Friday, January 30, 2015
The Great Gatsby Wikipedia pages
G (2002 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the similarly titled Tamil film, see Ji (film).
G
G poster
Promotional poster
Directed by
Christopher Scott Cherot
Produced by
Judd Landon
Andrew Lauren
Written by
Andrew Lauren
Charles E. Drew, Jr.
Starring
Richard T. Jones
Blair Underwood
Chenoa Maxwell
Andre Royo
Music by
Bill Conti
Cinematography
Horacio Marquínez
Edited by
Robert M. Reitano
Release dates
May 10, 2002 (Tribeca Film Festival)
October 28, 2005 (Theatrical in the USA)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$3,020,784
G is a 2002 American drama film directed by Christopher Scott Cherot. It is loosely based on the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
The title character, "G", played by Richard T. Jones, is a Hip-hop music mogul who is looking to win back the love of his life, Sky (based on the character Daisy Buchanan from the original novel).
Release[edit]
G made its worldwide premiere on May 10, 2002 at the Tribeca Film Festival in USA. It made its theatrical premiere on October 28, 2005 in the US, more than 3 years from its initial premiere. Since then, it has been released on DVD in Spain, Iceland, and Hungary.
External links[edit]
Portal icon 2000s portal
Portal icon Film in the United States portal
Portal icon Hip hop portal
Official website
G at the Internet Movie Database
G at Rotten Tomatoes
G at Metacritic
G at AllMovie
G at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Films scored by Bill Conti
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Stub icon This 2000s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: English-language films
2002 films
2000s drama films
American films
The Great Gatsby
Film scores by Bill Conti
Films based on works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Films based on American novels
American drama films
2000s drama film stubs
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Edit links
This page was last modified on 31 January 2015, at 03:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_(2002_film)
The Great Gatsby (opera)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Great Gatsby is an opera in two acts written by American composer John Harbison. The libretto, also by Harbison, was adapted from the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Additional popular song lyrics were by Murray Horwitz. The opera was commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera in honor of music director James Levine's 25th anniversary with the company.
Contents [hide]
1 Performance history
2 Roles
3 References
4 External links
Performance history[edit]
The Great Gatsby had its premiere performance on December 20, 1999. Conducted by Levine, the cast included Jerry Hadley, Dawn Upshaw and Lorraine Hunt Lieberson. The stage production was by Mark Lamos. The opera has been performed at the Met twelve times in two seasons. In 2000 it was produced at Lyric Opera of Chicago. The opera has received mixed reviews, some describing it as "undramatic and dull."[1] It was also performed in the summer of 2012 at the Aspen Music Festival and School.
Roles[edit]
Role
Voice type
Premiere Cast, December 20, 1999
(Conductor: James Levine)
Jay Gatsby, a wealthy but mysterious young man tenor Jerry Hadley
Daisy Buchanan, a young socialite soprano Dawn Upshaw
Tom Buchanan, Daisy's husband, formerly an athlete tenor Mark W. Baker
Nick Carraway, Daisy's cousin, a stockbroker baritone Dwayne Croft
Jordan Baker, Daisy's friend, a golfer mezzo-soprano Susan Graham
George Wilson, garage mechanic bass Richard Paul Fink
Myrtle Wilson, George's wife mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson
Radio/Band Singer tenor Matthew Polenzani
Tango Singer mezzo-soprano Jennifer Dudley
Meyer Wolfshiem, a businessman bass-baritone William Powers
Henry Gatz, Jay's father baritone Frederick Burchinal
Minister bass LeRoy Lehr
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Croan, Robert. "Harbison's Great Gatsby Fails to Engage; Tristan soars". Retrieved 4 July 2012.
The Metropolitan Opera Database.
Opera publisher G. Schirmer, Inc.
External links[edit]
An interview with John Harbison
David Stevens, "Harbison Mixes Up A Great 'Gatsby'" (Review of the premiere), International Herald Tribune, December 29, 1999
Metropolitan Opera, Synopsis: The Great Gatsby
[hide]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Characters
Jay Gatsby
Films
The Great Gatsby (1926) ·
The Great Gatsby (1949) ·
The Great Gatsby (1974) ·
The Great Gatsby (2000) ·
The Great Gatsby (2013)
Other
The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film ·
The Great Gatsby (opera) ·
G (2002 film) ·
Francis Cugat (book cover artist)
Categories: 1922 in fiction
Adultery in theatre
Operas
Operas set in the United States
English-language operas
Metropolitan Opera world premieres
1999 operas
Operas based on novels
The Great Gatsby
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
中文
Edit links
This page was last modified on 15 June 2013, at 00:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(opera)
The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
May 6, 2013
Recorded
2012–13
Genre
Hip hop, jazz,[1] pop, alternative rock[2]
Label
Interscope
Producer
Baz Luhrmann, Anton Monsted, Jay-Z (executive)
Singles from The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film
1."Young and Beautiful"
Released: April 23, 2013
2."A Little Party Never Killed Nobody (All We Got)"
Released: May 17, 2013
3."Bang Bang"
Released: June 26, 2013
The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film (also known as Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film The Great Gatsby) is the soundtrack to the 2013 film The Great Gatsby, an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel of the same name, released through Interscope Records on May 6, 2013.[3] The album was produced by Baz Luhrmann and Anton Monsted, while Jay-Z served as the album's executive producer. The soundtrack includes new music by Fergie, Lana Del Rey, Florence and the Machine, Jay-Z, Nero, The xx, and will.i.am. Also featured are several cover versions, including Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black" by Beyoncé and André 3000, Roxy Music's "Love Is the Drug" by Bryan Ferry with The Bryan Ferry Orchestra, Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love" by Emeli Sandé and The Bryan Ferry Orchestra, and U2's "Love Is Blindness" by Jack White. "Young and Beautiful" performed by Lana Del Rey served as the album's lead single and it was released on April 23, 2013.
Contents [hide]
1 Development
2 Promotion
3 Composition 3.1 Music and lyrical content
4 Critical reception
5 Chart performance
6 Track listing
7 Personnel
8 Charts 8.1 End-of-year charts
9 Certifications
10 See also
11 References
Development[edit]
Jay-Z (pictured in 2011) served as the soundtrack's executive producer and performed the original song "100$ Bill".
Jay-Z served as an executive producer for both the album and the film.[4][5] The album artwork features a small circular icon with "JZ" inside it, directly below the album's name. He and film director Baz Luhrmann worked together for two years, "translating the Jazz Age sensibility of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel into the musical equivalents of our own times, through the blending of hip-hop, traditional jazz and other contemporary musical textures".[1] On his approach to the project, Luhrmann said: "The question for me in approaching Gatsby was how to elicit from our audience the same level of excitement and pop cultural immediacy toward the world that Fitzgerald did for his audience? And in our age, the energy of jazz is caught in the energy of hip-hop."[6] Luhrmann also revealed that Jeymes Samuel from The Bullitts was one of the people he worked with for the soundtrack, serving as the film's Executive Music Consultant. He further described his collaborations with the producers of the album during an interview saying, "[Jeymes is] a really great friend of [Jay's] and just a unique human being. He defines energy; he defines spirit and he's a pop cultural genius. And I worked with Anton Monsted ... a great little team."[7] The duo also worked with composer Craig Armstrong, who scored Luhrmann's films Romeo + Juliet (1996) and Moulin Rouge! (2001),[5] and executive music supervisor Anton Monsted.[8]
The soundtrack contains both new music and cover versions. Fergie, Lana Del Rey, Florence and the Machine, Jay-Z,[9] The xx, and will.i.am contributed original songs.[5][6] Covers include Winehouse's "Back to Black" by Beyoncé and André 3000,[10] Roxy Music's "Love Is the Drug" by Bryan Ferry with The Bryan Ferry Orchestra, Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love" by Emeli Sandé and The Bryan Ferry Orchestra, and U2's "Love Is Blindness" by Jack White. Del Rey said of her experience contributing to the project: "It was an honor to work with Baz Luhrmann on his amazing adaptation of one of the most extraordinary books ever written. The movie is highly glamorous and exciting; Rick Nowels and I were thrilled to write the song for the film."[11]
On April 2, 2013, Amy Winehouse's father used his Twitter profile to reveal that Beyoncé had not informed him of her plans to cover "Back to Black" and that he wanted income from the song to go to his Amy Winehouse Foundation. He wrote, "I don't know this but what if Beyonce gave £100,000 to foundation. Do you know how many kids that would help? Just putting it out there."[12] He later added, "Let me repeat. This is the first I have heard of Beyonce doing Amy's song."[13] Kia Makarechi of The Huffington Post noted that Beyoncé did not use the song as a personal record and thus it was "slightly curious" for Winehouse to request for her to pay out.[13] Winehouse later used his Twitter account to write "I like Beyoncé's cover and have no probs."[14] However, upon hearing the full-length track, he wrote on his Twitter profile, "I just heard the Andre part of Back to Black. Terrible. He should have let Beyonce do it all."[15]
Promotion[edit]
"Young and Beautiful", co-written and performed by Lana Del Rey (pictured in 2013), served as the album's lead single.
On April 4, 2013, Interscope and Warner Bros. announced the track listing for the album.[8] The same day, a new trailer for the film featured previews of three songs from the soundtrack ("Back to Black", "Over the Love", and "Young and Beautiful").[1][16] One MTV contributor wrote that the trailer spotlights the relationship between two of the film's characters, "but it's really only here to show off the movie's soundtrack".[17] A six-minute sampler of the soundtrack which contained snippets of the songs was released on April 16, 2013 on YouTube[18][19] excluding "Back to Black" and "100$ Bill".[20] The whole album was made available for streaming through NPR on May 2, 2013.[21][22]
Several songs were released in full prior to the release of the album. "A Little Party Never Killed Nobody (All We Got)" performed by Fergie, Q-Tip and GoonRock premiered on Rolling Stone 's official website on April 15, 2013.[23] Florence and the Machine's "Over the Love" premiered on GQ 's official website on April 17, 2013.[24] "Together" by The xx and "Into the Past" by Nero premiered on April 24, 2013.[25] Knowles' and André 3000's cover of "Back to Black" was premiered by Mark Ronson on his East Village Radio show on April 26, 2013.[26] Sia's "Kill and Run" also appeared online a few days later.[27] Emeli Sandé's cover of "Crazy in Love" was premiered online on April 30, 2013 through SoundCloud.[28] On May 2, 2013, will.i.am performed his song "Bang Bang" on the twelfth season of the show American Idol to promote the film, while the final four contestants covered Sandé's version of "Crazy in Love".[29][30]
Pre-orders for digital distribution for the album began on April 23.[6] Digital and physical copies of the 14-track album will be available beginning May 7 at various retailers, including Starbucks in the United States and Canada; a 17-track deluxe edition will be available exclusively at Target stores and available digitally through iTunes.[1] It was also announced that Third Man Records will release the vinyl deluxe edition of the soundtrack as well as 7" single releases of several songs.[31] The double LP deluxe version of the album will be on "metalized" vinyl where the first disc is platinum, the second is golden, and they will be packaged in laser-cut birch record jackets "riveted to aluminum spines".[32] The materials were chosen to "showcase the Art Deco-meets-modern style, classic meets cutting edge, which is the essence of The Great Gatsby film".[32] Pre-sale for the album started on May 10, through the label's website, and 100 copies will be released at Third Man's Nashville shop the same day.[32] Del Rey's "Young and Beautiful" served as the album's first single.[5] The song premiered on SoundCloud on April 22, 2013.[33]
Composition[edit]
"While we acknowledge, as Fitzgerald phrased it, ‘the Jazz Age,’ and this is the period represented on screen, we — our audience — are living in ‘the Hip-Hop Age’ and want our viewers to feel the impact of modern-day music the way Fitzgerald did for the readers of his novel at the time of its publication."
