into the home of neighbors, the Andersons, and befriended their son, Andre Anderson, who later became known as André Cymone.[16]
Prince and Anderson joined Prince's cousin, Charles Smith, in a band called Grand Central while they were attending Minneapolis's Central High School. Smith was later replaced by Morris Day on the drums. Prince played piano and guitar for the band which performed at clubs and parties in the Minneapolis area. Grand Central later changed its name to Champagne and started playing original music influenced by Sly & the Family Stone, James Brown, Earth, Wind & Fire, Miles Davis, Parliament-Funkadelic, Carlos Santana, Jimi Hendrix, and Todd Rundgren.[17] Prince also played basketball in high school.[18]
Career
1975–84: Beginnings and breakthrough
In 1975, Pepe Willie, the husband of Prince's cousin, Shauntel, formed the band 94 East with Marcy Ingvoldstad and Kristie Lazenberry. Willie hired André Cymone and Prince to record tracks with 94 East. Those songs were written by Willie and Prince contributed guitar tracks. Prince also co-wrote, with Willie, the 94 East song, "Just Another Sucker". The band recorded tracks which later became the album Minneapolis Genius – The Historic 1977 Recordings. Prince also recorded, but never released, a song written by Willie, "If You See Me" (also known as, "Do Yourself a Favor"). In 1995, Willie released the album 94 East featuring Prince, Symbolic Beginning, which included original recordings by Prince and Cymone.
In 1976, Prince created a demo tape with producer Chris Moon in Moon's Minneapolis studio. Unable to secure a recording contract, Moon brought the tape to Owen Husney, a Minneapolis businessman. Husney signed Prince, at the age of 17, to a management contract and helped Prince create a demo recording at Sound 80 Studios in Minneapolis using producer/engineer David Z. The demo recording, along with a press kit produced at Husney's ad agency, resulted in interest from several record companies including Warner Bros. Records, A&M Records, and Columbia Records.
With the help of Husney, Prince signed a recording contract with Warner Bros.. The record company agreed to give Prince creative control for three albums and ownership of the publishing rights.[citation needed] Husney and Prince then left Minneapolis and moved to Sausalito, California where Prince's first album, For You, was recorded at Record Plant Studios. Subsequently, the album was mixed in Los Angeles and released in on April 7, 1978.[19] According to the For You album notes, Prince produced, arranged, composed and played all 27 instruments on the recording. The album was written and performed by Prince, except for the song "Soft and Wet" which had lyrics co-written by Moon. The cost of recording the album was twice Prince's initial advance. Prince used the Prince's Music Co. to publish his songs. "Soft and Wet" reached No. 12 on the Hot Soul Singles chart and No. 92 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song "Just as Long as We're Together" reached No. 91 on the Hot Soul Singles chart.



 Ticket to Prince's first performance with his band in January 1979
In 1979, Prince created a band that included André Cymone on bass, Dez Dickerson on guitar, Gayle Chapman and Doctor Fink on keyboards, and Bobby Z. on drums. Their first show was at the Capri Theater on January 5, 1979. Warner Bros. executives attended the show but decided that Prince and the band needed more time to develop his music.[20] In October 1979, Prince released a self-titled album, Prince, which was No. 4 on the Billboard Top R&B/Black Albums charts, and No. 22 on the Billboard 200, going platinum. It contained two R&B hits: "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" and "I Wanna Be Your Lover". "I Wanna Be Your Lover" sold over a million copies, and reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 1 for two weeks on the Hot Soul Singles chart. Prince performed both these songs on January 26, 1980, on American Bandstand. On this album, Prince used Ecnirp Music – BMI.[21]
In 1980, Prince released the album, Dirty Mind, which he recorded in his own studio. The album was certified gold and the attendant single "Uptown" reached No. 5 on the Billboard Dance chart and No. 5 on the Hot Soul Singles charts. Prince was also the opening act for Rick James' 1980 Fire It Up tour. Dirty Mind contained sexually explicit material, including the title song, "Head", and the song "Sister". In February 1981, Prince made his first appearance on Saturday Night Live, performing "Partyup". In October 1981, Prince released the album, Controversy. He played several dates in support of it, at first as one of the opening acts for the Rolling Stones, who were then on tour in the US. He began 1982 with a small tour of college towns where he was the headlining act. The songs on Controversy were published by Controversy Music[22] – ASCAP, a practice he continued until the Emancipation album in 1996. Controversy also marked the introduction of Prince's use of abbreviated spelling, such as spelling the words you as U, to as 2, and for as 4, as indicated by the inclusion of the track "Jack U Off". (His earlier song titles had used conventional spelling.)[23] By 2002, MTV.com noted that "[n]ow all of his titles, liner notes and Web postings are written in his own shorthand spelling, as seen on 1999's Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic, which featured 'Hot Wit U.'"[24]
In 1981, Prince formed a side project band called the Time. The band released four albums between 1981 and 1990, with Prince writing and performing most of the instrumentation and backing vocals, with lead vocals by Morris Day.[citation needed] In late 1982, Prince released a double album, 1999, which sold over three million copies.[25] The title track was a protest against nuclear proliferation and became his first top ten hit in countries outside the US. Prince's "Little Red Corvette" was one of the first two videos by a black artist played in heavy rotation on MTV, along with Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean".[26] The song "Delirious" also placed in the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
1984–87: The Revolution, Purple Rain and subsequent releases
During this period Prince referred to his band as the Revolution. The band's name was also printed, in reverse, on the cover of 1999 inside the letter "I" of the word "Prince". The band consisted of Lisa Coleman and Doctor Fink on keyboards, Bobby Z. on drums, Brown Mark on bass, and Dez Dickerson on guitar. Jill Jones, a backing singer, was also part of The Revolution line up for the 1999 album and tour. Following the 1999 Tour, Dickerson left the group for religious reasons. In the 2003 book Possessed: The Rise and Fall of Prince, author Alex Hahn says that Dickerson was reluctant to sign a three-year contract and wanted to pursue other musical ventures. Dickerson was replaced by Wendy Melvoin, a childhood friend of Coleman. At first the band was used sparsely in the studio but this gradually changed during the mid-1980s.[citation needed]
Prince's 1984 album Purple Rain sold more than 13 million copies in the US and spent 24 consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart. The film of the same name won an Academy Award and grossed more than $80 million in the US.[27]



 Prince performing in Brussels during the Hit N Run Tour in 1986
Songs from the film were hits on pop charts around the world, while "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy" reached No. 1 and the title track reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. At one point in 1984, Prince simultaneously had the No. 1 album, single, and film in the US; it was the first time a singer had achieved this feat.[28] Prince won the Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for Purple Rain, and the album is ranked 72nd Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[29] The album is included on the list of Time magazine's All-Time 100 Albums.[30] After Tipper Gore heard her 12-year-old daughter Karenna listening to Prince's song "Darling Nikki", she founded the Parents Music Resource Center.[31] The center advocates the mandatory use of a warning label ("Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics") on the covers of records that have been judged to contain language or lyrical content unsuitable for minors. The recording industry later voluntarily complied with this request.[32] Of what is considered the Filthy Fifteen Prince's compositions appear no. 1 and no. 2, with the fourth position occupied by his protégée Vanity.[33]
In 1985, Prince announced that he would discontinue live performances and music videos after the release of his next album. His subsequent recording Around the World in a Day held the No. 1 spot on the Billboard 200 for three weeks. In 1986 his album Parade reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 on the R&B charts. The first single, "Kiss", with the video choreographed by Louis Falco, reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was originally written for a side project called Mazarati. That same year the song "Manic Monday", which was written by Prince and recorded by The Bangles, reached No. 2 on the Hot 100 chart. The album Parade served as the soundtrack for Prince's second film, Under the Cherry Moon. Prince directed and starred in the movie, which also featured Kristin Scott Thomas. He received the Golden Raspberry Award for his efforts in acting and directing.[34]
In 1986, Prince began a series of sporadic live performances called the Hit n Run – Parade Tour. After the tour Prince abolished The Revolution, fired Wendy & Lisa and replaced Bobby Z. with Sheila E. Brown Mark quit the band while keyboardist Doctor Fink remained. Prince then recruited new band members Miko Weaver on guitar, Atlanta Bliss on trumpet, Eric Leeds on saxophone, Boni Boyer on keyboards, Levi Seacer, Jr. on bass and dancer Cat Glover.[citation needed]
1987–91: Solo again, Sign "O" the Times and spiritual rebirth
Prior to the disbanding of The Revolution, Prince was working on two separate projects, The Revolution album Dream Factory and a solo effort, Camille.[35] Unlike the three previous band albums, Dream Factory included significant input from the band members and even featured a number of songs with lead vocals by Wendy & Lisa,[35] while the Camille project saw Prince create a new persona primarily singing in a speeded-up, female-sounding voice. With the dismissal of The Revolution, Prince consolidated material from both shelved albums, along with some new songs, into a three-LP album to be titled Crystal Ball.[36] However, Warner Bros. forced Prince to trim the triple album to a double album and Sign "O" the Times was released on March 31, 1987.[37]
The album peaked at No.6 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[37] The first single, "Sign o' the Times", would chart at No. 3 on the Hot 100.[38] The follow-up single, "If I Was Your Girlfriend" charted poorly at No. 67 on the Hot 100, but went to No.12 on R&B chart.[38] The third single, a duet with Sheena Easton, "U Got the Look" charted at No. 2 on the Hot 100, No. 11 on the R&B chart,[38] and the final single "I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man" finished at No.10 on Hot 100 and No.14 on the R&B chart.[38]
Despite receiving the greatest critical acclaim of any album in Prince's career, including being named the top album of the year by the Pazz & Jop critics' poll, and eventually selling 3.2 million copies, album sales steadily declined.[39] In Europe, however, it performed well and Prince promoted the album overseas with a lengthy tour. Putting together a new backing band from the remnants of The Revolution, Prince added bassist Levi Seacer, Jr., Boni Boyer on keyboards, and dancer/choreographer Cat Glover to go with new drummer Sheila E. and holdovers Miko Weaver, Doctor Fink, Eric Leeds, Atlanta Bliss, and the Bodyguards (Jerome, Wally Safford, and Greg Brooks) for the Sign o' the Times Tour.
The tour was a success overseas, with Warner Bros. and Prince's managers wanting to bring it to the US to resuscitate sagging sales of Sign "O" the Times;[40][41] however, Prince balked at a full US tour, as he was ready to produce a new album.[40] As a compromise the last two nights of the tour were filmed for release in movie theaters. The film quality was deemed subpar and reshoots were performed at his Paisley Park studios.[40] The film Sign o' the Times was released on November 20, 1987. Much like the album, the film garnered more critical praise than the previous year's Under the Cherry Moon; however, its box-office receipts were minimal, and it quickly left theaters.[41]
The next album intended for release was to be The Black Album.[42] More instrumental and funk and R&B themed than recent releases,[43] The Black Album also saw Prince experiment with hip hop music on the songs "Bob George" and "Dead on It". Prince was set to release the album with a monochromatic black cover with only the catalog number printed, but after 500,000 copies had been pressed,[44] Prince had a spiritual epiphany that the album was evil and had it recalled.[45] It would later be released by Warner Bros. as a limited edition album in 1994. Prince went back in the studio for eight weeks and recorded Lovesexy.
Released on May 10, 1988, Lovesexy serves as a spiritual opposite to the dark The Black Album.[46] Every song is a solo effort by Prince, with exception of "Eye No" which was recorded with his backing band at the time, dubbed the "Lovesexy Band" by fans. Lovesexy would reach No. 11 on the Billboard 200 and No. 5 on the R&B albums chart.[47] The lead single, "Alphabet St.", peaked at No. 8 on the Hot 100 and No. 3 on the R&B chart,[37] but finished with only selling 750,000 copies.[48]
Prince again took his post-Revolution backing band (minus the Bodyguards) on a three leg, 84-show Lovesexy World Tour; although the shows were well received by huge crowds, they lost money due to the expensive sets and incorporated props.[49][50]



 Prince performing during his Nude Tour in 1990
In 1989, Prince appeared on Madonna's studio album Like a Prayer, co-writing and singing the duet "Love Song" and playing electric guitar (uncredited) on the songs "Like a Prayer", "Keep It Together", and "Act of Contrition". He also began work on a number of musical projects, including Rave Unto the Joy Fantastic and early drafts of his Graffiti Bridge film,[51][52] but both were put on hold when he was asked by Batman director Tim Burton to record several songs for the upcoming live-action adaptation. Prince went into the studio and produced an entire nine-track album that Warner Bros. released on June 20, 1989. Batman peaked at No.1 on the Billboard 200,[53] selling 4.3 million copies.[54] The single "Batdance" topped the Billboard and R&B charts.[37]
Additionally, the single "The Arms of Orion" with Sheena Easton charted at No. 36, and "Partyman" (also featuring the vocals of Prince's then-girlfriend, nicknamed Anna Fantastic) charted at No. 18 on the Hot 100 and at No. 5 on the R&B chart, while the love ballad "Scandalous!" went to No. 5 on the R&B chart.[37] However, he did have to sign away all publishing rights to the songs on the album to Warner Bros. as part of the deal to do the soundtrack.
In 1990, Prince went back on tour with a revamped band for his stripped down, back-to-basics Nude Tour. With the departures of Boni Boyer, Sheila E., the horns, and Cat, Prince brought in Rosie Gaines on keys, drummer Michael Bland, and dancing trio The Game Boyz (Tony M., Kirky J., and Damon Dickson). The European and Japanese tour was a financial success with its short, greatest hits setlist.[55] As the year progressed, Prince finished production on his fourth film, Graffiti Bridge, and the album of the same name. Initially, Warner Bros. was reluctant to fund the film, but with Prince's assurances it would be a sequel to Purple Rain as well as the involvement of the original members of The Time, the studio greenlit the project.[56] Released on August 20, 1990, the album reached No. 6 on the Billboard 200 and R&B albums chart.[57] The single "Thieves in the Temple" reaching No. 6 on the Hot 100 and No. 1 on the R&B chart.[37] Also from that album, "Round and Round" placed at No. 12 on the US charts and No. 2 on the R&B charts. The song featured the teenage Tevin Campbell (who also had a role in the film) on lead vocals. The film, released on November 20, 1990, was a critical and box-office flop, grossing just $4.2 million.[58] After the release of the film and album, the last remaining members of The Revolution, Miko Weaver and Doctor Fink, left Prince's band.
1991–94: The New Power Generation, Diamonds and Pearls and name change



 Prince's Yellow Cloud Guitar at the Smithsonian Castle. Prince can be seen playing this guitar in the "Gett Off" video.
1991 marked the debut of Prince's new band, the New Power Generation. With guitarist Miko Weaver and long-time keyboardist Doctor Fink gone, Prince added bass player Sonny T., Tommy Barbarella on keyboards, and a brass section known as the Hornheads to go along with Levi Seacer (taking over on guitar), Rosie Gaines, Michael Bland, and the Game Boyz. With significant input from his band members, Diamonds and Pearls was released on October 1, 1991. Reaching No. 3 on the Billboard 200 album chart,[59] Diamonds and Pearls saw four hit singles released in the United States. "Gett Off" peaked at No. 21 on the Hot 100 and No. 6 on the R&B charts, followed by "Cream", which gave Prince his fifth US No. 1 single. The title track "Diamonds and Pearls" became the album's third single, reaching No. 3 on the Hot 100 and the top spot on the R&B charts. "Money Don't Matter 2 Night" peaked at No. 23 and No. 14 on the Hot 100 and R&B charts respectively.[60]
1992 saw Prince and The New Power Generation release his 12th album, Love Symbol Album,[61] bearing only an unpronounceable symbol on the cover (later copyrighted as Love Symbol #2).[62] The album, generally referred to as the Love Symbol Album, would peak at No. 5 on the Billboard 200.[63] While the label wanted "7" to be the first single, Prince fought to have "My Name Is Prince" as he "felt that the song's more hip-hoppery would appeal to the same audience" that had purchased the previous album.[64] Prince got his way but "My Name Is Prince" only managed to reach No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 23 on the R&B chart. The follow-up single "Sexy MF" fared worse, charting at No. 66 on the Hot 100 and No. 76 on the R&B chart. The label's preferred lead single choice "7" would be the album's lone top ten hit, reaching No. 7.[60] 'Love Symbol Album' would go on to sell 2.8 million copies worldwide.[64]

Logo. Hollow circle above downward arrow crossed with a curlicued horn-shaped symbol and then a short bar

 The unpronounceable symbol (later dubbed "Love Symbol #2")
After two failed attempts in 1990 and 1991,[65] Warner Bros. finally released a greatest hits compilation with the three-disc The Hits/The B-Sides in 1993. The first two discs were also sold separately as The Hits 1 and The Hits 2. In addition to featuring the majority of Prince's hit singles (with the exception of "Batdance" and other songs that appeared on the Batman soundtrack), The Hits includes an array of previously hard-to-find recordings, notably B-sides spanning the majority of Prince's career, as well as a handful of previously unreleased tracks such as the Revolution-recorded "Power Fantastic" and a live recording of "Nothing Compares 2 U" with Rosie Gaines. Two new songs, "Pink Cashmere" and "Peach", were chosen as promotional singles to accompany the compilation album.
1993 also marked the year in which Prince changed his stage name to the Love Symbol (see left), which was explained as a combination of the symbols for male (♂) and female (♀).[62] In order to use the symbol in print media, Warner Bros. had to organize a mass mailing of floppy disks with a custom font.[66] Because the symbol had no stated pronunciation, he was often referred to as "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince", TAFKAP, and "The Artist".
1994–2000: Increased output and The Gold Experience
In 1994, Prince's attitude towards his artistic output underwent a notable shift. He began to view releasing albums in quick succession as a means of ejecting himself from his contractual obligations to Warner Bros. The label, he believed, was intent on limiting his artistic freedom by insisting that he release albums more sporadically. He also blamed Warner Bros. for the poor commercial performance of the Love Symbol Album, claiming that it was insufficiently marketed by Warner. It was out of these developments that the aborted The Black Album was officially released, approximately seven years after its initial recording and near-release. The "new" release, which was already in wide circulation as a bootleg, sold relatively poorly.
Following that disappointing venture, Warner Bros. succumbed to Prince's wishes to release an album of new material, to be entitled Come. When Come was eventually released, it confirmed all of Warner's fears. It became Prince's poorest-selling album to date, struggling to even shift 500,000 copies. Even more frustrating was the fact that Prince insisted on crediting the album to "Prince 1958–1993".
Prince pushed to have his next album The Gold Experience released simultaneously with Love Symbol-era material. Warner Bros. allowed the single "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" to be released via a small, independent distributor, Bellmark Records, in February 1994. The release was successful, reaching No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 in many other countries, but it would not prove to be a model for subsequent releases. Warner Bros. still resisted releasing The Gold Experience, fearing poor sales and citing "market saturation" as a defense. When eventually released in September 1995, The Gold Experience failed to sell well, although it reached the top 10 of the Billboard 200 initially, and many reviewed it as Prince's best effort since Sign "O" the Times. The album is now out-of-print. Chaos and Disorder, released in 1996, was Prince's final album of new material for Warner Bros., as well as one of his least commercially successful releases. Prince attempted a major comeback later that year when, free of any further contractual obligations to Warner Bros., he released Emancipation, a 36-song, 3-CD set (each disc was exactly 60 minutes long). The album was released via his own NPG Records with distribution through EMI. To publish his songs on Emancipation, Prince did not use Controversy Music – ASCAP, which he had used for all his records since 1981, but rather used Emancipated Music Inc.[67] – ASCAP.
Certified Platinum by the RIAA, Emancipation is the first record featuring covers by Prince of songs of other artists: Joan Osborne's top ten hit song of 1995 "One of Us";[68] "Betcha by Golly Wow!" (written by Thomas Randolf Bell and Linda Creed);[69] "I Can't Make You Love Me" (written by James Allen Shamblin II and Michael Barry Reid);[70] and "La-La (Means I Love You)" (written by Thomas Randolf Bell and William Hart).[71]
Prince released Crystal Ball, a five-CD collection of unreleased material, in 1998. The distribution of this album was disorderly, with some fans pre-ordering the album on his website up to a year before it was eventually shipped to them; these pre-orders were eventually delivered months after the record had gone on sale in retail stores. The retail edition has only four discs, as it is missing the Kamasutra disc. There are also two different packaging editions for retail, one being in a four-disc sized jewel case with a simple white cover and the Love Symbol in a colored circle; the other is all four discs in a round translucent snap jewel case. The discs are the same, as is the CD jacket. The Newpower Soul album released three months later failed to make much of an impression on the charts. His collaboration on Chaka Khan's Come 2 My House, and Larry Graham's GCS2000, both released on the NPG Records label around the same time as Newpower Soul met with the same fate, despite heavy promotion and live appearances on Vibe with Sinbad, and the NBC Today show's Summer Concert Series.
In 1999, Prince once again signed with a major label, Arista Records, to release a new record, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic. In an attempt to make his new album a success, Prince easily gave more interviews than at any other point in his career, appearing on MTV's Total Request Live (with his album cover on the front of the Virgin Megastore, in the background on TRL throughout the whole show), Larry King Live (with Larry Graham) and other media outlets. Nevertheless, Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic failed to perform well commercially. A few months earlier, Warner Bros. had also released The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale, a collection of unreleased material recorded by Prince throughout his career, and his final recording commitment on his contract with Warner Bros. The greatest success he had during the year was with the EP 1999: The New Master, released in time for Prince to collect a small portion of the sales dollars Warner Bros. had been seeing for the album and singles of the original 1999.
The pay-per-view concert, Rave Un2 the Year 2000, was broadcast on December 31, 1999 and consisted of footage from the December 17 and 18 concerts of his 1999 tour. The concert featured appearances by many guest musicians including Lenny Kravitz, George Clinton, Jimmy Russell, and The Time. It was released to home video the following year. A remix album, Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic (as opposed to "Un2") was released exclusively through Prince's NPG Music Club in April 2000.
2000–06: Turnaround, Musicology, label change and 3121
On May 16, 2000, Prince ceased using the Love Symbol moniker and returned to using "Prince" again, after his publishing contract with Warner/Chappell expired. In a press conference, he stated that, after being freed from undesirable relationships associated with the name "Prince", he would formally revert to using his real name. Prince still frequently uses the symbol as a logo and on album artwork and continues to play a Love Symbol-shaped guitar. For several years following the release of Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic, Prince primarily released new music through his Internet subscription service, NPGOnlineLtd.com (later NPGMusicClub.com). Two albums that show substantive jazz influence were available commercially at record stores: 2001's The Rainbow Children, and the 2003 instrumental record N.E.W.S which was nominated for a Best Pop Instrumental Album Grammy Award. Another album of largely jazz-influenced music, Xpectation, was released via download in 2003 to members of the NPGMusicClub. Xpectation is jazz themed along with new age and atmospheric themes.
In 2002, Prince released his first live album, One Nite Alone... Live!, which features performances from the One Nite Alone...Tour. The 3-CD box set, which also includes a disc of "aftershow" music entitled It Ain't Over!, failed to chart. During this time, Prince sought to engage more effectively with his fan base via the NPG Music Club, pre-concert sound checks, and at yearly "celebrations" at Paisley Park, his music studios. Fans were invited into the studio for tours, interviews, discussions and music-listening sessions. Some of these fan discussions were filmed for an unreleased documentary, directed by Kevin Smith. Smith discusses what happened during those days at length in his An Evening with Kevin Smith DVD. Performances were also arranged to showcase Prince's talents, as well as to collaborate with popular and well-established artists and guests including Alicia Keys, the Time, Erykah Badu, Nikka Costa, George Clinton, and Norah Jones.
On February 8, 2004, Prince appeared at the Grammy Awards with Beyoncé Knowles. In a performance that opened the show, Prince and Knowles performed a medley of "Purple Rain", "Let's Go Crazy", "Baby I'm a Star", and Knowles' "Crazy in Love". The following month, Prince was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The award was presented to him by Alicia Keys along with Big Boi and André 3000 of OutKast. As well as performing a trio of his own hits during the ceremony, Prince also participated in a tribute to fellow inductee George Harrison in a rendering of Harrison's "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", playing a long guitar solo that ended the song. In addition he performed "Red House" on the album Power of Soul: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix. On February 19, The Tavis Smiley Show broadcast included a performance of "Reflection" from Prince's Musicology album. Prince was accompanied by Wendy Melvoin, formerly of The Revolution.
In April 2004, Prince released Musicology through a one-album agreement with Columbia Records. The album rose as high as the top five on a number of international charts (including the US, UK, Germany and Australia). The US chart success was assisted by the CD being included as part of the concert ticket purchase, and each CD thereby qualifying (as chart rules then stood) towards US chart placement. Musicology is R&B and soul-themed along with funk, pop, quiet storm, and rock. Three months later, Spin named him the greatest frontman of all time.[72] That same year, Rolling Stone magazine named Prince as the highest-earning musician in the world, with an annual income of $56.5 million,[73] largely due to his Musicology Tour, which Pollstar named as the top concert draw among musicians in US. The artist played an impressive run of 96 concerts; the average ticket price for a show was US$61. Further highlighting the success of the album, Prince's Musicology went on to receive two Grammy wins, for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Call My Name" and Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance for the title track. Musicology was also nominated for Best R&B Song and Best R&B Album, while "Cinnamon Girl" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. The album became the artist's most commercially successful since Diamonds and Pearls, partly due to a radical scheme devised which included in Billboard′s sales figures those that were distributed to each customer during ticket sales for the Musicology tour, with concert figures accounting for 25% of the total album sales.[74] Rolling Stone magazine has ranked Prince No. 27 on their list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7]
In April 2005, Prince played guitar (along with En Vogue singing backing vocals) on Stevie Wonder's single "So What the Fuss", Wonder's first since 1999.[75] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, Prince offered a personal response by recording two new songs, "S.S.T." and the instrumental "Brand New Orleans", at Paisley Park in the early hours of September 2. Prince again performed all instrumental and vocal parts. These recordings were quickly dispersed to the public via Prince's NPG Music Club, and "S.S.T." was later picked up by iTunes, where it reached No. 1 on the store's R&B chart. On October 25, Sony Records released a version of the single on CD.
In late 2005, Prince signed with Universal Records to release his album, 3121, on March 21, 2006 (3/21). The first single was the Latin-tinged "Te Amo Corazón", the video for which was directed by actress Salma Hayek and filmed in Marrakech, Morocco, featuring Argentine actress and singer Mía Maestro. The video for the second single, "Black Sweat", was nominated at the MTV VMAs for Best Cinematography. The immediate success of 3121 gave Prince his first No. 1 debut on the Billboard 200 with the album. To promote the new album, Prince was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live on February 4, 2006, 17 years after his last SNL appearance on the 15th anniversary special and nearly 25 years since his first appearance on a regular episode in 1981, making Prince the only SNL musical guest to have that long of a gap between appearances. He performed two songs from the album, "Fury" and "Beautiful, Loved & Blessed", with Támar. Prince also held a contest to win a trip to see a 'Purple Ticket Concert' at his private residence in Hollywood, California. Seven winning tickets were placed inside 3121 CD packages in the US, and other tickets were given away in various contests on the Internet and around the world. On May 6, 2006, 24 prizewinners (with a guest each) attended a star-studded private party and performance at Prince's home.
On June 12, 2006, Prince received a Webby Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of his "visionary" use of the Internet; Prince was the first major artist to release an entire album, 1997's Crystal Ball, exclusively on the Internet (although he did take phone orders for it as well...1-800-NEW-FUNK).
Only weeks after winning a Webby Award, Prince abruptly shut down his then-official NPG Music Club website on July 4, 2006, after more than five years of operation.[citation needed] On the day of the music club's shutdown, a lawsuit was filed against Prince by the British company HM Publishing (owners of the Nature Publishing Group, also NPG). Despite these events occurring on the same day, Prince's attorney has called it pure coincidence and stated that the site did not close due to the trademark dispute.[76] Prince appeared at multiple award ceremonies in 2006. On February 15, 2006, Prince performed at the BRIT Awards along with Wendy & Lisa and Sheila E. He played "Te Amo Corazón" and "Fury" from 3121 and "Purple Rain" and "Let's Go Crazy" from Purple Rain. On June 27, 2006, Prince appeared at the BET Awards, where he was awarded Best Male R&B Artist. In addition to receiving his award, Prince performed a medley of Chaka Khan songs for Khan's BET Lifetime Award. Prince had previously written and performed several songs with the singer.
In November 2006, Prince was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, appearing to collect his award but not performing. Also in November 2006, Prince opened a nightclub named 3121 in Las Vegas at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino. He performed weekly on Friday and Saturday nights until April 2007, when his contract with the Rio ended. On August 22, 2006, Prince released Ultimate Prince. The double disc set contains one CD of previous hits, and another of extended versions and mixes of material that had largely only previously been available on vinyl record B-sides. Prince wrote and performed a song for the hit 2006 animated film Happy Feet. The song, entitled "The Song of the Heart", appears on the film's soundtrack, which also features a cover of Prince's earlier hit "Kiss", sung by Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. In January 2007, "The Song of the Heart" won a Golden Globe for Best Original Song.[77]
2007–10: Super Bowl XLI, Planet Earth and LOtUSFLOW3R



 Prince's stage set for the Earth Tour in 2007
On February 2, 2007, Prince played at the Super Bowl XLI press conference. He and the band played a set comprising Chuck Berry's hit, "Johnny B. Goode", "Anotherloverholenyohead" from Parade and "Get On the Boat" from 3121. Prince performed at the Super Bowl XLI halftime show in Miami, Florida on February 4, 2007. The performance consisted of three Purple Rain tracks ("Let's Go Crazy", "Baby I'm a Star" and the title track), along with cover versions of "We Will Rock You" by Queen, "All Along the Watchtower" by Bob Dylan, the Foo Fighters song "Best of You" and "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival. Coincidentally, Miami had rain on the day of the Super Bowl, which was lit purple during the performance of "Purple Rain". He played on a large stage shaped as his symbol. The event was carried to 140 million television viewers, the largest audience of his life. On February 4, 2010, Billboard.com ranked the performance as the greatest Super Bowl performance ever.[78]
Prince played 21 concerts in London during the summer of 2007. The Earth Tour included 21 nights at the 20,000 capacity O2 Arena, with Maceo Parker in his band. Tickets for the O2 Arena were capped by Prince at £31.21. The residency at the O2 Arena was increased to 15 nights after all 140,000 tickets for the original seven sold out in just 20 minutes.[79] It was then further extended to 21 nights.[80] On May 10, 2007, Prince performed a "secret" gig at London's KOKO in front of a small crowd of fans and celebrities. A prelude to the forthcoming summer gigs in London, Prince played a relaxed set of hits including ("Kiss", changing the lyric from "You don't have to watch Dynasty" to Desperate Housewives, "Girls & Boys", and "Nothing Compares 2 U") alongside more recent tracks, plus a cover version of Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy".
Prince made an appearance at the 2007 ALMA Awards, performing with Sheila E. in June 2007. On June 28, 2007, the UK national newspaper the Mail on Sunday revealed that it had made a deal to give Prince's new album, Planet Earth, away for free with an "imminent" edition of the paper, making it the first place in the world to get the album. This move sparked controversy among music distributors and also led the UK arm of Prince's distributor, Sony BMG, to withdraw from distributing the album in UK stores.[81] The UK's largest high street music retailer, HMV, decided to stock the paper on release day due to the giveaway. Planet Earth is rock-oriented along with disco, and other various music styles. On July 7, 2007, Prince returned to his hometown of Minneapolis to perform three shows in what was unofficially declared Prince Day in Minnesota. He performed concerts at the Macy's Auditorium (to promote his new perfume "3121") on Nicollet Mall, the Target Center arena, and First Avenue.[82] It was the first time he had played at First Avenue (the club appeared in the film Purple Rain) since 1987.[83]



 Prince playing with Maceo Parker in the O2
On April 25, 2008, Prince performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, where he debuted a new song, "Turn Me Loose". Days after, he headlined the Coachella Festival 2008. Prince was paid more than $5 million for his performance at Coachella, according to Reuters.[84] Prince cancelled a concert, planned at Dublin's Croke Park on June 16, 2008, at just 10 days' notice. In October 2009 promoters MCD Productions went to court to sue Prince for €1.6 million, after paying him $1.5 million, half his agreed fee of $3 million for the concert. MCD claim they had to refund 55,126 tickets purchased and its total losses exceeded $1.66 million. Prince's lawyers argued the MCD claim was "greatly inflated".[85][86] Prince settled the case out of court in February 2010 for $2.95 million.[87][88] During the trial, it was revealed that Prince had been offered $22 million for seven concerts as part of a proposed 2008 European tour.[89] In October 2008, Prince released a live album entitled Indigo Nights, as well as 21 Nights, an accompanying book of poems, lyrics and photos. The book chronicled his record-breaking tenure at London's O2 Arena in 2007, while the album is a collection of songs performed live at aftershows in the IndigO2.