Baz Luhrmann on the music's theme[16]
The Daily Telegraph described the film's music as a "decidedly modern mix of 21st century rap, rock and pop".[4] Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone commented that the songs in the album have "a consistent mood of noirish, doomed romance".[34] Several songs on the album feature influences from electronic music which was also present in the soundtrack for Romeo + Juliet, also produced by Luhrmann.[35] Other musical elements which are featured on the albums include electronica, hip-hop and rock music with jazz-age sounds.[36] Kathy McCabe of The Daily Telegraph noted the inclusion of "orchestral flourishes" in most of the songs.[37] Instrumentally, horn-driven sounds with loping bass beats and house music synths are used in the songs.[38]
The themes in the songs include partying, murder and heartache as well as "the story's point home – illusionary love, the excess of the leisure classes, the curse of money" as stated by Cristina Jaleru of The Associated Press.[36] Entertainment Weekly 's Adam Carlson concluded that the soundtrack's songs reveal that it is set 100 years ago. He noted that it contains "all honking brass and a preference for tempos that slide up the scale like liquor, getting hot just as they hit the chorus".[21] Logan Smithson of the webzine PopMatters commented that an important thing for a soundtrack was to maintain a cohesive sound: a general theme to piece the tracks together and make it sound like a single piece of work rather than a collection of songs. He further noted that the soundtrack accomplished this feat although the artists came from a variety of genres and backgrounds.[39] He further noted, "The Great Gatsby Soundtrack does its job of capturing the sound of the Roaring '20s. A fusion of horns brings the era to life with a modern twist. Jazzy melodies are captured by the Bryan Ferry Orchestra. Some songs certainly have a neo-soul vibe going, reminiscent of the late Amy Winehouse."[39]
Music and lyrical content[edit]
"Young and Beautiful" (2013)
In this 30 second sample of the pop ballad, "Young and Beautiful", the lyrics, "Will you still love me when I'm no longer young and beautiful?" that embody the refrain can be heard.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The opening song, "100$ Bill" by Jay-Z contains a chopped and screwed beat, electro-rap elements and is written in the perspective of a modern-day Gatsby.[35][40][41] It begins with a speech by Leonardo DiCaprio, while throughout the song Jay-Z is backed by samples of a children's choir and a '20s jazz horn sample.[38][42] In the song, he raps about being remembered and the "pitfalls" of wealth as well as comparing rich people from the 1920s and the 21st century.[34][43] "Back to Black", written by Mark Ronson and Winehouse, originally appeared on her 2006 album of the same name.[44] It was the last song which was added to the album after Jay-Z's suggestion to Luhrmann to include it after his demand of a darker moment on the album. It is a slower version than the original with chopped-and-screwed elements, a dark and haunting sound and instrumentally complete by a guitar, moody synth and electro bleeps.[7][27][42] "Bang Bang" performed by will.i.am contains a sample of the jazz composition Charleston (1923) and features Louis Armstrong-inspired vocals along with hiNRG, EDM and electropop elements.[35][37][42] It contains elements of hip-hop and 1920s-style dance music as well as a use of ukulele.[34][38] "A Little Party Never Killed Nobody (All We Got)" is a swing, hip-hop and dubstep song which references the viewing parties held by Gatsby from the novel.[21][45][46] "Young and Beautiful" was written by Del Rey and Rick Nowels. Musically, it is a lush ballad which contains Del Rey's sweeping vocals accompanied by dreamy strings and canned percussion.[47] Lyrically, the song is written from the perspective of Daisy Buchanan, Gatsby's lover,[48] and it talks about being forever young, going to parties and nostalgia in the vulnerable lyrics "Will you still love me when I'm no longer young and beautiful?".[49][50]
Beyoncé performs a cover of Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black"; her own song "Crazy in Love" is covered by Emeli Sandé and The Bryan Ferry Orchestra.
"Love Is the Drug" originally appeared on Roxy Music's 1975 album Siren; the song was written by band members Ferry and Andy Mackay.[51] It contains jazz elements trumpet wails and skittering drums as well as honky-tonk, bass sax, sleazy strings and "oohs".[41][42][46] "Over the Love" performed by Florence and the Machine is written from the perspective of Buchanan. It contains references of the yellow dress worn by her and the green light that hovers outside her home on the dock in East Egg which were inspired by the novel.[24] Instrumentally, it is complete with a light piano and Welch's vocals which use melisma.[52][53] "Where the Wind Blows" contains soul vocals performed by Coco O. and contains an old-time piano sampling with whirring drum 'n bass circular beat and jazzy keys.[37][46] Osenlund of Slant Magazine commented that the instrumentals of the song are similar to a Cole Porter classic, but the vocals to Jennifer Hudson's, while Jim Farber of Daily News noted that she sings with doll vocals of Betty Boop.[38][54] "Crazy in Love", credited to Beyoncé, Shawn Carter (Jay-Z), Rich Harrison, and Eugene Record, originally appeared on her 2003 album Dangerously in Love.[6][55] It was chosen to be included on the album as it reminded the producer of the film to a character from the novel and it was a blend between the modern and traditional music complete with the jazz band and Sandé's vocals.[7] The version included on the album is a swing and soul mash-up.[19][56] The song "Together" by The xx contains skeletal electro-pop elements and a slow atmosphere.[20][57] It contains dark and insistent backing, metronomic beat and breathy, deep vocals which climax with an orchestral swell.[37] As stated by Thomas Corner of Chicago Sun-Times, "[it] evokes the narrative's palpable desperation in its hushed tone and nagging heart-monitor beat."[58]
"Hearts a Mess" first appeared on Gotye's second studio album, Like Drawing Blood (2006).[59] It is a neo-lounge ballad with clunking, treated backbone which were compared Gotye's own "Somebody That I Used to Know" song.[34][53] It is instrumentally complete with strings, martial beats, horns and Wouter "Wally" De Backer's vocals as stated by Lucy Jones of NME.[42][53] According to Philip Cosores of Paste magazine, three vocal styles of Gotye are featured in the song, "the hushed and earnest songwriter, the Sting-esque frontman with remarkable range to handle the chorus, and then the human and battered character of the song's latter moments".[53] "Love Is Blindness" was originally written by Bono with music by U2 and appeared on the band's 1991 album Achtung Baby.[6][60] The rock-hip-hop version on the album contains drum beats, "piercing yelps...and a gut-poking bass line".[38][42] "Into the Past" is a slow-tempo song performed by Nero and contains dubstep elements and strings.[61] "Kill and Run", which contains electronica elements and is performed by Sia[56] was compared with Adele's songs, most notably with "Skyfall" due to its lush and languid sound and because "[it] slowly builds to a crescendo that hits all the right emotional notes without becoming overwrought" while being backed by strings.[27][58] "No Church in the Wild", which was originally included on Watch the Throne (2011),[62] appeared on the deluxe edition of the album.[63] It features vocals by Kanye West and includes techno-rap elements.[36]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic (68/100)[64]
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic 4/5 stars[3]
American Songwriter (3.5/5)[65]
Consequence of Sound 3/5 stars[46]
Paste (Positive)[53]
Pitchfork Media (4.0/10)[66]
PopMatters (6/10)[39]
Rolling Stone 3.5/5 stars[34]
Slant Magazine 2/5 stars[67]
USA Today 2.5/4 stars[56]
The soundtrack received a generally favorable reception. Prior to the release of the album The Philadelphia Inquirer complimented Jay-Z for assembling a talented and diverse musical roster.[68] R. Kurt. Osenlud of Slant Magazine wrote that the album was "easily the most anticipated album of its kind in years" and further described its sound as an "extraordinary melding of vintage and contemporary sounds". Osenlud further commented that the soundtrack was a "literate answer to the mash-up, another hip and highbrow upgrade in both sights and sounds" for the composer Craig Armstrong.[54] Upon its release the album garnered positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 68, based on 7 reviews which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[64] Allmusic's David Jeffries praised the album, writing in his review, "Buying into Luhrmann's vision is always the issue, but here, the music is crafted enough, inspired enough, and deep enough that it's worth diving into without reservations. Luckily, you can wring all that disappointment and despair out of your fine, stylish suit after surfacing."[3] Elysa Gardner of USA Today noted that the better songs on the soundtrack "are the ones that don't self-consciously try to evoke Gatsby's period".[56] Jim Farber of Daily News question why the album didn't include blues, a sound as key to the ’20s as jazz. He further concluded, "More, you could accuse the modern artists of indulging in a bit of dress-up for these tracks. Even so, they hit the desired party tone, one that, even 90 years later, still has sass."[38] Paula Mejia from Consequence of Sound concluded in her review that "Great Gatsby soundtrack resonates like the dinky Grammy sampler album they give to us plebeians who aren't important enough to attend the ceremony anyway. We'll take what we can get, but it doesn't mean we're completely satisfied with it either."[46] Philip Cosores of Paste magazine noted that the songs on the album were not related to hip-hop and further described the music on the album as middling, neither offensive nor revolutionary, with memorable moments and forgettable ones.[53] Kelly Dearmore of American Songwriter wrote that the soundtrack was "a fine example of what a film’s musical-mate can and should be; it mirrors many aesthetic elements of the film, augments the general storyline and adds depth and personality to the characters and dialogue on the screen."[65]
Thomas Corner of Chicago Sun-Times described the album as "anachronistic hootenanny", further writing, "With nods to the roaring '20s without attempts at replicating them, most performances are restrained and pull at the various taut threads of Gatsby's unraveling."[58] PopMatters' Logan Smithson wrote in his review that "Gatsby manages to avoid the major mistake that many soundtracks have, which is not keeping a uniform style throughout the album. At the same time, The Great Gatsby Soundtrack also offers variation, though it comes at a small price. Some of the artists that get a share of the spotlight don’t live up to the standout performances of the album. Regardless, this is a soundtrack worthy of a good film."[39] Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine gave a mixed review for the soundtrack writing that "The Great Gatsby speaks on Duke and Ella's behalf when it says, 'It don't mean a thing.' Period."[67] Drew McWeeny of HitFix gave the album a negative review saying that it was "probably the weakest for any of the Luhrmann films", further describing it as "a non-stop wallpaper" of guest appearances by people who are famous in the present and "none of it sticks".[69] Katie Hasty of the same publication also gave a negative review for the album, describing it as a "vehicular manslaughter" which combines different music elements "in ways that demean all genres".[70] She further commented that the struggle of now-ness "is pertinent to one of the soundtrack’s few achievements" and concluded "the elegance of suggestion from its better songs is disrupted by its obnoxious neighbors".[70] Bloomberg L.P.'s Mark Beech gave the album a similarly negative review, heavily criticizing the production by Jay-Z and referring to the album as "a commercial shotgun marriage that threatens to go awry, damaging the credibility of both the movie and the brands".[71] He did praise the track "Young and Beautiful" and said "If it were all this good, 'Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film: 'The Great Gatsby' would be 4-stars. In the event, it's barely 1-star."[71]
Chart performance[edit]
Although it was predicted by Billboard that the album would debut at number two on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of over 100,000 copies,[72] it sold 137,000 copies in its first week.[73] 119,000 copies of the total copies sold in the first week were based on digital downloads which made the album debut at number one on the Digital Albums chart. With this the album gained the largest digital sales week for a soundtrack.[73] The album became the second best-selling soundtrack album of 2013 in the United States, with 538,000 copies sold for the year.[74]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "100$ Bill" (performed by Jay Z) Shawn "Jay Z" Carter, Evan Mast E*vax 3:20
2. "Back to Black" (performed by Beyoncé x André 3000) Amy Winehouse, Mark Ronson Hollywood Holt 3:21
3. "Bang Bang" (performed by will.i.am; additional vocals by Shelby Spalione) will.i.am, James P. Johnson, Cecil Mack, Sonny Bono will.i.am 4:39
4. "A Little Party Never Killed Nobody (All We Got)" (performed by Fergie, Q-Tip and GoonRock) Stacy Ferguson, David Listenbee, Kamaal Fareed, Andrea Martin, Jordan Orvash, Maureen Ann McDonald, Francesca Richard, Andre Smith, Alexander Scott GoonRock, Orvash (co.), Richard (vocal) 4:01
5. "Young and Beautiful" (performed by Lana Del Rey) Lana Del Rey, Rick Nowels Nowels, Al Shux (add.) 3:56
6. "Love Is the Drug" (performed by Bryan Ferry with The Bryan Ferry Orchestra) Ferry, Andrew MacKay Ferry, Rhett Davies 2:41
7. "Over the Love" (performed by Florence + the Machine) Florence Welch, SBTRKT, Stuart Hammond, Kid Harpoon Emile Haynie, Kid Harpoon, Baz Luhrmann 4:21
8. "Where the Wind Blows" (performed by Coco O. of Quadron) Martin, Dan Doughtery, Phil Ponce Martin 3:50
9. "Crazy in Love" (performed by Emeli Sandé with The Bryan Ferry Orchestra) Beyoncé Knowles, Shawn Carter, Eugene Record, Rich Harrison Jon Brion 3:08
10. "Together" (performed by The xx) Jamie Smith, Oliver Sim, Romy Madley Croft Smith 5:25
11. "Hearts a Mess" (performed by Gotye) Walter De Backer, Irving Burgie, William Attaway Gotye 6:04
12. "Love Is Blindness" (performed by Jack White) Paul Hewson, David Evans, Adam Clayton, Larry Mullen, Jr. White 3:18
13. "Into the Past" (performed by Nero) Joseph Ray, Daniel Stephens, Alana Watson, Craig Armstrong Stephens, Ray 5:17
14. "Kill and Run" (performed by Sia) Sia Furler, Chris Braide Braide, Oliver Kraus 3:35
Total length:
56:56
[show]Deluxe edition[63]
Personnel[edit]
Credits for Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film The Great Gatsby adapted from Allmusic.[75]
André 3000 – primary artist
Beyoncé – primary artist
The Bryan Ferry Orchestra – primary artist
Lana Del Rey – primary artist
Fergie – primary artist
Bryan Ferry – primary artist
Florence and the Machine – primary artist
GoonRock – primary artist
Gotye – primary artist
Jay-Z – primary artist
Nero – primary artist
Coco O. – primary artist
Q-Tip – primary artist
Emeli Sandé – primary artist
Sia – primary artist
Jack White – primary artist
will.i.am – primary artist
The xx – primary artist
Charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart[76]
2
Austrian Albums Chart[77]
10
Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders)[78]
8
Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia)[79]
20
Canadian Albums Chart[80]
3
China Album Chart[81]
3
Croatian Albums Chart[82]
16
Czech Albums Chart[83]
23
Danish Albums Chart[84]
11
Dutch Albums Chart[85]
61
Finnish Albums Chart[86]
48
French Albums Chart[87]
14
German Albums Chart[88]
13
Greek Albums Chart[89]
5
Hungarian Albums Chart[90]
28
Irish Compilation Albums Chart[91]
2
Italian Compilation Albums Chart[92]
3
New Zealand Albums Chart[93]
3
Norwegian Albums Chart[94]
21
Polish Albums Chart[95]
10
Russian Albums Chart[96]
1
South Korean Albums Chart[97]
30
Spanish Albums Chart[98]
22
Swiss Albums Chart[99]
8
UK Compilation Albums Chart[100]
3
US Billboard 200[73]
2
US Alternative Albums[101]
1
US Rock Albums[102]
1
US Soundtrack Albums[103]
1
End-of-year charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart[104]
27
US Billboard 200[105]
44
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Sales/shipments
Australia (ARIA)[106]
Gold 35,000^
Poland (ZPAV)[107]
Gold 10,000*
United States (RIAA)[108]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
xunspecified figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Jay-Z discography
List of number-one Billboard Alternative Albums of 2013
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d Young, Alex (April 4, 2013). "The Great Gatsby soundtrack features new Jay-Z, The xx, Florence & the Machine". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
2.Jump up ^ "First Listen: Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film 'The Great Gatsby'". OPB. May 3, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c Jeffries, David. "The Great Gatsby (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
4.^ Jump up to: a b "New Great Gatsby trailer reveals Beyoncé soundtrack". The Daily Telegraph (London, United Kingdom: Telegraph Media Group). April 5, 2013. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d Makarechi, Kia (April 4, 2013). "'Great Gatsby' Soundtrack Tracklist Includes Jay-Z, Beyonce, Andre 3000, Florence, The XX & More". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Blistein, Jon (April 4, 2013). "'Great Gatsby' Soundtrack Features Jay-Z, Andre 3000, Beyonce, Lana Del Rey". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC). ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c Vena, Jocelyn; Horowitz, Josh (April 29, 2013). "Beyonce's 'Back To Black' Helps Make 'The Great Gatsby' A Bit 'Darker'". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
8.^ Jump up to: a b Markman, Rob (April 4, 2013). "'Great Gatsby' Soundtrack Boasts Big Names Jay-Z, Beyonce and Lana Del Rey". MTV. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
9.Jump up ^ Robertson, Iyana (April 4, 2013). "'The Great Gatsby' Trailer And Soundtrack Tracklist". Vibe (Vibe Media). ISSN 1070-4701. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Rahman, Ray (April 2, 2013). "Beyonce and Andre 3000 to cover Amy Winehouse for 'Great Gatsby' soundtrack". Entertainment Weekly (Time Warner). ISSN 1049-0434. OCLC 21114137. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
11.Jump up ^ McCormack, Kirsty (April 5, 2013). "Soundtrack to The Great Gatsby revealed with Beyoncé covering Amy Winehouse". Daily Express (London, United Kingdom: Northern & Shell). OCLC 173337077. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
12.Jump up ^ "Amy Winehouse's father calls for Beyonce to hand over cash for Back to Black cover". Metro (London, United Kingdom: Associated Newspapers). April 3, 2013. ISSN 1469-6215. OCLC 225917520. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
13.^ Jump up to: a b Makarechi, Kia (April 4, 2013). "Mitch Winehouse on Beyonce's 'Back to Black' Cover: 'First I Have Heard' Of It". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
14.Jump up ^ Harrison, Lily (22 April 2013). "NEWS/Amy Winehouse's Father Talks Alleged Song Diss: "I Like Beyoncé's Cover" of "Back to Black". E! Online. E!. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
15.Jump up ^ "Mitch Winehouse: 'Andre 3000's part in the cover of 'Back To Black' is terrible'". NME (IPC Media). April 28, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
16.^ Jump up to: a b Lobenfeld, Claire (April 4, 2013). "Great Gatsby Soundtrack to Feature New Songs by Jay-Z, The xx, Lana Del Rey, Beyoncé & André 3000". Stereogum. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
17.Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (April 4, 2013). "'The Great Gatsby' Trailer Shows Off Epic Soundtrack". MTV. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
18.Jump up ^ "Listen to 'The Great Gatsby' soundtrack trailer featuring The xx, Jay-Z and Jack White". NME. IPC Media. April 17, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
19.^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Kyle (April 16, 2013). "Listen to Jay-Z's 'The Great Gatsby' soundtrack sampler, featuring Fergie, Lana Del Rey, Jack White and more". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
20.^ Jump up to: a b Hogan, Marc (April 17, 2013). "Preview Jack White, Gotye, and the xx's 'Great Gatsby' Songs, 30 Seconds at a Time". Spin. Spin Media LLC. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
21.^ Jump up to: a b c Carlson, Adam (May 2, 2013). "NPR is streaming the 'Gatsby' soundtrack: What's worth talking about". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
22.Jump up ^ Powers, Ann (May 2, 2013). "First Listen: Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film 'The Great Gatsby'". NPR. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
23.Jump up ^ "Fergie, Q-Tip and GoonRock Throw 'A Little Party' for 'Gatsby' – Song Premiere". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. April 15, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
24.^ Jump up to: a b Phili, Stelious (April 17, 2013). "GQ Exclusive: Stream Florence and the Machine's "" from The Great Gatsby Soundtrack". GQ. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
25.Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher (April 24, 2013). "The xx's 'Great Gatsby' Song, 'Together' & Nero's Soundtrack Track, 'Into The Past,' Arrive Online (AUDIO)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
26.Jump up ^ "Listen to Beyonce and Andre 3000's cover of 'Back To Black' in full". NME. IPC Media. April 27, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
27.^ Jump up to: a b c Newman, Melinda (April 29, 2013). "'Great Gatsby' soundtrack: Listen to Beyonce's Amy Winehouse cover". HitFix. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
28.Jump up ^ Graham, Daniella (April 30, 2013). "Emeli Sandé unveils jazz cover of Crazy In Love for The Great Gatsby soundtrack". Metro. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
29.Jump up ^ Locker, Melissa (May 3, 2013). "'American Idol' Recap: Amber Holcomb Eliminated". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
30.Jump up ^ Rutherford, Kevin (May 2, 2013). "Amber Holcomb Eliminated as 'American Idol' Field Is Whittled to Three". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
31.Jump up ^ "'The Great Gatsby' Soundtrack Getting Deluxe Vinyl Release on Third Man". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. April 26, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
32.^ Jump up to: a b c Martins, Chris (May 8, 2013). "Third Man's Golden 'Great Gatsby' Vinyl Best Looked at, Not Listened to". Spin. Spin Media LLC. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
33.Jump up ^ Goodacre, Kate (April 22, 2013). "Lana Del Rey Great Gatsby song 'Young and Beautiful' - listen in full". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi Médias. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
34.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rosen, Jody (May 3, 2013). "The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
35.^ Jump up to: a b c Gamboa, Glenn (May 3, 2013). "Hear 'The Great Gatsby' soundtrack now". Newsday. Cablevision. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
36.^ Jump up to: a b c Jaleru, Cristina (May 6, 2013). "'Great Gatsby' Soundtrack Review: Film's Music Is 'Sexy' And 'Dangerous'". The Associated Press via The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
37.^ Jump up to: a b c d McCabe, Kathy (May 3, 2013). "The Great Gatsby by Baz Luhrmann delivers audacious soundtrack". The Daily Telegraph. News Limited. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
38.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Farber, Jim (May 7, 2013). "'The Great Gatsby,' music review". Daily News (Daily News, L.P). Retrieved May 11, 2013.
39.^ Jump up to: a b c d Smithson, Logan (May 9, 2013). "Various Artists: The Great Gatsby Soundtrack". PopMatters. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
40.Jump up ^ "New Music: Jay-Z - 100$ Bill [Snippet]". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
41.^ Jump up to: a b Murphy, Keith (May 7, 2013). "15 Thoughts On 'The Great Gatsby' Soundtrack". Vibe. Vibe Media. "Page 2 of 4".
"Page 3 of 4".
42.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jones, Lucy (May 3, 2013). "'The Great Gatsby' Soundtrack - First Listen, Track-By-Track". NME. IPC Media. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
43.Jump up ^ Hally Rubenstein, Jenna (April 22, 2013). "Listen To A Preview Of Jay-Z's '100$ Bill' From 'The Great Gatsby' Soundtrack". MTV. MTV Networks. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
44.Jump up ^ Bush, John. "Back to Black". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
45.Jump up ^ O'Neal, Sean (April 15, 2013). "Here's Fergie's ill-timed Great Gatsby song, "A Little Party Never Killed Nobody"". The A.V. Club. The Onion, Inc. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
46.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mejia, Paula (May 9, 2013). "Album Review: Music from Baz Luhrmann’s Film The Great Gatsby". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
47.Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Jason (April 22, 2013). "Lana Del Rey's 'Great Gatsby' Track 'Young & Beautiful' Hits the Web". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
48.Jump up ^ Newman, Melinda (April 22, 2013). "Lana Del Rey's 'Young and Beautiful' from 'The Great Gatsby': Listen". HitFix. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
49.Jump up ^ Anderson, Kyle (April 22, 2013). "Lana Del Rey's 'The Great Gatsby' contribution 'Young and Beautiful': Hear it here!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
50.Jump up ^ Orr, Gillian (April 22, 2013). "Lana del Ray does doom, gloom and va-va voom for The Great Gatsby with new song 'Young and Beautiful'". The Independent (London: Independent Print Limited). Retrieved April 28, 2013.