 Prince at the Coachella Festival in 2008
On December 18, 2008, Prince premiered four songs from his new album on LA's Indie rock radio station Indie 103.1.[90] The radio station's programmers Max Tolkoff and Mark Sovel had been invited to Prince's home to hear the new rock-oriented music. Prince then surprised the two by giving them a CD with four songs to premiere on their radio station. The music debuted the next day on Jonesy's Jukebox, hosted by Sex Pistol Steve Jones.[91] The music comprised a cover of "Crimson and Clover" by Tommy James and the Shondells, together with "Colonized Mind", "Wall of Berlin" and "4ever". The same day, another new Prince composition entitled "(There'll Never B) Another Like Me" premiered on the now obsolete and defunct website mplsound.com — replacing a shorter, instrumental version of the song that streamed several days previously.
On January 3, 2009, a new website LotusFlow3r.com was launched, streaming some of the recently aired material ("Crimson and Clover", "(There'll Never B) Another Like Me" and "Here Eye Come") and promising opportunities to listen to and buy music by Prince and guests, watch videos and buy concert tickets for future events. On January 31, Prince released two more songs on LotusFlow3r.com: "Disco Jellyfish", and "Another Boy". "Chocolate Box", "Colonized Mind", and "All This Love" have since been released on the website. Prince released a triple album set containing LOtUSFLOW3R, MPLSoUND, and an album credited to his new protégé, Bria Valente, called Elixer, on March 24, 2009, followed by a physical release on March 29. The release was preceded by performances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. It was released in other countries digitally, with official physical release dates yet to be announced. The album peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200, and critics' opinions were mixed to positive.
On July 18, 2009, Prince performed two shows at the Montreux Jazz Festival, being backed by the New Power Generation including Rhonda Smith, Renato Neto and John Blackwell. There he played "A Large Room with No Light", which had been in Prince's "vault" for some time. On October 11, 2009, Prince gave two surprise concerts at the glass-and-iron Grand Palais exhibition hall after visiting the landmark Paris building on the banks of the Seine.[92] On October 12, he gave another surprise gig at La Cigale. On October 24, Prince played a concert at his own Paisley Park complex in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[93]
2010–12: 20Ten and The Welcome 2 Tours
In January 2010, Prince wrote a new song, "Purple and Gold", inspired by his visit to a Minnesota Vikings football game against the Dallas Cowboys.[94] The song is a simple, drumline-driven track. The following month, Prince let Minneapolis-area public radio station 89.3 The Current premiere his new song "Cause and Effect" as a gesture in support of independent radio.[95]
In 2010, Prince was listed in TIME magazine's annual ranking of the "100 Most Influential People in the World".[96]
Prince released a new single on Minneapolis radio station 89.3 The Current called "Hot Summer" on June 7, his 52nd birthday. Also in June, Prince appeared on the cover of the July 2010 issue of Ebony,[97] and he received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 BET Awards.[98]
Prince released his album 20Ten in July 2010 as a free covermount with publications in the UK, Belgium, Germany, and France.[99] Prince has refused access to the album to digital download services. He also closed his official website, LotusFlow3r.com. In an interview with the Daily Mirror, Prince said, "The Internet's completely over. I don't see why I should give my new music to iTunes or anyone else. They won't pay me an advance for it and then they get angry when they can't get it... Anyway, all these computers and digital gadgets are no good. They just fill your head with numbers and that can't be good for you."[100]
On July 4, 2010 Prince began his 20Ten Tour, a concert tour in two legs with shows in Europe. The second leg began on October 15[101] and ended with a concert following the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on November 14.[102] The second half of the tour has a new band, John Blackwell, Ida Kristine Nielsen, and Sheila E.[103] Prince let Europe 1 debut the snippet of his new song "Rich Friends" from the "new" album 20Ten Deluxe on October 8, 2010.[104] Prince started the Welcome 2 Tour on December 15, 2010.[105]
Prince was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame on December 7, 2010.[106]
On February 12, 2011, Prince presented Barbra Streisand with an award and donated $1.5 million to charities.[107] On the same day, it was reported that he was unimpressed about Glee covering his hit "Kiss", and that he had not authorised its use.[108]
On the May 18, 2011, it was announced that Prince would be headlining Hop Farm Festival on July 3, 2011, marking his first UK show since 2007 and his first ever UK festival appearance.[109]
Despite having previously rejected the Internet for music distribution, on November 24, 2011, Prince re-released a reworked version of the previously unreleased song "Extraloveable" through both iTunes and Spotify.[110][111][112] Purple Music, a Switzerland-based record label, released a CD single "Dance 4 Me" on December 12, 2011, as part of a club remixes package including Bria Valente CD single "2 Nite" released on February 23, 2012. The CD features club remixes by Jamie Lewis and David Alexander, produced by Prince.[113][114]
2013–present: 3rdeyegirl and return to Warner Bros.
In January 2013, Prince released a lyric video for a new song called "Screwdriver".[115] A couple of months later in April 2013, Prince announced a short West Coast tour with 3rdeyegirl as his backing band.[116] The final two dates of the tour were in Minneapolis where former Revolution drummer Bobby Z. sat in as guest drummer on both shows.[117] In May, Prince announced a deal with Kobalt Music to market and distribute his music.[118]
On August 14, 2013, Prince officially sent his first tweet through the 3RDEYEGIRL Twitter account.[119] The same day, he released a new solo single for exclusive download through the 3RDEYEGIRL.com website.[120] The single "Breakfast Can Wait" received attention for its cover art, featuring comedian Dave Chappelle's notable impersonation of the singer in a sketch on the 2000s Comedy Central series Chappelle's Show.[121]
In February 2014, Prince performed concerts with 3rdeyegirl in London. Beginning with intimate shows, the first was held at the London home of singer Lianne La Havas, followed by two performances of what Prince described as a "sound check" at the Electric Ballroom in Camden,[122] and another at Shepherds Bush Empire.[123]
On April 18, 2014, Prince released a new single entitled "The Breakdown". Along with the surprise release, news came that a new album was in the works, an expanded edition of Purple Rain would be released for the 30th anniversary, and he has re-signed with his former label, Warner Bros. Records after an 18-year split. He also gained the rights to his master recordings from the 1980s, which had been a point of contention for his initial split with the major label.[124]
In May 2015, following the death of Freddie Gray and the subsequent riots, Prince released a song entitled "Baltimore" in tribute to Gray and in support of the protesters in Baltimore.[125][126][127][128] He also held a surprise tribute concert for Gray at his Paisley Park estate called 'Dance Rally 4 Peace' in which he reportedly encouraged fans to wear the color gray in honor of Freddie Gray.[129]
Personal life
Prince resides near Minneapolis, Minnesota.[130] Over the years Prince has been romantically linked with many celebrities, including Kim Basinger, Madonna, Vanity, Sheila E., Carmen Electra, Susanna Hoffs, Anna Fantastic,[11] Sherilyn Fenn,[131] and Susan Moonsie of Vanity 6 and Apollonia 6.[14] Prince was engaged to Susannah Melvoin in 1985.[132] He married his backup singer and dancer, Mayte Garcia, on Valentine's Day, 1996. They had a son, Boy Gregory (born October 16, 1996), who was born with Pfeiffer syndrome and died a week after birth.[133] Prince and Mayte divorced in 1999. In 2001, Prince married Manuela Testolini in a private ceremony. Testolini filed for divorce in May 2006.[134] He also had a short-term relationship with protégée Bria Valente in 2007.[100]
Prince became a member of Jehovah's Witnesses in 2001 following a two-year-long debate with friend and fellow Jehovah's Witness, musician Larry Graham. Prince said he didn't consider it a conversion, but a "realization"; "It's like Morpheus and Neo in The Matrix," he explained. He attends meetings at a local Kingdom Hall and occasionally knocks on people's doors to discuss his faith.[135] Prince has reportedly needed double-hip-replacement surgery since 2005 but won't undergo the operation unless it is a bloodless surgery because Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions.[136] The condition is rumored to be aggravated by repeated onstage dancing in high-heeled boots.[137] However, when Prince was interviewed in 2010, journalist Peter Willis said he believed the rumors of Prince needing double hip surgery to be unfounded and untrue as Prince appeared to be agile.[100]
Prince is vegan.[138] The liner notes for his album Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic featured a message about the cruelty involved in wool production.[139]
Since 2008, Prince has been managed by UK-based Kiran Sharma.[140]
Speaking about her relationship with Prince in an interview with Norwegian station NRK in November 2014, Sinead O'Connor said that Prince had summoned her to his house after "Nothing Compares 2U". O'Connor said "I made it without him. I'd never met him. He summoned me to his house—and it's foolish to do this to an Irish woman—he said he didn't like me saying bad words in interviews. So I told him to fuck off." O'Connor alleged the row became physical. "He got quite violent. I had to escape out of his house at 5 in the morning. He packed a bigger punch than mine."[141] "Nothing Compares 2U" is the song Prince penned which later became a worldwide hit for O'Connor in 1990.
Multi-instrumental abilities


 This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (December 2014)
In addition to his singing abilities (which encompass a wide range from falsetto to baritone and rapid, flamboyant shifts of register, as well as diverse characterisation) Prince is one of pop music's most prominent multi-instrumentalists. The precise number of instruments he is capable of playing remains obscure, partly due to the active mythologizing of his abilities and working practices (such as the claim that he had played "all 27 instruments" on his debut album, which appears to have included various different kinds of guitar, keyboard and synthesizer in the total).
As a live performer he tends to focus on guitar, piano, lead vocals and occasional harmonica. On recordings he has also played assorted keyboards and synthesizers, bass guitar, drums, various percussion instruments and saxophone, as well as mastering both drum and synthesizer programming. Prince has mentioned learning and performing simple parts on particular instruments that he does not otherwise play (such as concert harp) in order to serve song arrangements on albums.
Stage names
In 1993, during negotiations regarding the release of The Gold Experience, a legal battle ensued between Warner Bros. and Prince over the artistic and financial control of his musical output. During the lawsuit, he appeared in public with the word "slave" written on his cheek. Prince explained his name change as follows:

The first step I have taken toward the ultimate goal of emancipation from the chains that bind me to Warner Bros. was to change my name from Prince to the Love Symbol. Prince is the name that my mother gave me at birth. Warner Bros. took the name, trademarked it, and used it as the main marketing tool to promote all of the music that I wrote. The company owns the name Prince and all related music marketed under Prince. I became merely a pawn used to produce more money for Warner Bros...
I was born Prince and did not want to adopt another conventional name. The only acceptable replacement for my name, and my identity, was the Love Symbol, a symbol with no pronunciation, that is a representation of me and what my music is about. This symbol is present in my work over the years; it is a concept that has evolved from my frustration; it is who I am. It is my name.[142]
Prince has used pseudonyms to separate himself from the music (either his own or that of others) for which he has had input; "I was just getting tired of seeing my name," he said, "If you give away an idea, you still own that idea. In fact, giving it away strengthens it. Why do people feel they have to take credit for everything they do? Ego, that's the only reason."[143] These pseudonyms include: Jamie Starr and The Starr Company (for the songs he wrote for the Time and many other artists from 1981–1984),[144][145] Joey Coco (for many unreleased Prince songs in the late 1980s, as well as songs written for Sheena Easton & Kenny Rogers),[146] Paisley Park (occasionally used in the early 1990s for his production credits on songs, including those written for Martika and Kid Creole),[147] Alexander Nevermind (for writing the 1984 song "Sugar Walls" by Sheena Easton),[148] and Christopher (used for his song writing credit of "Manic Monday" for the Bangles).[149]
Copyright issues
On September 14, 2007, Prince announced that he was going to sue YouTube and eBay because they "are clearly able [to] filter porn and pedophile material but appear to choose not to filter out the unauthorized music and film content which is core to their business success." Web Sheriff, the international Internet policing company he hired, told Reuters: "The problem is that one can reduce it to zero and then the next day there will be 100 or 500 or whatever. This carries on ad nauseam at Prince's expense."[150][151]
In October 2007, Stephanie Lenz filed a lawsuit against Universal Music Publishing Group, claiming they were abusing copyright law, after the music publisher had YouTube take down Lenz's home movie in which the Prince song "Let's Go Crazy" played faintly in the background.[152]
On November 5, 2007, several fan sites of Prince formed "Prince Fans United" to fight back against legal requests they claim Prince made to cease and desist all use of photographs, images, lyrics, album covers and anything linked to Prince's likeness.[153] While Prince's lawyers claimed that the use of such representations constituted copyright infringement, the Prince Fans United claimed that the legal actions were "attempts to stifle all critical commentary about Prince." A few days later, Prince released a statement denying the fansites' claims, stating "The action taken earlier this week was not to shut down fansites, or control comment in any way. The issue was simply to do with in regards to copyright and trademark of images and only images, and no lawsuits have been filed." The statement from AEG, Prince's promoter, asserted that the only "offending items" on the three fansites were live shots from Prince's 21 nights in London at the O2 Arena earlier in the year.[154]
On November 8, 2007, Prince Fans United received a song named "PFUnk", providing a kind of "unofficial answer" to their movement. The song, originally debuted on the PFU main site,[155] was retitled "F.U.N.K." and is available on iTunes.
On November 14, 2007, it was reported that the satirical website b3ta.com had pulled their "image challenge of the week" devoted to Prince after legal threats from the star under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. B3ta co-founder Rob Manuel wrote on the site: "Under threat of legal action from Prince's legal team of 'potential closure of your web site' – We have removed the Prince image challenge and B3ta apologizes unreservedly to AEG / NPG and Prince for any offence caused. We also ask our members to avoid photoshopping Prince and posting them on our boards."[156]
At the 2008 Coachella Music Festival, Prince performed a cover of Radiohead's "Creep", but immediately after he forced YouTube and other sites to remove footage that fans had taken of the performance, despite Radiohead's demand for it to remain on the website.[157] Days later, YouTube reinstated the videos, while Radiohead claimed "it's our song, let people hear it." In 2009, Prince put the video of that Coachella performance on his then-official website LotusFlow3r.com.
In 2013, the Electronic Frontier Foundation granted to Prince the inaugural "Raspberry Beret Lifetime Aggrievement Award",[158] a reference to resentment of parties who allege unfair treatment and misuse of copyright claims by the artist and his lawyers.[159]
In January 2014, Prince filed a lawsuit titled Prince v. Chodera against 22 online users for direct copyright infringement, unauthorized fixation, and contributory copyright infringement and bootlegging.[160] Several of the users were fans who had shared links to bootlegged versions of several Prince concerts through social media websites like Facebook.[161][162]
Discography
Main articles: Prince albums discography and Prince singles discography
Studio albums
For You (1978)
Prince (1979)
Dirty Mind (1980)
Controversy (1981)
1999 (1982)
Purple Rain (1984)
Around the World in a Day (1985)
Parade (1986)
Sign o' the Times (1987)
Lovesexy (1988)
Batman (1989)
Graffiti Bridge (1990)
Diamonds and Pearls (1991)
Love Symbol Album Prince logo.svg (1992)
Come (1994)
The Black Album (1994)
The Gold Experience (1995)
Chaos and Disorder (1996)
Emancipation (1996)
Crystal Ball (1998)
Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic (1999)
The Rainbow Children (2001)
One Nite Alone... (2002)
Xpectation (2003)
N.E.W.S (2003)
The Chocolate Invasion (2004)
The Slaughterhouse (2004)
Musicology (2004)
3121 (2006)
Planet Earth (2007)
Lotusflow3r / MPLSound (2009)
20Ten (2010)
Plectrumelectrum (2014)
Art Official Age (2014)
Filmography

Year
Film
Role

1984 Purple Rain The Kid
1986 Under the Cherry Moon Christopher Tracy
1987 Sign o' the Times Himself
1990 Graffiti Bridge The Kid

Tours
Prince Tour (1979–80)
Dirty Mind Tour (1980–81)
Controversy Tour (1981–82)
1999 Tour (1982–83)
Purple Rain Tour (1984–85)
Parade Tour (1986)
Sign o' the Times Tour (1987)
Lovesexy Tour (1988–89)
Nude Tour (1990)
Diamonds and Pearls Tour (1992)
Act I and II (1993)
The Ultimate Live Experience (1995)
Gold Tour (1996)
Love 4 One Another Charities Tour (1997)
Jam of the Year Tour (1997–98)
New Power Soul Tour/Festival (1998)
Hit n Run Tour (2000–01)
A Celebration (2001)
One Nite Alone... Tour (2002)
2003–2004 World Tour (2003–04)
Musicology Live 2004ever (2004)
Per4ming Live 3121 (2006–07)
21 Nights in London: The Earth Tour (2007)
20Ten Tour (2010)
Welcome 2 (2010–12)
Live Out Loud Tour w/3rdeyegirl (2013)
Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
Earning 33 nominations, Prince has won seven Grammys. He also has had two albums − 1999 and Purple Rain − awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

Year
Nominated work
Award category
Result
1984 "International Lover" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
1985 Purple Rain Album of the Year Nominated
Purple Rain Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Won
Purple Rain Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Won
"I Feel for You" Best R&B Song Won
1987 "Kiss" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Won
"Kiss" Best R&B Song Nominated
1988 Sign "O" the Times Album of the Year Nominated
"U Got the Look" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
"U Got the Look" Best R&B Song Nominated
1990 Batman Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
"Batdance" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
1991 "Nothing Compares 2 U" Song of the Year Nominated
1992 "Gett Off" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
1993 "Diamonds and Pearls" Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
1995 "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
1996 "Eye Hate U" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
The Gold Experience Best R&B Album Nominated
2004 N.E.W.S. Best Pop Instrumental Album Nominated
2005 "Cinnamon Girl" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
"Call My Name" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Won
"Call My Name" Best R&B Song Nominated
"Musicology" Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance Won
Musicology Best R&B Album Nominated
2007 "Black Sweat" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
"Beautiful, Loved and Blessed" Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated
"3121" Best Urban/Alternative Performance Nominated
"Black Sweat" Best R&B Song Nominated
3121 Best R&B Album Nominated
2008 "Future Baby Mama" Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Won
"The Song of the Heart" Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Nominated
2010 "Dreamer" Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) is an award show by cable network MTV to honor the top music videos of the year. It was first held in September 1984 and was originally meant as an alternative to the Grammy Awards in the video category. Prince has won four awards from 12 nominations throughout his career.

Year
Nominated work
Award category
Result
1985 "When Doves Cry" Best Choreography in a Video Nominated
1986 "Raspberry Beret" Best Choreography in a Video Won
1988 "U Got the Look" Best Male Video Won
Best Stage Performance in a Video Won
Best Choreography in a Video Nominated
Best Editing in a Video Nominated
1989 "I Wish U Heaven" Best Special Effects in a Video Nominated
1990 "Batdance" Best Video from a Film Nominated
1992 "Cream" Best Dance Video Won
1993 "7" Best R&B Video Nominated
2004 "Musicology" Best Male Video Nominated
2006 "Black Sweat" Best Cinematography in a Video Nominated
Academy Awards

Year
Nominated work
Award category
Result
1985 "Purple Rain" Best Original Song Score Won
See also
Book icon Book: Prince

List of best-selling music artists
List of best-selling music artists in the United States
Unreleased Prince projects
References
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3.Jump up ^ "Grammy search database". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
4.Jump up ^ "Golden Globe Awards". goldenglobes.org. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
5.Jump up ^ "Nominees & Winners for the 57th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
6.Jump up ^ "Tavis Smiley". pbs.org. April 27, 2009.
7.^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Ahmir (March 24, 2004). "100 Greatest Artists". Rolling Stone.
8.^ Jump up to: a b "I Would Die 4 U: Why Prince Became an Icon - Touré". 2013-03-19.
9.Jump up ^ Smolenyak, Megan. "Huffington Post". Hey, Prince, Your Roots Are Showing. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
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11.^ Jump up to: a b Hahn 2004.
12.Jump up ^ Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm. Greenwood Publishing. p. 483. ISBN 0-313-34046-3.
13.Jump up ^ Lynch, Jason (April 28, 2009). "Prince Talks about His Struggle with Epilepsy". People.
14.^ Jump up to: a b Nilsen, Per (2003). Dance Music Sex Romance: Prince: The First Decade. SAF. p. 19. ISBN 0-946719-64-0.
15.^ Jump up to: a b c Obituary: John Nelson. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
16.Jump up ^ "André Cymone". Retrieved December 11, 2010.
17.Jump up ^ Myers 2010, p. 17.
18.Jump up ^ Tevlin, Jon (March 13, 2004). "The quiet one: A high school classmate recalls the Artist as a young man". Minneapolis Star Tribune.
19.Jump up ^ Uptown, 2004, p. 19
20.Jump up ^ Dave Hill, Prince: A Pop Life, London: Faber and Faber, 1989.
21.Jump up ^ "BMI | Repertoire Search". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
22.Jump up ^ "Profile for Controversy Music". Ascap.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
23.Jump up ^ Examples include the album For You and its title track; "I Feel for You" on Prince; and "When You Were Mine" from Dirty Mind.
24.Jump up ^ Moss, Corey (November 13, 2002). "Y Kant Artists Spell? Christina, Jimmy Jam, K-Ci Explain". MTV.com. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
25.Jump up ^ "CNN – World Beat Biography – Prince – December 20, 1999". CNN. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
26.Jump up ^ Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides Ltd. p. 819. ISBN 978-1-84353-105-0.
27.Jump up ^ "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Retrieved February 27, 2010.
28.Jump up ^ Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm. Greenwood Press. p. 419. ISBN 0-313-34044-7.
29.Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", November 18, 2003, at RollingStone.com. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
30.Jump up ^ "The All-Time 100 Albums by ''Time'' magazine". Time. November 13, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
31.Jump up ^ Siegel, Robert. "Tipper Gore and Family Values : NPR Music". Npr.org. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
32.Jump up ^ Macdonald, Cameron (January 23, 2006). "Treating Dandruff by Decapitation". Stylus.
33.Jump up ^ "Filthy Fifteen contain 2 Prince's compositions and 1 of his protege Vanity occupying the top 3". Nndb.com. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
34.Jump up ^ "Golden Raspberry Award Winners". Factacular. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
35.^ Jump up to: a b Draper, pp. 76–78.
36.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 80.
37.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Sign 'O' the Times". Billboard. Retrieved March 3, 2009.[dead link]
38.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Artist Chart History — Prince". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
39.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 81.
40.^ Jump up to: a b c Draper, pp. 86–87.
41.^ Jump up to: a b Hahn 2004, p. 118.
42.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 90
43.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 92
44.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 91
45.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 121–122.
46.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 93
47.Jump up ^ "Lovesexy". Billboard magazine. Retrieved January 13, 2009.[dead link]
48.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 94.
49.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 152–153.
50.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 95.
51.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 155–156.
52.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 96
53.Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Batman". Billboard. Retrieved January 13, 2009.[dead link]
54.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, p. 157.
55.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, p. 166.
56.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 104.
57.Jump up ^ "Graffiti Bridge". Billboard. Retrieved January 13, 2001. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)[dead link]
58.Jump up ^ Draper, p. 105.
59.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, p. 177.
60.^ Jump up to: a b "Discography (more) – Prince — Sign 'O' the Times". Billboard. May 9, 1987. Retrieved July 18, 2009.[dead link]
61.Jump up ^ Prince & The New Power Generation Discography. Discogs. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
62.^ Jump up to: a b Carter, Andrew (June 23, 1999). "The People Formerly Known as Fans". City Pages. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
63.Jump up ^ "Billboard Chart positions for Prince". Retrieved May 29, 2010.
64.^ Jump up to: a b Hahn 2004, p. 187.
65.Jump up ^ Hahn 2004, pp. 192–193.
66.Jump up ^ "Prince The Artist BIO, Biography". Angelfire.com. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
67.Jump up ^ "ASCAP profile for Emancipated Music". Ascap.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
68.Jump up ^ "Chart history for 'One Of Us'". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
69.Jump up ^ "BMI credits for "Betcha By Golly Wow!"". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
70.Jump up ^ "BMI credits for "I Can't Make You Love Me"". Ascap.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
71.Jump up ^ "BMI credits for "La-La Means I Love You"". Repertoire.bmi.com. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
72.Jump up ^ "Prince Tops Frontmen Poll". Contactmusic.com. July 27, 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
73.Jump up ^ "Prince crowned 'top music earner'". BBC. February 9, 2005.
74.Jump up ^ D'Angelo, Joe (May 28, 2004). "Billboard Sours On Prince's Musicology Sales Experiment: Magazine changes policy on tallying albums sold with tickets". MTV.
75.Jump up ^ "So What the Fuss credits". Discog.
76.Jump up ^ Finn, Natalie (July 12, 2006). "Prince Site Fades to Black". E!.
77.Jump up ^ "Golden Globe Awards". goldenglobes.org.
78.Jump up ^ Dave Hoekstra (February 5, 2007). "Purple rain turned super". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
79.Jump up ^ "Prince shows sell out in minutes". NME. UK. May 11, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
80.Jump up ^ "Prince extends tour". Yahoo! Music News. June 11, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
81.Jump up ^ Allen, Katie (June 29, 2007). "Music industry attacks Sunday newspaper's free Prince CD". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved July 18, 2009.
82.Jump up ^ DeRusha, Jason (July 7, 2007). "Prince Thrills Fans With 3 Minneapolis Shows". wcco.com.
83.Jump up ^ "Prince plays 3 shows in his hometown". USA Today. July 8, 2007.
84.Jump up ^ Sulugiuc, Gelu (April 28, 2008). "Prince reigns at California music festival". Reuters.
85.Jump up ^ Mary Carolan (October 13, 2009). "No solid reason given for Prince no-show, court told". The Irish TImes. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
86.Jump up ^ Mary Carolan (December 9, 2009). "Prince told to furnish documents in MCD case". The Irish TImes. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
87.Jump up ^ "Prince settles cancelled Dublin gig case". BBC. February 26, 2010.
88.Jump up ^ Pogatchnik, Shawn (March 26, 2010). "Prince ordered to pay Irish promoter $3 million". Associated Press.[dead link]
89.Jump up ^ "Singer Prince Settles Lawsuit Over Axed Dublin Gig". The New York Times. February 26, 2010.[dead link]
90.Jump up ^ Prince Premieres Four New Songs On L.A.'s Indie 103; New Album On the Way | Music News. Rolling Stone (December 18, 2008). Retrieved on April 16, 2012.
91.Jump up ^ Powers, Ann (December 19, 2008). "103.1 debuts new Prince tracks". Los Angeles Times.
92.Jump up ^ Tickets to Prince's Paris shows sell out in 77 minutes, AFP, October 8, 2009.
93.Jump up ^ Anthony, Steven (October 26, 2009). "All Day, All Night – How I Spent My Weekend At Paisley Park". The Musictionary.
94.Jump up ^ "Prince Releases Minnesota Vikings Song". myfox9.com. January 21, 2010.
95.Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (February 26, 2010). "Prince Gives New "Cause and Effect" to Minnesota Public Radio". Rolling Stone.
96.Jump up ^ "Full List – The 2010 TIME 100". Time. April 29, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
97.Jump up ^ "Prince Covers Ebony's July 2010 Issue". Entertainment Rundown. June 7, 2010.
98.Jump up ^ "Prince To Be Honored By BET". Billboard. September 14, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
99.Jump up ^ "Prince To Release '20Ten' For Free In Europe". Billboard. September 14, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
100.^ Jump up to: a b c Willis, Peter (May 7, 2010). "Prince- World Exclusive Interview: Peter Willis Goes Inside The Star's Secret World". Daily Mirror (London).
101.Jump up ^ Bream, Jon (October 5, 2010). "Prince postpones concert in Helsinki". Star Tribune.
102.Jump up ^ Sever, Brooke (September 28, 2010). "Kanye West and Prince join F1 line-up". digitalproductionme.
103.Jump up ^ "Official PRINCE Tour Announcement". Drfunkenberry.com. September 30, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
104.Jump up ^ "New Prince Song Snippet!~ "Rich Friends" Listen Now". Drfunkenberry.com. October 8, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
105.Jump up ^ "Prince Rocks Opening Night Of His "Welcome 2 America" Tour at the Izod". Drfunkenberry.com. December 16, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
106.Jump up ^ "PRINCE & The Revolution's "Purple Rain" Get Grammy Induction + My Thoughts". Drfunkenberry.com. December 7, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
107.Jump up ^ "Prince Presents Barbra Streisand With Award; Gives Away 1.5 million To Charities". Drfunkenberry.com. February 12, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
108.Jump up ^ "Exclusive! Prince Not Happy With "Glee" Over Use Of "Kiss"". Drfunkenberry.com. February 12, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
109.Jump up ^ Lee, Ann (March 30, 2012), "Prince to join Morrissey and Brandon Flowers at Hop Farm Festival 2011". Metro. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
110.Jump up ^ "Prince released new song "extraloveable"". Drfunkenberry.com. November 23, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
111.Jump up ^ "Extraloveable on iTunes". Apple. November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
112.Jump up ^ "Extraloveable on Spotify". Apple. November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
113.Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
114.Jump up ^ "Bria Valente". Purplemusic.ch. February 23, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
115.Jump up ^ "Video: Prince Posts Clip for New Song 'Screwdriver'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
116.Jump up ^ "3rdeyegirl tour dates". Drfunkenberry.com. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
117.Jump up ^ "Bobby Z. Will Play "Purple Rain" With PRINCE At The Myth!". Drfunkenberry.com. May 24, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
118.Jump up ^ "PRINCE & Kobalt Make Marketing & Distribution Deal Official". Drfunkenberry.com. May 20, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
119.Jump up ^ "Testing 1 2 PRINCE Starts Tweeting! Uh Seriously!". Drfunkenberry.com. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
120.Jump up ^ "3RDEYEGIRL - PLECTRUMELECTRUM". New Album - PLECTRUMELECTRUM. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
121.Jump up ^ "Dave Chappelle and Prince, together at last! (Sort of)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
122.Jump up ^ "Prince to charge $10 for live shows". BBC News (BBC). February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
123.Jump up ^ "Prince's band release live footage of Shepherds Bush Empire gig", NME.
124.Jump up ^ "Prince Fans Prepare for the Deluge". NPR (BBC). April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
125.Jump up ^ "Prince records tribute to Baltimore and Freddie Gray". Guardian. 1 May 2015.
126.Jump up ^ "Prince to release song dedicated to Baltimore". Baltimore Sun. 2 May 2015.
127.Jump up ^ Steve Forrest; Ben Brumfield (1 May 2015). "CNN Exclusive: Prince records ode to Baltimore after Freddie Gray protests". CNN.
128.Jump up ^ Jess Denham (1 May 2015). "Baltimore riots: Prince records tribute song after Freddie Gray dies in police custody". The Independent.
129.Jump up ^ Alex Young (4 May 2015). "Prince holds dance party in tribute to Freddie Gray". Consequence of Sound.
130.Jump up ^ Bryan, Victoria (October 14, 2010). "Prince considering move to Europe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
131.Jump up ^ Daly, Steven (December 1990). "Sherilyn Fenn – Is she the sexiest woman on television?". The Face.
132.Jump up ^ Elan, Priya (September 20, 2008). "Purple Reign". The Guardian (London).
133.Jump up ^ Kennedy, Dana; Sinclair, Tom (December 20, 1996). "Prince's Saddest Song". Entertainment Weekly.
134.Jump up ^ Levy, Daniel S. (July 27, 2006). "Prince's Wife, Manuela (Partner of five years), Filed for Divorce". People.
135.Jump up ^ Hoffman, Claire (November 24, 2008). "Soup With Prince". The New Yorker.
136.Jump up ^ Freedom du Lac, J. (June 11, 2009). "Prince Hips the World to His Jehovah's Witness". The Washington Post.
137.Jump up ^ Forder, Rachel (October 19, 2005). "When Hip Gives Way to Hip Replacement". The Daily Telegraph (London).
138.Jump up ^ Faber, Judy (May 22, 2006). "Prince Is Voted 'Sexiest Vegetarian'". CBS News.
139.Jump up ^ Jet. June 12, 2006. p. 35. Missing or empty |title= (help)
140.Jump up ^ "Prince's Manager Shortlisted For Asian Woman Of Achievement Award". Mtv.co.uk. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
141.Jump up ^ Kelly, Aoife (November 18, 2014). "'I told him to f*** off' - Sinead O'Connor reveals she had punch-up with Prince". Irish Independent (Dublin). Retrieved December 1, 2014.
142.Jump up ^ Heatley, Michael (2008). Where Were You... When the Music Played? 120 Unforgettable Moments in Music History. Penguin Books. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7621-0988-3.
143.Jump up ^ Coryat, Karl (November 1999). "His Highness Gets Down!". Bass Player.
144.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Jamie Starr". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
145.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to The Starr Company". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
146.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Joey Coco". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
147.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Paisley Park". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
148.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Alexander Nevermind". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
149.Jump up ^ "Songs credited to Christopher". Discogs. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
150.Jump up ^ "Prince To Sue YouTube, eBay Over Unauthorized Content". Billboard. 2007.
151.Jump up ^ Hamilton, Fiona (September 13, 2007). "Prince takes on YouTube over clips". The Times (London).
152.Jump up ^ Francescani, Chris (October 26, 2007). "The Home Video Prince Doesn't Want You to See". ABC News.
153.Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen (November 7, 2007). "Prince threatens to sue his fans over online images". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved July 18, 2009.
154.Jump up ^ "Prince 'not suing fans': Singer hits back at fansite claims". NME. November 9, 2007.
155.Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (November 9, 2007). "Prince Releases Diss Track As Battle With Fans Gets Funky". Rolling Stone.
156.Jump up ^ Kiss, Jemima (November 15, 2007). "B3ta bates Prince". The Guardian (London).
157.Jump up ^ "Prince Is Being A “Creep,” Radiohead Tell Him He’s A Loser - Stereogum". StereoGum. May 30, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
158.Jump up ^ "The Raspberry Beret Lifetime Aggrievement Award". Eff.org. May 7, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
159.Jump up ^ "Prince Inducted Into Takedown Hall of Shame With New Lifetime Aggrievement Award | Electronic Frontier Foundation". Eff.org. May 7, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
160.Jump up ^ "Prince v. Chodera - Scribd". Scribd.com. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
161.Jump up ^ "Prince Files Lawsuit Against Facebook Fans Over Bootlegged Concerts". TIME.com. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
162.Jump up ^ Michaels, Sean. "Prince sues internet users for total of $22m over alleged bootleg recordings". The Guardian. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
Further reading
Draper, Jason (2008). Prince: Life & Times. Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-906002-18-3.
Hahn, Alex (2004). Possessed: The Rise And Fall Of Prince. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7749-7.
Jones, Liz (1998). Purple Reign: The Artist Formerly Known as Prince. Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1-55972-448-7.
Uptown (2004). The Vault – The Definitive Guide to the Musical World of Prince. Nilsen Publishing. ISBN 91-631-5482-X.
External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Prince (musician) (category)

 Quotations related to Prince (musician) at Wikiquote
Prince at the Internet Movie Database
Prince at AllMusic
Prince at Billboard.com


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Selena

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Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the singer. For other uses, see Selena (disambiguation).

Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.jpg
Selena as photographed by Agree shampoo staff in 1995

Born
Selena Quintanilla
April 16, 1971
Lake Jackson, Texas, U.S.
Died
March 31, 1995 (aged 23)
Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.

Cause of death
 Gunshot wound

Resting place
 Seaside Memorial Park
 Corpus Christi, Texas
Monuments
Mirador de la Flor
Other names
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez
Occupation
Singer ·
 songwriter ·
 actress ·
 spokesperson ·
 fashion designer
 
Years active
1982–1995
Spouse(s)
Chris Pérez (m. 1992–95) (her death)
Parent(s)
Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.
Marcella Ofelia Samora

Relatives
Suzette Quintanilla (sister), A.B. Quintanilla III (brother)
Awards
List of awards and nominations
Musical career
Genres
Tejano ·
 Mexican cumbia ·
 mariachi ·
 ranchera ·
 pop ·
 R&B
 
Labels
EMI Latin ·
 Q-Productions
 
Associated acts
Selena y Los Dinos ·
 Pete Astudillo ·
 Alvaro Torres ·
 Barrio Boyzz ·
 Emilio Navaira
 
Signature
SelenaQSignature.svg
Website
selenaqradio.com
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez (April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995), known by the mononym Selena, was an American singer, songwriter, spokesperson, actress, and fashion designer. Called the Queen of Tejano music, her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican American entertainers of the late 20th century. Billboard magazine named her the "top Latin artist of the '90s", the "best selling Latin artist of the decade". She is often called the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonna for her clothing choices, by media outlets.[a] She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all-time and is credited for catapulting a music genre into mainstream.[1][2]
The youngest child of the Quintanilla family, she debuted on the music scene in 1980 as a member of the band Selena y Los Dinos, which also included her elder siblings A.B. Quintanilla and Suzette Quintanilla. Selena began recording professionally in 1982. In the 1980s, she was often criticized and was refused bookings at venues across Texas for performing Tejano music—a male-dominated music genre. However, her popularity grew after she won the Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year in 1986, which she won nine consecutive times. Selena signed with Capitol EMI Latin in 1989 and released her self-titled debut album the same year, while her brother became her principal music producer and songwriter. Her 1990 album Ven Conmigo was the first recording by a female Tejano artist to achieve gold status by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Selena released Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), which peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months. The album's commercial success led music critics to call the album the "breakthrough" recording of her musical career. One of its singles, "Como La Flor", became one of her most popular signature songs. Live! (1993) won Best Mexican/American Album at the 1994 Grammy Awards, becoming the first recording by a Tejano artist to do so. In 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido, which became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States. It was critically acclaimed as being responsible for Tejano music's first marketable era as it became one of the most popular Latin music subgenres at the time. Selena began recording English-language songs for her crossover album.
Aside from music, Selena was active in her community and donated her time to civic causes. Coca-Cola appointed her its spokesperson in Texas. Selena became a sex icon; she was often criticized for wearing suggestive outfits in light of her comments about being a role model for young women. Selena and her guitarist, Chris Pérez, eloped in April 1992 after her father raised concerns over their relationship. On March 31, 1995, Selena was shot dead by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former employee of her Selena Etc. boutiques. Hispanics reacted negatively to the news of her death, which was compared to the reactions following the deaths of John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Her posthumous crossover album, Dreaming of You (1995), debuted atop the Billboard 200, making Selena the first Latin artist to accomplish this feat. Two weeks after her death, George W. Bush—governor of Texas at the time—declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas. In 1997, Warner Bros. released Selena, a film about her life and career, which starred Jennifer Lopez as Selena. As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.[3][4]


Contents  [hide]
1 Life and career 1.1 1971–88: Early life and career beginnings
1.2 1989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez
1.3 1990–91: Ven Conmigo and the Selena fan club
1.4 1992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
1.5 1994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
2 Murder 2.1 Impact
3 Artistry
4 Public image
5 Philanthropy
6 Legacy and influence 6.1 Posthumous film and honors
7 Discography
8 Filmography 8.1 Film
8.2 Television 8.2.1 Appearances as self in life
8.2.2 Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases
8.2.3 True crime documentaries

9 See also
10 Notes
11 References 11.1 Sources
12 External links

Life and career
1971–88: Early life and career beginnings
Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971, in Lake Jackson, Texas.[5][6] She had Cherokee ancestry[7] and was the youngest child of Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla (née Samora) and Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., a former Mexican American musician.[8] Selena was raised as a Jehovah's Witness.[9] Quintanilla, Jr. noticed her musical abilities when she was six years old. He told People magazine, "Her timing, her pitch were perfect, I could see it from day one".[10] In 1980 in Lake Jackson, Quintanilla, Jr. opened his first Tex-Mex restaurant, where Selena and her siblings Abraham III (on bass guitar) and Suzette Quintanilla (on drums) would often perform.[10] The following year, the restaurant was forced to close after a recession caused by the 1980s oil glut. The family declared bankruptcy and were evicted from their home.[10][11] They settled in Corpus Christi, Texas; Quintanilla, Jr. became manager of the newly formed band Selena y Los Dinos and began promoting it.[10][12][13] They needed money and played on street corners, at weddings, at quinceañeras, and at fairs.[10][14]
As her popularity as a singer grew, the demands of Selena's performance and travel schedule began to interfere with her education. Her father took her out of school when she was in the eighth grade.[15] Her teacher Marilyn Greer disapproved of Selena's musical career.[16] She threatened to report Quintanilla, Jr. to the Texas Board of Education, believing the conditions to which Selena was exposed were inappropriate for a girl her age. Quintanilla, Jr. told Greer to "mind her business". Other teachers expressed their concerns when they noticed how tired Selena appeared when she arrived at school.[16] At seventeen, Selena earned a high school diploma from the American School of Correspondence in Chicago,[17] and was also accepted at Louisiana State University.[18] She enrolled at Pacific Western University, taking up business administration as her major subject.[19]
Quintanilla, Jr. refurbished an old bus; he named it "Big Bertha" and the family used it as their tour bus.[20] In the first years of touring, the family sang for food and barely had enough money to pay for gasoline.[20] In 1984, Selena recorded her first LP record, Selena y Los Dinos, for Freddie Records.[21] Despite wanting to record English-language songs, Selena recorded Tejano music compositions; a male-dominated, Spanish-language genre[22] with German influences[23] of polka, jazz, and country music, popularized by Mexicans living in the United States.[24] Quintanilla, Jr. believed Selena should record musical compositions related to her heritage.[25] During the recording sessions for the album, Selena had to learn Spanish phonetically with guidance from her father.[26] In 1985, to promote the album, Selena appeared on the Johnny Canales Show, a popular Spanish-language radio program, on which she continued to appear for several years. Selena was discovered by Rick Trevi, founder of the Tejano Music Awards, where she won the Female Vocalist of the Year award in 1987 and for nine consecutive years after.[27] The band was often turned down by Texas music venues because of the members' ages and because Selena was their lead singer.[28] By 1988, Selena had released five more LP records; Alpha (1986), Munequito de Trapo (1987), And the Winner is... (1987), Preciosa (1988), and Dulce Amor (1988).[29]
1989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez



 Chris Pérez (far right) and Selena began a relationship, despite her father's disapproval.
Jose Behar of newly formed label EMI Latin Records, together with the new head of Sony Music Latin, watched Selena perform at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards.[30] Behar was searching for new Latin acts and wanted to sign Selena to EMI's label Capitol Records, while Sony Music Latin offered Quintanilla, Jr. twice Capitol's signing fee.[30] Behar thought he had discovered the "next Gloria Estefan" but his superior called Behar illogical because he had been in South Texas less than a week.[15][31] Quintanilla, Jr. chose EMI Latin's offer because of the potential for a crossover album, and becoming the first artist to sign to the label.[32] Before Selena began recording for her debut album, Behar and Stephen Finfer requested a crossover album for her.[33] She recorded three English-language compositions for the heads of EMI's pop division. Behar and Finfer's request for a crossover album was denied and Selena was told she needed a bigger fan base to sell such an album.[34] Behar thought EMI Records and the public did not believe that a Mexican American woman could have "crossover potential".[31]
Selena released her self-titled debut album on October 17, 1989. Selena recorded most of the songs at AMEN Studios in San Antonio, Texas; "Sukiyaki" and "My Love" were recorded at Sunrise Studios in Houston. Selena wrote "My Love" and wanted the song to be included on her first recording. Her brother Quintanilla III became Selena's principal record producer and songwriter for most of her musical career.[35] Quintanilla III did not write the tracks "Sukiyaki", "Contigo Quiero Estar", and "No Te Vayas". "Sukiyaki" was originally recorded in Japanese in the 1960s by Kyu Sakamoto; Selena used a traslation into Spanish of an English version of the song by Janice Marie Johnson.[36] The lead single, "Contigo Quiero Estar", peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart, while the album peaked at number seven on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart,[37] becoming Selena's first single and album to debut on a national music chart.[38] Selena performed better than albums from other contemporaneous female Tejano singers.[38]
In the same year, Coca-Cola wanted Selena to become one of their spokespeople in Texas.[39] The jingle used in her first two commercials for the company were composed by Quintanilla III and Chris Pérez—the latter of whom had joined Selena y Los Dinos several months earlier as the band's new guitarist.[40] Pérez began having romantic feelings for Selena, despite having a girlfriend in San Antonio.[41] After a trip to Mexico with the band, Pérez thought it would be best for them both to distance himself from her, but found it difficult and decided to try building a relationship with her.[42] They expressed their feelings for each other at a Pizza Hut restaurant, and shortly afterwards became a couple.[43][44] Pérez and Selena hid their relationship, fearing Quintanilla, Jr. would try to break it up.[45][46]
1990–91: Ven Conmigo and the Selena fan club
Selena released her second studio album, Ven Conmigo, in 1990, and became Selena's first album to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 50,000 copies. It was also the first album by a female Tejano singer to be certified gold in the United States.[47] Three tracks from Ven Conmigo were released as singles; "Ya Ves", "La Tracalera", and "Baila Esta Cumbia".[48] The latter, a Mexican cumbia song, became one of Selena's biggest singles. Its popularity grew in Mexico, where a compilation album bearing the single's name was released there. The album was certified platinum by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON), denoting sales of 150,000 units.[49][50]
A registered nurse and fan named Yolanda Saldívar asked Quintanilla, Jr. to start a fan club in San Antonio.[51] Saldívar had the idea after she had attended one of Selena's concerts. Quintanilla, Jr. approved Saldívar's request; he believed the fan club would bring more exposure for the band. Saldívar soon became a close friend to Selena and the family; she was trusted and became the acting president of the fan club in 1991.[52] That same year, Salvadoran singer Álvaro Torres composed a duet he wanted to record with Selena.[30] The song, "Buenos Amigos", was produced by Enrique Elizondo and was released on Torres' tenth studio album Nada Se Compara Contigo (1991).[53] "Buenos Amigos" peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart, giving Selena her first number one single. The song's music video earned Selena and Torres two nominations at the 1992 Billboard Music Awards.[54] The track was also nominated for Duo of the Year at the 1992 Tejano Music Awards.[55] Deborah Parédez wrote that the track enabled Selena to tour the west and east coasts of the United States.[56] According to John Lannert of Billboard magazine, "Buenos Amigos" was helped by increased airplay on regional Mexican and Tejano radio stations, which had previously dismissed Selena's recordings.[57]
1992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
Selena's sister Suzette found Selena and Pérez flirting with each other and immediately informed their father.[58] Quintanilla, Jr. took Pérez off the bus and told him his relationship with Selena was over.[59] Selena and Pérez continued their relationship despite Quintanilla, Jr's disapproval;[60][61] Selena's mother Marcella approved of their relationship.[62] Quintanilla, Jr. saw Selena and Pérez romantically together on the bus; he pulled over and an argument between Quintanilla, Jr. and Selena ensued. He called Pérez a "cancer in my family" and threatened to disband the group if they continued their relationship.[63] Selena and Pérez relented; Quintanilla, Jr. fired Pérez from the band and prevented Selena from leaving with him.[64] After his dismissal, Pérez and Selena secretly continued their relationship. On the morning of April 2, 1992, Selena and Pérez decided to elope, believing Quintanilla, Jr. would never approve of their relationship.[63][65] Selena thought Quintanilla, Jr. would leave them alone if they were married, and they would not have to hide their feelings for each other. Within hours of their marriage, the media announced the couple's elopement.[66] Selena's family tried to find her; Quintanilla, Jr. did not take the news well and alienated himself for some time.[66] Selena and Pérez moved into an apartment in Corpus Christi.[67] Quintanilla, Jr. approached Pérez, apologized, accepted the marriage, and took Pérez back into the band.[68]
A month after her elopement, Selena released her third studio album, Entre a Mi Mundo, in May 1992. The album was critically acclaimed as her "breakthrough album".[69][70][71] The recording peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months;[72] it was certified 6x Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 600,000 copies.[73] In Mexico, the album was certified gold for sales of 300,000 units.[74] Entre a Mi Mundo became the first Tejano album by a female artist to sell over 300,000 copies.[b] Selena's album outsold those of male Tejano singers, according to editors of the Miami Herald and the San Jose Mercury News.[75][76] The album produced four singles; "Como La Flor", "¿Qué Creías?", "La Carcacha", and "Amame". The lead single, "Como La Flor", became Selena's signature recording;[77] it was critically acclaim by music critics as a career launcher for Selena.[78] "Como La Flor" helped Selena to dominate the Latin music charts and become immensely popular in Mexico—where Mexican-Americans were generally not liked among citizens—which was well received by critics.[79] The track was nominated for Song of the Year at the 1993 Tejano Music Awards.[80] The single peaked at number six on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart.[81]
Selena released Live! in 1993; it was recorded during a free concert at the Memorial Coliseum in Corpus Christi, on February 7, 1993.[82] The album included previously released tracks that were sung live and three studio recordings; "No Debes Jugar", "La Llamada", and "Tú Robaste Mi Corazón"—a duet with Tejano musician Emilio Navaira. The tracks "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada" peaked within the top five on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart.[83][83] Live! won the Grammy Award for Best Mexican/American Album at the 36th Grammy Awards.[84] In May 1994, Live! was named Album of the Year by the Billboard Latin Music Awards.[85] At the 1994 Tejano Music Awards, Live! won Album of the Year.[86] At the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards, the album was nominated for Regional Mexican Album of the Year.[87] Live! was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 copies, while in Mexico it sold 250,000 units.[88] Selena briefly appeared opposite Erik Estrada in a Mexican telenovela titled Dos Mujeres, Un Camino.[51] In 1995 she entered negotiations to star in another telenovela produced by Emilio Larrosa.[51] She appeared in two episodes, which garnered a record viewing figures for the series.[51]
1994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
Aside from music, in 1994, Selena began designing and manufacturing a line of clothing; she opened two boutiques called Selena Etc., one in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio. Both were equipped with in-house beauty salons.[89] She was in negotiations to open more stores in Monterrey, Mexico, and Puerto Rico.[90] Saldívar managed both boutiques after the Quintanilla family were impressed with the way she managed the fan club.[91] Hispanic Business magazine reported that the singer earned over five million dollars from these boutiques.[92] She became the twentieth-wealthiest Hispanic musician in 1993 and 1994.[93] Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido, in March 1994. The recording debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Albums chart[94] and number one on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums charts.[95] After peaking at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart, the album remained in the top five for the reminder of the year and into early 1995.[96] Amor Prohibido became the second Tejano album to reach year-end sales of 500,000 copies, which had previously only been accomplished by La Mafia.[97][98] It became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States.[99][100] Amor Prohibido spawned four number one singles; the title track, "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and "Fotos y Recuerdos".[c] The album was certified double Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of two million copies in the United States.[101] Amor Prohibido was among the best selling U.S. albums of 1995.[102] The album was named on Tom Moon's list of the 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List (2008).[103]
The album popularized Tejano music among a younger and wider audience than at any other time in the genre's history.[104][105] The two singles, "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más", were the most successful U.S. Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively, according to Billboard magazine.[106][107] The album's commercial success led to a Grammy nomination for Best Mexican/American Album at the 37th Grammy Awards in 1995.[108] It won Record of the Year at the 1995 Tejano Music Awards[86] and Regional/Mexican Album of the Year at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[97] Selena was named "one of Latin music's most successful touring acts" during her "Amor Prohibido" tour.[109] After Amor Prohibido‍ '​s release, Selena was considered "bigger than Tejano itself", and broke barriers in the Latin music world.[110] She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" by many media outlets.[d] Sales of the album and its titular single represented Tejano music's first commercial success in Puerto Rico.[110] Selena recorded a duet titled "Donde Quiera Que Estés" with the Barrio Boyzz, which was released on their album of the same name in 1994. The song reached number one on the Top Latin Songs chart,[111] which enabled Selena to tour in New York City, Argentina, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Central America, where she was not well known.[112][113] In late 1994, EMI chairman Charles Koppelman decided Selena had achieved her goals in the Spanish-speaking market. He wanted to promote her as an English-language, American, solo pop artist. Selena continued touring while EMI began preparing the crossover album, engaging Grammy Award-winning composers.[114] By the time Selena performed to a record-breaking, sold out concert at the Houston Astrodome in February 1995, work had already begun on her crossover album.[114] In 1995, she made a cameo appearance in Don Juan DeMarco, which starred Marlon Brando, Johnny Depp, and Faye Dunaway.[115]
Murder
Main articles: Murder of Selena and People of the State of Texas v. Yolanda Saldívar
The Quintanilla family appointed Saldívar manager of Selena's boutiques in early 1994.[52] Eight months later, Selena signed Saldívar as her registered agent in San Antonio, Texas. After the agreement, Saldívar moved from San Antonio to Corpus Christi to be closer to Selena.[91] In December 1994, the boutiques began to suffer after the number of staff for both stores decreased.[116] According to staff members, Saldívar often dismissed employees she personally disliked.[117] Staff at the stores constantly complained about Saldívar's behavior to Selena, who dismissed the claims, believing Saldívar would not negatively impose on her fashion venture.[117] According to Quintanilla, Jr., the staff later turned their attention to him and began informing him about Saldívar's behavior. Quintanilla, Jr. took the claims seriously; he told Selena to "be careful" and said Saldívar may not be a good influence.[117] Selena dismissed her father's inquires because he had often distrusted people in the past.[117] By January 1995, Selena's cousin, her fashion designer Martin Gomez, and clients expressed their concerns over Saldívar's behavior and management skills.[117][118] During an interview with Saldívar in 1995, reporters from The Dallas Morning News said her devotion to Selena bordered on obsession.[91]
According to Quintanilla, Jr., in January 1995 he began receiving telephone calls from fans who said they had paid for membership of the Selena fan club and received nothing, and he began an investigation.[119] Quintanilla, Jr. discovered that Saldívar was embezzling more than $60,000 in forged checks from both the fan club and the boutiques.[119] Quintanilla, Jr. held a meeting with Selena and Suzette on the night of March 9 at Q-Productions to confront Saldívar. Quintanilla, Jr. presented Saldívar with the inconsistencies concerning the disappearing funds. Quintanilla, Jr. told her that if she did not provide evidence that disproved his accusations, he would involve the local police. Quintanilla, Jr. banned Saldívar from having any contact with Selena.[119] However, Selena did not want to dissolve their friendship; she thought Saldívar was essential to the success of the clothing line in Mexico. Selena also wanted to keep her close because she had bank records, statements, and financial records necessary for tax preparation.[119]
On the morning of March 31, 1995, Selena met with Saldívar at her Days Inn motel room in Corpus Christi.[12] At the motel, Selena demanded the financial papers; Saldívar delayed the handover by saying she had been raped in Mexico.[15] Selena then drove Saldívar to Doctors Regional Hospital, where doctors found no evidence of rape.[120] At 11:48 am, Saldívar drew a gun from her purse[121] and pointed it at Selena.[122] As Selena attempted to flee, Saldívar shot her once on the right lower shoulder, severing an artery and causing a massive loss of blood.[122] Critically wounded, Selena ran towards the lobby, leaving a 392-foot (119 m)-long trail of blood.[122] She collapsed on the floor as the clerk called the emergency services, with Saldívar still chasing after her and calling her a "bitch".[123] Before collapsing, Selena named Saldívar as her assailant and gave the number of the room where she had been shot.[124] Meanwhile, Saldívar got into her pickup truck and tried to leave the motel. However, she was spotted by a responding police cruiser.[122] Saldívar surrendered after a nearly nine-and-a-half hour standoff with police and the FBI.[12] By that time, hundreds of fans had gathered at the scene; many wept as police took Saldívar away.[12][122] After 50 minutes of surgery, the doctors realized that the damage to Selena's pierced artery was irreparable. She was pronounced dead from blood loss and cardiac arrest at 1:05 pm (CST).[122][125]
Impact
Selena's murder had a widespread impact. Reactions to her death were compared to those following the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. president John F. Kennedy.[126][84] Major television networks interrupted their regular programming to break the news; Tom Brokaw referred to Selena as "The Mexican Madonna".[127] Her death was front page news in The New York Times for two days.[128] Numerous vigils and memorials were held in her honor, and radio stations in Texas played her music non-stop.[15] Her funeral drew 60,000 mourners, many of whom traveled from outside the United States.[15] The news struck the Hispanic community extremely hard; many fans traveled thousands of miles to see Selena's house and boutiques, and the crime scene.[129][130] By mid-afternoon, police were asked to form a detour because a line of cars began backing up traffic from the Quintanillas' houses.[131] Among the celebrities who were reported to have contacted the Quintanilla family to express their condolences were Gloria Estefan, Celia Cruz, Julio Iglesias, and Madonna.[132] Other celebrities—including Stefanie Ridel, Jaime DeAnda (of Los Chamacos), and Shelly Lares—appeared on radio stations to express their thoughts about Selena's death.[133] An issue of People magazine was released several days after her murder. Its publishers believed interest would soon wane; they released a commemorative issue within a week when it became apparent it was growing. The issue sold nearly a million copies,[134] selling the entire first and second print runs within two weeks. It became a collector's item, a first in the history of People.[135] Betty Cortina, editor of People, told Biography they never had an issue that was completely sold out; "it was unheard of".[135] In the following months, the company released People en Español aimed at the Hispanic market, due to the success of the Selena issue.[135] This was followed by Newsweek en Espanol and Latina magazine.[136]
A few days later, Howard Stern mocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, and criticized her music. Stern said, "This music does absolutely nothing for me. Alvin and the Chipmunks have more soul ... Spanish people have the worst taste in music. They have no depth." Stern's comments outraged and infuriated the Hispanic community in Texas.[137] Stern played Selena's songs with gunshots in the background.[138][139] After a disorderly conduct arrest warrant was issued in his name, Stern made an on-air statement, in Spanish, saying his comments were not made to cause "more anguish to her family, friends and those who loved her".[140][141] The League of United Latin American Citizens boycotted Stern's show, finding his apology unacceptable.[142] Texas retailers removed any products that were related to Stern, while Sears and McDonald's sent a letter stating their disapproval of Stern's comments to the media, because some fans believed the companies sponsored Stern's show.[143] Within a week, on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Stern and Robin Quivers (his co-host) were asked whether Stern's remarks about Selena were acceptable. Quivers decided not to talk about the situation to avoid arguing with Stern. When Linda Ronstadt—a pop singer of Mexican-American heritage—appeared on the show, she and Quivers argued when Ronstadt defended Selena.[144]
On April 12, 1995, two weeks after Selena's death, George W. Bush, governor of Texas at the time, declared her birthday, April 16, Selena Day in the state.[39][145][146] He said Selena represented "the essence of south Texas culture." who never forgot where she came from.[147] Some European Americans in Texas wrote to the editor of the Brazosport Facts during April and May, asking what the big deal was; some were offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday. Others said, "Easter is more important than Selena Day", and that they believed people should let Selena rest in peace and continue with their lives.[148] Mexican Americans in Texas wrote vociferously to the newspaper. Some said others were too critical of Selena Day, and should not have responded so rudely.[149] In October 1995, a Houston jury convicted Saldívar of first-degree murder and sentenced her to life in prison with the possibility of parole in 2025.[150][151] In 2002, under a judge's order, the gun used to kill Selena was destroyed and the pieces were thrown into Corpus Christi Bay.[152][153] Fans and historians disapproved of the decision to destroy the gun, saying the event was historical and the gun should have been in a museum.[19]
Artistry
Selena's vocal range was soprano.[154] In an April 1995 interview with Billboard magazine, Behar said he saw Selena as a "cross between Janet Jackson and Whitney Houston in style, feel, and vocal range".[155] Although Selena did not write most of her songs, she incorporated R&B,[156] Latin pop, techno-pop,[157] country and western, and disco into her Tejano music repertoire.[158] Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News said that during her music career, Selena "merges Tejano's infectious cumbia rhythm with street-savvy R&B, old-school soul, dancehall reggae, sizzling salsa, and trippy, loopy funk".[159] Selena's recordings expressed "love and pain, as well as strength and passion", according to Charles Tatum.[160] She also recorded independently driven, female-empowerment-themed compositions; "Si La Quieres", "¿Qué Creías?", "Ya Ves" and "Ya No", which centered around inappropriate relationships and recovery from domestic violence.[161] Peter Watrous of The New York Times said Selena's voice "sometimes quivered", and that she "roughed it up a bit". He continued, "[a]t its best, it had a coolness, a type of unadorned passion".[162] Ilan Stavans called her music "cursi-melodramatic, cheesy, overemotional, not too far from Juan Gabriel and a relative of Iglesias".[163] Richard Corliss of Time magazine said her songs "are perky, cheerful rather than soulful", and that earlier recordings, "with their tinny, Tijuana Brass charts, and keyboards that evoke calliopes, are ideal for the fairground or merry-go-round". Corliss calls Selena's singing an "expert mimicry of everything from Édith Piaf's melodramatic contralto to the coloratura riffs of Mariah Carey. But the sounds are still lightly Hispanic."[164]




"Dreaming of You" (1995)







"Dreaming of You", an English-language recording, became one of four English cuts Selena recorded for her crossover from Spanish into English pop music.