51.Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Siren". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
52.Jump up ^ Coplan, Chris (April 17, 2013). "Listen to Florence & the Machine’s new song "Over the Love", for The Great Gatsby soundtrack". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
53.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cosores, Philip (May 7, 2013). "Various Artists: Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film The Great Gatsby". Paste. Wolfgang's Vault. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
54.^ Jump up to: a b Osenlud, R. Kurt. (April 19, 2013). "Hot Soundtrack: The Great Gatsby". Slant Magazine. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
55.Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Dangerously in Love". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
56.^ Jump up to: a b c d Gardner, Elysa (May 6, 2013). "'Gatsby' soundtrack is ambitious, not great". USA Today (Gannett Company). Retrieved May 7, 2013.
57.Jump up ^ Barretto, Clyde (April 24, 2013). "The XX Joins 'The Great Gatsby' Soundtrack With "Together" (Stream)". Prefix Magazine. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
58.^ Jump up to: a b c Corner, Thomas (May 5, 2013). "Review: 'The Great Gatsby' soundtrack". Chicago Sun-Times (Sun-Times Media Group). Retrieved May 7, 2013.
59.Jump up ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Like Drawing Blood". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
60.Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Achtung Baby". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
61.Jump up ^ Adams, Cameron (May 9, 2013). "Album of the week and latest releases". Herald Sun. The Herald and Weekly Times. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
62.Jump up ^ Kellman, Andy (August 18, 2011). "Watch the Throne - Jay-Z". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Review. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
63.^ Jump up to: a b "The Great Gatsby (Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film) [Deluxe Edition] pre-order on iTunes". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
64.^ Jump up to: a b "The Great Gatsby [Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film] Review". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
65.^ Jump up to: a b Dearmore, Kelly (May 12, 2013). "Various Artists: The Great Gatsby Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". American Songwriter. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
66.Jump up ^ Snapes, Laura (May 17, 2013). "Various Artists: The Great Gatsby OST". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
67.^ Jump up to: a b Henderson, Eric (May 8, 2013). "Original Soundtrack: The Great Gatsby". Slant Magazine. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
68.Jump up ^ "Why 'The Great Gatsby' soundtrack might be the best thing ever". The Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Philadelphia Media Network). April 4, 2013. ISSN 0885-6613. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
69.Jump up ^ McWeeny, Drew (May 6, 2013). "Review: Luhrmann's 'Great Gatsby' is okay and nothing more". HitFix. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
70.^ Jump up to: a b Hasty, Katie (May 6, 2013). "Review: Soundtrack to Baz Luhrmann's 'The Great Gatsby'". HitFix. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
71.^ Jump up to: a b Beech, Mark (May 8, 2013). ".Jay-Z Ruins ‘Gatsby’ Soundtrack as Lana Del Rey Begs Love". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
72.Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (May 11, 2013). "'Great Gatsby' Soundtrack Selling Big, Heading for No. 2 on Billboard 200". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
73.^ Jump up to: a b c Caulfield, Keith (May 15, 2013). "Lady Antebellum Scores Third No. 1 Album, 'Gatsby' Debuts Strong at No. 2". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved May 17, 2013.
74.Jump up ^ Paul Grein (January 2, 2014). "The Top 10 Soundtracks of 2013". Chart Watch (Yahoo).
75.Jump up ^ "The Great Gatsby (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack): Credits". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
76.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
77.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby" (in German). austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
78.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
79.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby" (in French). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
80.Jump up ^ "Canadian Albums : May 25, 2013". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
81.Jump up ^ "综合榜 2013年 第38周". Sino Chart. Sino Chart.
82.Jump up ^ "Top Kombiniranih – Tjedan 21. 2013." (in Croatian). Hrvatska Diskografska Udruga. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
83.Jump up ^ "TOP50 Prodejní: RŮZNÍ – Great Gatsby O.S.T." (in Czech). IFPI Czech Republic. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
84.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby". danishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
85.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
86.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby". finnishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
87.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby" (in French). lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
88.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack, The Great Gatsby" (in German). charts.de. Media Control. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
89.Jump up ^ "Official IFPI Charts – Top-75 Albums Sales Chart (Εβδομάδα: 22/2013)" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
90.Jump up ^ "Top 40 album-, DVD- és válogatáslemez-lista – 2013. 28. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
91.Jump up ^ "Top 30 Multi-Artist Compilation Album, Week Ending 9 May 2013". Chart-Track. Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
92.Jump up ^ "Compilation – Classifica settimanale WK 21 (dal 20-05-2013 al 26-05-2013)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
93.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby". charts.org.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
94.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby". norwegiancharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
95.Jump up ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży". OLiS. June 3, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
96.Jump up ^ "Российский хит-парад iTunes возглавили саундтреки" [Russian hit-parade led by iTunes soundtracks] (in Russian). Lenta.ru. June 3, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
97.Jump up ^ 가온차트와 함께하세요 [Gaon Album Chart] (in Korean). Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
98.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby". spanishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
99.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – The Great Gatsby". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
100.Jump up ^ "2011 Top 40 Compilation Albums Archive". Official Charts Company. June 1, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
101.Jump up ^ "Alternative Albums : May 25, 2013". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
102.Jump up ^ "Top Rock Albums : May 25, 2013". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
103.Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Albums : May 25, 2013". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
104.Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 2013". ARIA. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
105.Jump up ^ "Billboard 200 Albums: 2013 Year-End Charts". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
106.Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association.
107.Jump up ^ "Polish album certifications" (in Polish). Polish Producers of Audio and Video (ZPAV).
108.Jump up ^ Davenport, Tracey; Halperin, Shirley (June 19, 2013). "Baz Luhrmann Preps Another 'Great Gatsby' Album (Q&A) - The Hollywood Reporter". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Categories: Albums certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association
Albums certified gold by the Polish Producers of Audio and Video
2013 soundtracks
Alternative rock soundtracks
English-language soundtracks
Film soundtracks
Hip hop soundtracks
Interscope Records soundtracks
Jazz soundtracks
Pop soundtracks
The Great Gatsby
Warner Bros. Records soundtracks
Albums produced by Emile Haynie
Albums produced by Jon Brion
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
日本語
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last modified on 3 January 2015, at 01:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby:_Music_from_Baz_Luhrmann%27s_Film
Jay Gatsby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jay Gatsby
The Great Gatsby character
Created by
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Portrayed by
Warner Baxter (1926)
Alan Ladd (1949)
Robert Redford (1974)
Toby Stephens (2000)
Leonardo DiCaprio (2013)
Information
Full name
James "Jimmy" Gatz (real name)
Gender
Male
Occupation
Yachtsman
Soldier
Entrepreneur
Bootlegger
Family
Henry C. Gatz (father)
Significant other(s)
Daisy Fay Buchanan
Nationality
American
Jay Gatsby, born James "Jimmy" Gatz, is the title character of F. Scott Fitzgerald's best known work, The Great Gatsby (1925). The character has become an archetype of self-made American men seeking to join high society, and in the U.S., the name has become synonymous with those successful businessmen who have had shady pasts.
Contents [hide]
1 Character biography
2 Gatsby as a reference point
3 Portrayals
4 References
Character biography[edit]
James Gatz hailed from rural North Dakota, where he was born to a dirt poor German American farming family in the 1890s. Gatz despised the limits of poverty. He dropped out of St. Olaf College in Minnesota only a few weeks into his first semester because he was "dismayed at its ferocious indifference to the drums of his destiny" and (as he later explains to narrator Nick Carraway) he could not bear working as a janitor to support himself through college any longer. After dropping out, he went to Lake Superior, where he met Dan Cody, a copper tycoon, in Little Girl Bay. Dan Cody became Gatz's mentor and invited him to join his ten-year yacht trek. At seventeen, Gatz changed his name to Jay Gatsby and, over the next five years, learned the ways of the wealthy. Cody left Gatsby $25,000 in his will, but after his death, Cody's mistress cheated Gatsby out of the inheritance.
In 1917, during his training for the infantry in World War I, 27-year-old Gatsby met and fell in love with 17-year-old debutante Daisy Fay, who was everything Gatsby was not: rich and from a patrician Louisville family.
During the war, Gatsby reached the rank of Major, was in the seventh infantry, and was decorated for valor for his participation in the Marne and the Argonne. After the war (as he also tells Nick Carraway years later), he briefly attended Trinity College, Oxford.[1][2] While there, he received a letter from Daisy, telling him that she had married the wealthy Tom Buchanan. Gatsby then decided to commit his life to becoming a man of the kind of wealth and stature he believed would win Daisy's love.[3]
Gatsby returned home to New York, which was being transformed by the Jazz Age. Gatsby took advantage of Prohibition by making a fortune from bootlegging and built connections with various gangsters such as Meyer Wolfsheim (who Gatsby claims is "the man who fixed the World's Series back in 1919").
With his vast income, Gatsby purchased a mansion in the fictional West Egg (a reference to Great Neck or perhaps Kings Point) of Long Island. West Egg lies on the opposite bay from the old-money East Egg (a reference to Sands Point), where Daisy, Tom, and their three-year-old daughter Pammy live. At his West Egg mansion, Gatsby hosted elaborate parties every weekend, open to all comers, in an attempt to attract Daisy as a party guest. Through Daisy's cousin Nick Carraway, Gatsby finally had a chance to reunite with her. During several meetings, Gatsby tried to convince Daisy to leave her boorish, faithless husband, as Gatsby doubted Daisy was happy with her marriage.
At the Buchanan home, Jordan, Nick, Jay, and the Buchanans decided to visit New York City. Tom borrowed Gatsby's yellow Rolls Royce to drive up to the city. On the way to New York City, Tom made a detour at a gas station in "the Valley of Ashes", a run-down part of Long Island. The owner, George Wilson, shared his concern that his wife, Myrtle, may be having an affair. This unnerves Tom, who has been having an affair with Myrtle, and he leaves in a hurry.
During the party in an expensive hotel suite, the casual conversation evolved into a confrontation between Daisy, Gatsby and Tom. In a fit of anger, Gatsby insisted that Daisy loved him, not Tom, and that she only married Tom for his money. Daisy admitted she loved both Tom and Gatsby. The party then broke up, with Daisy driving Gatsby out of New York City in the yellow Rolls-Royce and Tom leaving with Daisy's friend Jordan Baker and Nick in Jordan's car.
From her upstairs room at the gas station, Myrtle saw an approaching car. Mistakenly believing Tom had returned for her, she ran out towards the car, but was struck and killed instantly. Panicked, Daisy drove away from the scene of the accident. At Daisy's house in East Egg, Gatsby promised Daisy he would take the blame if they were ever caught.
Tom told George that it was Gatsby's car that killed Myrtle. George went to Gatsby's house in West Egg, where he shot and killed Gatsby before committing suicide.
Only one of Gatsby's party guests, known as Owl Eyes, attended his funeral. Also at the funeral are Nick Carraway and Gatsby's father, Henry C. Gatz, who stated that he was proud of his son's achievement as a self-made millionaire.[4]
Gatsby as a reference point[edit]
The figure of Jay Gatsby became a cultural touchstone in 20th century America. When the poor native son Gatsby tells Nick Carraway, his only true friend and a relative of Daisy's, he was brought up wealthy and that he attended Oxford because "all my ancestors have been educated there", MSNBC political commentator Chris Matthews sees him as the eternal American striver: "Gatsby needed more than money: he needed to be someone who had always had it..... this blind faith that he can retrofit his very existence to Daisy's specifications is the heart and soul of The Great Gatsby. It's the classic story of the fresh start, the second chance."[5]
"Jay Gatsby..... appears to be the quintessential American male hero. He is a powerful businessman with shady connections, drives a glamorous car..... and pursues the beautiful, privileged Daisy," Michael Kimmel and Amy Aronson write.[6] In the Handbook of American Folklore, Richard Dorson sees Gatsby as a new American archetype who made a decision to transform himself after his first chance encounter with his mentor Dan Cody, who opens the door to riches in bootlegging. "The ragged youth who some months later (after Gatsby drops out of St. Olaf) introduces himself to a degenerate yachtsman as Jay Gatsby has explicitly rejected the Protestant ethic... in favor of a much more extravagant form of ambition."[7]
Referring to real life figures as Gatsby has been common in the United States, usually in reference to rich men whose rise to prominence involved an element of deception. In a story on R. Foster Winans, a reporter for the Wall Street Journal 's "Heard on the Street" column who was fired after it was discovered he was giving advance knowledge of the columns' contents to Peter Brant, the Seattle Post Intelligencer described Brant as "Winan's Gatsby." The article noted that Brant had changed his name from Bornstein and said he was "a man who turned his back on his heritage and his family because he felt that being recognized as Jewish would be a detriment to his career."[8]
The character is often used as a symbol of great wealth. Reporting in 2009 on the collapse of home prices and tourist spending in the exclusive Hamptons on Long Island, not far from the fictional setting of Gatsby's home, the Wall Street Journal quoted a struggling hotelier as saying "Jay Gatsby is dead."[9]
Portrayals[edit]
Jay Gatsby has been portrayed by several actors in several film adaptations of Fitzgerald's novel. Among the actors to portray the character are Robert Redford in the 1974 film adaptation, Toby Stephens in the 2000 television adaptation, and Leonardo DiCaprio in director Baz Luhrmann's 2013 film adaptation. Alan Ladd did so in The Great Gatsby film in 1949. There was also a 1926 silent film where Gatsby was portrayed by Warner Baxter, but there are no remaining copies known to exist.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ McCullen, Bonnie Shannon (2007). "This Tremendous Detail: The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby". In Assadi, Jamal; Freedman, William. A Distant Drummer: Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0820488516.
2.Jump up ^ After World War I the United States military gave four months' leave to about 2,000 American soldiers to study at British universities. The American University Union in Europe. 1921. p. 6.
3.Jump up ^ "Spark Notes study guide synopsis on Jay Gatsby". Sparknotes.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
4.Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott; Prigozy, Ruth (1998). "Introduction". The Great Gatsby (Oxford World's Classics ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283269-6.
5.Jump up ^ Mathews, Chris (2003). "Chapter One, "A Self Made Country"". American: Beyond Our Grandest Notions. Simon & Schuster. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-7432-4086-4.
6.Jump up ^ Kimmel, Michael; Aronson, Amy (2004). Men & Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0.
7.Jump up ^ Dorson, Richard M (1986). Handbook of American Folklore. Indiana University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-253-20373-1.
8.Jump up ^ "Scandal At Wall Street Journal: It'S A Great Gatsby Tale". Seattle Post Intelligencer. 1986-10-04. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
9.Jump up ^ Lagnado, Lucette (2009-02-20). "The Hamptons Half-Price Sale". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Categories: Fictional socialites
Fictional American people of German descent
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Fictional characters from North Dakota
Fictional characters from New York
Fictional antiheroes
Fictional soldiers
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional criminals
Fictional characters introduced in 1925
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Fictional World War I veterans
The Great Gatsby
Fictional majors
Fictional United States Army personnel
Drama film characters
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Português
Edit links
This page was last modified on 5 January 2015, at 21:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gatsby
The Great Gatsby (2000 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Great Gatsby
DVD cover of the movie The Great Gatsby.jpg
DVD Cover
Directed by
Robert Markowitz
Based on
The Great Gatsby
by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Starring
Toby Stephens
Mira Sorvino
Paul Rudd
Martin Donovan
Music by
Carl Davis
Cinematography
Guy Dufaux
Country
United Kingdom
United States
Release date
March 29, 2000
The Great Gatsby is a 2000 television film adaptation of the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.
It was made in collaboration by the A&E Cable Network in the United States, and Granada Productions in Great Britain. It was directed by Robert Markowitz from a teleplay by John J. McLaughlin. The music score was by Carl Davis and the cinematography by Guy Dufaux. The production was designed by Taavo Soodor.
The film stars Toby Stephens, Mira Sorvino, Paul Rudd and Martin Donovan.
This version is the fourth time that The Great Gatsby has been filmed.
Cast[edit]
Toby Stephens as Jay Gatsby
Mira Sorvino as Daisy Buchanan
Paul Rudd as Nick Carraway
Martin Donovan as Tom Buchanan
Francie Swift as Jordan Baker
Heather Goldenhersh as Myrtle Wilson
Matt Malloy as Klipspringer
External links[edit]
The Great Gatsby at the Internet Movie Database
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Films directed by Robert Markowitz
Stub icon This article related to an American TV movie is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1102658-great_gatsby/
Categories: 2000s drama films
2000 television films
Adultery in films
British television films
English-language films
Films based on works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Films set in 1922
Films set in New York City
American television films
Films directed by Robert Markowitz
The Great Gatsby
Films based on American novels
American television film stubs
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
日本語
Edit links
This page was last modified on 13 September 2014, at 04:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2000_film)
The Great Gatsby (1926 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Great Gatsby
The Great Gatsby 1926.jpg
1926 Lobby card
Directed by
Herbert Brenon
Ray Lissner (assistant)
Produced by
Jesse L. Lasky
Adolph Zukor
Written by
Owen Davis (play)
Becky Gardiner
Elizabeth Meehan
Based on
The Great Gatsby
by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Starring
Warner Baxter
Lois Wilson
Neil Hamilton
Georgia Hale
William Powell
Cinematography
Leo Tover
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release dates
November 21, 1926
Running time
80 minutes
Country
United States
Language
Silent film
English intertitles
The Great Gatsby (1926) is a silent film adaptation of the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The film was directed by Herbert Brenon, produced by Adolph Zukor and Jesse L. Lasky at Famous Players-Lasky, and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is a famous example of a lost film.[1][2] [3]
Contents [hide]
1 Cast
2 Background and production
3 Lost film
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
Warner Baxter - Jay Gatsby
Lois Wilson - Daisy Buchanan
Neil Hamilton - Nick Carraway
Georgia Hale - Myrtle Wilson
William Powell - George Wilson
Hale Hamilton - Tom Buchanan
George Nash - Charles Wolf
Carmelita Geraghty - Jordan Baker
Eric Blore - Lord Digby
Gunboat Smith - Bert
Claire Whitney - Catherine
unbilled
Nancy Kelly - ? child
Background and production[edit]
The screenplay was written by Becky Gardiner and Elizabeth Meehan and was based on Owen Davis' stage play treatment of The Great Gatsby. The play, directed by George Cukor, opened on Broadway at the Ambassador Theatre Feb 2, 1926, and soon after the film rights were purchased, with F. Scott Fitzgerald receiving US $45,000.
The film was entrusted to a contract Paramount director, Herbert Brenon who designed the film as lightweight, popular entertainment, playing up the party scenes at Gatsby's mansion and emphasizing their scandalous elements. The film had a running time of 80 minutes, or 7,296 feet. No copies of the film are known to survive.[1]
Lost film[edit]
Professor Wheeler Winston Dixon, James Ryan Professor of Film Studies at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, made extensive but unsuccessful attempts to find a surviving print. Dixon noted that there were rumors that a copy survived in an unknown archive in Moscow but dismissed these rumors as unfounded.[1]
However, the trailer has survived and is one of the 50 films in the 3-disk boxed DVD set More Treasures from American Film Archives, 1894-1931 (2004), compiled by the National Film Preservation Foundation from five American film archives. It is preserved by the Library of Congress (AFI/Jack Tillmany collection) and has a running time of one minute.[1]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d Winston Dixon, Wheeler (2003). "The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby: A Vision Deferred". Literature Film Quarterly. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
2.Jump up ^ The Great Gatsby at silentera.com database
3.Jump up ^ The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog:The Great Gatsby
External links[edit]
The Great Gatsby 1 minute trailer of 1926 on YouTube
The Great Gatsby at the Internet Movie Database
The Great Gatsby at AllMovie
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Films directed by Herbert Brenon
Categories: 1926 films
1920s drama films
American films
Adultery in films
American drama films
American silent feature films
Films set in 1922
Films set in New York
Films based on works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Films directed by Herbert Brenon
Lost films
The Great Gatsby
Films based on American novels
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Edit links
This page was last modified on 30 September 2014, at 21:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(1926_film)
The Great Gatsby (1949 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Great Gatsby
The-Great-Gatsby-Poster-C10126101.jpeg
Original film poster
Directed by
Elliott Nugent
Produced by
Richard Maibaum
Written by
Richard Maibaum
Cyril Hume
Based on
The Great Gatsby
by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Starring
Alan Ladd
Betty Field
Macdonald Carey
Ruth Hussey
Barry Sullivan
Shelley Winters
Howard Da Silva
Music by
Robert Emmett Dolan
Cinematography
John F. Seitz
Edited by
Ellsworth Hoagland
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release dates
July 13, 1949
Running time
91 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
The Great Gatsby (1949) is a feature film released by Paramount Pictures, directed by Elliott Nugent, and produced by Richard Maibaum, from a screenplay by Richard Maibaum and Cyril Hume. It is based on the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The music score was by Robert Emmett Dolan and the cinematography by John F. Seitz. The production was designed by Roland Anderson and Hans Dreier and the costumes by Edith Head.
The film stars Alan Ladd, Betty Field, Macdonald Carey, Ruth Hussey, and Barry Sullivan and features Shelley Winters, Howard Da Silva and Elisha Cook, Jr.. Da Silva would later appear in the 1974 film also titled The Great Gatsby.
Contents [hide]
1 Cast
2 Production notes
3 References
4 External links
Cast[edit]
Alan Ladd as Jay Gatsby
Betty Field as Daisy Buchanan
Macdonald Carey as Nick Carraway
Ruth Hussey as Jordan Baker
Barry Sullivan as Tom Buchanan
Howard Da Silva as George Wilson
Shelley Winters as Myrtle Wilson
Production notes[edit]
Plans to make the film were announced in 1946, with Ladd, Maibaum and Hume all attached.[1] However, it was pushed back a number of years, reportedly due to censorship concerns.[2]
Gene Tierney was to be loaned out to Paramount to star as Daisy. Tyrone Power had stipulated that he would star as long as Tierney was cast. Elliott Nugent and producer Maibaum felt Tierney's beauty would be a distraction for Daisy. Tierney was dropped, and Power left the production.[citation needed]
John Farrow, who had made a number of films with Alan Ladd, was originally meant to direct, but he left the project after a disagreement with Maibaum over casting.[3] He was replaced by Nugent.[4]
This was the second film adaptation of the novel, after the 1926 silent version (now considered a lost film because no prints are known to exist). In 2012, a new print of the 1949 film was produced.[5]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ PAT O'BRIEN TO STAR IN 'THE BIG ANGLE': Crime Drama Was Written by Author of 'Bombardier'-- 'Gatsby' to Be Remade Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES.. New York Times (1923-Current file) [New York, N.Y] 26 Feb 1946: 31.
2.Jump up ^ NOTES ABOUT PICTURES AND PEOPLE: New York to Get Another Film Unit -- Ticket Tax Cut Asked -- Addenda By A.H. WEILER. New York Times (1923-Current file) [New York, N.Y] 26 Oct 1947: X5.
3.Jump up ^ "Mary Armitage's FILM CLOSE-UPS.". The Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912 - 1954) (Adelaide, SA: National Library of Australia). 27 March 1948. p. 2 Supplement: SUNDAY MAGAZINE. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
4.Jump up ^ NUGENT REPLACES FARROW ON MOVIE: Named by Paramount to Direct 'The Great Gatsby,' Remake of Fitzgerald Novel By THOMAS F. BRADYSpecial to THE NEW YORK TIMES.. New York Times (1923-Current file) [New York, N.Y] 13 Feb 1948: 26.
5.Jump up ^ Music Box Theatre, Chicago, Illinois. Music Box Calendar for August 2012, page 29.