Problems playing this file? See media help.
Newsweek magazine called Selena's English-language recordings "a blend of urban pop and Latin warmth".[165] According to Texas Monthly, Selena's brother modernized her music into a more "funk and hip hop" sound.[166] Selena's use of emotive range during her musical career has been praised by critics as being her trademark.[167][168] Quintanilla III wrote increasingly Cumbia-influenced songs for Ven Conmigo (1990); Ramiro Burr of Billboard said Selena and her band had "evolved a rhythmic style that demonstrated its increasing prowess for catchy cumbias such as 'Baila Esta Cumbia' and the title track".[169] Italian essayist Gaetano Prampolini wrote that "Selena's voice projected a sonorous warmth and joyfulness" during her review of Selena's Cumbia recordings.[170] In his review of the remix album Enamorada de Ti (2012), Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that Selena's songs were "rooted in the '90s and sound that way—but [Enamorada de Ti] is a relatively fresher repackaging of her music than many of her posthumous releases".[171]
Public image
Quintanilla, Jr. sought to maintain Selena's image clean and family-oriented.[172] In 1989, she was offered sponsorship from beer companies but her father turned them down.[135] Selena was often refused gigs at Tejano venues because she was a female singer in a male-dominated music scene.[173] Manuel Peña wrote that after 1989, Selena's popularity increased and she became a sex icon following the release of her debut album.[172] Charles Tatum said Selena drew most attention was for her "beauty, sexuality, and youthful impact on the Tejano music scene".[160] Selena said she never wanted to record suggestive songs because of her upbringing and because her fan base consisted largely of young children, who regarded her as a role model.[174] She further commented on the question of her sexual appeal to men during her crossover attempt, asserting that she will "stay the same" and that her English-language recordings will refrain from foul language and sexual themes.[174] In 1997, María Celeste Arrarás wrote in her book about Selena's death that the singer was a "sweet and charismatic girl".[175] According to Arrarás, Selena "trusted everyone"; she often went shopping alone, despite her father's concerns over her safety.[176]
Betty Cortina of People magazine said Selena's provocative choice of clothing was an acceptable emulation of Janet Jackson and Madonna, and that she wore "sexy outfits that extenuated a body of a Latina woman".[135][177] Cortina also stated that Selena had a "flamboyant style, an unbelievable body, curves and booty".[135] Arrarás wrote that Selena "began wearing clothes designed to emphasize her curvaceous figure" and that she "never came across as cheap-simply sexy".[178] She also said Selena's makeup regimen was not being "painted up or vulgar".[178] Arrarás also noted Selena's "fun-loving stage manner" and said she was "playful onstage and off".[179] Matt S. Meier wrote in his book The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia (2010) that Selena exhibited "contagious energy" during her concerts and said she displayed "warmth, passion, and sexuality" while exuding a "down-to-earth persona of the wholesome young girl next door".[180] Selena wore outfits that accented her physical attributes and was not afraid to wear outfits she liked,[135] despite criticism from parents who thought Selena's choice of outfits were inappropriate for young girls, who began emulating Selena.[181] Her views on public image in the fashion industry were bothersome; she said she was opposed to the image that all woman should be "rail-thin" and the notion that they must wear certain outfits and be "super-young to be beautiful".[182]
In the early 1990s, Selena began wearing decorative bustiers, spandex or tight pants, and attractive, unbuttoned jackets during her concerts.[181] She was inspired by Paula Abdul, Janet Jackson, and Madonna.[181] During a 1992 interview, Selena said her choice of clothing does not reflect her personality.[135] NBC News called Selena's outfit "provocative".[183] Because of her choices of outfits and dance moves, she was named by her fans as the "Mexican Madonna".[184][185] According to Suzette, Selena often designed and sewed her own outfits backstage with her designers, moments before she was due on stage.[135] Quintanilla, Jr. disapproved of Selena's outfits, but he later accepted it when Selena discussed about it being a fashion trend.[135] Selena became an inactive member of the Jehovah's Witnesses due to her exotic clothing.[186] During the photo shoot for Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), a photographer remarked on the ways Selena's choice of clothing affected Quintanilla, Jr. tremendously; he often left sessions when Selena appeared in revealing outfits.[187] Selena was credited as the first women to change public perceptions of feminine beauty; a feminist, she blazed a trail for other female artists during her career.[135][188]
Following Selena's death, some celebrities questioned her status as a role model among Hispanic women. In her 1999 documentary about the singer, filmmaker Lourdes Portillo expressed concerns whether Selena was a great role model to young women.[189] Portillo believed Selena was sending the wrong message to young girls by dancing in clothing that suggested hypersexualization.[190] American author Sandra Cisneros agreed with Portillo's assessment that Selena was "not a good role model to Latina women".[191] Media outlets also shared Portillo's views; they said the "fairy tale story" of Selena was one that her family would want to preserve, questioning Quintanilla, Jr.'s role for pushing an image that Selena had "never made mistakes" into the media, calling it "lies" and "not the real story".[192][193]
Philanthropy
During her childhood, Selena helped organizations such as Toys for Tots.[194] She was active in the U.S. Latino community,[195] visiting local schools to talk to students about the importance of education.[195] At Fulmore Junior High School in Austin, she educated two hundred high school students about positive attitudes and setting life-goals in their adult lives.[194] Selena urged children to stay in school, and that alcohol and drugs will lead them nowhere in life.[196] She spent her free time helping her community. Selena performed in Washington D.C. to celebrate the forming of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus.[195] Following the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew, Selena helped victims in Florida by performing at a Houston benefit concert.[195][112]
In August 1994, Selena hosted a charity baseball game to raise money for unspecified charities.[197] She also donated her time to civic organizations such as D.A.R.E. and planned a fund raising concert to help AIDS patients.[19] Selena participated with the Texas Prevention Partnership which was sponsored by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Dep Corporation), which released an educational video that was sent to students for free.[19] Her pro-education videos included "My Music" and "Selena Agrees". She was in the works for a Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas Boys & Girls Clubs of America benefit concert.[19]
In January 1995, Selena headlined the Teach the Children festival in San Antonio. The concert funded a non-profit program to provide school supplies to needy children.[112] Selena was a spokesperson for women in abusive relationships.[198] She also helped out at homeless shelters.[112] According to the A&E television series Biography, Selena's fans were often minorities; she encouraged them to make the most of their lives.[135] Her biggest fear was that no-one would attend her concerts.[199]
Legacy and influence
See also: List of people influenced by Selena
Selena has been credited for helping redefine Latin music[200] and its subgenres of Tejano,[201][202] Cumbia, and Latin pop.[203][204] Selena broke barriers in the Latin music world.[154][205][206] She is considered "one of the most significant Mexican American singers of the end of the twentieth century".[207] Selena also became one of the "most celebrated cultural products" of the United States-Mexico borderlands.[208] Selena was called the "Queen of Tejano music", and was described as "the most important and popular Tejano star of all time".[209] Her death was "the most devastating loss" in Tejano music history.[206] At the time of her death, Selena became one of the most widely known Mexican-American vocal artists[210][211] and the most popular Latin artist in the United States.[211] She had a "cult-like" following among Hispanics.[212]
Selena has been named one of the most influential Latin artists of all-time and has been credited for elevating a music genre into the mainstream market.[1][2] Latin Post called the singer "one of the most iconic artists in Latin American music history",[213] while The New York Times called her "arguably the most important Latina musician in the country, on her way to becoming one of the most important, period."[214] Selena became a household name in the United States and in Mexico following her death and became part of the American pop culture.[214][215] She became more popular in death than when she was alive.[216] After her death, her popularity among the Hispanic population was compared to those of Marilyn Monroe and Madonna in Anglo-American culture.[217] Selena was named "one of the most popular Latina singers of the 1990s".[218] Selena's popularity was drawn in by the LGBT community and minority groups in the United States.[219] The popularity of Tejano music waned after her death, and as of 2015, has not recovered.[220][221] John Lannert of Billboard said in an interview with Biography in 2007 that when Selena died the "Tejano market died with her".[135]
Dreaming of You, the crossover album Selena had been working on at the time of her death, was released in July 1995. It sold 175,000 copies on the day of its release in the U.S.—a then-record for a female vocalist—and sold 331,000 copies its first week.[222][223] Selena became the third female artist to sell over 300,000 units in one week, after Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey.[224] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first album by a Hispanic artist to do so.[225][226][227] Dreaming of You helped Selena to become the first solo artist to debut a posthumous album at number one.[228] The recording was among the top-ten best-selling debuts for a musician, and was the best-selling debut by a female act.[229] Dreaming of You joined five of Selena's studio albums on the Billboard 200 chart simultaneously, making Selena the first female artist in Billboard history to do so.[230] The album was certified 35x platinum by the RIAA, for shipping more than 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone.[231][232] As of 2015, the recording has sold five million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Latin album of all-time in the United States.[233] In 2008, Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle said its lead single, "I Could Fall in Love", had "made the Tejano goddess a posthumous crossover star".[234] Her death was believed to have sparked an interest in Latin music by people who were unaware of its existence.[235][200][236] It was also believed her death "open[ed] the doors" to other Latin musicians such as Jennifer Lopez,[237] Ricky Martin, and Shakira.[238]
In the same year, the United States Social Security Administration ranked the name Selena one of the 100 most popular names for newborn girls.[239] In December 1999, Selena was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits.[240] She was the best-selling Latin female singer of the 1990s in the U.S. and Mexico.[241] Selena was named "Best Female Vocalist of the '80s" and "Best Female Vocalist of the '90s" at the 2010 Tejano Music Awards.[86]
Posthumous film and honors
In the months following her death, a number of honors and tributes were erected. Several proposals were made, such as renaming streets, public parks, food products,[242] and auditoriums.[243] Two months later, a tribute was held at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[244] The Spirit of Hope Award was created in Selena's honor in 1996;[245] it was awarded to Latin artists who participated in humanitarian and civic causes.[246] On March 16, 2011, the United States Postal Service released a "Latin Legends" memorial stamp to honor Selena, Carlos Gardel, Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, and Carmen Miranda.[247] In February 2014, the Albany, NY Times Union named her one of "100 Coolest Americans in History".[248] In 1997 Selena was commemorated with a museum and a life-size bronze statue, which are visited by hundreds of fans each week.[249]
In 1995, Selena was inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame,[250] the Hard Rock Cafe's Hall of Fame,[100] the South Texas Music Hall of Fame,[90] and the Tejano Music Hall of Fame in 2001.[180] She was named one of the 20 most influential Texans of all time.[90] She was ranked fifth of the "100 most influential Latin musicians of the 20th century" according to the Orange County Register.[251] The singer has been given many epithets by media outlets, including the "Queen of Latin music",[252] the "Queen of Cumbia",[253] the "Chicana Elvis",[254] the "Queen of hybrid pop culture", the "Hispanic Marilyn Monroe",[163] the "Tupac Shakur of Latin music",[255] the "Corpus Christi queen",[256] and the "people's princess".[257][258] Media have compared Selena's fashion sense to that of Madonna more times than any other celebrity.[259][260][12][261]
In 1995, Mexican actress Salma Hayek was chosen to play the role of Selena in a biopic film produced by the Quintanilla family and Warner Bros.[262] Hayek turned the role down; she said she felt it was "too early" to base a movie on Selena and that it would be emotional because Selena's death was still being covered on U.S. television.[263][264] Puerto Rican-American actress Jennifer Lopez replaced Hayek, which drew criticism because of Lopez' ancestry.[265] Over 21,000 people auditioned for the title role, becoming the second largest audition since the search for Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (1939).[266][267] Gregory Nava directed for the film, which was released on March 21, 1997. After seeing Lopez' performance in it, fans changed their views on her. Selena opened in 1,850 theaters worldwide and grossed $11,615,722, making it the second-highest-grossing film debut that week.[268] With a production budget of $20 million, the film grossed $35 million in the U.S.[268] The film was a commercial and critical success[269] and is often cited by critics as Lopez' breakthrough role.[270][271] Lopez rose into pop culture, for which the film's success was credited.[272]
In 1999, a Broadway-bound musical titled Selena was scheduled to premiere in San Antonio in March 2000 to commemorate the fifth anniversary of her murder. Broadway producers Tom Quinn, Jerry Frankel, Peter Fitzgerald, and Michael Vega staged the musical,[273] and Edward Gallardo wrote the show's book and lyrics. Fernando Rivas composed the show's songs. In 2000, Selena Forever was first produced; the show embarked on a 30-city U.S. tour with a budget of over US$2 million.[273] After a national casting call, producers chose Veronica Vasquez to portray Selena; Vasquez alternated in the role with Rebecca Valdez.[274] The musical previewed on March 21, and opened on March 23 at the San Antonio Municipal Auditorium.[275]
Selena's family and her former band, Los Dinos, held a tribute concert on April 7, 2005, a week after the 10th anniversary of her murder. The concert, titled Selena ¡VIVE!, was broadcast live on Univision and achieved a 35.9 household rating. It was the highest-rated and most-viewed Spanish-language television special in the history of American television. The special was also the number-one program in any language among adults ages 18 to 34 in Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco; it tied for first in New York, beating that night's episode of Fox's reality show American Idol.[276] Among Hispanic viewers, Selena ¡VIVE! outperformed Super Bowl XLV and the telenovela Soy tu dueña during the "most-watched NFL season ever among Hispanics".[277][278]
In January 2015, it was announced that a two-day annual event called Fiesta de la Flor would be held in Corpus Christi for Selena by the Corpus Christi Visitors Bureau. Musical acts for the first annual event included Kumbia All-Starz, Chris Pérez, Los Lobos, Jay Perez, Little Joe y la Familia, Los Palominos, Stefani Montiel of Las 3 Divas, Girl in a Coma's Nina Diaz, Las Fenix, and previous The Voice competitor Clarissa Serna.[279][280][281] The event raised $13 million with an attendance of 52,000 people with 72% of whom lived outside of Corpus Christi. The event sparked interest from people in 35 states and five different countries including Mexico, Brazil, and Ecuador.[282]
Discography
Main article: Selena albums discography
Studio Albums
Selena (1989)
Ven Conmigo (1990)
Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
Amor Prohibido (1994)
Dreaming of You (1995)
Filmography
See also: Selena videography
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1995
Don Juan DeMarco
Mariachi singer Minor role/cameo appearance (posthumous release)

Television
Appearances as self in life

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984-1994
Johnny Canales Show
herself Music performer guest
1986—1995
Tejano Music Awards
herself Honoree
1993
Dos Mujeres, un Camino
herself Appeared in two episodes
1994
Sábado gigante
herself Talk show guest
1994
Cristina Show
herself Talk show guest
1995
Latin Nights
herself TV documentary

Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1997
Selena Remembered
herself Documentary
1997
The Final Notes
herself Documentary
1998
Behind The Music
herself Episode: Selena
2001
Selena Live! The Last Concert
herself Her last televised concert that was filmed in February 1995
2001
Greatest Hits
herself Music videos
2005
Selena ¡VIVE!
herself Dedicatee
2007
Queen of Tejano music
herself Documentary
2008
Biography
herself Episode: Selena

True crime documentaries

Year
Title
Notes

1995
E! True Hollywood Story
Episode: The Selena Murder Trail
1998
American Justice
Episode: Selena Murder of a Star
2001
The Greatest
Episode: 100 Most Shocking Moments in Rock and Roll History
2003
101
Episode: 101 Most Shocking Moments in Entertainment
2010
Famous Crime Scene
Episode: Selena
2012
100 Most Shocking Music Moments
Documentary
2012
Reel Crime/Reel Story
Episode: Selena
2014
Snapped
Episode: Selena Death of a Superstar

See also
Book icon Book: Selena

Honorific nicknames in popular music
Music of Texas
List of awards and nominations received by Selena
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
List of people on stamps of the United States
List of Selena concert tours


Texas flag map.svgTexas portal
 P vip.svgBiography portal
 Conga.svgLatin music portal
 Flag of the Hispanicity.svgHispanic and Latino Americans portal
 


Notes
a.Jump up ^ Media outlets who called Selena the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonna includes The Victoria Advocate,[283] The New York Times,[12] MTV.com,[284] MSN.com,[285] and Rhapsody.[286]
b.Jump up ^ According to a book written by Stacy Lee, she reports sales of 300,000 units,[84] while María Celeste Arrarás wrote in her book that the album sold 385,000 units in Mexico.[287]
c.Jump up ^ "Fotos y Recuerdos" peaked at number one posthumously in April 1995.[288] "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", and "No Me Queda Mas" peaked at number one before Selena's death.[289]
d.Jump up ^ Outlets describing Selena as "Queen of Tejano music" includes: Entertainment Weekly,[290] Billboard magazine,[291] Los Angeles Magazine,[292] Vibe magazine,[293] The Huffington Post,[294] and The New York Times.[295]
References
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2.^ Jump up to: a b "The 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All-Time". Billboard.com. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
3.Jump up ^ "Still Missing Selena: Here Are 6 Reasons Why.". NBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
4.Jump up ^ "A 17 años de su trágica muerte, Selena Quintanilla vuelve en grande.". E! Online (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 February 2012.
5.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 30.
6.Jump up ^ Pérez Dávila, Angie (March 31, 2005). "A 10 años de la muerte de Selena". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2011.
7.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 20.
8.Jump up ^ "Selena, the Queen of Tejano Music". Legacy.com. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
9.Jump up ^ Bernstein, Ellen (April 16, 1997). "Birthday hoopla is prohibited". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Corpus Christi, Texas. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
10.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hewitt, Bill (April 17, 1995). "Before Her Time". People 43 (15). Retrieved January 29, 2015.
11.Jump up ^ "Viva Selena!". Los Angeles Daily News. August 24, 1994. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Howe Verhovek, Sam (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1.
13.Jump up ^ "Latin singer Selena killed in Texas motel". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. April 1, 1995. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
14.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 53.
15.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mitchell, Rick (May 21, 1995). "Selena, the making of the queen of Tejano". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-07-09. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
16.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 58.
17.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 59.
18.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 111.
19.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Orozco, Cynthia. "Quintanilla, Selena". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
20.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 56.
21.Jump up ^ Schone, Mark (October 31, 2004). "Sweet Music". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
22.Jump up ^ Miguel 2002, p. 118.
23.Jump up ^ Sobek 2012, p. 631.
24.Jump up ^ Miguel 2002, p. 3.
25.Jump up ^ "The Chicano Wave". Latin Music USA. Episode 3. 30 minutes in. PBS. Retrieved April 19, 2015. "Selena wanted to sing American pop music, but her father had learned some hard lessons playing music in Texas with a band he'd had years before called Los Dinos."
26.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 256.
27.Jump up ^ Morales, Tatiana (October 16, 2002). "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBS News. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
28.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, pp. 56-57.
29.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 63.
30.^ Jump up to: a b c Cecilia Miniucchi (director), Edward James Olmos (narrator), Jeffrey Coulter (producer) (1997). Selena Remembered (VHS/DVD) (in English and Spanish). EMI Latin, Q-Productions. Event occurs at 60 minutes.
31.^ Jump up to: a b Queen of Tejano Music, Selena special (Part of the 10th anniversary of the Selena DVD movie). Q-Productions. 2007. 18 minutes in.
32.Jump up ^ Gershman, Rick (18 March 1997). "Selena's legacy". St. Petersburg Times (Times Publishing Company). Retrieved 11 October 2011.
33.Jump up ^ Lopetegui, Enrique (8 April 1995). "A Crossover Dream Halted Prematurely, Tragically Some Ambitious Plans Were Under Way to Bring Selena to Mainstream U.S. Audience". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
34.Jump up ^ Minnick, Doug (24 September 2010). "Jose Behar, interview". Taxi A&R. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
35.Jump up ^ Morales, Ed (2003). The Latin beat : the rhythms and roots of Latin music from bossa nova to salsa and beyond (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306810182. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
36.Jump up ^ Selena at AllMusic
37.Jump up ^ "Selena (artist) > Chart history > Regional Mexican Albums > Selena". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
38.^ Jump up to: a b Peña 1999, p. 205.
39.^ Jump up to: a b Orozco, Cynthia E. Quintanilla Pérez, Selena. The Handbook of Texas online. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
40.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 9.
41.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 12.
42.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 28.
43.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 50.
44.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 49.
45.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 52.
46.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 23.
47.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 110.
48.Jump up ^ "Selena > Discography". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (23). 10 June 1995. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
49.Jump up ^ Castrellón, Cristina (31 August 2007). Selena: su vida después de su muerte (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 9786071110367. Retrieved 10 October 2014. "(Spanish, original) El motivo era celebrar que Selena había ganado su primer Disco de Oro al rabasar las 150 mil copias vendidas de su disco Baila Esta Cumbia, el primero que salio en Mexico. (English, translate) The occasion was to celebrate that Selena had won her first gold record of 150 thousand copies sold of her album Baila Esta Cumbia, who first came to Mexico."
50.Jump up ^ "Disco de Oro y Platino a Viene de la Uno". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 13 December 1993. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
51.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 134.
52.^ Jump up to: a b Reports, Wire (1 April 1995). "Gunshot Silences Singing Sensation Selena At Age 23". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
53.Jump up ^ Soto, Manuel (30 December 2004). "Alvaro Torres: el antigalán de la canción". Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May 2012.
54.Jump up ^ "Peniston Leads Music Video Nominees". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 104 (42). 17 October 1992. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
55.Jump up ^ "Past Tejano Music Awards Winners". TejanoMusicAwards.com. Texas Talent Association. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
56.Jump up ^ Parédez 2009, p. 259.
57.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (23). Retrieved 2 May 2013.
58.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 72.
59.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 73.
60.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 75.
61.Jump up ^ Aguila, Justino (22 March 2012). "Selena's Widower Shows a Different Side of Singer in New Book (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
62.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 53.
63.^ Jump up to: a b Gostin, Nicki (30 March 2012). "Chris Perez on his book 'To Selena, With Love'". CNN. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
64.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 79.
65.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 93.
66.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 99.
67.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 26.
68.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 105.
69.Jump up ^ Tarradell, Mario (16 July 1995). "Dreaming of Selena A new album celebrates what she was but only hints at what she could have become". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
70.Jump up ^ "Record company planning Selena retrospective". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 12 April 1995. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
71.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (18 July 1995). "Selena crosses over to pop – Posthumous release a reminder of talent cut short". San Antonio-Express News. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
72.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (20 May 1993). "Awards recognize Latin musicians". Austin American Statesmen. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
73.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (23): 112. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
74.Jump up ^ "Certificaciones – Selena" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
75.Jump up ^ "Selena Soundtrack Hints At Tejano Singer's Appeal". Miami Herald. 18 March 1997. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
76.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Doesn't Capture Selena's Allure". San Jose Mercury News. 21 March 1997. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
77.Jump up ^ Clark 2013, p. 120.
78.Jump up ^ Tarradell, Mario (16 March 1997). "Selena's Power: Culture Fusion". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
79.Jump up ^ Malone 2003, p. 158.
80.Jump up ^ "Music Scene". Philadelphia Inquirer. 23 May 1993. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
81.Jump up ^ "Billboard Charts > Selena > Top Latin Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
82.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 135.
83.^ Jump up to: a b "Allmusic > Selena Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
84.^ Jump up to: a b c Stacy 2002, p. 746.
85.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (May 21, 1994). "Latin Music Conference". Billboard 106 (21): 112. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
86.^ Jump up to: a b c "Tejano Music Awards Past Award Winners". TejanoMusicAwards.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
87.Jump up ^ González, Fernando (May 16, 1994). "Lo Nuestro, Billboard Honor Latin Singers". The Miami Herald (The McClatchy Company). (subscription required (help)).
88.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (September 2, 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard 107 (35): 120. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
89.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 120.
90.^ Jump up to: a b c Jasinski 2012.
91.^ Jump up to: a b c Patoski 1996, p. 146.
92.Jump up ^ "Selena – Life Events". Corpus Christi Caller Times. March 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 13, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
93.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 51.
94.Jump up ^ "Top Latin Albums > Week of April 9, 1994". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
95.Jump up ^ "Regional Mexican Albums > Week of 9 April 1994". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
96.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (22 April 1995). "Selena's Albums Soar". Billboard 107 (16). Retrieved 9 March 2015.
97.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 152.
98.Jump up ^ Tarradell, Mario (April 1, 1995). "Singer soared beyond traditional limits on Tejano music". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
99.Jump up ^ Parédez 2009, p. 47.
100.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 34.
101.Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Selena – Amor Prohibido". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
102.Jump up ^ Ramiro Burr (April 14, 1995). "Five Selena albums reach Billboard 200". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
103.Jump up ^ Moon 2008, p. 990.
104.Jump up ^ Miguel 2002, p. 110.
105.Jump up ^ "Born on the Border". Newsweek. October 22, 1995. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
106.Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (November 28, 1998). "Topping The Charts Year By Year". Billboard 110 (48): LMQ3. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
107.Jump up ^ Rivas, Jorge (March 31, 2011). "Remembering Selena's Trailblazing Music". Colorlines. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
108.Jump up ^ Alisa Valdes (April 7, 1995). "Loving Selena, fans loved themselves". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
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110.^ Jump up to: a b Schone, Mark (April 20, 1995). "A Postmortem Star In death, Selena is a crossover success". Newsday. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
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113.Jump up ^ Jones 2013, p. 14.
114.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 115.
115.Jump up ^ "Selena: Singer was on the verge of mainstream stardom". The Atlanta Journal. 5 April 1995. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
116.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 182.
117.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Patoski 1996, p. 170.
118.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 171.
119.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 183.
120.Jump up ^ "12 October 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony". Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
121.Jump up ^ Hewitt, Bill (April 17, 1995). "Before Her Time – Death, Murder, Selena". People. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
122.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Selena". Famous Crime Scene. Season 1. Episode 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
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124.Jump up ^ "Friday, 13 October, testimony of Shawna Vela". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
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126.Jump up ^ Jasinski 2012, p. 254.
127.Jump up ^ "In the spirit of Selena: Tributes, a book and an impending film testify to the Tejano singer's enduring". by Gregory Rodriguez. Pacific News, March 21, 1997. Retrieved on July 18, 2006.
128.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 174.
129.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 199.
130.Jump up ^ Jesse Katz (April 2, 1995). "For Barrio, Selena's Death Strikes a Poignant Chord Tragedy: Fans descend on superstar's home in Texas community. Idolized singer didn't forget her roots". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
131.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 200.
132.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 165.
133.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 201.
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135.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Biography TV Series, Selena episode". Biography. 26 November 2010. 60 minutes in. The Biography Channel.
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137.Jump up ^ Asin, Stephanie and Dyer, R.A. "Selena's public outraged: Shock jock Howard Stern's comments hit raw nerve." at the Wayback Machine (archived July 10, 2007) Houston Chronicle, April 6, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
138.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 24.
139.Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (March 26, 1996). "Howard Stern Returns, by Syndication to Hartford Station he left in 1980". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
140.Jump up ^ "A real shocker from Stern: Apology for Selena comments". New York Daily News. 7 Apr 1995. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
141.Jump up ^ Marikar, Sheila (14 May 2012). "Howard Stern's Five Most Outrageous Offenses". Good Morning America. ABC. Retrieved 23 Nov 2013.
142.Jump up ^ "Hispanics call Stern's apology for Selena remarks unacceptable". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 7, 1995. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
143.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, pp. 26-27.
144.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 227.
145.Jump up ^ "Selena's Biography TSHA". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
146.Jump up ^ Reports, Wire (April 14, 1995). "Sunday's Selena Day". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
147.Jump up ^ "Texas Declares `Selena Day'". Houston Chronicle. Hearts Corporation. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
148.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 225.
149.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 226.
150.Jump up ^ Graczyk, Michael. "Selena's killer gets life" at the Wayback Machine (archived April 5, 2007). Associated Press, October 26, 1995. Retrieved on February 1, 2008.
151.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 230.
152.Jump up ^ "National Briefing Southwest: Texas: Gun That Killed Singer Is To Be Destroyed" The New York Times, June 8, 2002. Retrieved on July 16, 2006.
153.Jump up ^ Compiled, Items (June 11, 2002). "Gun used in slaying of Selena destroyed". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
154.^ Jump up to: a b Mendoza, Madalyn (27 February 2015). "28 reasons Selena makes our hearts go 'bidi bidi bom bom'". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
155.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (April 15, 1995). "EMI Set Honors Selena's Memory". Billboard 107 (15). Retrieved 2 February 2015.
156.Jump up ^ Ilan 2014, p. 668.
157.Jump up ^ Stacy 2002, p. 745.
158.Jump up ^ Moreno 2010, p. 282.
159.Jump up ^ Gutiérrez 2003, p. 122.
160.^ Jump up to: a b Tatum 2013, p. 1032.
161.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 121.
162.Jump up ^ Watrous, Peter (30 July 1995). "Recordings View;; Inklings of What Might Have Been". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
163.^ Jump up to: a b Stavans, Ilan (20 November 1995). "Dreaming of You". New Republic. Retrieved 26 March 2015. (subscription required (help)).[dead link]
164.Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (24 June 2001). "Viva Selena". Time. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
165.Jump up ^ "Selena's Posthumous Triumph". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
166.Jump up ^ "Topics > Selena". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
167.Jump up ^ Latin Style (45). 2002. "The song "My Love," was written by Selena and samples from contemporary pop influences. Other songs like "Sukiyaki" (a cover of Kyu Sakamoto's 1963 hit), "Amame, Quiéreme" (her first duet with Pete Astudillo), and the cumbia “Besitos”, played a pivotal role on how Selena mixed rhythm and sound, which became her trademark."
168.Jump up ^ Parédez 2009, p. 160.
169.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (1999). The Billboard guide to Tejano and regional Mexican music (1st ed.). Billboard Books. ISBN 0823076911. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
170.Jump up ^ Prampolini 2013, p. 188.
171.Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Enamorada de Ti (Album review)". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
172.^ Jump up to: a b Peña 1999, p. 206.
173.Jump up ^ Pilchak 2005, p. 39.
174.^ Jump up to: a b Parédez 2009, p. 141.
175.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 23.
176.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 38.
177.Jump up ^ Foley 1997, p. 16.
178.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 59.
179.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 60.
180.^ Jump up to: a b Meier 2003, p. 372.
181.^ Jump up to: a b c Foley 1997, p. 24.
182.Jump up ^ Tiscareño-Sato 2011.
183.Jump up ^ Reyes, Paul (March 31, 2014). "Still Missing Selena: Here Are 6 Reasons Why". NBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
184.Jump up ^ Espinosa 2009, p. 359.
185.Jump up ^ Jones 2013, p. 88.
186.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 167.
187.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 117.
188.Jump up ^ Jasinski 2012, p. 457.
189.Jump up ^ "Corpus: A Home Movie For Selena". PBS. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
190.Jump up ^ Fregoso 2010, p. 20.
191.Jump up ^ Rebolledo 2005, p. 126.
192.Jump up ^ Persall, Steve (21 March 1997). "Selena becomes more saint than singer". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 28 December 2011. (subscription required (help)).
193.Jump up ^ McLane, Daisann (18 March 1997). "Santa Selena Does The Movie's "Official" Version of The Slain Tejano Singer's Life Show's The True Picture?". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 28 December 2011. (subscription required (help)).
194.^ Jump up to: a b Patoski 1996, p. 108.
195.^ Jump up to: a b c d Jones 2013, p. 11.
196.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 150.
197.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 61.
198.Jump up ^ Jones 2013, p. 9.
199.Jump up ^ Burr, John (26 March 1996). "Selena hits gold on, off stage - Singer's wedding, break-through album highlight of 1990". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
200.^ Jump up to: a b Sickels 2013, p. 482.
201.Jump up ^ Parédez 2009, p. 12.
202.Jump up ^ Habell-Pallán 2002, p. 121.
203.Jump up ^ Vargas 2012, p. 188.
204.Jump up ^ Segura 2007, p. 477.
205.Jump up ^ Habell-Pallán 2002, p. 122.
206.^ Jump up to: a b Quaintance, Zack (31 March 2010). "Remembering Selena". The Monitor. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
207.Jump up ^ Vargas 2012, p. 183.
208.Jump up ^ Espinosa 2009, p. 376.
209.Jump up ^ Candelaria 2004, p. 755.
210.Jump up ^ Garcia 2002, p. 220.
211.^ Jump up to: a b True, Philip (April 17, 1995). "Selena's fans may turn her into folk hero". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
212.Jump up ^ Espinosa 2009, p. 377.
213.Jump up ^ Akoukou Thompson, Nicole (3 January 2014). "Selena, Shakira, Santana & More: The 100 Year History of Latin Music in the United States". Latin Post. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
214.^ Jump up to: a b Pareles, Jon; Caramanica, Jon; Ratliff, Ben; Chinen, Nate; Holden, Stephen (26 November 2010). "Wow! Every Song What's-His-Name Ever Recorded: [Movies, Performing Arts/Weekend Desk]". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2015. (subscription required (help)).
215.Jump up ^ Mitchell 2007, p. 387.
216.Jump up ^ Espinosa 2009, p. 364.
217.Jump up ^ Espinosa 2009, p. 372.
218.Jump up ^ Caulfield 2007, p. 223.
219.Jump up ^ Vargas 2012, p. 185.
220.Jump up ^ Mcdonald 2010, p. 364.
221.Jump up ^ Platenburg, Gheni (October 17, 2011). "Popularity of Tejano music wanes; conjunto, other Regional Mexican music takes over". The Monitor. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
222.Jump up ^ "No. 1 start for Selena's `Dreaming'". USA Today. 27 July 1995. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
223.Jump up ^ "Selena's Popularity Grows". The Hour. 24 March 2004. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
224.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (25 Jul 1995). "Selling like a dream - Selena CD outpaces previous top sellers". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 19 January 2013. "With first-week sales of "Dreaming of You" at about 400,000-plus, Selena has become the fastest-selling female artist in music history. Final full-week sales figures will not be available until later this week, but on Monday EMI Latin officials estimated Selena's sales at more than 400,000, which puts the late singer ahead of other previous top sellers including: Janet Jackson, "Janet," 350,000; Mariah Carey[...]"
225.Jump up ^ Bruno, Anthony (February 28, 2011). "AllMusic.com Folding Into AllRovi.com for One-Stop Entertainment Shop". Billboard. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
226.Jump up ^ Marrero, Letisha (November 2003). "Ritmo Roundup". Vibe 13 (13): 172. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
227.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (26 March 2005). "Upcoming Selena Tribute". Billboard 117 (13): 56. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
228.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (5 August 1995). "Latin Notas". Billboard 107 (31). Retrieved 25 May 2013.
229.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (2 September 1995). "The Selena Phenomenon". Billboard 107 (35): 120. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
230.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "A Retrospective". Billboard 107 (23): 112. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
231.Jump up ^ "American certifications – Selena – Dreaming of You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
232.Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (4 May 1996). "Awards Show". Billboard 108 (18): 122. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
233.Jump up ^ Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor in Corpus Christi". Houston Chronicle (Jack Sweeney). Retrieved 9 March 2015.
234.Jump up ^ Guerra, Joey (30 October 2008). "Gloria Estefan in a league of her own 'Person of the Year' a longtime inspiration". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
235.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 81.
236.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (29 July 1995). "Latin Music Has New Challenges At Anglo Market". Billboard 107 (30). Retrieved 26 March 2015.
237.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 82.
238.Jump up ^ Guerra, Joey (24 July 2012). "A tribute to Selena among this year's QFest offerings". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
239.Jump up ^ Renter, Melissa (March 25, 2010). "The legacy of Selena". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
240.Jump up ^ Mayfield, Geoff (December 25, 1999). "Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade". Billboard 111 (52): YE–16–18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
241.Jump up ^ "The American Dream". The Dominion Post. 29 January 2001. Retrieved 26 March 2015. (subscription required (help)).
242.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 33.
243.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 318.
244.Jump up ^ Chito de la Torre (May 12, 1995). "En Vivo: Premio Lo Nuestro". La Prensa de San Antonio (in Spanish) (Duran Duran Industries). Retrieved April 13, 2015. (subscription required (help)).
245.Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (2 March 1996). "Billboard's Magazine 1996 Latin Music Awards Scheduled For May 1 At The Historical Gusman Center for Performing Arts". Billboard 108 (9). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
246.Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (29 April 2006). "The Songwriters Speak". Billboard 118 (17). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
247.Jump up ^ Sara Inés Calderón (January 18, 2011). "Selena, Celia Cruz, Tito Puente In U.S. Postal Stamp Form". NewsTaco. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
248.Jump up ^ "The 100 coolest Americans in history". Times Union (Albany). 20 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
249.Jump up ^ Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the performance of memory. Duke Univ Pr. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8223-4502-2. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
250.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (June 10, 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters The Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard 107 (23): 58. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
251.Jump up ^ Wener, Ben; Chang, Daniel; Eddy, Steve; Darling, Cary (30 December 1999). "Choosing the 100 most influential Latin musicians of the 20th century". Orange County Register. Retrieved 26 March 2015. (subscription required (help)).
252.Jump up ^ "Queen of Latin Music, Selena's Official 1994 Tejano Music Award for Album of the Year -- Just a Year Before Her Tragic Death". Nate D. Sanders Auctions (natedsanders.com/). 2014-01-30. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
253.Jump up ^ Guerra, Joey (15 April 2014). "Happy birthday, Selena: 'Our cumbia queen'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
254.Jump up ^ Lopez, Antonio (6 April 1997). "Selena, Selena: We Hardly Knew You". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved 26 March 2015. (subscription required (help)).
255.Jump up ^ Ryan, Patrick (25 June 2014). "Michael Jackson joins a Posthumous Hot 100". USA Today. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
256.Jump up ^ Salians, Rebecca (9 December 2014). "Fake story reporting Selena's killer leaving prison early nearly 'breaks the Internet' in S. Texas". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
257.Jump up ^ Ybarra, Rose (1 April 2005). "Family perseveres after Selenas death". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
258.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 87.
259.Jump up ^ Parédez 2009, p. 116.
260.Jump up ^ Martin, Dale (16 July 1999). "Selena Album Goes Mainstream". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
261.Jump up ^ "Selena Murder Trial Begins Monday". MTV News. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
262.Jump up ^ "Selena to Big Screen". Entertainment Weekly (291). 8 September 1995. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
263.Jump up ^ Pearlman, Cindy (16 March 1997). "Selena: the story behind the legend". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
264.Jump up ^ Longsdorf, Amy (21 March 1997). "Director Aims For Truth About Selena's Life". The Morning Call. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
265.Jump up ^ Tracy 2008, p. 53.
266.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 31.
267.Jump up ^ Puente, Teresa (30 March 1997). "The Unforeseen Legacy Of Selena Quintanilla Perez". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
268.^ Jump up to: a b "Selena – Box Office Data, News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
269.Jump up ^ "Selena". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
270.Jump up ^ "Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia". Greenwood Publishing Group. December 30, 2007. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-313-08444-7. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
271.Jump up ^ "Breakout Roles: Jennifer Lopez". Latina. December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
272.Jump up ^ Vargas 2012, p. 53.
273.^ Jump up to: a b Clemente Sanchez (April 22, 2011). "Quién es Quién en el Teatro en México: Angie Vega". Broadway World.com. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
274.Jump up ^ "Selena musical to be staged here in April". Corpus Christi Caller Times. February 3, 2000. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
275.Jump up ^ "Crowds enjoy preview of 'Selena Forever'". Corpus Christi Caller Times. March 22, 2000. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
276.Jump up ^ Leila Cobo (April 23, 2005). "Selena's Appeal Still Strong". Billboard. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
277.Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert. "Super Bowl XLV Most-Watched Show in U.S. TV History Among Hispanic Viewers; Tops World Cup Final". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
278.Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill. "NFL 2010 Hispanic TV Recap, Most-Watched NFL Season Ever Among Hispanics". TVbythenumbers. Zap2it. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
279.Jump up ^ Nunez, Alana. "Selena Is Getting Her Own Festival to Honor the 20th Anniversary of Her Death". Cosmopolitan. Hearst Magazines. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
280.Jump up ^ Flores, Adofo. "Mexican-American Icon Selena Will Be Honored In Texas Festival 20 Years After Her Death". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
281.Jump up ^ Guerra, Joey (28 January 2015). "Tejano star Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
282.Jump up ^ "The Economic Impact of the Fiesta de la Flor Festival". KIII TV. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
283.Jump up ^ Martin, Dale (16 July 1999). "Selena Album Goes Mainstream". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
284.Jump up ^ "Selena Murder Trial Begins Monday". MTV News. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
285.Jump up ^ Vincent, Alice. "Selena: the Mexican Madonna". MSN.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
286.Jump up ^ Palomares, Sugey. "Hispanic Icons: Selena". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
287.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 104.
288.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters The Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard 107 (23): 112. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
289.Jump up ^ "Selena's Chart Performance". Billboard. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
290.Jump up ^ Cortina, Betty (26 March 1999). "A Sad Note". Entertainment Weekly (478). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
291.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (6 April 1996). "Tejano Music Awards: Bigger, But Not Necessarily Better". Billboard 108 (14). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
292.Jump up ^ Katz, Jesse (December 2002). "The Curse of Zapata". Los Angeles Magazine 47 (12). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
293.Jump up ^ Group, Vibe Media (September 1998). "The Year In Review". Vibe 6 (7). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
294.Jump up ^ Hernandez, Lee (April 15, 2012). "Selena Quintanilla: Remembering The Queen Of Tejano Music On Her Birthday". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
295.Jump up ^ Verhovek, Sam. "Grammy-Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
Sources
Patoski, Joe Nick (1996). Selena: Como La Flor. Boston: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-69378-2.
Peña, Manuel (1999). Música Tejana: The Cultural Economy of Artistic Transformation. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0890968888.
Parédez, Deborah (2009). Selenidad: Selena, Latinos, and the Performance of Memory. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822390892.
Miguel, Guadalupe San (2002). Tejano Proud: Tex-Mex Music in the Twentieth Century. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585441880.
Jasinski, Laurie E. (2012). Handbook of Texas Music. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0876112971.
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Arrarás, María Celeste (1997). Selena's Secret: The Revealing Story Behind Her Tragic Death. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684831937.
Pérez, Chris (2012). To Selena, with Love. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101580267.
Novas, Himilce (1995). Remembering Selena. Turtleback Books. ISBN 0613926374.
Jones, Steve (2000). Afterlife as Afterimage: Understanding Posthumous Fame. Peter Lang. ISBN 0820463655.
Malone, Bill C. (2003). Southern Music/American Music. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813126355.
Ilan, Stavans (2014). Latin Music: Musicians, Genres, and Themes. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313343969.
Stacy, Lee (2002). Mexico and the United States. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761474021.
Moreno, Michael P. (2010). Term Paper Resource Guide to Latino History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313379327.
Gutiérrez, José Angel (2003). Chicano Manual on How to Handle Gringos. Arte Publico Press. ISBN 1611920930.
Tatum, Charles (2013). Encyclopedia of Latino Culture: From Calaveras to Quinceaneras. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1440800995.
Prampolini, Gaetano (2013). The Shade of the Saguaro / La sombra del saguaro. Essays on the Literary Cultures of the American Southwest. Firenze University Press. ISBN 886655393X.
Pilchak, Angela M. (2005). Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music. Cengage Gale. ISBN 0787680699.
Foley, Neil (1997). Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies. University of Texas Press. ISBN 029272506X.
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Novas, Himilce (1995). Women and Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: A Reader. Turtleback Books. ISBN 0613926374.
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External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Selena.
Official website
Fiesta de La Flor (annual festival held by the Quintanilla family)
Selena at DMOZ
Selena discography at Discogs
Selena at the Internet Movie Database
Selena at AllMusic
Selena at Find a Grave
Selena at MTV
Selena at Rotten Tomatoes
Selena at Biography.com