External links[edit]
The Great Gatsby at the Internet Movie Database
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Films directed by Elliott Nugent
Categories: English-language films
1940s drama films
1949 films
Adultery in films
American drama films
Black-and-white films
Films based on works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Films directed by Elliott Nugent
Films set in 1922
Paramount Pictures films
The Great Gatsby
Films based on American novels
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Português
Edit links
This page was last modified on 28 August 2014, at 02:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(1949_film)
The Great Gatsby (1974 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Great Gatsby
Great gatsby 74.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jack Clayton
Produced by
David Merrick
Screenplay by
Francis Ford Coppola
Based on
The Great Gatsby
by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Starring
Robert Redford
Mia Farrow
Bruce Dern
Sam Waterston
Karen Black
Music by
Nelson Riddle
Cinematography
Douglas Slocombe
Edited by
Tom Priestly
Production
company
Newdon Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release dates
March 29, 1974
Running time
146 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$6.5 million
Box office
$26,533,200[2]
The Great Gatsby is a 1974 American romantic drama film distributed by Newdon Productions and Paramount Pictures. It was directed by Jack Clayton and produced by David Merrick, from a screenplay by Francis Ford Coppola based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby.
The film stars Robert Redford in the title role of Jay Gatsby, along with Mia Farrow, Sam Waterston, Bruce Dern, Karen Black, Scott Wilson, and Lois Chiles with Howard Da Silva, Roberts Blossom, and Edward Herrmann. Da Silva had previously appeared in the 1949 version also titled The Great Gatsby.
Contents [hide]
1 Cast 1.1 Casting
2 Production 2.1 Screenplay
2.2 Filming
3 Reception
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Robert Redford as Jay Gatsby
Mia Farrow as Daisy Buchanan
Bruce Dern as Tom Buchanan
Sam Waterston as Nick Carraway
Karen Black as Myrtle Wilson
Scott Wilson as George Wilson
Lois Chiles as Jordan Baker
Edward Herrmann as Ewing Klipspringer
Howard Da Silva as Meyer Wolfsheim
Kathryn Leigh Scott as Catherine Wilson, Myrtle's sister
Regina Baff as Miss Baedecker
Vincent Schiavelli as Thin Man
Roberts Blossom as Mr. Gatz
Beth Porter as Mrs. McKee
Patsy Kensit as Pammy Buchanan
Casting[edit]
The rights to the novel were purchased in 1971 by Robert Evans so that his wife Ali MacGraw could play Daisy. After MacGraw left Evans for Steve McQueen, he considered other actresses for the role, including Faye Dunaway, Candice Bergen, Natalie Wood, Katharine Ross, Lois Chiles, Cybill Shepherd, and Mia Farrow. Eventually Farrow was cast as Daisy and Chiles was given the role of Jordan. Warren Beatty, Jack Nicholson, and Steve McQueen were considered for the role of Gatsby but they were rejected or declined the offer. Beatty wanted to direct producer Evans as Gatsby and Nicholson didn't think that MacGraw was right for the role of Daisy, who was still attached when he was approached. Farrow was pregnant during the shooting and the movie was filmed with her wearing loose, flowing dresses and in tight close-ups.
Production[edit]
Screenplay[edit]
Truman Capote was the original screenwriter but he was replaced by Francis Ford Coppola. On his commentary track for the DVD release of The Godfather, Coppola makes reference to writing the Gatsby script at the time, though he comments: "Not that the director paid any attention to it. The script that I wrote did not get made."
In 2000 William Goldman, who loved the novel, said he actively campaigned for the job of adapting the script, but was astonished by the quality of Coppola's work:
I still believe it to be one of the great adaptations... I called him [Coppola] and told him what a wonderful thing he had done. If you see the movie, you will find all this hard to believe... The director who was hired, Jack Clayton, is a Brit... he had one thing all of them have in their blood: a murderous sense of class... Well, Clayton decided this: that Gatsby's parties were shabby and tacky, given by a man of no elevation and taste. There went the ball game. As shot, they were foul and stupid and the people who attended them were foul and silly, and Robert Redford and Mia Farrow, who would have been so perfect as Gatsby and Daisy, were left hung out to dry. Because Gatsby was a tasteless fool and why should we care about their love? It was not as if Coppola's glory had been jettisoned entirely, though it was tampered with plenty; it was more that the reality and passions it depicted were gone.[3]
Filming[edit]
The Rosecliff and Marble House mansions in Newport, Rhode Island, were used for Gatsby's house while scenes at the Buchanans' home were filmed at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England. One driving scene was shot in Windsor Great Park, UK. Other scenes were filmed in New York City and Uxbridge, Massachusetts.
Reception[edit]
The film received mixed reviews. The film was praised for its interpretation and staying true to the novel, but was criticized for lacking any true emotion or feelings towards the Jazz Age. Based on 30 total reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 37%.[4] Despite this, the film was a financial success, making $26,533,200[2] against a $6.5 million budget.
Tennessee Williams, in his book Memoirs' (p. 178), wrote: “It seems to me that quite a few of my stories, as well as my one acts, would provide interesting and profitable material for the contemporary cinema, if committed to ... such cinematic masters of direction as Jack Clayton, who made of The Great Gatsby a film that even surpassed, I think, the novel by Scott Fitzgerald.”[5][6]
Vincent Canby's 1974 review in The New York Times typifies the critical ambivalence: "The sets and costumes and most of the performances are exceptionally good, but the movie itself is as lifeless as a body that's been too long at the bottom of a swimming pool," Canby wrote at the time. "As Fitzgerald wrote it, "The Great Gatsby" is a good deal more than an ill-fated love story about the cruelties of the idle rich.... The movie can't see this through all its giant closeups of pretty knees and dancing feet. It's frivolous without being much fun."[7]
Variety 's review was likewise split: "Paramount's third pass at The Great Gatsby is by far the most concerted attempt to probe the peculiar ethos of the Beautiful People of the 1920s. The fascinating physical beauty of the $6 million-plus film complements the utter shallowness of most principal characters from the F. Scott Fitzgerald novel. Robert Redford is excellent in the title role, the mysterious gentleman of humble origins and bootlegging connections.... The Francis Ford Coppola script and Jack Clayton's direction paint a savagely genteel portrait of an upper class generation that deserved in spades what it received circa 1929 and after."[8]
Roger Ebert gave the movie two and a half stars out of four. He stated, "It would take about the same time to read Fitzgerald's novel as to view this movie -- and that's what I'd recommend."[9]
Awards and nominations[edit]
The film won two Academy Awards, for Best Costume Design (Theoni V. Aldredge) and Best Music (Nelson Riddle). It also won three BAFTA Awards for Best Art Direction (John Box), Best Cinematography (Douglas Slocombe), and Best Costume Design (Theoni V. Aldredge). (The male costumes were executed by Ralph Lauren, the female costumes by Barbara Matera.) It won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress (Karen Black) and received three further nominations for Best Supporting Actor (Bruce Dern and Sam Waterston) and Most Promising Newcomer (Sam Waterston).
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Great Gatsby (A)". British Board of Film Classification. 1974-03-12. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
2.^ Jump up to: a b The Great Gatsby, Box Office Information. The Numbers. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
3.Jump up ^ Goldman, William (2000). Which Lies Did I Tell?. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0-7475-4977-X.
4.Jump up ^ The Great Gatsby at Rotten Tomatoes
5.Jump up ^ Williams, Tennessee (1975). Memoirs. Doubleday & Co.
6.Jump up ^ Sinyard, Neil (2000). Jack Clayton. UK: Manchester University Press. p. 289. ISBN 0-7190-5505-9.
7.Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (1974). "A Lavish Gatsby Loses Book's Spirit". The New York Times, March 28, 1974
8.Jump up ^ Variety staff, (1973). "Review: The Great Gatsby". Variety, December 31, 1973
9.Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger The Great Gatsby Movie Review, Chicago Sun Times, January 1, 1974
External links[edit]
The Great Gatsby at the Internet Movie Database
The Great Gatsby at the TCM Movie Database
The Great Gatsby at Box Office Mojo
The Great Gatsby at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Films directed by Jack Clayton
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Francis Ford Coppola
Categories: 1974 films
English-language films
The Great Gatsby
1970s romantic drama films
American films
American romantic drama films
Films directed by Jack Clayton
Adultery in films
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films based on works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in 1922
Films set in New York
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in the Roaring Twenties
Films shot in New York
Films shot in Rhode Island
Paramount Pictures films
Films based on American novels
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
ქართული
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk bokmål
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last modified on 31 December 2014, at 22:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(1974_film)
The Great Gatsby(2013 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see The Great Gatsby (disambiguation).
This article's plot summary may be too longor excessively detailed.Please help improve itby removing unnecessary details and making it more concise.(January 2015)
The Great Gatsby
TheGreatGatsby2012Poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Baz Luhrmann
Produced by
Lucy Fisher
Catherine Knapman
Baz Luhrmann
Catherine Martin
Douglas Wick
Screenplay by
Baz Luhrmann
Craig Pearce
Based on
The Great Gatsby
by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Starring
Leonardo DiCaprio
Tobey Maguire
Carey Mulligan
Joel Edgerton
Isla Fisher
Jason Clarke
Elizabeth Debicki
Jack Thompson
Amitabh Bachchan
Music by
Craig Armstrong
Cinematography
Simon Duggan
Edited by
Jason Ballantine
Jonathan Redmond
Matt Villa
Production
company
Village Roadshow Pictures
Bazmark Productions
A&E Television
Red Wagon Entertainment
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Roadshow Entertainment(Australia & New Zealand)
Release dates
May 1, 2013(New York Citypremiere)
May 10, 2013(United States)
May 30, 2013(Australia)
Running time
142 minutes[1]
Country
Australia
United States
Language
English
Budget
$105 million[2]
Box office
$351,040,419[2]
The Great Gatsbyis a 2013 Australian-American[3]3Ddrama filmbased on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name. The film was co-written and directed by Baz Luhrmann, and stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, Joel Edgerton, and Elizabeth Debicki.[4]It follows the life and times of millionaire Jay Gatsbyand his neighbour Nick, who recounts his encounter with Gatsby at the height of the Roaring Twenties. The film was originally going to be released on December 25, 2012, but moved to May 10, 2013 in 3D. While the film received mixed reviews from critics, audiences responded much more positively,[5]and F. Scott Fitzgerald's granddaughter praised the film, stating "Scott would have been proud".[6]As of 2014, it is Baz Luhrmann's highest grossing film to date, earning over $350 million worldwide.[7]At the 86th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Production Designand Best Costume Design, winning both.
Contents [hide]
1Plot
2Cast
3Production3.1Development
3.2Casting
3.3Filming3.3.1Sets
3.3.2Costumes
4Marketing
5Soundtrack
6Reception6.1Box office
6.2Critical response
6.3Accolades
7See also
8References
9External links
Plot[edit]
In the winter of 1929, Nick Carraway, a Yale Universitygraduate and World War Iveteran, is staying at a psychiatric hospitalto treat his alcoholism. He talks about Jay Gatsby, describing him as the most hopeful man he had ever met. When he struggles to articulate his thoughts, his doctor, Walter Perkins, suggests writing it down, since writing is Nick's true passion.
In the summer of 1922, Nick moves from the U.S. Midwestto New York, taking a job as a bondsalesman after abandoning writing. He rents a small house on Long Islandin the (fictional) village of West Egg, next door to a lavish mansion belonging to Jay Gatsby, a mysterious business magnate who often holds extravagant parties. One day, Nick drives across the bay to the old money East Egg to have dinner with his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, a college acquaintance of Nick's. They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, a cynical young golfer with whom Daisy wishes to couple Nick.
Jordan tells Nick that Tom has a mistress who lives in the "valley of ashes," an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after, Nick travels with Tom to the valley, where they stop by a garage owned by George Wilson and his wife, Myrtle, who is the mistress Jordan mentioned.
As the summer progresses, Nick receives an invitation to one of Gatsby's parties. Upon arriving, he learns that he is the only one who received an invitation, and that none of the guests have ever met Gatsby. There are multiple theories as to who he is: a German spy, a prince, even an assassin. Nick encounters Jordan, and they meet Gatsby, who is surprisingly young and rather aloof. Gatsby's butler later informs Jordan that Gatsby wishes to speak with her privately.
Gatsby seemingly takes a liking to Nick, and one day Gatsby offers to drive Nick to town in his expensive yellow car. On the road, Gatsby tells Nick that he is an Oxford man and a war hero, who was born into a wealthy family in the Midwest who have all since died. Gatsby tales Nick to a speakeasy, where he introduces him to Meyer Wolfsheim, a mob boss and business partner Gatsby claims fixed the 1919 World Series. During their lunch, they run into Tom Buchanan, and Gatsby appears uncomfortable throughout the exchange, leaving as soon as possible. Jordan later tells Nick that Gatsby had a relationship with Daisy five years earlier, and is still in love with her. Gatsby had been throwing the extravagant parties in the hopes Daisy will attend. Gatsby later asks Nick to invite Daisy to tea at his house, without mentioning that Gatsby will be there.
After an awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair. Gatsby is rather dismayed that Daisy wants to run away from New York with him, as his initial plan being for them was to live in his mansion. Nick tries to explain to Gatsby that the past cannot be repeated, but he dismisses the remark. Trying to keep the affair a secret, Gatsby fires the majority of his servants and discontinues the parties. Eventually, he phones Nick and asks that he and Jordan accompany him to the Buchanan's', where they plan to tell Tom that Daisy is leaving him. Nick is hesitant, but Gatsby insists they need him.
During the luncheon, Tom becomes increasingly suspicious of Gatsby when he sees him staring passionately at Daisy. Daisy stops Gatsby from revealing anything about their relationship, and suggests they all go into town. Everyone leaves for the Plaza, Tom driving Gatsby's yellow car with Nick and Jordan, while Gatsby and Daisy take Tom's car, which is blue. Out of gas, Tom stops at George and Myrtle's garage, where George says he and his wife are moving west, telling Tom he suspects Myrtle is cheating on him, not knowing that Tom is Myrtle's lover.
At the Plaza, Gatsby tells Tom that he and Daisy are together, claiming that she never loved him. Outraged, Tom accuses Gatsby of making his fortune illegally through bootlegging with his mobster friends. Daisy tells Gatsby that she loved him and still loves him, but she cannot claim that she never loved Tom even once. Tom promises that he loves Daisy and that he will take better care of Daisy as Daisy reminds him of his faults in their marriage. As Tom tells Gatsby that he is different from them due to his dubious background, Gatsby lashes out at Tom, frightening Daisy. She leaves with Gatsby, this time in his car.
Later that night, Myrtle rushes out into the street after a fight with her husband about her infidelity. She sees Gatsby's yellow car approaching and runs toward it, believing Tom is driving and had come for her. She is struck and killed instantly. Afterwards, Tom, Nick, and Jordan stop by the garage when they see a large crowd has gathered and learn about Myrtle's death. Tom tells a distraught George the yellow car belongs to Gatsby and that he suspects Gatsby was the one sleeping with Myrtle.
Nick finds Gatsby lingering outside the Buchanan's mansion, where Gatsby accidentally reveals that Daisy was the driver, though he intends to take the blame. Nick eavesdrops on Daisy and Tom, where he hears Daisy accept Tom's promise that he will take care of everything. Nick is disappointed, but decides not to tell Gatsby since his friend hopes for Daisy's call. Gatsby invites Nick over for the night and tells him the truth about his origins: he was born penniless, his real name is James Gatz, and he had asked Daisy to wait for him after the war until he had made something of himself. He'd then met Meyer Wolfsheim and entered his "business."
The next morning, Nick leaves for work and Gatsby decides to go for a swim before the pool is drained for the season. He hears the phone ringing, and, believing it is Daisy, climbs out of the pool as the butler answers the phone. Gatsby is then shot and killed by George, who proceeds to kill himself.
Nick invites Daisy to Gatsby's funeral, only to learns that she, Tom, and their daughter are leaving New York. The funeral is attended only by reporters and photographers, whom Nick angrily chases out. The media accuses Gatsby of being Myrtle's lover and the one who killed her, leaving Nick the only person knowing the truth. Nick realizes that he is the only person who actually cared about Gatsby. Disgusted with both the city and its people, he leaves New York, but not before taking a final walk through Gatsby's deserted mansion; reflecting on Gatsby's unique ability to hope, and how he lost everything. Back in the sanatorium, Nick finishes his memoir and titles it "Gatsby," then takes out a pen to re-title it, "The Great Gatsby."
Cast[edit]
Leonardo DiCaprioas Jay Gatsby
Tobey Maguireas Nick Carraway
Carey Mulliganas Daisy Buchanan
Joel Edgertonas Tom Buchanan
Elizabeth Debickias Jordan Baker
Isla Fisheras Myrtle Wilson
Jason Clarkeas George Wilson
Amitabh Bachchanas Meyer Wolfsheim
Jack Thompsonas Dr. Walter Perkins
Adelaide Clemensas Catherine
Richard Carteras Herzog
Max Cullenas Owl Eyes
Heather Mitchellas Daisy's mother
Gus Murray as Teddy Barton
Steve Bisleyas Dan Cody
Vince Colosimoas Michaelis
Felix Williamsonas Henri
Kate Mulvany as Mrs. Mckee
Eden Falk as Mr. Mckee
iOTAas Trimalchio
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Prior to this version, there had already been an operaand numerous film adaptations of F. Scott Fitzgerald's acclaimed 1925 novel of the same name.[8]In December 2008, Varietymagazinereported that this film adaptation was to be made with Baz Luhrmannto direct it.
Luhrmann stated that he planned it to be more timely due to its theme of criticizing the often irresponsible lifestyles of wealthy people.[9]In order to commit to the project, in September 2010 Luhrmann moved with his family from Australia to Chelseain Lower Manhattan, where he had intended to film The Great Gatsby.[10]While Luhrmann was at the Consumer Electronics Showin January 2011, he told The Hollywood Reporterthat he had been workshopping The Great Gatsbyin 3D, though he had not yet decided whether to shoot in the format.[11]In late January 2011, Luhrmann showed doubt about staying on board with the project,[12]before deciding to stay.
In 2010, it was reported that the film was being set up by Sony Pictures Entertainment[13]but by 2011, Warner Bros.was close to acquiring a deal to finance and take worldwide distribution of The Great Gatsby.[14]
Casting[edit]
From left to right: Joel Edgertonand director Baz Luhrmann, Elizabeth Debicki, Carey Mulligan, Tobey Maguire, and producer and designer Catherine Martinat the premiere of The Great Gatsby, Sydney, May 22, 2013
Luhrmann said the results from the movie's workshop process of auditioning actors for roles in The Great Gatsbyhad been "very encouraging" to him. Leonardo DiCapriowas cast first in the title role of Jay Gatsby. It is the second time that Luhrmann and DiCaprio have worked together, with DiCaprio costarring in Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet(1996). Tobey Maguirewas cast to play Nick Carraway.[15]Reports linked Amanda Seyfriedto the lead role of Daisy Buchanan, in October 2010.[16]The next month Deadline Hollywoodreported that Luhrmann had been auditioning numerous actresses, including Keira Knightley, Rebecca Hall, Amanda Seyfried, Blake Lively, Abbie Cornish, Michelle Williams, and Scarlett Johansson, as well as considering Natalie Portman, for Daisy.[13]Soon after, with her commitment to Cameron Crowe's We Bought a Zoo, Johansson pulled out.[17]
On November 15, Luhrmann announced that Carey Mulliganhad been cast to play Daisy after reading for the part on 2 November in New York.[15]She got the role shortly after Luhrmann showed her audition footage to Sony Pictures Entertainment executives Amy Pascal and Doug Belgrad, who were impressed by the actress's command of the character.[15]Mulligan burst into tears after learning of her casting via a phone call from Luhrmann, who informed her of his decision while she was on the red carpetat an event in New York. Luhrmann said "I was privileged to explore the character with some of the world's most talented actresses, each one bringing their own particular interpretation, all of which were legitimate and exciting. However, specific to this particular production ofThe Great Gatsby, I was thrilled to pick up the phone an hour ago to the young Oscar-nominated British actress Carey Mulligan and say to her: 'Hello, Daisy Buchanan.'"[15]
In April, Ben Affleckwas in talks about playing the role of Tom Buchanan but had to pass due to a scheduling conflict with Argo.[18]Several weeks later, Affleck was replaced by Joel Edgerton.[19]Bradley Cooperhad previously lobbied for the part[19]and Luke Evanswas a major contender.[20]Isla Fisherwas cast to play Myrtle Wilson.[21]Australian newcomer Elizabeth Debickiwon the part of Jordan Baker, right after graduating from Victorian College of the Arts.[22][23]
While casting for the supporting role of Jordan, the filmmaker said that the character must be "as thoroughly examined as Daisy, for this production, for this time", adding, "It's like Olivier's Hamlet was the right Hamlet for his time. Who would Hamlet be today? Same with a Jordan or a Daisy".[24]In June 2011, Jason Clarkewas cast as George B. Wilson.[25]Indianactor Amitabh Bachchanmakes a cameo appearance as Meyer Wolfshiem; this was his first Hollywood role.[26]
Filming[edit]
The Great Gatsbywas planned to be filmed in the New York Cityarea where the novel is set, starting in June 2011.[10]The director instead opted to shoot principal photography in Sydney. Filming began on September 5, 2011, at Fox Studios Australiaand finished on December 22, 2011, with additional shots filmed in January 2012.[27][28]The film was shot with Red Epicdigital cameras and ZeissUltra Prime lenses.[29][30]Originally scheduled for a December 2012 release, on August 6, 2012, it was reported that the film was being moved to a summer 2013 release date.[31]In September 2012, this date was confirmed to be May 10, 2013. The film opened the 66th Cannes Film Festivalon May 15, 2013,[32]shortly following its wide release in RealD 3Dand 2D formats.
Sets[edit]
Beacon Towersin 1922, during the period that Fitzgerald would have known it
In creating the background scenery for the world depicted in the film, designer Catherine Martinstated that the team styled the interior sets of Jay Gatsby's mansion with gilded opulence, in a style that blended establishment taste with Art Deco.[33]The long-destroyed Beacon Towers, thought by scholars to have partially inspired Fitzgerald's Jay Gatsby estate, was used as a main inspiration for Gatsby's home in the film.[33][34]The filming for the exterior of Jay Gatsby's mansion was the college building of the International College of Management, Sydney,[35]Some inspiration was also drawn from other Gold Coast, Long Islandmansions, including Oheka Castleand La Selva Mansion.[36]Features evoking the Long Island mansions were added in post-production.[36]
The inspiration for the film version of the Buchanan estate came from Old Westbury Gardens.[33]The mansion exterior was built on a soundstage, with digital enhancements added.[36]The interior sets for the Buchanan mansion were inspired by the style of Hollywood Regency.[33]
The home of Nick Carraway was conceived as an intimate cottage, in contrast with the grandeur of the neighboring Gatsby mansion. Objects chosen adhered to a central theme of what the designers saw as classic Long Island. The architecture conjures American Arts and Crafts, with Gustav Stickley-type furnishings inside and an Adirondack-style swing out.[36]
The opening scene was filmed from Rivendell Child, Adolescent and Family Unit in Concord, Sydney, only a few kilometres from Sydney 2000 Olympic Stadium.