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Selena

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This article is about the singer. For other uses, see Selena (disambiguation).

Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.jpg
Selena as photographed by Agree shampoo staff in 1995

Born
Selena Quintanilla
April 16, 1971
Lake Jackson, Texas, U.S.
Died
March 31, 1995 (aged 23)
Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.

Cause of death
 Gunshot wound

Resting place
 Seaside Memorial Park
 Corpus Christi, Texas
Monuments
Mirador de la Flor
Other names
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez
Occupation
Singer ·
 songwriter ·
 actress ·
 spokesperson ·
 fashion designer
 
Years active
1982–1995
Spouse(s)
Chris Pérez (m. 1992–95) (her death)
Parent(s)
Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.
Marcella Ofelia Samora

Relatives
Suzette Quintanilla (sister), A.B. Quintanilla III (brother)
Awards
List of awards and nominations
Musical career
Genres
Tejano ·
 Mexican cumbia ·
 mariachi ·
 ranchera ·
 pop ·
 R&B
 
Labels
EMI Latin ·
 Q-Productions
 
Associated acts
Selena y Los Dinos ·
 Pete Astudillo ·
 Alvaro Torres ·
 Barrio Boyzz ·
 Emilio Navaira
 
Signature
SelenaQSignature.svg
Website
selenaqradio.com
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez (April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995), known by the mononym Selena, was an American singer, songwriter, spokesperson, actress, and fashion designer. Called the Queen of Tejano music, her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican American entertainers of the late 20th century. Billboard magazine named her the "top Latin artist of the '90s", the "best selling Latin artist of the decade". She is often called the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonna for her clothing choices, by media outlets.[a] She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all-time and is credited for catapulting a music genre into mainstream.[1][2]
The youngest child of the Quintanilla family, she debuted on the music scene in 1980 as a member of the band Selena y Los Dinos, which also included her elder siblings A.B. Quintanilla and Suzette Quintanilla. Selena began recording professionally in 1982. In the 1980s, she was often criticized and was refused bookings at venues across Texas for performing Tejano music—a male-dominated music genre. However, her popularity grew after she won the Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year in 1986, which she won nine consecutive times. Selena signed with Capitol EMI Latin in 1989 and released her self-titled debut album the same year, while her brother became her principal music producer and songwriter. Her 1990 album Ven Conmigo was the first recording by a female Tejano artist to achieve gold status by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Selena released Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), which peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months. The album's commercial success led music critics to call the album the "breakthrough" recording of her musical career. One of its singles, "Como La Flor", became one of her most popular signature songs. Live! (1993) won Best Mexican/American Album at the 1994 Grammy Awards, becoming the first recording by a Tejano artist to do so. In 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido, which became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States. It was critically acclaimed as being responsible for Tejano music's first marketable era as it became one of the most popular Latin music subgenres at the time. Selena began recording English-language songs for her crossover album.
Aside from music, Selena was active in her community and donated her time to civic causes. Coca-Cola appointed her its spokesperson in Texas. Selena became a sex icon; she was often criticized for wearing suggestive outfits in light of her comments about being a role model for young women. Selena and her guitarist, Chris Pérez, eloped in April 1992 after her father raised concerns over their relationship. On March 31, 1995, Selena was shot dead by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former employee of her Selena Etc. boutiques. Hispanics reacted negatively to the news of her death, which was compared to the reactions following the deaths of John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Her posthumous crossover album, Dreaming of You (1995), debuted atop the Billboard 200, making Selena the first Latin artist to accomplish this feat. Two weeks after her death, George W. Bush—governor of Texas at the time—declared her birthday Selena Day in Texas. In 1997, Warner Bros. released Selena, a film about her life and career, which starred Jennifer Lopez as Selena. As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.[3][4]


Contents  [hide]
1 Life and career 1.1 1971–88: Early life and career beginnings
1.2 1989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez
1.3 1990–91: Ven Conmigo and the Selena fan club
1.4 1992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
1.5 1994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
2 Murder 2.1 Impact
3 Artistry
4 Public image
5 Philanthropy
6 Legacy and influence 6.1 Posthumous film and honors
7 Discography
8 Filmography 8.1 Film
8.2 Television 8.2.1 Appearances as self in life
8.2.2 Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases
8.2.3 True crime documentaries

9 See also
10 Notes
11 References 11.1 Sources
12 External links

Life and career
1971–88: Early life and career beginnings
Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971, in Lake Jackson, Texas.[5][6] She had Cherokee ancestry[7] and was the youngest child of Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla (née Samora) and Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., a former Mexican American musician.[8] Selena was raised as a Jehovah's Witness.[9] Quintanilla, Jr. noticed her musical abilities when she was six years old. He told People magazine, "Her timing, her pitch were perfect, I could see it from day one".[10] In 1980 in Lake Jackson, Quintanilla, Jr. opened his first Tex-Mex restaurant, where Selena and her siblings Abraham III (on bass guitar) and Suzette Quintanilla (on drums) would often perform.[10] The following year, the restaurant was forced to close after a recession caused by the 1980s oil glut. The family declared bankruptcy and were evicted from their home.[10][11] They settled in Corpus Christi, Texas; Quintanilla, Jr. became manager of the newly formed band Selena y Los Dinos and began promoting it.[10][12][13] They needed money and played on street corners, at weddings, at quinceañeras, and at fairs.[10][14]
As her popularity as a singer grew, the demands of Selena's performance and travel schedule began to interfere with her education. Her father took her out of school when she was in the eighth grade.[15] Her teacher Marilyn Greer disapproved of Selena's musical career.[16] She threatened to report Quintanilla, Jr. to the Texas Board of Education, believing the conditions to which Selena was exposed were inappropriate for a girl her age. Quintanilla, Jr. told Greer to "mind her business". Other teachers expressed their concerns when they noticed how tired Selena appeared when she arrived at school.[16] At seventeen, Selena earned a high school diploma from the American School of Correspondence in Chicago,[17] and was also accepted at Louisiana State University.[18] She enrolled at Pacific Western University, taking up business administration as her major subject.[19]
Quintanilla, Jr. refurbished an old bus; he named it "Big Bertha" and the family used it as their tour bus.[20] In the first years of touring, the family sang for food and barely had enough money to pay for gasoline.[20] In 1984, Selena recorded her first LP record, Selena y Los Dinos, for Freddie Records.[21] Despite wanting to record English-language songs, Selena recorded Tejano music compositions; a male-dominated, Spanish-language genre[22] with German influences[23] of polka, jazz, and country music, popularized by Mexicans living in the United States.[24] Quintanilla, Jr. believed Selena should record musical compositions related to her heritage.[25] During the recording sessions for the album, Selena had to learn Spanish phonetically with guidance from her father.[26] In 1985, to promote the album, Selena appeared on the Johnny Canales Show, a popular Spanish-language radio program, on which she continued to appear for several years. Selena was discovered by Rick Trevi, founder of the Tejano Music Awards, where she won the Female Vocalist of the Year award in 1987 and for nine consecutive years after.[27] The band was often turned down by Texas music venues because of the members' ages and because Selena was their lead singer.[28] By 1988, Selena had released five more LP records; Alpha (1986), Munequito de Trapo (1987), And the Winner is... (1987), Preciosa (1988), and Dulce Amor (1988).[29]
1989–90: Self-titled album and relationship with Pérez



 Chris Pérez (far right) and Selena began a relationship, despite her father's disapproval.
Jose Behar of newly formed label EMI Latin Records, together with the new head of Sony Music Latin, watched Selena perform at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards.[30] Behar was searching for new Latin acts and wanted to sign Selena to EMI's label Capitol Records, while Sony Music Latin offered Quintanilla, Jr. twice Capitol's signing fee.[30] Behar thought he had discovered the "next Gloria Estefan" but his superior called Behar illogical because he had been in South Texas less than a week.[15][31] Quintanilla, Jr. chose EMI Latin's offer because of the potential for a crossover album, and becoming the first artist to sign to the label.[32] Before Selena began recording for her debut album, Behar and Stephen Finfer requested a crossover album for her.[33] She recorded three English-language compositions for the heads of EMI's pop division. Behar and Finfer's request for a crossover album was denied and Selena was told she needed a bigger fan base to sell such an album.[34] Behar thought EMI Records and the public did not believe that a Mexican American woman could have "crossover potential".[31]
Selena released her self-titled debut album on October 17, 1989. Selena recorded most of the songs at AMEN Studios in San Antonio, Texas; "Sukiyaki" and "My Love" were recorded at Sunrise Studios in Houston. Selena wrote "My Love" and wanted the song to be included on her first recording. Her brother Quintanilla III became Selena's principal record producer and songwriter for most of her musical career.[35] Quintanilla III did not write the tracks "Sukiyaki", "Contigo Quiero Estar", and "No Te Vayas". "Sukiyaki" was originally recorded in Japanese in the 1960s by Kyu Sakamoto; Selena used a traslation into Spanish of an English version of the song by Janice Marie Johnson.[36] The lead single, "Contigo Quiero Estar", peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart, while the album peaked at number seven on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart,[37] becoming Selena's first single and album to debut on a national music chart.[38] Selena performed better than albums from other contemporaneous female Tejano singers.[38]
In the same year, Coca-Cola wanted Selena to become one of their spokespeople in Texas.[39] The jingle used in her first two commercials for the company were composed by Quintanilla III and Chris Pérez—the latter of whom had joined Selena y Los Dinos several months earlier as the band's new guitarist.[40] Pérez began having romantic feelings for Selena, despite having a girlfriend in San Antonio.[41] After a trip to Mexico with the band, Pérez thought it would be best for them both to distance himself from her, but found it difficult and decided to try building a relationship with her.[42] They expressed their feelings for each other at a Pizza Hut restaurant, and shortly afterwards became a couple.[43][44] Pérez and Selena hid their relationship, fearing Quintanilla, Jr. would try to break it up.[45][46]
1990–91: Ven Conmigo and the Selena fan club
Selena released her second studio album, Ven Conmigo, in 1990, and became Selena's first album to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 50,000 copies. It was also the first album by a female Tejano singer to be certified gold in the United States.[47] Three tracks from Ven Conmigo were released as singles; "Ya Ves", "La Tracalera", and "Baila Esta Cumbia".[48] The latter, a Mexican cumbia song, became one of Selena's biggest singles. Its popularity grew in Mexico, where a compilation album bearing the single's name was released there. The album was certified platinum by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON), denoting sales of 150,000 units.[49][50]
A registered nurse and fan named Yolanda Saldívar asked Quintanilla, Jr. to start a fan club in San Antonio.[51] Saldívar had the idea after she had attended one of Selena's concerts. Quintanilla, Jr. approved Saldívar's request; he believed the fan club would bring more exposure for the band. Saldívar soon became a close friend to Selena and the family; she was trusted and became the acting president of the fan club in 1991.[52] That same year, Salvadoran singer Álvaro Torres composed a duet he wanted to record with Selena.[30] The song, "Buenos Amigos", was produced by Enrique Elizondo and was released on Torres' tenth studio album Nada Se Compara Contigo (1991).[53] "Buenos Amigos" peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart, giving Selena her first number one single. The song's music video earned Selena and Torres two nominations at the 1992 Billboard Music Awards.[54] The track was also nominated for Duo of the Year at the 1992 Tejano Music Awards.[55] Deborah Parédez wrote that the track enabled Selena to tour the west and east coasts of the United States.[56] According to John Lannert of Billboard magazine, "Buenos Amigos" was helped by increased airplay on regional Mexican and Tejano radio stations, which had previously dismissed Selena's recordings.[57]
1992–93: Elopement, Entre a Mi Mundo, and Selena Live
Selena's sister Suzette found Selena and Pérez flirting with each other and immediately informed their father.[58] Quintanilla, Jr. took Pérez off the bus and told him his relationship with Selena was over.[59] Selena and Pérez continued their relationship despite Quintanilla, Jr's disapproval;[60][61] Selena's mother Marcella approved of their relationship.[62] Quintanilla, Jr. saw Selena and Pérez romantically together on the bus; he pulled over and an argument between Quintanilla, Jr. and Selena ensued. He called Pérez a "cancer in my family" and threatened to disband the group if they continued their relationship.[63] Selena and Pérez relented; Quintanilla, Jr. fired Pérez from the band and prevented Selena from leaving with him.[64] After his dismissal, Pérez and Selena secretly continued their relationship. On the morning of April 2, 1992, Selena and Pérez decided to elope, believing Quintanilla, Jr. would never approve of their relationship.[63][65] Selena thought Quintanilla, Jr. would leave them alone if they were married, and they would not have to hide their feelings for each other. Within hours of their marriage, the media announced the couple's elopement.[66] Selena's family tried to find her; Quintanilla, Jr. did not take the news well and alienated himself for some time.[66] Selena and Pérez moved into an apartment in Corpus Christi.[67] Quintanilla, Jr. approached Pérez, apologized, accepted the marriage, and took Pérez back into the band.[68]
A month after her elopement, Selena released her third studio album, Entre a Mi Mundo, in May 1992. The album was critically acclaimed as her "breakthrough album".[69][70][71] The recording peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months;[72] it was certified 6x Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 600,000 copies.[73] In Mexico, the album was certified gold for sales of 300,000 units.[74] Entre a Mi Mundo became the first Tejano album by a female artist to sell over 300,000 copies.[b] Selena's album outsold those of male Tejano singers, according to editors of the Miami Herald and the San Jose Mercury News.[75][76] The album produced four singles; "Como La Flor", "¿Qué Creías?", "La Carcacha", and "Amame". The lead single, "Como La Flor", became Selena's signature recording;[77] it was critically acclaim by music critics as a career launcher for Selena.[78] "Como La Flor" helped Selena to dominate the Latin music charts and become immensely popular in Mexico—where Mexican-Americans were generally not liked among citizens—which was well received by critics.[79] The track was nominated for Song of the Year at the 1993 Tejano Music Awards.[80] The single peaked at number six on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart.[81]
Selena released Live! in 1993; it was recorded during a free concert at the Memorial Coliseum in Corpus Christi, on February 7, 1993.[82] The album included previously released tracks that were sung live and three studio recordings; "No Debes Jugar", "La Llamada", and "Tú Robaste Mi Corazón"—a duet with Tejano musician Emilio Navaira. The tracks "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada" peaked within the top five on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Songs chart.[83][83] Live! won the Grammy Award for Best Mexican/American Album at the 36th Grammy Awards.[84] In May 1994, Live! was named Album of the Year by the Billboard Latin Music Awards.[85] At the 1994 Tejano Music Awards, Live! won Album of the Year.[86] At the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards, the album was nominated for Regional Mexican Album of the Year.[87] Live! was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 copies, while in Mexico it sold 250,000 units.[88] Selena briefly appeared opposite Erik Estrada in a Mexican telenovela titled Dos Mujeres, Un Camino.[51] In 1995 she entered negotiations to star in another telenovela produced by Emilio Larrosa.[51] She appeared in two episodes, which garnered a record viewing figures for the series.[51]
1994–95: Fashion venture, film debut, and Amor Prohibido
Aside from music, in 1994, Selena began designing and manufacturing a line of clothing; she opened two boutiques called Selena Etc., one in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio. Both were equipped with in-house beauty salons.[89] She was in negotiations to open more stores in Monterrey, Mexico, and Puerto Rico.[90] Saldívar managed both boutiques after the Quintanilla family were impressed with the way she managed the fan club.[91] Hispanic Business magazine reported that the singer earned over five million dollars from these boutiques.[92] She became the twentieth-wealthiest Hispanic musician in 1993 and 1994.[93] Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido, in March 1994. The recording debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Albums chart[94] and number one on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums charts.[95] After peaking at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart, the album remained in the top five for the reminder of the year and into early 1995.[96] Amor Prohibido became the second Tejano album to reach year-end sales of 500,000 copies, which had previously only been accomplished by La Mafia.[97][98] It became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States.[99][100] Amor Prohibido spawned four number one singles; the title track, "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and "Fotos y Recuerdos".[c] The album was certified double Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of two million copies in the United States.[101] Amor Prohibido was among the best selling U.S. albums of 1995.[102] The album was named on Tom Moon's list of the 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List (2008).[103]
The album popularized Tejano music among a younger and wider audience than at any other time in the genre's history.[104][105] The two singles, "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más", were the most successful U.S. Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively, according to Billboard magazine.[106][107] The album's commercial success led to a Grammy nomination for Best Mexican/American Album at the 37th Grammy Awards in 1995.[108] It won Record of the Year at the 1995 Tejano Music Awards[86] and Regional/Mexican Album of the Year at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[97] Selena was named "one of Latin music's most successful touring acts" during her "Amor Prohibido" tour.[109] After Amor Prohibido‍ '​s release, Selena was considered "bigger than Tejano itself", and broke barriers in the Latin music world.[110] She was called the "Queen of Tejano music" by many media outlets.[d] Sales of the album and its titular single represented Tejano music's first commercial success in Puerto Rico.[110] Selena recorded a duet titled "Donde Quiera Que Estés" with the Barrio Boyzz, which was released on their album of the same name in 1994. The song reached number one on the Top Latin Songs chart,[111] which enabled Selena to tour in New York City, Argentina, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Central America, where she was not well known.[112][113] In late 1994, EMI chairman Charles Koppelman decided Selena had achieved her goals in the Spanish-speaking market. He wanted to promote her as an English-language, American, solo pop artist. Selena continued touring while EMI began preparing the crossover album, engaging Grammy Award-winning composers.[114] By the time Selena performed to a record-breaking, sold out concert at the Houston Astrodome in February 1995, work had already begun on her crossover album.[114] In 1995, she made a cameo appearance in Don Juan DeMarco, which starred Marlon Brando, Johnny Depp, and Faye Dunaway.[115]
Murder
Main articles: Murder of Selena and People of the State of Texas v. Yolanda Saldívar
The Quintanilla family appointed Saldívar manager of Selena's boutiques in early 1994.[52] Eight months later, Selena signed Saldívar as her registered agent in San Antonio, Texas. After the agreement, Saldívar moved from San Antonio to Corpus Christi to be closer to Selena.[91] In December 1994, the boutiques began to suffer after the number of staff for both stores decreased.[116] According to staff members, Saldívar often dismissed employees she personally disliked.[117] Staff at the stores constantly complained about Saldívar's behavior to Selena, who dismissed the claims, believing Saldívar would not negatively impose on her fashion venture.[117] According to Quintanilla, Jr., the staff later turned their attention to him and began informing him about Saldívar's behavior. Quintanilla, Jr. took the claims seriously; he told Selena to "be careful" and said Saldívar may not be a good influence.[117] Selena dismissed her father's inquires because he had often distrusted people in the past.[117] By January 1995, Selena's cousin, her fashion designer Martin Gomez, and clients expressed their concerns over Saldívar's behavior and management skills.[117][118] During an interview with Saldívar in 1995, reporters from The Dallas Morning News said her devotion to Selena bordered on obsession.[91]
According to Quintanilla, Jr., in January 1995 he began receiving telephone calls from fans who said they had paid for membership of the Selena fan club and received nothing, and he began an investigation.[119] Quintanilla, Jr. discovered that Saldívar was embezzling more than $60,000 in forged checks from both the fan club and the boutiques.[119] Quintanilla, Jr. held a meeting with Selena and Suzette on the night of March 9 at Q-Productions to confront Saldívar. Quintanilla, Jr. presented Saldívar with the inconsistencies concerning the disappearing funds. Quintanilla, Jr. told her that if she did not provide evidence that disproved his accusations, he would involve the local police. Quintanilla, Jr. banned Saldívar from having any contact with Selena.[119] However, Selena did not want to dissolve their friendship; she thought Saldívar was essential to the success of the clothing line in Mexico. Selena also wanted to keep her close because she had bank records, statements, and financial records necessary for tax preparation.[119]
On the morning of March 31, 1995, Selena met with Saldívar at her Days Inn motel room in Corpus Christi.[12] At the motel, Selena demanded the financial papers; Saldívar delayed the handover by saying she had been raped in Mexico.[15] Selena then drove Saldívar to Doctors Regional Hospital, where doctors found no evidence of rape.[120] At 11:48 am, Saldívar drew a gun from her purse[121] and pointed it at Selena.[122] As Selena attempted to flee, Saldívar shot her once on the right lower shoulder, severing an artery and causing a massive loss of blood.[122] Critically wounded, Selena ran towards the lobby, leaving a 392-foot (119 m)-long trail of blood.[122] She collapsed on the floor as the clerk called the emergency services, with Saldívar still chasing after her and calling her a "bitch".[123] Before collapsing, Selena named Saldívar as her assailant and gave the number of the room where she had been shot.[124] Meanwhile, Saldívar got into her pickup truck and tried to leave the motel. However, she was spotted by a responding police cruiser.[122] Saldívar surrendered after a nearly nine-and-a-half hour standoff with police and the FBI.[12] By that time, hundreds of fans had gathered at the scene; many wept as police took Saldívar away.[12][122] After 50 minutes of surgery, the doctors realized that the damage to Selena's pierced artery was irreparable. She was pronounced dead from blood loss and cardiac arrest at 1:05 pm (CST).[122][125]
Impact
Selena's murder had a widespread impact. Reactions to her death were compared to those following the deaths of musicians John Lennon, Elvis Presley, and U.S. president John F. Kennedy.[126][84] Major television networks interrupted their regular programming to break the news; Tom Brokaw referred to Selena as "The Mexican Madonna".[127] Her death was front page news in The New York Times for two days.[128] Numerous vigils and memorials were held in her honor, and radio stations in Texas played her music non-stop.[15] Her funeral drew 60,000 mourners, many of whom traveled from outside the United States.[15] The news struck the Hispanic community extremely hard; many fans traveled thousands of miles to see Selena's house and boutiques, and the crime scene.[129][130] By mid-afternoon, police were asked to form a detour because a line of cars began backing up traffic from the Quintanillas' houses.[131] Among the celebrities who were reported to have contacted the Quintanilla family to express their condolences were Gloria Estefan, Celia Cruz, Julio Iglesias, and Madonna.[132] Other celebrities—including Stefanie Ridel, Jaime DeAnda (of Los Chamacos), and Shelly Lares—appeared on radio stations to express their thoughts about Selena's death.[133] An issue of People magazine was released several days after her murder. Its publishers believed interest would soon wane; they released a commemorative issue within a week when it became apparent it was growing. The issue sold nearly a million copies,[134] selling the entire first and second print runs within two weeks. It became a collector's item, a first in the history of People.[135] Betty Cortina, editor of People, told Biography they never had an issue that was completely sold out; "it was unheard of".[135] In the following months, the company released People en Español aimed at the Hispanic market, due to the success of the Selena issue.[135] This was followed by Newsweek en Espanol and Latina magazine.[136]
A few days later, Howard Stern mocked Selena's murder and burial, poked fun at her mourners, and criticized her music. Stern said, "This music does absolutely nothing for me. Alvin and the Chipmunks have more soul ... Spanish people have the worst taste in music. They have no depth." Stern's comments outraged and infuriated the Hispanic community in Texas.[137] Stern played Selena's songs with gunshots in the background.[138][139] After a disorderly conduct arrest warrant was issued in his name, Stern made an on-air statement, in Spanish, saying his comments were not made to cause "more anguish to her family, friends and those who loved her".[140][141] The League of United Latin American Citizens boycotted Stern's show, finding his apology unacceptable.[142] Texas retailers removed any products that were related to Stern, while Sears and McDonald's sent a letter stating their disapproval of Stern's comments to the media, because some fans believed the companies sponsored Stern's show.[143] Within a week, on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Stern and Robin Quivers (his co-host) were asked whether Stern's remarks about Selena were acceptable. Quivers decided not to talk about the situation to avoid arguing with Stern. When Linda Ronstadt—a pop singer of Mexican-American heritage—appeared on the show, she and Quivers argued when Ronstadt defended Selena.[144]
On April 12, 1995, two weeks after Selena's death, George W. Bush, governor of Texas at the time, declared her birthday, April 16, Selena Day in the state.[39][145][146] He said Selena represented "the essence of south Texas culture." who never forgot where she came from.[147] Some European Americans in Texas wrote to the editor of the Brazosport Facts during April and May, asking what the big deal was; some were offended that Selena Day fell on Easter Sunday. Others said, "Easter is more important than Selena Day", and that they believed people should let Selena rest in peace and continue with their lives.[148] Mexican Americans in Texas wrote vociferously to the newspaper. Some said others were too critical of Selena Day, and should not have responded so rudely.[149] In October 1995, a Houston jury convicted Saldívar of first-degree murder and sentenced her to life in prison with the possibility of parole in 2025.[150][151] In 2002, under a judge's order, the gun used to kill Selena was destroyed and the pieces were thrown into Corpus Christi Bay.[152][153] Fans and historians disapproved of the decision to destroy the gun, saying the event was historical and the gun should have been in a museum.[19]
Artistry
Selena's vocal range was soprano.[154] In an April 1995 interview with Billboard magazine, Behar said he saw Selena as a "cross between Janet Jackson and Whitney Houston in style, feel, and vocal range".[155] Although Selena did not write most of her songs, she incorporated R&B,[156] Latin pop, techno-pop,[157] country and western, and disco into her Tejano music repertoire.[158] Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News said that during her music career, Selena "merges Tejano's infectious cumbia rhythm with street-savvy R&B, old-school soul, dancehall reggae, sizzling salsa, and trippy, loopy funk".[159] Selena's recordings expressed "love and pain, as well as strength and passion", according to Charles Tatum.[160] She also recorded independently driven, female-empowerment-themed compositions; "Si La Quieres", "¿Qué Creías?", "Ya Ves" and "Ya No", which centered around inappropriate relationships and recovery from domestic violence.[161] Peter Watrous of The New York Times said Selena's voice "sometimes quivered", and that she "roughed it up a bit". He continued, "[a]t its best, it had a coolness, a type of unadorned passion".[162] Ilan Stavans called her music "cursi-melodramatic, cheesy, overemotional, not too far from Juan Gabriel and a relative of Iglesias".[163] Richard Corliss of Time magazine said her songs "are perky, cheerful rather than soulful", and that earlier recordings, "with their tinny, Tijuana Brass charts, and keyboards that evoke calliopes, are ideal for the fairground or merry-go-round". Corliss calls Selena's singing an "expert mimicry of everything from Édith Piaf's melodramatic contralto to the coloratura riffs of Mariah Carey. But the sounds are still lightly Hispanic."[164]




"Dreaming of You" (1995)







"Dreaming of You", an English-language recording, became one of four English cuts Selena recorded for her crossover from Spanish into English pop music.

Problems playing this file? See media help.
Newsweek magazine called Selena's English-language recordings "a blend of urban pop and Latin warmth".[165] According to Texas Monthly, Selena's brother modernized her music into a more "funk and hip hop" sound.[166] Selena's use of emotive range during her musical career has been praised by critics as being her trademark.[167][168] Quintanilla III wrote increasingly Cumbia-influenced songs for Ven Conmigo (1990); Ramiro Burr of Billboard said Selena and her band had "evolved a rhythmic style that demonstrated its increasing prowess for catchy cumbias such as 'Baila Esta Cumbia' and the title track".[169] Italian essayist Gaetano Prampolini wrote that "Selena's voice projected a sonorous warmth and joyfulness" during her review of Selena's Cumbia recordings.[170] In his review of the remix album Enamorada de Ti (2012), Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that Selena's songs were "rooted in the '90s and sound that way—but [Enamorada de Ti] is a relatively fresher repackaging of her music than many of her posthumous releases".[171]
Public image
Quintanilla, Jr. sought to maintain Selena's image clean and family-oriented.[172] In 1989, she was offered sponsorship from beer companies but her father turned them down.[135] Selena was often refused gigs at Tejano venues because she was a female singer in a male-dominated music scene.[173] Manuel Peña wrote that after 1989, Selena's popularity increased and she became a sex icon following the release of her debut album.[172] Charles Tatum said Selena drew most attention was for her "beauty, sexuality, and youthful impact on the Tejano music scene".[160] Selena said she never wanted to record suggestive songs because of her upbringing and because her fan base consisted largely of young children, who regarded her as a role model.[174] She further commented on the question of her sexual appeal to men during her crossover attempt, asserting that she will "stay the same" and that her English-language recordings will refrain from foul language and sexual themes.[174] In 1997, María Celeste Arrarás wrote in her book about Selena's death that the singer was a "sweet and charismatic girl".[175] According to Arrarás, Selena "trusted everyone"; she often went shopping alone, despite her father's concerns over her safety.[176]
Betty Cortina of People magazine said Selena's provocative choice of clothing was an acceptable emulation of Janet Jackson and Madonna, and that she wore "sexy outfits that extenuated a body of a Latina woman".[135][177] Cortina also stated that Selena had a "flamboyant style, an unbelievable body, curves and booty".[135] Arrarás wrote that Selena "began wearing clothes designed to emphasize her curvaceous figure" and that she "never came across as cheap-simply sexy".[178] She also said Selena's makeup regimen was not being "painted up or vulgar".[178] Arrarás also noted Selena's "fun-loving stage manner" and said she was "playful onstage and off".[179] Matt S. Meier wrote in his book The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia (2010) that Selena exhibited "contagious energy" during her concerts and said she displayed "warmth, passion, and sexuality" while exuding a "down-to-earth persona of the wholesome young girl next door".[180] Selena wore outfits that accented her physical attributes and was not afraid to wear outfits she liked,[135] despite criticism from parents who thought Selena's choice of outfits were inappropriate for young girls, who began emulating Selena.[181] Her views on public image in the fashion industry were bothersome; she said she was opposed to the image that all woman should be "rail-thin" and the notion that they must wear certain outfits and be "super-young to be beautiful".[182]
In the early 1990s, Selena began wearing decorative bustiers, spandex or tight pants, and attractive, unbuttoned jackets during her concerts.[181] She was inspired by Paula Abdul, Janet Jackson, and Madonna.[181] During a 1992 interview, Selena said her choice of clothing does not reflect her personality.[135] NBC News called Selena's outfit "provocative".[183] Because of her choices of outfits and dance moves, she was named by her fans as the "Mexican Madonna".[184][185] According to Suzette, Selena often designed and sewed her own outfits backstage with her designers, moments before she was due on stage.[135] Quintanilla, Jr. disapproved of Selena's outfits, but he later accepted it when Selena discussed about it being a fashion trend.[135] Selena became an inactive member of the Jehovah's Witnesses due to her exotic clothing.[186] During the photo shoot for Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), a photographer remarked on the ways Selena's choice of clothing affected Quintanilla, Jr. tremendously; he often left sessions when Selena appeared in revealing outfits.[187] Selena was credited as the first women to change public perceptions of feminine beauty; a feminist, she blazed a trail for other female artists during her career.[135][188]
Following Selena's death, some celebrities questioned her status as a role model among Hispanic women. In her 1999 documentary about the singer, filmmaker Lourdes Portillo expressed concerns whether Selena was a great role model to young women.[189] Portillo believed Selena was sending the wrong message to young girls by dancing in clothing that suggested hypersexualization.[190] American author Sandra Cisneros agreed with Portillo's assessment that Selena was "not a good role model to Latina women".[191] Media outlets also shared Portillo's views; they said the "fairy tale story" of Selena was one that her family would want to preserve, questioning Quintanilla, Jr.'s role for pushing an image that Selena had "never made mistakes" into the media, calling it "lies" and "not the real story".[192][193]
Philanthropy
During her childhood, Selena helped organizations such as Toys for Tots.[194] She was active in the U.S. Latino community,[195] visiting local schools to talk to students about the importance of education.[195] At Fulmore Junior High School in Austin, she educated two hundred high school students about positive attitudes and setting life-goals in their adult lives.[194] Selena urged children to stay in school, and that alcohol and drugs will lead them nowhere in life.[196] She spent her free time helping her community. Selena performed in Washington D.C. to celebrate the forming of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus.[195] Following the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew, Selena helped victims in Florida by performing at a Houston benefit concert.[195][112]
In August 1994, Selena hosted a charity baseball game to raise money for unspecified charities.[197] She also donated her time to civic organizations such as D.A.R.E. and planned a fund raising concert to help AIDS patients.[19] Selena participated with the Texas Prevention Partnership which was sponsored by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Dep Corporation), which released an educational video that was sent to students for free.[19] Her pro-education videos included "My Music" and "Selena Agrees". She was in the works for a Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas Boys & Girls Clubs of America benefit concert.[19]
In January 1995, Selena headlined the Teach the Children festival in San Antonio. The concert funded a non-profit program to provide school supplies to needy children.[112] Selena was a spokesperson for women in abusive relationships.[198] She also helped out at homeless shelters.[112] According to the A&E television series Biography, Selena's fans were often minorities; she encouraged them to make the most of their lives.[135] Her biggest fear was that no-one would attend her concerts.[199]
Legacy and influence
See also: List of people influenced by Selena
Selena has been credited for helping redefine Latin music[200] and its subgenres of Tejano,[201][202] Cumbia, and Latin pop.[203][204] Selena broke barriers in the Latin music world.[154][205][206] She is considered "one of the most significant Mexican American singers of the end of the twentieth century".[207] Selena also became one of the "most celebrated cultural products" of the United States-Mexico borderlands.[208] Selena was called the "Queen of Tejano music", and was described as "the most important and popular Tejano star of all time".[209] Her death was "the most devastating loss" in Tejano music history.[206] At the time of her death, Selena became one of the most widely known Mexican-American vocal artists[210][211] and the most popular Latin artist in the United States.[211] She had a "cult-like" following among Hispanics.[212]
Selena has been named one of the most influential Latin artists of all-time and has been credited for elevating a music genre into the mainstream market.[1][2] Latin Post called the singer "one of the most iconic artists in Latin American music history",[213] while The New York Times called her "arguably the most important Latina musician in the country, on her way to becoming one of the most important, period."[214] Selena became a household name in the United States and in Mexico following her death and became part of the American pop culture.[214][215] She became more popular in death than when she was alive.[216] After her death, her popularity among the Hispanic population was compared to those of Marilyn Monroe and Madonna in Anglo-American culture.[217] Selena was named "one of the most popular Latina singers of the 1990s".[218] Selena's popularity was drawn in by the LGBT community and minority groups in the United States.[219] The popularity of Tejano music waned after her death, and as of 2015, has not recovered.[220][221] John Lannert of Billboard said in an interview with Biography in 2007 that when Selena died the "Tejano market died with her".[135]
Dreaming of You, the crossover album Selena had been working on at the time of her death, was released in July 1995. It sold 175,000 copies on the day of its release in the U.S.—a then-record for a female vocalist—and sold 331,000 copies its first week.[222][223] Selena became the third female artist to sell over 300,000 units in one week, after Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey.[224] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, becoming the first album by a Hispanic artist to do so.[225][226][227] Dreaming of You helped Selena to become the first solo artist to debut a posthumous album at number one.[228] The recording was among the top-ten best-selling debuts for a musician, and was the best-selling debut by a female act.[229] Dreaming of You joined five of Selena's studio albums on the Billboard 200 chart simultaneously, making Selena the first female artist in Billboard history to do so.[230] The album was certified 35x platinum by the RIAA, for shipping more than 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone.[231][232] As of 2015, the recording has sold five million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling Latin album of all-time in the United States.[233] In 2008, Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle said its lead single, "I Could Fall in Love", had "made the Tejano goddess a posthumous crossover star".[234] Her death was believed to have sparked an interest in Latin music by people who were unaware of its existence.[235][200][236] It was also believed her death "open[ed] the doors" to other Latin musicians such as Jennifer Lopez,[237] Ricky Martin, and Shakira.[238]
In the same year, the United States Social Security Administration ranked the name Selena one of the 100 most popular names for newborn girls.[239] In December 1999, Selena was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits.[240] She was the best-selling Latin female singer of the 1990s in the U.S. and Mexico.[241] Selena was named "Best Female Vocalist of the '80s" and "Best Female Vocalist of the '90s" at the 2010 Tejano Music Awards.[86]
Posthumous film and honors
In the months following her death, a number of honors and tributes were erected. Several proposals were made, such as renaming streets, public parks, food products,[242] and auditoriums.[243] Two months later, a tribute was held at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.[244] The Spirit of Hope Award was created in Selena's honor in 1996;[245] it was awarded to Latin artists who participated in humanitarian and civic causes.[246] On March 16, 2011, the United States Postal Service released a "Latin Legends" memorial stamp to honor Selena, Carlos Gardel, Tito Puente, Celia Cruz, and Carmen Miranda.[247] In February 2014, the Albany, NY Times Union named her one of "100 Coolest Americans in History".[248] In 1997 Selena was commemorated with a museum and a life-size bronze statue, which are visited by hundreds of fans each week.[249]
In 1995, Selena was inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame,[250] the Hard Rock Cafe's Hall of Fame,[100] the South Texas Music Hall of Fame,[90] and the Tejano Music Hall of Fame in 2001.[180] She was named one of the 20 most influential Texans of all time.[90] She was ranked fifth of the "100 most influential Latin musicians of the 20th century" according to the Orange County Register.[251] The singer has been given many epithets by media outlets, including the "Queen of Latin music",[252] the "Queen of Cumbia",[253] the "Chicana Elvis",[254] the "Queen of hybrid pop culture", the "Hispanic Marilyn Monroe",[163] the "Tupac Shakur of Latin music",[255] the "Corpus Christi queen",[256] and the "people's princess".[257][258] Media have compared Selena's fashion sense to that of Madonna more times than any other celebrity.[259][260][12][261]
In 1995, Mexican actress Salma Hayek was chosen to play the role of Selena in a biopic film produced by the Quintanilla family and Warner Bros.[262] Hayek turned the role down; she said she felt it was "too early" to base a movie on Selena and that it would be emotional because Selena's death was still being covered on U.S. television.[263][264] Puerto Rican-American actress Jennifer Lopez replaced Hayek, which drew criticism because of Lopez' ancestry.[265] Over 21,000 people auditioned for the title role, becoming the second largest audition since the search for Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind (1939).[266][267] Gregory Nava directed for the film, which was released on March 21, 1997. After seeing Lopez' performance in it, fans changed their views on her. Selena opened in 1,850 theaters worldwide and grossed $11,615,722, making it the second-highest-grossing film debut that week.[268] With a production budget of $20 million, the film grossed $35 million in the U.S.[268] The film was a commercial and critical success[269] and is often cited by critics as Lopez' breakthrough role.[270][271] Lopez rose into pop culture, for which the film's success was credited.[272]
In 1999, a Broadway-bound musical titled Selena was scheduled to premiere in San Antonio in March 2000 to commemorate the fifth anniversary of her murder. Broadway producers Tom Quinn, Jerry Frankel, Peter Fitzgerald, and Michael Vega staged the musical,[273] and Edward Gallardo wrote the show's book and lyrics. Fernando Rivas composed the show's songs. In 2000, Selena Forever was first produced; the show embarked on a 30-city U.S. tour with a budget of over US$2 million.[273] After a national casting call, producers chose Veronica Vasquez to portray Selena; Vasquez alternated in the role with Rebecca Valdez.[274] The musical previewed on March 21, and opened on March 23 at the San Antonio Municipal Auditorium.[275]
Selena's family and her former band, Los Dinos, held a tribute concert on April 7, 2005, a week after the 10th anniversary of her murder. The concert, titled Selena ¡VIVE!, was broadcast live on Univision and achieved a 35.9 household rating. It was the highest-rated and most-viewed Spanish-language television special in the history of American television. The special was also the number-one program in any language among adults ages 18 to 34 in Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco; it tied for first in New York, beating that night's episode of Fox's reality show American Idol.[276] Among Hispanic viewers, Selena ¡VIVE! outperformed Super Bowl XLV and the telenovela Soy tu dueña during the "most-watched NFL season ever among Hispanics".[277][278]
In January 2015, it was announced that a two-day annual event called Fiesta de la Flor would be held in Corpus Christi for Selena by the Corpus Christi Visitors Bureau. Musical acts for the first annual event included Kumbia All-Starz, Chris Pérez, Los Lobos, Jay Perez, Little Joe y la Familia, Los Palominos, Stefani Montiel of Las 3 Divas, Girl in a Coma's Nina Diaz, Las Fenix, and previous The Voice competitor Clarissa Serna.[279][280][281] The event raised $13 million with an attendance of 52,000 people with 72% of whom lived outside of Corpus Christi. The event sparked interest from people in 35 states and five different countries including Mexico, Brazil, and Ecuador.[282]
Discography
Main article: Selena albums discography
Studio Albums
Selena (1989)
Ven Conmigo (1990)
Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
Amor Prohibido (1994)
Dreaming of You (1995)
Filmography
See also: Selena videography
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1995
Don Juan DeMarco
Mariachi singer Minor role/cameo appearance (posthumous release)

Television
Appearances as self in life

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1984-1994
Johnny Canales Show
herself Music performer guest
1986—1995
Tejano Music Awards
herself Honoree
1993
Dos Mujeres, un Camino
herself Appeared in two episodes
1994
Sábado gigante
herself Talk show guest
1994
Cristina Show
herself Talk show guest
1995
Latin Nights
herself TV documentary

Tribute concerts, biographical programming, and catalog releases

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1997
Selena Remembered
herself Documentary
1997
The Final Notes
herself Documentary
1998
Behind The Music
herself Episode: Selena
2001
Selena Live! The Last Concert
herself Her last televised concert that was filmed in February 1995
2001
Greatest Hits
herself Music videos
2005
Selena ¡VIVE!
herself Dedicatee
2007
Queen of Tejano music
herself Documentary
2008
Biography
herself Episode: Selena

True crime documentaries

Year
Title
Notes

1995
E! True Hollywood Story
Episode: The Selena Murder Trail
1998
American Justice
Episode: Selena Murder of a Star
2001
The Greatest
Episode: 100 Most Shocking Moments in Rock and Roll History
2003
101
Episode: 101 Most Shocking Moments in Entertainment
2010
Famous Crime Scene
Episode: Selena
2012
100 Most Shocking Music Moments
Documentary
2012
Reel Crime/Reel Story
Episode: Selena
2014
Snapped
Episode: Selena Death of a Superstar

See also
Book icon Book: Selena

Honorific nicknames in popular music
Music of Texas
List of awards and nominations received by Selena
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
List of people on stamps of the United States
List of Selena concert tours


Texas flag map.svgTexas portal
 P vip.svgBiography portal
 Conga.svgLatin music portal
 Flag of the Hispanicity.svgHispanic and Latino Americans portal
 


Notes
a.Jump up ^ Media outlets who called Selena the "Mexican American equivalent" of Madonna includes The Victoria Advocate,[283] The New York Times,[12] MTV.com,[284] MSN.com,[285] and Rhapsody.[286]
b.Jump up ^ According to a book written by Stacy Lee, she reports sales of 300,000 units,[84] while María Celeste Arrarás wrote in her book that the album sold 385,000 units in Mexico.[287]
c.Jump up ^ "Fotos y Recuerdos" peaked at number one posthumously in April 1995.[288] "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", and "No Me Queda Mas" peaked at number one before Selena's death.[289]
d.Jump up ^ Outlets describing Selena as "Queen of Tejano music" includes: Entertainment Weekly,[290] Billboard magazine,[291] Los Angeles Magazine,[292] Vibe magazine,[293] The Huffington Post,[294] and The New York Times.[295]
References
1.^ Jump up to: a b Flores, Daniel (28 March 2015). "Selena’s Legacy: Queen of Tejano still reigns". Valley Star News. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "The 30 Most Influential Latin Artists of All-Time". Billboard.com. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
3.Jump up ^ "Still Missing Selena: Here Are 6 Reasons Why.". NBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
4.Jump up ^ "A 17 años de su trágica muerte, Selena Quintanilla vuelve en grande.". E! Online (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 February 2012.
5.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 30.
6.Jump up ^ Pérez Dávila, Angie (March 31, 2005). "A 10 años de la muerte de Selena". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2011.
7.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 20.
8.Jump up ^ "Selena, the Queen of Tejano Music". Legacy.com. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
9.Jump up ^ Bernstein, Ellen (April 16, 1997). "Birthday hoopla is prohibited". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Corpus Christi, Texas. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
10.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hewitt, Bill (April 17, 1995). "Before Her Time". People 43 (15). Retrieved January 29, 2015.
11.Jump up ^ "Viva Selena!". Los Angeles Daily News. August 24, 1994. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Howe Verhovek, Sam (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Winning Singer Selena Killed in Shooting at Texas Motel". The New York Times. p. 1.
13.Jump up ^ "Latin singer Selena killed in Texas motel". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. April 1, 1995. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
14.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 53.
15.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mitchell, Rick (May 21, 1995). "Selena, the making of the queen of Tejano". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-07-09. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
16.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 58.
17.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 59.
18.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 111.
19.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Orozco, Cynthia. "Quintanilla, Selena". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
20.^ Jump up to: a b Arrarás 1997, p. 56.
21.Jump up ^ Schone, Mark (October 31, 2004). "Sweet Music". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
22.Jump up ^ Miguel 2002, p. 118.
23.Jump up ^ Sobek 2012, p. 631.
24.Jump up ^ Miguel 2002, p. 3.
25.Jump up ^ "The Chicano Wave". Latin Music USA. Episode 3. 30 minutes in. PBS. Retrieved April 19, 2015. "Selena wanted to sing American pop music, but her father had learned some hard lessons playing music in Texas with a band he'd had years before called Los Dinos."
26.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, p. 256.
27.Jump up ^ Morales, Tatiana (October 16, 2002). "Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBS News. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
28.Jump up ^ Arrarás 1997, pp. 56-57.
29.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 63.
30.^ Jump up to: a b c Cecilia Miniucchi (director), Edward James Olmos (narrator), Jeffrey Coulter (producer) (1997). Selena Remembered (VHS/DVD) (in English and Spanish). EMI Latin, Q-Productions. Event occurs at 60 minutes.
31.^ Jump up to: a b Queen of Tejano Music, Selena special (Part of the 10th anniversary of the Selena DVD movie). Q-Productions. 2007. 18 minutes in.
32.Jump up ^ Gershman, Rick (18 March 1997). "Selena's legacy". St. Petersburg Times (Times Publishing Company). Retrieved 11 October 2011.
33.Jump up ^ Lopetegui, Enrique (8 April 1995). "A Crossover Dream Halted Prematurely, Tragically Some Ambitious Plans Were Under Way to Bring Selena to Mainstream U.S. Audience". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
34.Jump up ^ Minnick, Doug (24 September 2010). "Jose Behar, interview". Taxi A&R. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
35.Jump up ^ Morales, Ed (2003). The Latin beat : the rhythms and roots of Latin music from bossa nova to salsa and beyond (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306810182. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
36.Jump up ^ Selena at AllMusic
37.Jump up ^ "Selena (artist) > Chart history > Regional Mexican Albums > Selena". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
38.^ Jump up to: a b Peña 1999, p. 205.
39.^ Jump up to: a b Orozco, Cynthia E. Quintanilla Pérez, Selena. The Handbook of Texas online. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
40.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 9.
41.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 12.
42.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 28.
43.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 50.
44.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 49.
45.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 52.
46.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 23.
47.Jump up ^ Patoski 1996, p. 110.
48.Jump up ^ "Selena > Discography". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (23). 10 June 1995. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
49.Jump up ^ Castrellón, Cristina (31 August 2007). Selena: su vida después de su muerte (in Spanish). Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 9786071110367. Retrieved 10 October 2014. "(Spanish, original) El motivo era celebrar que Selena había ganado su primer Disco de Oro al rabasar las 150 mil copias vendidas de su disco Baila Esta Cumbia, el primero que salio en Mexico. (English, translate) The occasion was to celebrate that Selena had won her first gold record of 150 thousand copies sold of her album Baila Esta Cumbia, who first came to Mexico."
50.Jump up ^ "Disco de Oro y Platino a Viene de la Uno". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 13 December 1993. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
51.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 134.
52.^ Jump up to: a b Reports, Wire (1 April 1995). "Gunshot Silences Singing Sensation Selena At Age 23". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
53.Jump up ^ Soto, Manuel (30 December 2004). "Alvaro Torres: el antigalán de la canción". Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May 2012.
54.Jump up ^ "Peniston Leads Music Video Nominees". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 104 (42). 17 October 1992. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
55.Jump up ^ "Past Tejano Music Awards Winners". TejanoMusicAwards.com. Texas Talent Association. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
56.Jump up ^ Parédez 2009, p. 259.
57.Jump up ^ Lannert, John (10 June 1995). "Beloved Selena Enters Latin Music Hall of Fame". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media) 107 (23). Retrieved 2 May 2013.
58.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 72.
59.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 73.
60.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 75.
61.Jump up ^ Aguila, Justino (22 March 2012). "Selena's Widower Shows a Different Side of Singer in New Book (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
62.Jump up ^ Novas 1995, p. 53.
63.^ Jump up to: a b Gostin, Nicki (30 March 2012). "Chris Perez on his book 'To Selena, With Love'". CNN. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
64.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 79.
65.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 93.
66.^ Jump up to: a b Pérez 2012, p. 99.
67.Jump up ^ Jones 2000, p. 26.
68.Jump up ^ Pérez 2012, p. 105.
69.Jump up ^ Tarradell, Mario (16 July 1995). "Dreaming of Selena A new album celebrates what she was but only hints at what she could have become". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
70.Jump up ^ "Record company planning Selena retrospective". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 12 April 1995. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
71.Jump up ^ Burr, Ramiro (18 July 1995). "Selena crosses over to pop – Posthumous release a reminder of talent cut short". San Antonio-Express News. Retrieved 18 November 2011. (subscription required)
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119.^ Jump up to: a b c d Patoski 1996, p. 183.
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Pilchak, Angela M. (2005). Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music. Cengage Gale. ISBN 0787680699.
Foley, Neil (1997). Reflexiones 1997: New Directions in Mexican American Studies. University of Texas Press. ISBN 029272506X.
Espinosa, Gastón (2009). Mexican American Religions: Spirituality, Activism, and Culture. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822388952.
Vargas, Deborah (2012). Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816673160.
Novas, Himilce (1995). Women and Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: A Reader. Turtleback Books. ISBN 0613926374.
Segura, Denise A. (2007). Remembering Selena. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822341182.
Candelaria, Cordelia (2004). Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 031333210X.
Garcia, Alma M. (2002). The Mexican Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313314993.
Mcdonald, Les (2010). The Day the Music Died. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1469113562.
Jones, Veda Boyd (2013). Selena (They Died Too Young). Infobase Learning. ISBN 143814637X.
Tracy, Kathleen (2008). Jennifer Lopez: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313355150.
Mitchell, Claudia (2007). Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313084440.
Caulfield, Carlota (2007). A Companion to US Latino Literatures. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 185566139X.
Sickels, Robert C. (2013). 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1598848313.
Habell-Pallán, Michelle (2002). Latino/a Popular Culture. NYU Press. ISBN 0814737250.
Clark, Walter Aaron (2013). From Tejano to Tango: Essays on Latin American Popular Music. Routledge. ISBN 1136536876.
Moon, Tom (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List. Workman Publishing. ISBN 076113963X.
Meier, Matt S. (2003). The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313316430.
Tiscareño-Sato, Graciela (2011). Latinnovating: Green American Jobs and the Latinos Creating Them. Gracefully Global Group. ISBN 0983476004.
Fregoso, Rosa Linda (2010). Lourdes Portillo: The Devil Never Sleeps and Other Films. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292757921.
Rebolledo, Tey Diana (2005). The Chronicles of Panchita Villa and Other Guerrilleras: Essays on Chicana/Latina Literature and Criticism. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292709633.
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Mickey Spillane

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the gangster, see Mickey Spillane (mobster).

Mickey Spillane
Mickey Spillane Columbo 1974.JPG
Spillane in the "Publish or Perish" episode of Columbo.

Born
Frank Morrison Spillane
March 9, 1918
Brooklyn, New York City,
 United States
Died
July 17, 2006 (aged 88)
Murrells Inlet, South Carolina,
 United States
Resting place
Cremated, Ashes scattered in a creek near his home in South Carolina
Occupation
Novelist
Nationality
American
Period
1947–2006
Genre
Hardboiled crime fiction,
detective fiction
Frank Morrison Spillane (March 9, 1918 – July 17, 2006), better known as Mickey Spillane, was an American author of crime novels, many featuring his signature detective character, Mike Hammer. More than 225 million copies of his books have sold internationally.[1][2] In 1980, Spillane was responsible for seven of the top 15 all-time best-selling fiction titles in the US.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Writing career 2.1 Comic books
2.2 Novels
2.3 Novels
2.4 Short stories
3 Films
4 Critical reactions
5 Quotation
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Spillane was the only child of his Irish bartender father, John Joseph Spillane, and his Scottish mother, Catherine Anne. Spillane attended Erasmus Hall High School, graduating in 1935.[3] He started writing while in high school, briefly attended Fort Hays State College in Kansas and worked a variety of jobs, including summers as a lifeguard at Breezy Point, Queens, and a period as a trampoline artist for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
During World War II Spillane enlisted in the Army Air Corps, becoming a fighter pilot and a flight instructor.[4] While flying over Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, he said, "That is where I want to live."[5] Later, he would use his celebrity status to publicize the Grand Strand on TV, but when it became a popular resort area and traffic became a problem, Spillane said, "I shouldn't have told people about it."[5]




Photo of Lt. Frank M. Spillane from Greenwood Army Air Field yearbook for 1943.

He was an active Jehovah's Witness.[6] Mickey and Mary Ann Spillane had four children (Caroline, Kathy, Michael, Ward), and their marriage ended in 1962. In November 1965, he married his second wife, nightclub singer Sherri Malinou. After that marriage ended in divorce (and a lawsuit) in 1983, Spillane shared his waterfront house in Murrells Inlet with his third wife, Jane Rogers Johnson, whom he married in October 1983, and her two daughters (Jennifer and Margaret Johnson).
In the 1960s, Spillane became a friend of the novelist Ayn Rand. Despite their apparent differences, Rand admired Spillane's literary style, and Spillane became, as he described it, a "fan" of Rand's work.[7]
In 1989, Hurricane Hugo ravaged his Murrells Inlet house to such a degree it had to be almost entirely reconstructed. A television interview showed Spillane standing in the ruins of his house. He received an Edgar Allan Poe Grand Master Award in 1995. Spillane's novels went out of print, but in 2001, the New American Library began reissuing them.
Spillane died July 17, 2006 at his home in Murrells Inlet, of pancreatic carcinoma.[8][9][10] After his death, his friend and literary executor, Max Allan Collins, began the task of editing and completing Spillane's unpublished typescripts, beginning with a Mike Hammer novel, The Goliath Bone (2008).
In July 2011, the town of Murrells Inlet named U.S 17 Business the "Mickey Spillane Waterfront 17 Highway." The proposal first passed the Georgetown County Council in 2006 while Spillane was still alive, but the South Carolina General Assembly rejected the plan then.[5]
He is survived by his wife, Jane Spillane.
Writing career[edit]
Comic books[edit]
Spillane started as a writer for comic books. While working as a salesman in Gimbels department store basement in 1940, he met tie salesman Joe Gill, who later found a lifetime career in scripting for Charlton Comics. Gill told Spillane to meet his brother, Ray Gill, who wrote for Funnies Inc., an outfit that packaged comic books for different publishers. Spillane soon began writing an eight-page story every day. He concocted adventures for major 1940s comic book characters, including Captain Marvel, Superman, Batman and Captain America. Two-page text stories, which he wrote in the mid-1940s for Timely, appeared under his name and were collected in Primal Spillane (Gryphon Books, 2003).
Novels[edit]
Spillane joined the United States Army Air Forces on December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the mid-1940s he was stationed as a flight instructor in Greenwood, Mississippi, where he met and married Mary Ann Pearce in 1945. The couple wanted to buy a country house in the town of Newburgh, New York, 60 miles north of New York City, so Spillane decided to boost his bank account by writing a novel. In 19 days he wrote I, the Jury. At the suggestion of Ray Gill, he sent it to E. P. Dutton.
With the combined total of the 1947 hardcover and the Signet paperback (December 1948), I, the Jury sold six and a half million copies in the United States alone. I, the Jury introduced Spillane's most famous character, hardboiled detective Mike Hammer. Although tame by current standards, his novels featured more sex than competing titles, and the violence was more overt than the usual detective story.[2] An early version of Spillane's Mike Hammer character, called Mike Danger, was submitted in a script for a detective-themed comic book. " 'Mike Hammer originally started out to be a comic book. I was gonna have a Mike Danger comic book,' [Spillane] said in a 1984 interview."[11] Two Mike Danger comic-book stories were published in 1954 without Spillane's knowledge, as well as one featuring Mike Lancer (1942). These were published with other material in "Byline: Mickey Spillane," edited by Max Allan Collins and Lynn F. Myers, Jr. (Crippen & Landru publishers, 2004).
The Signet paperbacks displayed dramatic front cover illustrations. Lou Kimmel did the cover paintings for My Gun Is Quick, Vengeance Is Mine, One Lonely Night and The Long Wait. The cover art for Kiss Me, Deadly was by James Meese.
Novels[edit]
1947 I, the Jury - Mike Hammer
1950 My Gun Is Quick - Mike Hammer
1950 Vengeance Is Mine! - Mike Hammer
1951 One Lonely Night - Mike Hammer
1951 The Big Kill - Mike Hammer
1951 The Long Wait
1952 Kiss Me, Deadly - Mike Hammer
1961 The Deep
1962 The Girl Hunters - Mike Hammer
1963 Me, Hood
1964 Day of the Guns - Tiger Mann
1964 The Snake - Mike Hammer
1964 Return of the Hood
1964 The Flier
1965 Bloody Sunrise - Tiger Mann
1965 The Death Dealers - Tiger Mann
1965 Killer Mine
1965 Man Alone
1966 The By-Pass Control - Tiger Mann
1966 The Twisted Thing - Mike Hammer
1967 The Body Lovers - Mike Hammer
1967 The Delta Factor
1970 Survival... Zero! - Mike Hammer
1972 The Erection Set - a Dogeron Kelly novel; in the Jacqueline Susann mold
1973 The Last Cop Out
1979 The Day The Sea Rolled Back - young adult
1982 The Ship That Never Was - young adult
1984 Tomorrow I Die - collection of short stories
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer
2001 Together We Kill: The Uncollected Stories of Mickey Spillane - collection of short stories
2003 Something Down There - featuring semi-retired spy Mako Hooker
2007 Dead Street - completed by Max Allan Collins[12]
2008 The Goliath Bone - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2009 I'll Die Tomorrow - Mike Hammer (illustrated, limited edition of the short story)
2010 The Big Bang - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 Kiss Her Goodbye - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 The Consummata - sequel to The Delta Factor; completed by Max Allan Collins
2012 Lady, Go Die! - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2013 Complex 90 - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 King of the Weeds - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2015 Kill Me, Darling - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
Short stories[edit]
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1989, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1996, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1998 The Night I Died - Mike Hammer short story published in the anthology Private Eyes - although story was written in 1953, was not published until 1998
2004 The Duke Alexander - Mike Hammer short story published in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane first published in 2004, although it was originally written circa 1956
2008 The Big Switch - Mike Hammer short story; completed by Max Allan Collins - published in The Strand Magazine, reprinted in paperback in The Mammoth Book of the World's Best Crime Stories, 2009
2012 Skin - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 It's In The Book - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
Films[edit]
Spillane portrayed himself as a detective in Ring of Fear (1954), and rewrote the film without credit for John Wayne's and Robert Fellows' Wayne-Fellows Productions. The film was directed by screenwriter James Edward Grant. Several Hammer novels were made into movies, including Kiss Me Deadly (1955). In The Girl Hunters (1963) filmed in England, Spillane appeared as Hammer, one of the few occasions in film history in which an author of a popular literary hero has portrayed his own character. Spillane was scheduled to film The Snake as a follow up, but the film was never made.[13]
On October 25, 1956, Spillane appeared on The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford, with interest on his Mike Hammer novels.[14] In January 1974, he appeared with Jack Cassidy in the television series Columbo in the episode Publish or Perish. He portrayed a writer who is murdered.[15]
In 1969, Spillane formed a production company with Robert Fellows who had produced The Girl Hunters to produce many of his books, but Fellows died soon after and only The Delta Factor was produced.[16]
During the 1980s, he appeared in Miller Lite beer commercials.[17] In the 1990s, Spillane licensed one of his characters to Tekno Comix for use in a science-fiction adventure series, Mike Danger. In his introduction to the series, Spillane said he had conceived of the character decades earlier but never used him.[11]
Critical reactions[edit]
When literary critics had a negative reaction to Spillane's writing, citing the high content of sex and violence, Spillane answered with a few terse comments: "Those big-shot writers could never dig the fact that there are more salted peanuts consumed than caviar... If the public likes you, you're good." Early reaction to Spillane's work was generally hostile: Malcolm Cowley dismissed the Mike Hammer character as "a homicidal paranoiac",[18] John G. Cawelti called Spillane's writing "atrocious",[18] and Julian Symons called Spillane's work "nauseating".[18] By contrast, Ayn Rand publicly praised Spillane's work at a time when critics were almost uniformly hostile. She considered him an underrated if uneven stylist and found congenial the black-and-white morality of the Hammer stories. She later publicly repudiated what she regarded as the amorality of Spillane's Tiger Mann stories.
Spillane's work was later praised by Max Allan Collins, William L. DeAndrea[2] and Robert L. Gale.[18] DeAndrea argued that although Spillane's characters were stereotypes, Spillane had a "flair for fast-action writing", that his work broke new ground for American crime fiction, and that Spillane's prose "is lean and spare and authentically tough, something that writers like Raymond Chandler and Ross Macdonald never achieved".[2] German painter Markus Lüpertz claimed that Spillane's writing influenced his own work, saying that Spillane ranks as one of the major poets of the 20th century. American comic book writer Frank Miller has mentioned Spillane as an influence for his own hardboiled style. Avant-Garde musician John Zorn composed an album influenced by Spillane's writing titled Spillane, consisting of three file-card pieces[clarification needed], as well as a work for voice, string quartet and turntables.
Quotation[edit]
I started off at the high level, in the slick magazines, but they didn't use my name, they used house names. Anyway, then I went downhill to the pulps, then downhill further to the comics - Mickey Spillane
See also[edit]
History of crime fiction
Hard boiled American crime fiction writing
List of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (Darren McGavin) episodes
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Gulley, Andrew (January 2006). "Interview: Mickey Spillane". The Strand Magazine.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d William L DeAndrea, Encyclopedia Mysteriosa : a comprehensive guide to the art of detection in print, film, radio, and television. New York: Prentice Hall General Reference, 1994. ISBN 0671850253 (pp. 336-7).
3.Jump up ^ Boyer, David. "Neighborhood Report: Flatbush: "Grads Hail Erasmus as It Enters a Fourth Century", The New York Times, March 11, 2001. Accessed December 1, 2007.
4.Jump up ^ Rippetoe, Rita Elizabeth Booze and the Private Eye: Alcohol in the Hard Boiled Novel. McFarland, 2004.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Vasselli, Gina (2011-07-11). "New name coming soon for road in Murrells Inlet". The Sun News. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
6.Jump up ^ Adam Bernstein (July 18, 2006). "Mickey Spillane; Tough-Guy Writer Of Mike Hammer Detective Mysteries". Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ McConnell, Scott, ed., "Mickey Spillane", 100 Voices: an Oral History of Ayn Rand, 2010, New American Library, pp. 232-239.
8.Jump up ^ The New York Times obituary
9.Jump up ^ Guardian obituary
10.Jump up ^ "Mystery Novelist Spillane Dies", The Washington Times
11.^ Jump up to: a b CBS News obituary
12.Jump up ^ Spillane, Mickey. Dead Street. Hard Case Crime/Dorchester Publishing, 2007, p. 214.
13.Jump up ^ Time
14.Jump up ^ "The Ford Show, Season One". ernieford.com. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ [1]
16.Jump up ^ p.77 Baker, Robert Allen & Nietzel, Michael T. Private Eyes: One Hundred and One Knights : A Survey of American Detective Fiction, 1922-1984 Popular Press, 1985
17.Jump up ^ "Mickey Spillane dies". The Guardian. July 18, 2006.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert L. Gale, A Mickey Spillane companion Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2003. ISBN 0313058482 (ix)
Further reading[edit]
Collins, Max Allan; Traylor, James L. (2012). Mickey Spillane on screen : a complete study of the television and film adaptations. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 9780786465781.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mickey Spillane
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mickey Spillane.
Mickey Spillane at the Internet Movie Database
Biography of Jack Stang - The Real Mike Hammer
"'Comics Were Great!' A Colorful Conversation with Mickey Spillane", Alter Ego vol. 3, #11, November 2001. Accessed September 5, 2008. WebCitation archive.
"The Religious Affiliation of Writer of Hard-boiled Detective Novels Mickey Spillane", Crime Time August 6, 2001, via Famous Jehovah's Witnesses. WebCitation archive.
Liukkonen, Petri. "Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) - Pseudonym of Frank Morrison Spillane", Books and Writers, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Smith, Kevin Burton. "Authors and Creators: Mickey Spillane (Frank Morrison Spillane) (1918-2006)", Thrilling Detective, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Holland, Steve. "Mickey Spillane: Hardboiled's Most Extreme Stylist or Cynical Exploiter of Machismo?", Crime Time 2.6, December 1999, via MysteryFile.com
Meroney, John. "Man of Mysteries: It'd Been Years Since Spillane Pulled a Job. Could We Find Him? Yeah. It Was Easy", The Washington Post, August 22, 2001, p. C01. WebCitation archive.
Photo


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
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Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer


Novels
I, the Jury (1947) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1950) ·
 Vengeance Is Mine (1950) ·
 One Lonely Night (1951) ·
 The Big Kill (1951) ·
 Kiss Me, Deadly (1952) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1962) ·
 The Snake (1964) ·
 The Twisted Thing (1966) ·
 The Body Lovers (1967) ·
 Survival... Zero! (1970) ·
 The Killing Man (1989) ·
 Black Alley (1996) ·
 The Goliath Bone (2008)
 

Films
I, the Jury (1953) ·
 Kiss Me Deadly (1955) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1957) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1963) ·
 Margin for Murder (TV, 1981) ·
 I, the Jury (1982) ·
 Murder Me, Murder You (TV, 1983) ·
 More Than Murder (TV, 1984) ·
 The Return of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (TV, 1986) ·
 Come Die with Me (TV, 1994) ·
 Mike Hammer: Song Bird (V, 2003)
 

Television
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1958-1960) ·
 Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1984-1985) ·
 The New Mike Hammer (1986-1987) ·
 Mike Hammer, Private Eye (1997-1998)
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 12315338 ·
 LCCN: n50021194 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0001 0870 0974 ·
 GND: 115694366 ·
 SELIBR: 286319 ·
 SUDOC: 027146219 ·
 BNF: cb119253427 (data) ·
 BIBSYS: x90055437 ·
 NLA: 41725874 ·
 NDL: 00457321 ·
 NKC: jn20000605107 ·
 BNE: XX1127806
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


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Mickey Spillane

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the gangster, see Mickey Spillane (mobster).

Mickey Spillane
Mickey Spillane Columbo 1974.JPG
Spillane in the "Publish or Perish" episode of Columbo.

Born
Frank Morrison Spillane
March 9, 1918
Brooklyn, New York City,
 United States
Died
July 17, 2006 (aged 88)
Murrells Inlet, South Carolina,
 United States
Resting place
Cremated, Ashes scattered in a creek near his home in South Carolina
Occupation
Novelist
Nationality
American
Period
1947–2006
Genre
Hardboiled crime fiction,
detective fiction
Frank Morrison Spillane (March 9, 1918 – July 17, 2006), better known as Mickey Spillane, was an American author of crime novels, many featuring his signature detective character, Mike Hammer. More than 225 million copies of his books have sold internationally.[1][2] In 1980, Spillane was responsible for seven of the top 15 all-time best-selling fiction titles in the US.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Writing career 2.1 Comic books
2.2 Novels
2.3 Novels
2.4 Short stories
3 Films
4 Critical reactions
5 Quotation
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Biography[edit]
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Spillane was the only child of his Irish bartender father, John Joseph Spillane, and his Scottish mother, Catherine Anne. Spillane attended Erasmus Hall High School, graduating in 1935.[3] He started writing while in high school, briefly attended Fort Hays State College in Kansas and worked a variety of jobs, including summers as a lifeguard at Breezy Point, Queens, and a period as a trampoline artist for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
During World War II Spillane enlisted in the Army Air Corps, becoming a fighter pilot and a flight instructor.[4] While flying over Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, he said, "That is where I want to live."[5] Later, he would use his celebrity status to publicize the Grand Strand on TV, but when it became a popular resort area and traffic became a problem, Spillane said, "I shouldn't have told people about it."[5]




Photo of Lt. Frank M. Spillane from Greenwood Army Air Field yearbook for 1943.

He was an active Jehovah's Witness.[6] Mickey and Mary Ann Spillane had four children (Caroline, Kathy, Michael, Ward), and their marriage ended in 1962. In November 1965, he married his second wife, nightclub singer Sherri Malinou. After that marriage ended in divorce (and a lawsuit) in 1983, Spillane shared his waterfront house in Murrells Inlet with his third wife, Jane Rogers Johnson, whom he married in October 1983, and her two daughters (Jennifer and Margaret Johnson).
In the 1960s, Spillane became a friend of the novelist Ayn Rand. Despite their apparent differences, Rand admired Spillane's literary style, and Spillane became, as he described it, a "fan" of Rand's work.[7]
In 1989, Hurricane Hugo ravaged his Murrells Inlet house to such a degree it had to be almost entirely reconstructed. A television interview showed Spillane standing in the ruins of his house. He received an Edgar Allan Poe Grand Master Award in 1995. Spillane's novels went out of print, but in 2001, the New American Library began reissuing them.
Spillane died July 17, 2006 at his home in Murrells Inlet, of pancreatic carcinoma.[8][9][10] After his death, his friend and literary executor, Max Allan Collins, began the task of editing and completing Spillane's unpublished typescripts, beginning with a Mike Hammer novel, The Goliath Bone (2008).
In July 2011, the town of Murrells Inlet named U.S 17 Business the "Mickey Spillane Waterfront 17 Highway." The proposal first passed the Georgetown County Council in 2006 while Spillane was still alive, but the South Carolina General Assembly rejected the plan then.[5]
He is survived by his wife, Jane Spillane.
Writing career[edit]
Comic books[edit]
Spillane started as a writer for comic books. While working as a salesman in Gimbels department store basement in 1940, he met tie salesman Joe Gill, who later found a lifetime career in scripting for Charlton Comics. Gill told Spillane to meet his brother, Ray Gill, who wrote for Funnies Inc., an outfit that packaged comic books for different publishers. Spillane soon began writing an eight-page story every day. He concocted adventures for major 1940s comic book characters, including Captain Marvel, Superman, Batman and Captain America. Two-page text stories, which he wrote in the mid-1940s for Timely, appeared under his name and were collected in Primal Spillane (Gryphon Books, 2003).
Novels[edit]
Spillane joined the United States Army Air Forces on December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the mid-1940s he was stationed as a flight instructor in Greenwood, Mississippi, where he met and married Mary Ann Pearce in 1945. The couple wanted to buy a country house in the town of Newburgh, New York, 60 miles north of New York City, so Spillane decided to boost his bank account by writing a novel. In 19 days he wrote I, the Jury. At the suggestion of Ray Gill, he sent it to E. P. Dutton.
With the combined total of the 1947 hardcover and the Signet paperback (December 1948), I, the Jury sold six and a half million copies in the United States alone. I, the Jury introduced Spillane's most famous character, hardboiled detective Mike Hammer. Although tame by current standards, his novels featured more sex than competing titles, and the violence was more overt than the usual detective story.[2] An early version of Spillane's Mike Hammer character, called Mike Danger, was submitted in a script for a detective-themed comic book. " 'Mike Hammer originally started out to be a comic book. I was gonna have a Mike Danger comic book,' [Spillane] said in a 1984 interview."[11] Two Mike Danger comic-book stories were published in 1954 without Spillane's knowledge, as well as one featuring Mike Lancer (1942). These were published with other material in "Byline: Mickey Spillane," edited by Max Allan Collins and Lynn F. Myers, Jr. (Crippen & Landru publishers, 2004).
The Signet paperbacks displayed dramatic front cover illustrations. Lou Kimmel did the cover paintings for My Gun Is Quick, Vengeance Is Mine, One Lonely Night and The Long Wait. The cover art for Kiss Me, Deadly was by James Meese.
Novels[edit]
1947 I, the Jury - Mike Hammer
1950 My Gun Is Quick - Mike Hammer
1950 Vengeance Is Mine! - Mike Hammer
1951 One Lonely Night - Mike Hammer
1951 The Big Kill - Mike Hammer
1951 The Long Wait
1952 Kiss Me, Deadly - Mike Hammer
1961 The Deep
1962 The Girl Hunters - Mike Hammer
1963 Me, Hood
1964 Day of the Guns - Tiger Mann
1964 The Snake - Mike Hammer
1964 Return of the Hood
1964 The Flier
1965 Bloody Sunrise - Tiger Mann
1965 The Death Dealers - Tiger Mann
1965 Killer Mine
1965 Man Alone
1966 The By-Pass Control - Tiger Mann
1966 The Twisted Thing - Mike Hammer
1967 The Body Lovers - Mike Hammer
1967 The Delta Factor
1970 Survival... Zero! - Mike Hammer
1972 The Erection Set - a Dogeron Kelly novel; in the Jacqueline Susann mold
1973 The Last Cop Out
1979 The Day The Sea Rolled Back - young adult
1982 The Ship That Never Was - young adult
1984 Tomorrow I Die - collection of short stories
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer
2001 Together We Kill: The Uncollected Stories of Mickey Spillane - collection of short stories
2003 Something Down There - featuring semi-retired spy Mako Hooker
2007 Dead Street - completed by Max Allan Collins[12]
2008 The Goliath Bone - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2009 I'll Die Tomorrow - Mike Hammer (illustrated, limited edition of the short story)
2010 The Big Bang - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 Kiss Her Goodbye - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2011 The Consummata - sequel to The Delta Factor; completed by Max Allan Collins
2012 Lady, Go Die! - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2013 Complex 90 - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 King of the Weeds - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
2015 Kill Me, Darling - Mike Hammer; completed by Max Allan Collins
Short stories[edit]
1989 The Killing Man - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1989, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1996 Black Alley - Mike Hammer short story later turned into a full length Mike Hammer novel published in Playboy magazine December 1996, later republished in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane in 2004
1998 The Night I Died - Mike Hammer short story published in the anthology Private Eyes - although story was written in 1953, was not published until 1998
2004 The Duke Alexander - Mike Hammer short story published in the book Byline: Mickey Spillane first published in 2004, although it was originally written circa 1956
2008 The Big Switch - Mike Hammer short story; completed by Max Allan Collins - published in The Strand Magazine, reprinted in paperback in The Mammoth Book of the World's Best Crime Stories, 2009
2012 Skin - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
2014 It's In The Book - Mike Hammer e-book short story; completed by Max Allan Collins
Films[edit]
Spillane portrayed himself as a detective in Ring of Fear (1954), and rewrote the film without credit for John Wayne's and Robert Fellows' Wayne-Fellows Productions. The film was directed by screenwriter James Edward Grant. Several Hammer novels were made into movies, including Kiss Me Deadly (1955). In The Girl Hunters (1963) filmed in England, Spillane appeared as Hammer, one of the few occasions in film history in which an author of a popular literary hero has portrayed his own character. Spillane was scheduled to film The Snake as a follow up, but the film was never made.[13]
On October 25, 1956, Spillane appeared on The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford, with interest on his Mike Hammer novels.[14] In January 1974, he appeared with Jack Cassidy in the television series Columbo in the episode Publish or Perish. He portrayed a writer who is murdered.[15]
In 1969, Spillane formed a production company with Robert Fellows who had produced The Girl Hunters to produce many of his books, but Fellows died soon after and only The Delta Factor was produced.[16]
During the 1980s, he appeared in Miller Lite beer commercials.[17] In the 1990s, Spillane licensed one of his characters to Tekno Comix for use in a science-fiction adventure series, Mike Danger. In his introduction to the series, Spillane said he had conceived of the character decades earlier but never used him.[11]
Critical reactions[edit]
When literary critics had a negative reaction to Spillane's writing, citing the high content of sex and violence, Spillane answered with a few terse comments: "Those big-shot writers could never dig the fact that there are more salted peanuts consumed than caviar... If the public likes you, you're good." Early reaction to Spillane's work was generally hostile: Malcolm Cowley dismissed the Mike Hammer character as "a homicidal paranoiac",[18] John G. Cawelti called Spillane's writing "atrocious",[18] and Julian Symons called Spillane's work "nauseating".[18] By contrast, Ayn Rand publicly praised Spillane's work at a time when critics were almost uniformly hostile. She considered him an underrated if uneven stylist and found congenial the black-and-white morality of the Hammer stories. She later publicly repudiated what she regarded as the amorality of Spillane's Tiger Mann stories.
Spillane's work was later praised by Max Allan Collins, William L. DeAndrea[2] and Robert L. Gale.[18] DeAndrea argued that although Spillane's characters were stereotypes, Spillane had a "flair for fast-action writing", that his work broke new ground for American crime fiction, and that Spillane's prose "is lean and spare and authentically tough, something that writers like Raymond Chandler and Ross Macdonald never achieved".[2] German painter Markus Lüpertz claimed that Spillane's writing influenced his own work, saying that Spillane ranks as one of the major poets of the 20th century. American comic book writer Frank Miller has mentioned Spillane as an influence for his own hardboiled style. Avant-Garde musician John Zorn composed an album influenced by Spillane's writing titled Spillane, consisting of three file-card pieces[clarification needed], as well as a work for voice, string quartet and turntables.
Quotation[edit]
I started off at the high level, in the slick magazines, but they didn't use my name, they used house names. Anyway, then I went downhill to the pulps, then downhill further to the comics - Mickey Spillane
See also[edit]
History of crime fiction
Hard boiled American crime fiction writing
List of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (Darren McGavin) episodes
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Gulley, Andrew (January 2006). "Interview: Mickey Spillane". The Strand Magazine.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d William L DeAndrea, Encyclopedia Mysteriosa : a comprehensive guide to the art of detection in print, film, radio, and television. New York: Prentice Hall General Reference, 1994. ISBN 0671850253 (pp. 336-7).
3.Jump up ^ Boyer, David. "Neighborhood Report: Flatbush: "Grads Hail Erasmus as It Enters a Fourth Century", The New York Times, March 11, 2001. Accessed December 1, 2007.
4.Jump up ^ Rippetoe, Rita Elizabeth Booze and the Private Eye: Alcohol in the Hard Boiled Novel. McFarland, 2004.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c Vasselli, Gina (2011-07-11). "New name coming soon for road in Murrells Inlet". The Sun News. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
6.Jump up ^ Adam Bernstein (July 18, 2006). "Mickey Spillane; Tough-Guy Writer Of Mike Hammer Detective Mysteries". Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
7.Jump up ^ McConnell, Scott, ed., "Mickey Spillane", 100 Voices: an Oral History of Ayn Rand, 2010, New American Library, pp. 232-239.
8.Jump up ^ The New York Times obituary
9.Jump up ^ Guardian obituary
10.Jump up ^ "Mystery Novelist Spillane Dies", The Washington Times
11.^ Jump up to: a b CBS News obituary
12.Jump up ^ Spillane, Mickey. Dead Street. Hard Case Crime/Dorchester Publishing, 2007, p. 214.
13.Jump up ^ Time
14.Jump up ^ "The Ford Show, Season One". ernieford.com. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
15.Jump up ^ [1]
16.Jump up ^ p.77 Baker, Robert Allen & Nietzel, Michael T. Private Eyes: One Hundred and One Knights : A Survey of American Detective Fiction, 1922-1984 Popular Press, 1985
17.Jump up ^ "Mickey Spillane dies". The Guardian. July 18, 2006.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c d Robert L. Gale, A Mickey Spillane companion Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2003. ISBN 0313058482 (ix)
Further reading[edit]
Collins, Max Allan; Traylor, James L. (2012). Mickey Spillane on screen : a complete study of the television and film adaptations. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 9780786465781.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mickey Spillane
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mickey Spillane.
Mickey Spillane at the Internet Movie Database
Biography of Jack Stang - The Real Mike Hammer
"'Comics Were Great!' A Colorful Conversation with Mickey Spillane", Alter Ego vol. 3, #11, November 2001. Accessed September 5, 2008. WebCitation archive.
"The Religious Affiliation of Writer of Hard-boiled Detective Novels Mickey Spillane", Crime Time August 6, 2001, via Famous Jehovah's Witnesses. WebCitation archive.
Liukkonen, Petri. "Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) - Pseudonym of Frank Morrison Spillane", Books and Writers, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Smith, Kevin Burton. "Authors and Creators: Mickey Spillane (Frank Morrison Spillane) (1918-2006)", Thrilling Detective, n.d. WebCitation archive.
Holland, Steve. "Mickey Spillane: Hardboiled's Most Extreme Stylist or Cynical Exploiter of Machismo?", Crime Time 2.6, December 1999, via MysteryFile.com
Meroney, John. "Man of Mysteries: It'd Been Years Since Spillane Pulled a Job. Could We Find Him? Yeah. It Was Easy", The Washington Post, August 22, 2001, p. C01. WebCitation archive.
Photo


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer


Novels
I, the Jury (1947) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1950) ·
 Vengeance Is Mine (1950) ·
 One Lonely Night (1951) ·
 The Big Kill (1951) ·
 Kiss Me, Deadly (1952) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1962) ·
 The Snake (1964) ·
 The Twisted Thing (1966) ·
 The Body Lovers (1967) ·
 Survival... Zero! (1970) ·
 The Killing Man (1989) ·
 Black Alley (1996) ·
 The Goliath Bone (2008)
 

Films
I, the Jury (1953) ·
 Kiss Me Deadly (1955) ·
 My Gun Is Quick (1957) ·
 The Girl Hunters (1963) ·
 Margin for Murder (TV, 1981) ·
 I, the Jury (1982) ·
 Murder Me, Murder You (TV, 1983) ·
 More Than Murder (TV, 1984) ·
 The Return of Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (TV, 1986) ·
 Come Die with Me (TV, 1994) ·
 Mike Hammer: Song Bird (V, 2003)
 

Television
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1958-1960) ·
 Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1984-1985) ·
 The New Mike Hammer (1986-1987) ·
 Mike Hammer, Private Eye (1997-1998)
 



Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 12315338 ·
 LCCN: n50021194 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0001 0870 0974 ·
 GND: 115694366 ·
 SELIBR: 286319 ·
 SUDOC: 027146219 ·
 BNF: cb119253427 (data) ·
 BIBSYS: x90055437 ·
 NLA: 41725874 ·
 NDL: 00457321 ·
 NKC: jn20000605107 ·
 BNE: XX1127806
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1918 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American anti-communists
American crime fiction writers
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American male novelists
American people of Irish descent
Cancer deaths in South Carolina
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
Writers from Brooklyn
People from Elizabeth, New Jersey
People from Georgetown County, South Carolina
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Shamus Award winners
Edgar Award winners
















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Lark Voorhies

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Lark Voorhies
Lark Voorhies.jpg
Voorhies in 2008.

Born
Lark Holloway
 March 25, 1974 (age 41)
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actress, Singer, Spokeswoman, Model
Years active
1988–present
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Awards
1990: Young Artist Award 'Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series' - (Saved by the Bell)
 1993: Young Artist Award 'Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series' - (Saved by the Bell)
Lark Voorhies (born Lark Holloway, March 25, 1974) is an American actress who rose to fame playing Lisa Turtle in Saved by the Bell, for which she was nominated for the Young Artist Award four times, winning in 1990 and 1993. She also portrayed the role as a regular on Good Morning, Miss Bliss.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Entertainment career 2.1 Acting
2.2 Music
2.3 Writing
3 Personal life 3.1 Legal dispute
3.2 Mental health issues
4 In popular culture
5 Filmography
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links

Early life[edit]
Lark Voorhies was born Lark Holloway in Nashville, Tennessee, and later adopted "Voorhies" as a stage name.[1][2] Her mother, Tricia,[3] named her "Lark" after the character in the 1972 film Cool Breeze, played by Margaret Avery.[4] By the time Voorhies was two years old, the family had moved to Pasadena, California. At this time, her mother took her to a talent agent, because "she was a natural-born ham."[5] However, her first audition did not go well—she froze.[5] She appeared in a national television commercial for Universal Studios Tour at age 12 advertising its upcoming King Kong attraction: "I was on this tram screaming with all these other people. I had such a great time doing that."[4][6]
Entertainment career[edit]
Acting[edit]
Voorhies made her acting debut at the age of two. Though photogenic, she was shy, and her mother put Voorhies' acting career on hold until she was more comfortable in front of the cameras. Later, at the age of fourteen, Voorhies reappeared on an episode of Small Wonder in 1988. In June of that same year, she landed the recurring role of Lisa Turtle in Good Morning, Miss Bliss[7] and appeared in thirteen episodes from 1988 to 1989. She remained as the same character, as did Zack, Screech, and Mr. Belding, after Disney dropped the series and it was picked-up and re-tooled by NBC and renamed Saved by the Bell. The characters Miss Bliss, Mylo, Mikey, and Nicky were dropped. During its first season on NBC 1989-1990, the characters Kelly Kapowski, A.C. Slater, and Jessie Spano were added. The setting was also changed from John F. Kennedy Junior High in Indianapolis to Bayside High School in Los Angeles.
Voorhies has since appeared in several television sitcoms and soap operas. She played the role of single mom Wendy Reardon on Days of Our Lives from 1993[8] to 1994. On The Bold and the Beautiful Voorhies played the role of amiable intern fashion-designer, Jasmine Malone beginning in January 1995. She was released from her contract in November 1996 when her role required her to act in sex scenes, which the actress refused to do citing her religious beliefs as a Jehovah's Witness. She returned in April 2004 when Jasmine Malone returns to L.A when Eric and Stephiane hire her to work as a designer in the basement at Forrester Creations. She decided to renew her contract when the show offered to sign her to a one-year deal and departed the show again in July 2004 when her character Jasmine took a job at Forrester International in Europe, courtesy of Eric Forrester.
In 1995, Voorhies guest-starred in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Life Support". During the same year, Voorhies guest-starred in the season 6 episode of Family Matters, entitled "Home Sweet Home," as Eddie's upstairs dream girl. She has continued to act in various roles since then, such as In the House, in which she played the girlfriend-turned-wife of Alfonso Ribeiro’s character, Dr. Max Stanton. Previously, she played Ribeiro's love interest twice on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Besides sitcoms, Voorhies also appeared in movies and direct-to-video films. In 2001, Voorhies played a major role in the film How High as Lauren, a Harvard student. She was involved in a 1990 movie adaptation of the book The Black Man's Guide to Understanding Black Women,[9] and played Ana Smith in the 2008 movie entitled The Next Hit.[10]
Music[edit]
Voorhies has appeared in notable music video roles. She played Kenny Lattimore's love interest in his debut video "Never Too Busy", from his 1996 self-titled debut album, and Wanya's girlfriend in Boyz II Men's music video "On Bended Knee". She was also featured in Montell Jordan's "Somethin' for the Honeyz", and Dru Hill's "These Are the Times". In 1994, Voorhies was in a group originally called the X-Girls (now known as Geneva) with Stacee and Yashi Brown (the daughters of singer and oldest Jackson family sibling, Rebbie Jackson). Voorhies founded and was the lead singer in an alternative band named Third Degree. After the group disbanded, Voorhies decided to further her music career as a soloist.[citation needed]
Writing[edit]
Since 2010, Voorhies has written three books: Reciprocity, Trek of the Cheshire, and True Light: A, superior, take, unto, the, premier, haloing, of, tenuation. Readily, available, True Light, provides, resource, into, time's, motifed, and, vestuved, authenticate, revelation.[11]
Personal life[edit]
Legal dispute[edit]
On May 30, 2006, Voorhies filed a lawsuit against The National Enquirer for libel over an article that included claims she had a drug problem.[12]
Mental health issues[edit]
In an interview with Voorhies in November 2012, Entertainment Tonight inquired about the People magazine article, in which her mother Tricia, who lives with Lark, claimed that Voorhies has bipolar disorder.[13] Her former co-star Dustin Diamond said she would "stare into space" and that "it wasn't the Lark I knew."[14] Voorhies responded to the claims in a rambling statement with odd word phrasing.[15] Her book True Light is written with commas after almost every word.[16]
In popular culture[edit]
Voorhies is mentioned in Asher Roth's single "Lark on My Go-Kart" and in Ludacris' song "Coming 2 America", off his Word of Mouf album.
Nocando mentions her in "I Guess So" from his 2013 album 'Tits 'N' Explosions'.
She is also mentioned in a line by rapper Royce da 5'9" in the song "Detroit vs. Everybody" off of the album Shady XV.
Filmography[edit]
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1997 Def Jam's How to Be a Player Lisa 
2000 Longshot Woman at Bar Alternative title: Jack of All Trades
2001 How High Lauren 
2002 Civil Brand Lil' Mama 
2008 The Next Hit Ana Smith 
2009 Mimi's Place Sydney Short film
2011 Measure of Faith Kim Direct-to-video
2012 Little Creeps The Dean Direct-to-video

Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1988–89 Good Morning, Miss Bliss Lisa Turtle 13 episodes
1988,
 1989 Small Wonder Brandie Ross
 Binky Episodes: "When You Hear the Beep", "The Tattletale"
1989 The Robert Guillaume Show Danica Episode: "Educating Ann"
1989–93 Saved by the Bell Lisa Turtle 85 episodes
1992 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Cindy Episode: "Mama's Baby, Carlton's Maybe"
Saved by the Bell: Hawaiian Style Lisa Turtle Television film
1993 Martin Nicole Episodes: "The Break Up" (2), "The Break Up" (3)
Getting By Tasha Episodes: "Men Don't Dance", "Turnabout Dance"
1993–94 Days of Our Lives Wendy Reardon 
1994 Saved by the Bell: The College Years Lisa Turtle Episode: "Wedding Plans"
Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas Lisa Turtle Television film
Me and the Boys Denise Episode: "Talent Show"
Saved by the Bell: The New Class Lisa Turtle Episode: "Goodbye Bayside" (2)
1995 CBS Schoolbreak Special Breena Black Episode: "What About Your Friends"
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Leanne Episode: "Life Support"
Family Matters Dream Girl Episode: "Home Sweet Home"
1995–96,
 2004 The Bold and the Beautiful Jasmine Malone Originated the role from January 1995 to November 1996; reprised in April 2004; again departed the role in June 2004, and last appeared on-screen in July 2004
1997 Malcolm & Eddie Lydia Episode: "Club Story"
The Last Don Tiffany Miniseries
1997–99 In the House Mercedes Langford 18 episodes
1998 The Love Boat: The Next Wave Johari Mayfield Episode: "I Can't Get No Satisfaction"
1999 Mutiny  Television film
The Parkers Chandra Episodes: "Grape Nuts", "Scammed Straight"
2000 Grown Ups Stacy Episode: "J's Pet Peeve"
2001 Fire & Ice Holly Aimes Television film
2002 Widows  Miniseries
2008 Robot Chicken Lisa Turtle / Betty Childs / Borg Queen (voice) Episode: Boo Cocky

Awards and nominations[edit]
Young Artist Award
1989: Nominated, "Best Young Actress in a Cable Family Series" – Good Morning, Miss Bliss
1990: Nominated, "Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast" – Saved by the Bell
1990: Won, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
1991: Nominated, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
1992: Nominated, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
1993: Won, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Suzy Baldwin (March 25, 2005). "Signposts". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 30.  |chapter= ignored (help)
2.Jump up ^ Diamond, Dustin (2009). Behind the Bell. Transit Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 0981239692.
3.Jump up ^ Iona Kirby (October 3, 2012). "Saved By The Bell star Lark Voorhies battling bipolar disorder: Mother says the actress is mentally ill". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
4.^ Jump up to: a b Nancy M. Reichardt (November 27, 1995). "Voorhies Boldly Jumps Into Daytime Drama". Palm Beach Post. p. 2D.  |chapter= ignored (help)
5.^ Jump up to: a b Lilana Novakovich (October 20, 1996). "Soap star had long climb to Another World". Calgary Herald. p. C7.  |chapter= ignored (help)
6.Jump up ^ John M. Wilson (December 22, 1985). "Monkey Breath". Los Angeles Times. p. 35. Retrieved October 19, 2012. |chapter= ignored (help)
7.Jump up ^ The Ed Bark (June 3, 1989). "Shakeup set for Saturday morning TV". The Dallas Morning News. p. 5C. "NBC also is experimenting with the first Saturday morning situation comedy. Saved By the Bell keeps track of six mischievous, adventurous teens played by flesh-and-blood actors you've never heard of unless you're one of their parents. Fave name: Lark Voorhies."  |chapter= ignored (help)
8.Jump up ^ "Lark Voorhies Cast on "Days of Our Lives"". Tulsa World. April 1, 1993. p. C3.  |chapter= ignored (help)
9.Jump up ^ "Then/Now: 'Saved By the Bell'". FoxNews. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
10.Jump up ^ http://washedupcelebrities.blogspot.com/2008/02/lark-voorhies.html
11.Jump up ^ http://www.amazon.com/s/?field-author=Lark+Voorhies&search-alias=books
12.Jump up ^ AP. “ ‘Saved by the Bell’ Actress Sues Tabloid”, ABC News, 1 June 2006.[dead link]
13.Jump up ^ http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20635697,00.html
14.Jump up ^ "http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20636019,00.html
15.Jump up ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AobTzmW5sRw
16.Jump up ^ http://gawker.com/5948756/lark-voorhies-mom-says-she-has-bipolar-disorder-her-writing-says-she-is-obsessed-with-commas
External links[edit]

Portal icon Television in the United States portal
Portal icon Biography portal
Portal icon African American portal
Lark Voorhies at the Internet Movie Database


Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 61237056 ·
 LCCN: no2003071820 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 4441 6607
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1974 births
Actresses from Tennessee
African-American actresses
American child actresses
American film actresses
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
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People from Nashville, Tennessee
Actresses from Pasadena, California
People with bipolar disorder













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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark_Voorhies








Lark Voorhies

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Jump to: navigation, search


Lark Voorhies
Lark Voorhies.jpg
Voorhies in 2008.

Born
Lark Holloway
 March 25, 1974 (age 41)
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actress, Singer, Spokeswoman, Model
Years active
1988–present
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Awards
1990: Young Artist Award 'Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series' - (Saved by the Bell)
 1993: Young Artist Award 'Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series' - (Saved by the Bell)
Lark Voorhies (born Lark Holloway, March 25, 1974) is an American actress who rose to fame playing Lisa Turtle in Saved by the Bell, for which she was nominated for the Young Artist Award four times, winning in 1990 and 1993. She also portrayed the role as a regular on Good Morning, Miss Bliss.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Entertainment career 2.1 Acting
2.2 Music
2.3 Writing
3 Personal life 3.1 Legal dispute
3.2 Mental health issues
4 In popular culture
5 Filmography
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links

Early life[edit]
Lark Voorhies was born Lark Holloway in Nashville, Tennessee, and later adopted "Voorhies" as a stage name.[1][2] Her mother, Tricia,[3] named her "Lark" after the character in the 1972 film Cool Breeze, played by Margaret Avery.[4] By the time Voorhies was two years old, the family had moved to Pasadena, California. At this time, her mother took her to a talent agent, because "she was a natural-born ham."[5] However, her first audition did not go well—she froze.[5] She appeared in a national television commercial for Universal Studios Tour at age 12 advertising its upcoming King Kong attraction: "I was on this tram screaming with all these other people. I had such a great time doing that."[4][6]
Entertainment career[edit]
Acting[edit]
Voorhies made her acting debut at the age of two. Though photogenic, she was shy, and her mother put Voorhies' acting career on hold until she was more comfortable in front of the cameras. Later, at the age of fourteen, Voorhies reappeared on an episode of Small Wonder in 1988. In June of that same year, she landed the recurring role of Lisa Turtle in Good Morning, Miss Bliss[7] and appeared in thirteen episodes from 1988 to 1989. She remained as the same character, as did Zack, Screech, and Mr. Belding, after Disney dropped the series and it was picked-up and re-tooled by NBC and renamed Saved by the Bell. The characters Miss Bliss, Mylo, Mikey, and Nicky were dropped. During its first season on NBC 1989-1990, the characters Kelly Kapowski, A.C. Slater, and Jessie Spano were added. The setting was also changed from John F. Kennedy Junior High in Indianapolis to Bayside High School in Los Angeles.
Voorhies has since appeared in several television sitcoms and soap operas. She played the role of single mom Wendy Reardon on Days of Our Lives from 1993[8] to 1994. On The Bold and the Beautiful Voorhies played the role of amiable intern fashion-designer, Jasmine Malone beginning in January 1995. She was released from her contract in November 1996 when her role required her to act in sex scenes, which the actress refused to do citing her religious beliefs as a Jehovah's Witness. She returned in April 2004 when Jasmine Malone returns to L.A when Eric and Stephiane hire her to work as a designer in the basement at Forrester Creations. She decided to renew her contract when the show offered to sign her to a one-year deal and departed the show again in July 2004 when her character Jasmine took a job at Forrester International in Europe, courtesy of Eric Forrester.
In 1995, Voorhies guest-starred in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Life Support". During the same year, Voorhies guest-starred in the season 6 episode of Family Matters, entitled "Home Sweet Home," as Eddie's upstairs dream girl. She has continued to act in various roles since then, such as In the House, in which she played the girlfriend-turned-wife of Alfonso Ribeiro’s character, Dr. Max Stanton. Previously, she played Ribeiro's love interest twice on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Besides sitcoms, Voorhies also appeared in movies and direct-to-video films. In 2001, Voorhies played a major role in the film How High as Lauren, a Harvard student. She was involved in a 1990 movie adaptation of the book The Black Man's Guide to Understanding Black Women,[9] and played Ana Smith in the 2008 movie entitled The Next Hit.[10]
Music[edit]
Voorhies has appeared in notable music video roles. She played Kenny Lattimore's love interest in his debut video "Never Too Busy", from his 1996 self-titled debut album, and Wanya's girlfriend in Boyz II Men's music video "On Bended Knee". She was also featured in Montell Jordan's "Somethin' for the Honeyz", and Dru Hill's "These Are the Times". In 1994, Voorhies was in a group originally called the X-Girls (now known as Geneva) with Stacee and Yashi Brown (the daughters of singer and oldest Jackson family sibling, Rebbie Jackson). Voorhies founded and was the lead singer in an alternative band named Third Degree. After the group disbanded, Voorhies decided to further her music career as a soloist.[citation needed]
Writing[edit]
Since 2010, Voorhies has written three books: Reciprocity, Trek of the Cheshire, and True Light: A, superior, take, unto, the, premier, haloing, of, tenuation. Readily, available, True Light, provides, resource, into, time's, motifed, and, vestuved, authenticate, revelation.[11]
Personal life[edit]
Legal dispute[edit]
On May 30, 2006, Voorhies filed a lawsuit against The National Enquirer for libel over an article that included claims she had a drug problem.[12]
Mental health issues[edit]
In an interview with Voorhies in November 2012, Entertainment Tonight inquired about the People magazine article, in which her mother Tricia, who lives with Lark, claimed that Voorhies has bipolar disorder.[13] Her former co-star Dustin Diamond said she would "stare into space" and that "it wasn't the Lark I knew."[14] Voorhies responded to the claims in a rambling statement with odd word phrasing.[15] Her book True Light is written with commas after almost every word.[16]
In popular culture[edit]
Voorhies is mentioned in Asher Roth's single "Lark on My Go-Kart" and in Ludacris' song "Coming 2 America", off his Word of Mouf album.
Nocando mentions her in "I Guess So" from his 2013 album 'Tits 'N' Explosions'.
She is also mentioned in a line by rapper Royce da 5'9" in the song "Detroit vs. Everybody" off of the album Shady XV.
Filmography[edit]
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1997 Def Jam's How to Be a Player Lisa 
2000 Longshot Woman at Bar Alternative title: Jack of All Trades
2001 How High Lauren 
2002 Civil Brand Lil' Mama 
2008 The Next Hit Ana Smith 
2009 Mimi's Place Sydney Short film
2011 Measure of Faith Kim Direct-to-video
2012 Little Creeps The Dean Direct-to-video

Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

1988–89 Good Morning, Miss Bliss Lisa Turtle 13 episodes
1988,
 1989 Small Wonder Brandie Ross
 Binky Episodes: "When You Hear the Beep", "The Tattletale"
1989 The Robert Guillaume Show Danica Episode: "Educating Ann"
1989–93 Saved by the Bell Lisa Turtle 85 episodes
1992 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Cindy Episode: "Mama's Baby, Carlton's Maybe"
Saved by the Bell: Hawaiian Style Lisa Turtle Television film
1993 Martin Nicole Episodes: "The Break Up" (2), "The Break Up" (3)
Getting By Tasha Episodes: "Men Don't Dance", "Turnabout Dance"
1993–94 Days of Our Lives Wendy Reardon 
1994 Saved by the Bell: The College Years Lisa Turtle Episode: "Wedding Plans"
Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas Lisa Turtle Television film
Me and the Boys Denise Episode: "Talent Show"
Saved by the Bell: The New Class Lisa Turtle Episode: "Goodbye Bayside" (2)
1995 CBS Schoolbreak Special Breena Black Episode: "What About Your Friends"
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Leanne Episode: "Life Support"
Family Matters Dream Girl Episode: "Home Sweet Home"
1995–96,
 2004 The Bold and the Beautiful Jasmine Malone Originated the role from January 1995 to November 1996; reprised in April 2004; again departed the role in June 2004, and last appeared on-screen in July 2004
1997 Malcolm & Eddie Lydia Episode: "Club Story"
The Last Don Tiffany Miniseries
1997–99 In the House Mercedes Langford 18 episodes
1998 The Love Boat: The Next Wave Johari Mayfield Episode: "I Can't Get No Satisfaction"
1999 Mutiny  Television film
The Parkers Chandra Episodes: "Grape Nuts", "Scammed Straight"
2000 Grown Ups Stacy Episode: "J's Pet Peeve"
2001 Fire & Ice Holly Aimes Television film
2002 Widows  Miniseries
2008 Robot Chicken Lisa Turtle / Betty Childs / Borg Queen (voice) Episode: Boo Cocky

Awards and nominations[edit]
Young Artist Award
1989: Nominated, "Best Young Actress in a Cable Family Series" – Good Morning, Miss Bliss
1990: Nominated, "Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast" – Saved by the Bell
1990: Won, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
1991: Nominated, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
1992: Nominated, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
1993: Won, "Best Young Actress Starring in an Off-Primetime Series" – Saved by the Bell
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Suzy Baldwin (March 25, 2005). "Signposts". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 30.  |chapter= ignored (help)
2.Jump up ^ Diamond, Dustin (2009). Behind the Bell. Transit Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 0981239692.
3.Jump up ^ Iona Kirby (October 3, 2012). "Saved By The Bell star Lark Voorhies battling bipolar disorder: Mother says the actress is mentally ill". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
4.^ Jump up to: a b Nancy M. Reichardt (November 27, 1995). "Voorhies Boldly Jumps Into Daytime Drama". Palm Beach Post. p. 2D.  |chapter= ignored (help)
5.^ Jump up to: a b Lilana Novakovich (October 20, 1996). "Soap star had long climb to Another World". Calgary Herald. p. C7.  |chapter= ignored (help)
6.Jump up ^ John M. Wilson (December 22, 1985). "Monkey Breath". Los Angeles Times. p. 35. Retrieved October 19, 2012. |chapter= ignored (help)
7.Jump up ^ The Ed Bark (June 3, 1989). "Shakeup set for Saturday morning TV". The Dallas Morning News. p. 5C. "NBC also is experimenting with the first Saturday morning situation comedy. Saved By the Bell keeps track of six mischievous, adventurous teens played by flesh-and-blood actors you've never heard of unless you're one of their parents. Fave name: Lark Voorhies."  |chapter= ignored (help)
8.Jump up ^ "Lark Voorhies Cast on "Days of Our Lives"". Tulsa World. April 1, 1993. p. C3.  |chapter= ignored (help)
9.Jump up ^ "Then/Now: 'Saved By the Bell'". FoxNews. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
10.Jump up ^ http://washedupcelebrities.blogspot.com/2008/02/lark-voorhies.html
11.Jump up ^ http://www.amazon.com/s/?field-author=Lark+Voorhies&search-alias=books
12.Jump up ^ AP. “ ‘Saved by the Bell’ Actress Sues Tabloid”, ABC News, 1 June 2006.[dead link]
13.Jump up ^ http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20635697,00.html
14.Jump up ^ "http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20636019,00.html
15.Jump up ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AobTzmW5sRw
16.Jump up ^ http://gawker.com/5948756/lark-voorhies-mom-says-she-has-bipolar-disorder-her-writing-says-she-is-obsessed-with-commas
External links[edit]

Portal icon Television in the United States portal
Portal icon Biography portal
Portal icon African American portal
Lark Voorhies at the Internet Movie Database


Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 61237056 ·
 LCCN: no2003071820 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 4441 6607
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1974 births
Actresses from Tennessee
African-American actresses
American child actresses
American film actresses
American Jehovah's Witnesses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Living people
People from Nashville, Tennessee
Actresses from Pasadena, California
People with bipolar disorder













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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark_Voorhies








Jason Worilds

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Jump to: navigation, search

Jason Worilds
Jason Worilds.JPG
Worilds in the 2011 NFL season.

No. 93

Position:
Outside linebacker

Personal information

Date of birth:
March 3, 1988 (age 27)
Place of birth:
Rahway, New Jersey
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
262 lb (119 kg)
Career information

High school:
Carteret (NJ)
College:
Virginia Tech
NFL draft:
2010 / Round: 2 / Pick: 52

Career history

Pittsburgh Steelers (2010–2014)

Career highlights and awards
Second-team All-ACC (2008, 2009)
PrepStar, SuperPrep High School All-American (2006)
AFC Champion (2010)


Career NFL statistics

Tackles:
204
Sacks:
25.5
Forced fumbles:
4
Passes Defended:
5
Stats at NFL.com
Jason Adjepong Worilds (born March 3, 1988) is a former American football outside linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Virginia Tech.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 Professional career 3.1 NFL stats
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Worilds attended Carteret High School in Carteret, New Jersey where he was a two-sport athlete in football and track. He played on the defensive line as well as Linebacker and Fullback.[1] During his junior year he posted 87 tackles, 22 of them for a loss and 12 sacks.[1] On the opposite side of the ball,he had 61 carries for 330 yards and four touchdowns.[1] He earned Associated Press All-State honors.[1] His success continued on into his senior year in which he had 107 tackles, 18 for a loss and 10 sacks, again earning All-State honors and becoming the first player in school history to have the honor in consecutive honors.[1]
Coming out of High School, Worilds was rated the seventh best strongside defensive end by Rivals.com.[2] He was ranked the eight best in the country from scout.com.
College career[edit]
Worilds began by seeing the field in two games on defense and special teams. He blocked a punt against the North Carolina Tar Heels and returned it for seven yards. After though, he elected to have season ending shoulder surgery and was granted a medical red-shirt.[1] Worilds picked up where he left off in 2007, and had two Quarterback hurries in the opener against East Carolina University. In a game against Ohio, Worilds suffered a high-ankle sprain and missed the following game against William & Mary. The next season, he started 12 games and played in 13 games. He was 4th on his team in tackles with 62. His 21 QB Hurries led the Hokies. Jason posted 7 tackles against Virginia Tech's bitter rivals, University of Virginia. However, he had to sit out of the Orange Bowl because of a shoulder inury. In 2009, Jason Worlids started in all of Virginia Tech's 13 games. During that time, he recorded 49 tackles, 11 tackles for loss, 4.5 sacks, 1 pass broken up, 1 pass defended, 1 forced fumble, 42 quarterback hurries, and a whopping 32 Quarterback Hits. After his Junior year, Jason decided to declare for the 2010 NFL Draft. He finished his college career with 41 Games Played, 25 Games Started, 132 tackles (62 solo tackles), 34 Tackles for Loss, 15.00 sacks, 2 Pass Break-Ups, 2 Passes Defended, 67 Quarterback Hits, 3 Forced Fumbles, and 1 Blocked Kick. [1]
Professional career[edit]
Worilds was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round (52nd overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. On March 3, 2014, he signed his $9.754 million transition tender to stay with Pittsburgh. [3]
On March 11, 2015, after the first day of free agency, Worilds announced his retirement from the NFL at the age of 27. Worilds was deemed to be one of the most sought free agent linebackers but decided to end his career after 5 years as a Pittsburgh Steeler.[4] He finished his career with 25.5 career sacks.
NFL stats[edit]

Year
Team
GP
COMB
TOTAL
AST
SACK
FF
FR
FR YDS
INT
IR YDS
AVG IR
LNG
TD
PD
2010 PIT 14 17 12 5 2.0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2011 PIT 12 38 27 11 3.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2012 PIT 16 27 23 4 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2013 PIT 15 63 43 20 8.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2014 PIT 16 59 39 20 7.5 1 2 0 1 30 30 30 0 2
Career  73 204 144 60 25.5 4 3 0 1 30 30 30 0 5
[5]
Key
GP: games played
COMB: combined tackles
TOTAL: total tackles
AST: assisted tackles
SACK: sacks
FF: forced fumbles
FR: fumble recoveries
FR YDS: fumble return yards
INT: interceptions
IR YDS: interception return yards
AVG IR: average interception return
LNG: longest interception return
TD: interceptions returned for touchdown
PD: passes defensed
Personal life[edit]
After retiring from the NFL, Worilds announced he left football to become a Jehovah's Witness.[6]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jason Worilds". Retrieved December 15, 2011.
2.Jump up ^ "Football Power Rankings: 2009 Defensive Line". Rivals.com. 2009-05-13.
3.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Signs His $9.754 Million Transition Tender".
4.Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (March 11, 2015). "Worilds retires from NFL". Steelers.com.
5.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Stats". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
6.Jump up ^ Bouchette, Ed (March 11, 2015). "Worilds says he's quitting football, and Steelers believe he means it". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing Co., Inc. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
Virginia Tech Hokies bio


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Categories: 1988 births
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Worilds








Jason Worilds

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Jason Worilds
Jason Worilds.JPG
Worilds in the 2011 NFL season.

No. 93

Position:
Outside linebacker

Personal information

Date of birth:
March 3, 1988 (age 27)
Place of birth:
Rahway, New Jersey
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
262 lb (119 kg)
Career information

High school:
Carteret (NJ)
College:
Virginia Tech
NFL draft:
2010 / Round: 2 / Pick: 52

Career history

Pittsburgh Steelers (2010–2014)

Career highlights and awards
Second-team All-ACC (2008, 2009)
PrepStar, SuperPrep High School All-American (2006)
AFC Champion (2010)


Career NFL statistics

Tackles:
204
Sacks:
25.5
Forced fumbles:
4
Passes Defended:
5
Stats at NFL.com
Jason Adjepong Worilds (born March 3, 1988) is a former American football outside linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Virginia Tech.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 College career
3 Professional career 3.1 NFL stats
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links

Early life[edit]
Worilds attended Carteret High School in Carteret, New Jersey where he was a two-sport athlete in football and track. He played on the defensive line as well as Linebacker and Fullback.[1] During his junior year he posted 87 tackles, 22 of them for a loss and 12 sacks.[1] On the opposite side of the ball,he had 61 carries for 330 yards and four touchdowns.[1] He earned Associated Press All-State honors.[1] His success continued on into his senior year in which he had 107 tackles, 18 for a loss and 10 sacks, again earning All-State honors and becoming the first player in school history to have the honor in consecutive honors.[1]
Coming out of High School, Worilds was rated the seventh best strongside defensive end by Rivals.com.[2] He was ranked the eight best in the country from scout.com.
College career[edit]
Worilds began by seeing the field in two games on defense and special teams. He blocked a punt against the North Carolina Tar Heels and returned it for seven yards. After though, he elected to have season ending shoulder surgery and was granted a medical red-shirt.[1] Worilds picked up where he left off in 2007, and had two Quarterback hurries in the opener against East Carolina University. In a game against Ohio, Worilds suffered a high-ankle sprain and missed the following game against William & Mary. The next season, he started 12 games and played in 13 games. He was 4th on his team in tackles with 62. His 21 QB Hurries led the Hokies. Jason posted 7 tackles against Virginia Tech's bitter rivals, University of Virginia. However, he had to sit out of the Orange Bowl because of a shoulder inury. In 2009, Jason Worlids started in all of Virginia Tech's 13 games. During that time, he recorded 49 tackles, 11 tackles for loss, 4.5 sacks, 1 pass broken up, 1 pass defended, 1 forced fumble, 42 quarterback hurries, and a whopping 32 Quarterback Hits. After his Junior year, Jason decided to declare for the 2010 NFL Draft. He finished his college career with 41 Games Played, 25 Games Started, 132 tackles (62 solo tackles), 34 Tackles for Loss, 15.00 sacks, 2 Pass Break-Ups, 2 Passes Defended, 67 Quarterback Hits, 3 Forced Fumbles, and 1 Blocked Kick. [1]
Professional career[edit]
Worilds was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round (52nd overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. On March 3, 2014, he signed his $9.754 million transition tender to stay with Pittsburgh. [3]
On March 11, 2015, after the first day of free agency, Worilds announced his retirement from the NFL at the age of 27. Worilds was deemed to be one of the most sought free agent linebackers but decided to end his career after 5 years as a Pittsburgh Steeler.[4] He finished his career with 25.5 career sacks.
NFL stats[edit]

Year
Team
GP
COMB
TOTAL
AST
SACK
FF
FR
FR YDS
INT
IR YDS
AVG IR
LNG
TD
PD
2010 PIT 14 17 12 5 2.0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2011 PIT 12 38 27 11 3.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2012 PIT 16 27 23 4 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
2013 PIT 15 63 43 20 8.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2014 PIT 16 59 39 20 7.5 1 2 0 1 30 30 30 0 2
Career  73 204 144 60 25.5 4 3 0 1 30 30 30 0 5
[5]
Key
GP: games played
COMB: combined tackles
TOTAL: total tackles
AST: assisted tackles
SACK: sacks
FF: forced fumbles
FR: fumble recoveries
FR YDS: fumble return yards
INT: interceptions
IR YDS: interception return yards
AVG IR: average interception return
LNG: longest interception return
TD: interceptions returned for touchdown
PD: passes defensed
Personal life[edit]
After retiring from the NFL, Worilds announced he left football to become a Jehovah's Witness.[6]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jason Worilds". Retrieved December 15, 2011.
2.Jump up ^ "Football Power Rankings: 2009 Defensive Line". Rivals.com. 2009-05-13.
3.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Signs His $9.754 Million Transition Tender".
4.Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (March 11, 2015). "Worilds retires from NFL". Steelers.com.
5.Jump up ^ "Jason Worilds Stats". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
6.Jump up ^ Bouchette, Ed (March 11, 2015). "Worilds says he's quitting football, and Steelers believe he means it". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. PG Publishing Co., Inc. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
Virginia Tech Hokies bio


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Worilds








Oracene Price

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Oracene Price

Born
April 3, 1952 (age 63)
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
Occupation
Coach
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
Yusef Rasheed (deceased)
Richard Williams (1980-2002) (divorced)
Children
Yetunde Price (deceased)
 Lyndrea Price
 Isha Price
Venus Williams
Serena Williams
Oracene Price (born April 3, 1952) is an American tennis coach. She is best known for being the mother of Venus and Serena Williams, top professional tennis players. She is the former wife of Richard Williams, whom she divorced in 2002. As a coach and parent, she has regularly been called unflappable and calm.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Coaching and guiding
3 References
4 Further reading

Biography[edit]
Price was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1952. Her father was an automotive worker.[citation needed] She graduated from Buena Vista High School in 1970 and from Western Michigan University.[citation needed] She has three daughters from a previous marriage with Yusef Rasheed: Yetunde Price (1972-2003), who was a former beauty salon owner and registered nurse; Lyndrea Price, a Web designer; and Isha Price, a Lawyer. After Rasheed's death, while working as a nurse, Oracene married Richard Williams and had two more daughters, Venus Williams and Serena Williams. Both are currently famous tennis players.[1] She helped her husband as he began coaching Venus and Serena in tennis. The Williams family moved to Florida on the offer of Rick Macci to coach their daughters for free.[2][3]
By the end of 2000, Price was no longer living with her husband Richard Williams and, citing irreconcilable differences, they divorced in 2002. She subsequently reverted to her maiden name of Price.[4][5]
During a semifinal match between Serena and Justine Henin at the 2003 French Open, Williams was booed by fans after a complaint about a line call. Price believes that the boos were motivated by race, saying "We, as black people, live with this all the time. It's all about control."[6] Tennis journalist and author L. Jon Wertheim has said of Price, "You have to respect anyone incapable of gloss or spin (i.e., unwilling to lie)."[7] At the Indian Wells tournament in 2001, controversy resulted when Venus withdrew from a semifinal match with Serena, who was then booed during the final and trophy presentation. Price is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her daughters in the faith; she describes herself as a deeply spiritual woman.[8] Price also has described herself as being a "rampant feminist" when dealing with what she believes to be the overly sexualized images of women in the media.[9]
She has traveled to Africa with her daughter Serena for charity work to help in the construction of schools particularly in Senegal.[10]
Coaching and guiding[edit]
Price's coaching has arguably been overshadowed by her role as mother, but as a coach she has been called underappreciated.[11] Price is not a coach in a traditional sense (though she did learn tennis herself to help teach her daughters the technical aspects of the game) and is instead credited, along with Richard Williams, in keeping her daughters focused and disciplined and for helping to build a solid foundation of self-esteem and outside interests for her daughters.[12]
Venus and Serena's "poise under pressure"[citation needed] is often credited to the self-belief instilled in them by their mother. "There's no such thing as pressure," says Price. "As black Americans, that's all we've ever had. It's life. So where's the pressure?"[13] This approach was coupled with, according to noted tennis coach Nick Bollettieri, a respect that meant that neither Price nor Richard Williams raised their voices to their daughters.[14] Journalist Bonnie D. Ford has said that the longevity exhibited by the Williams sisters is directly attributable to their parents and the way that Richard Williams and Price have helped them manage their careers and lives. Ford believes it is especially admirable that Price and her ex-husband have continued to remain jointly supportive despite their separation.[15]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Arrest in killing of tennis stars' half-sister
2.Jump up ^ Edmonson[clarification needed]
3.Jump up ^ Donaldson[clarification needed]
4.Jump up ^ Wertheim[clarification needed]
5.Jump up ^ Serena and Venus on the fabulous Oracene, mother of the Williams Dynasty
6.Jump up ^ Theories About Paris From Serena's Mother
7.Jump up ^ SI.com Tennis Mailbag- The Ultimate Battle
8.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
9.Jump up ^ Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. p. 80. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
10.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
11.Jump up ^ String Theory: Fits and Starts
12.Jump up ^ Concrete Elbow: Ten Gifts From '07
13.Jump up ^ Who's Your Daddy?
14.Jump up ^ Bollettieri had a hand in grooming 10 players who hit No. 1
15.Jump up ^ Williams sisters' parents deserve accolades for job well-done
Further reading[edit]
Bradley, Michael (2003). Venus Williams. Michael Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 0-7614-1630-7.[clarification needed]
Donaldson, Madeline (2003). Venus & Serena Williams. Minneapolis, MN: LernerSports. ISBN 0-8225-3316-2.
Edmondson, Jacqueline (2005). Venus and Serena Williams: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33165-0.
Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
Wertheim, L. Jon (2001). Venus Envy: A Sensational Season Inside the Women's Tennis Tour. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019774-9.



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1952 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
American tennis coaches
Western Michigan University alumni
American Jehovah's Witnesses








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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracene_Price








Oracene Price

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Oracene Price

Born
April 3, 1952 (age 63)
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
Occupation
Coach
Religion
Jehovah's Witness
Spouse(s)
Yusef Rasheed (deceased)
Richard Williams (1980-2002) (divorced)
Children
Yetunde Price (deceased)
 Lyndrea Price
 Isha Price
Venus Williams
Serena Williams
Oracene Price (born April 3, 1952) is an American tennis coach. She is best known for being the mother of Venus and Serena Williams, top professional tennis players. She is the former wife of Richard Williams, whom she divorced in 2002. As a coach and parent, she has regularly been called unflappable and calm.[citation needed]


Contents  [hide]
1 Biography
2 Coaching and guiding
3 References
4 Further reading

Biography[edit]
Price was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1952. Her father was an automotive worker.[citation needed] She graduated from Buena Vista High School in 1970 and from Western Michigan University.[citation needed] She has three daughters from a previous marriage with Yusef Rasheed: Yetunde Price (1972-2003), who was a former beauty salon owner and registered nurse; Lyndrea Price, a Web designer; and Isha Price, a Lawyer. After Rasheed's death, while working as a nurse, Oracene married Richard Williams and had two more daughters, Venus Williams and Serena Williams. Both are currently famous tennis players.[1] She helped her husband as he began coaching Venus and Serena in tennis. The Williams family moved to Florida on the offer of Rick Macci to coach their daughters for free.[2][3]
By the end of 2000, Price was no longer living with her husband Richard Williams and, citing irreconcilable differences, they divorced in 2002. She subsequently reverted to her maiden name of Price.[4][5]
During a semifinal match between Serena and Justine Henin at the 2003 French Open, Williams was booed by fans after a complaint about a line call. Price believes that the boos were motivated by race, saying "We, as black people, live with this all the time. It's all about control."[6] Tennis journalist and author L. Jon Wertheim has said of Price, "You have to respect anyone incapable of gloss or spin (i.e., unwilling to lie)."[7] At the Indian Wells tournament in 2001, controversy resulted when Venus withdrew from a semifinal match with Serena, who was then booed during the final and trophy presentation. Price is a Jehovah's Witness and raised her daughters in the faith; she describes herself as a deeply spiritual woman.[8] Price also has described herself as being a "rampant feminist" when dealing with what she believes to be the overly sexualized images of women in the media.[9]
She has traveled to Africa with her daughter Serena for charity work to help in the construction of schools particularly in Senegal.[10]
Coaching and guiding[edit]
Price's coaching has arguably been overshadowed by her role as mother, but as a coach she has been called underappreciated.[11] Price is not a coach in a traditional sense (though she did learn tennis herself to help teach her daughters the technical aspects of the game) and is instead credited, along with Richard Williams, in keeping her daughters focused and disciplined and for helping to build a solid foundation of self-esteem and outside interests for her daughters.[12]
Venus and Serena's "poise under pressure"[citation needed] is often credited to the self-belief instilled in them by their mother. "There's no such thing as pressure," says Price. "As black Americans, that's all we've ever had. It's life. So where's the pressure?"[13] This approach was coupled with, according to noted tennis coach Nick Bollettieri, a respect that meant that neither Price nor Richard Williams raised their voices to their daughters.[14] Journalist Bonnie D. Ford has said that the longevity exhibited by the Williams sisters is directly attributable to their parents and the way that Richard Williams and Price have helped them manage their careers and lives. Ford believes it is especially admirable that Price and her ex-husband have continued to remain jointly supportive despite their separation.[15]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Arrest in killing of tennis stars' half-sister
2.Jump up ^ Edmonson[clarification needed]
3.Jump up ^ Donaldson[clarification needed]
4.Jump up ^ Wertheim[clarification needed]
5.Jump up ^ Serena and Venus on the fabulous Oracene, mother of the Williams Dynasty
6.Jump up ^ Theories About Paris From Serena's Mother
7.Jump up ^ SI.com Tennis Mailbag- The Ultimate Battle
8.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
9.Jump up ^ Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. p. 80. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
10.Jump up ^ Daily Nation: The mother behind the Williams' sisters
11.Jump up ^ String Theory: Fits and Starts
12.Jump up ^ Concrete Elbow: Ten Gifts From '07
13.Jump up ^ Who's Your Daddy?
14.Jump up ^ Bollettieri had a hand in grooming 10 players who hit No. 1
15.Jump up ^ Williams sisters' parents deserve accolades for job well-done
Further reading[edit]
Bradley, Michael (2003). Venus Williams. Michael Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 0-7614-1630-7.[clarification needed]
Donaldson, Madeline (2003). Venus & Serena Williams. Minneapolis, MN: LernerSports. ISBN 0-8225-3316-2.
Edmondson, Jacqueline (2005). Venus and Serena Williams: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33165-0.
Fein, Paul (2005). You Can Quote Me On That: Greatest Tennis Quips, Insights And Zingers. Washington: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-925-7.
Wertheim, L. Jon (2001). Venus Envy: A Sensational Season Inside the Women's Tennis Tour. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019774-9.



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1952 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
American tennis coaches
Western Michigan University alumni
American Jehovah's Witnesses








Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Contents
Featured content
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Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store

Interaction
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Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
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Cite this page

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Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

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Edit links
This page was last modified on 13 May 2015, at 22:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
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Powered by MediaWiki
 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracene_Price