Costumes[edit]
Many apparel designers were approached in collaboration of the film's costumes. The Great Gatsbyachieved the iconic 1920s look by altering pieces from the Pradaand Miu Miufashion archives. Martin also collaborated with Brooks Brothersfor the costumes worn by the male cast members and extras. Tiffany and Co.provided the jewelry for the film. Catherine Martinand Miuccia Pradawere behind the wardrobe and worked closely together to create pieces with "the European flair that was emerging amongst the aristocratic East Coast crowds in the 1920s"[37]
Costume historians of the period, however, said that the costumes were not authentic, but instead modernized the 1920s-era fashions to look more like modern fashions. Most prominently, the women were clothed to emphasize their breasts, such as Daisy's push-up bra, in contrast to the flat-chested fashions of the era. While the book was set in 1922, the movie included fashions from the entire decade of the 1920s and even the 1930s. Many of the fashions from archives were concepts from runways and fashion magazines that were never worn by women in real life. Martin says that she took the styles of the 1920s and made them sexier, and was trying to interpret 1920s styles for a modern audience. Alice Jurow, of the Art Deco Society of California, said that she loved the movie, but most of their members prefer more period-perfect films. The men's costumes were more authentic, except that the pants were too tight.[38]
Marketing[edit]
The first trailerfor The Great Gatsbywas released on May 22, 2012,[39]almost a year before the film's release. Songs featured in various trailers include: "No Church in the Wild" by Jay-Zand Kanye West; a cover of U2's "Love Is Blindness" performed by Jack White; a cover of The Turtles' Happy Togetherby the band Filter; a cover of Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black" performed by André 3000and Beyoncé; "Young and Beautiful" performed by Lana Del Rey; and two songs, "Bedroom Hymns" and "Over the Love", performed by Florence and the Machine.[40]
On April 15, 2013, Brooks Brotherspremiered "The Gatsby Collection", a line of men's clothing, shoes and accessories "inspired by the costumes designed by Catherine Martin for Baz Luhrmann's The Great Gatsby". According to Fashion Weekly, "The looks weren't simply based on 1920s style: the new duds were designed based on the brand's actual archives [...] Brooks Brothers was one of the initial arbiters of Gatsby-era look. The actual costumes, designed by Catherine Martin, will be on display in select Brooks Brothers boutiques."[41][42]
On April 17, 2013, Tiffany & Co.unveiled windows at its Fifth Avenue flagship store "inspired by" Luhrmann's film and created in collaboration with Luhrmann and costumer Catherine Martin. The jewelry store also premiered "The Great Gatsby Collection" line of jewelry designed in anticipation of the film. The collection comprises 7 pieces: a brooch, a headpiece (both reportedly based on archival Tiffany designs), a necklace, and four different rings, including one in platinum with a 5.25-carat diamond, priced at $875,000.[43][44][45]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film
Released on May 7, the film's soundtrack is also available in a deluxe edition; a Targetexclusive release also features three extra tracks.[40]The film scorewas executive-produced by Jay-Z[46]and The Bullitts.[47]
Penned by Lana Del Reyand the film's director, Baz Luhrmann, the song "Young and Beautiful" was released to contemporary hit radioas a single, and was used as the film's buzz single.[48]A snippet of the track appeared in the official trailer for the film and played during the scene where the characters portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprioand Carey Mulliganexpress their romantic feelings for one another.[49]Hip hopmagazine Rap-Upcalled the single "haunting",[48]while MTV called it "somber-sounding".[49]The track performed by Florence and the Machine, "Over the Love", referencesthe "green light" symbol from the novel in its lyrics.[46]Chris Payne of Billboardpraised Beyoncéand André 3000's cover of "Back to Black", made unique with a downtempoEDMwobble.[46]The xxrecorded "Together" for the film, with Jamie Smithtelling MTV that the band's contribution to the soundtrack sounds like "despair",[50]and revealing that it utilizes a 60-piece orchestra.
Speaking of his goals for the movie's musical backdrop, Baz Luhrman expressed his desire to blend the music of the Jazz Age associated with the 1922 setting of the story with a modern spin. Much like his modern twists applied in Moulin Rouge!and Romeo + Juliet, Baz uses the movie's music not as a background, but instead prominently in the foreground, which takes on a character of its own.[51]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Great Gatsbyearned $144,840,419 in North America, and $206,200,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $351,040,419.[2]
In North America, The Great Gatsbyearned $19.4 million on its opening Friday, including $3.25 million from Thursday night and midnight shows.[52]It went on to finish in second place, behind Iron Man 3, during its opening weekend, with $51.1 million.[53]This was the sixth-largest opening weekend for a film that didn't debut in first place,[54]the second largest opening weekend for a film starring Leonardo DiCaprio behind Inception,[55]and Luhrmann's highest grossing movie.[56]
Critical response[edit]
The Great Gatsbyreceived mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoesgives a score of 49% based on reviews from 257 critics. The site commented that "while certainly ambitious—and every bit as visually dazzling as one might expect—Baz Luhrmann's The Great Gatsbyemphasizes visual splendor at the expense of its source material's vibrant heart."[57]Metacriticgives the film a score of 55, indicating "mixed or average reviews" based on 45 reviews by critics.[58]
Among major critics, Joe Morgensternof The Wall Street Journalfelt the elaborate production designs were a misfire and what was "intractably wrong with the film is that there's no reality to heighten; it's a spectacle in search of a soul."[59]The Chicago Readerreview felt "Luhrmann is exactly the wrong person to adapt such a delicately rendered story, and his 3D feature plays like a ghastly Roaring 20s blowout at a sorority house."[60]
The positive reviews included A. O. Scottof The New York Times, who felt the adaptation was "a lot of fun" and "less a conventional movie adaptation than a splashy, trashy opera, a wayward, lavishly theatrical celebration of the emotional and material extravagance that Fitzgerald surveyed with fascinated ambivalence"; Scott advised "the best way to enjoy the film is to put aside whatever literary agenda you are tempted to bring with you."[61]Ty Burrof The Boston Globereserved special praise for DiCaprio's performance, saying "magnificent is the only word to describe this performance — the best movie Gatsby by far, superhuman in his charm and connections, the host of revels beyond imagining, and at his heart an insecure fraud whose hopes are pinned to a woman."[62]
The Scene Magazinegave the movie a "B-" rating, but praised the actors' performances, in particular saying that "the stand-out actor is Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan doing an excellent job of showing the character’s gruffness, despite the one-dimensionality given to him".[63]A granddaughter of Fitzgerald praised the style and music of the film.[64]
Tobey Maguire's role as Nick was given mixed to negative reviews from critics, with Philip French of The Guardiancalling him "miscast or misdirected;"[65]Ann Hornaday of The Washington Postsaying "Tobey Maguire is his usual recessive presence, barely registering as either a dynamic part of the events he describes or their watchful witness;"[66]and Elizabeth Weitzman of The New York Daily Newssaying despite "the wry-observational skills needed for Nick's Midwestern decency", the character is "directed toward a wide-eyed, one-note performance".[67]Rick Groen of The Toronto Starstar was more positive of Maguire's character, saying "our narrator, [is] prone to his occasionally purple rhetoric. But that imposed conceit, the image of a talented depressive writing from inside the bauble of his imagination, seems to validate his inflated prose and, better yet, lets us re-appreciate its inherent poetry."[68]
While the movie has inspired many Gatsby themed parties, the original novel was actually deeply critical of the self-indulgent lifestyle of rich people. Due to its critical tone and tragic ending, the story has been called a 'cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream'. A few years before the movie was released, Prince Harry attended a Gatsby-themed 21st birthday party that cost $25,000 to throw. The following year, Paul McCartney threw his own expensive Gatsby birthday gala. As Zachary Seward of The Atlantic puts it, "It's like throwing a Lolita-themed children's birthday party."
Audiences polled by the market research firm CinemaScoregave The Great Gatsbya "B" grade on average.[52]
Accolades[edit]
Awards
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Academy Awards[69][70] March 2, 2014 Best Production Design Catherine Martin(Art Direction); Beverley Dunn(Set Decoration) Won
Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won
AACTA Awards January 30, 2014 Best Film Baz Luhrmann, Catherine Martin, Douglas Wick, Lucy Fisher, and Catherine Knapman Won
Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce Won
Best Actor in a Leading Role Leonardo DiCaprio Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Carey Mulligan Nominated
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Joel Edgerton Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Elizabeth Debicki Won
Isla Fisher Nominated
Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Won
Best Editing Matt Villa, Jason Ballantine, and Jonathan Redmond Won
Best Original Music Score Craig Armstrong Won
Best Sound Wayne Pashley, Jenny Ward, Fabian Sanjurjo, Steve Maslow, Phil Heywood, and Guntis Sics Won
Best Production Design Catherine Martin, Karen Murphy, Ian Gracie, and Beverley Dunn Won
Best Costume Design Catherine Martin, Silvana Azzi Heras, and Kerry Thompson Won
AACTA International Awards January 10, 2014 Best Supporting Actor Joel Edgerton Nominated
Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Nominated
Art Directors Guild[71] February 8, 2014 Excellence in Production Design - Period Film Catherine Martin Won
British Academy Film Awards[72] February 16, 2014 Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won
Best Make-up and Hair Maurizio Silvi, Kerry Warn Nominated
Best Production Design Catherine Martin, Beverley Dunn Won
Costume Designers Guild[73] February 22, 2014 Excellence in Period Film Catherine Martin Nominated
Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association[74] January 21, 2014 Campy Flick of the Year Nominated
Visually Striking Film of the Year Nominated
Empire Awards[75] March 30, 2014 Best Female Newcomer Elizabeth Debicki Nominated
Grammy Awards[76] January 26, 2014 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Baz Luhrmann Nominated
Best Song Written For Visual Media Young and Beautiful
Music by Lana Del Reyand Rick Nowels, Lyrics by Lana Del Rey Nominated
Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Craig Armstrong Nominated
International 3D Society's Creative Arts Awards[77] January 28, 2014 Outstanding Live Action 3D Feature Film Nominated
Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards[78][79] February 16, 2014 Best Sound Editing: Music Score in a Feature Film Jason Ruder Won
Satellite Awards February 23, 2014 Best Art Direction and Production Design Catherine Martin (Art Direction); Beverley Dunn (Set Decoration) Won
Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Nominated
Best Original Song Young and Beautiful
Music by Lana Del Rey and Rick Nowels, Lyrics by Lana Del Rey Won
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 14, 2013 Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Nominated
Best Art Direction Won
Best Soundtrack Nominated
Visual Effects Society Awards[80] February 12, 2014 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture Chris Godfrey, Prue Fletcher and Joyce Cox Nominated
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 9, 2013 Best Director Baz Luhrmann Nominated
Best Art Direction Catherine Martin and Beverley Dunn Won
Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Nominated
Young Artist Awards[81] May 4, 2014 Best Supporting Young Actor in a Feature Film Callan McAuliffe Won
See also[edit]
Portal icon Film portal
Portal icon Film in the United States portal
Portal icon 2010s portal
Other film adaptations of The Great Gatsbyinclude:
The Great Gatsby(1926 film), a silent film starring Warner Baxter and Lois Wilson
The Great Gatsby(1949 film), starring Alan Ladd and Betty Field
The Great Gatsby(1974 film), starring Robert Redford as Gatsby and Mia Farrow as Daisy
The Great Gatsby(2000 film), a TV film starring Paul Rudd as Nick Carraway, Toby Stephens as Gatsby, and Mira Sorvino as Daisy
G, a loosely adapted hip hop musical starring Richard T. Jones
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^"THE GREAT GATSBY(12A)". Warner Brothers Entertainment UK Ltd.British Board of Film Classification. April 22, 2013. Retrieved August 20,2013.
2.^ Jump up to: abc"The Great Gatsby (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon. Retrieved April 14,2014.
3.Jump up ^"In a Flap Over the great Subsidy". The Australian. May 22, 2013.
4.Jump up ^"The Great Gatsby - In Theaters May 10". Thegreatgatsby.warnerbros.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
5.Jump up ^http://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/cinemascore-gets-studios-especially-when-it-counters-critics-87701
6.Jump up ^Kendall, Mary Claire (May 10, 2014). "Loving 'Gatsby' All About 'Living Fitzgerald'". Forbes. Retrieved May 26,2014.
7.Jump up ^http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=greatgatsby2012.htm
8.Jump up ^Michael Jones (December 18, 2008). "Baz Luhrmann eyes 'Great Gatsby'". Variety(Reed Business Information). Retrieved February 11,2011.
9.Jump up ^"Celebrating Films of the 1960s & 1970s". Cinema Retro. December 28, 2008.
10.^ Jump up to: ab"Baz to make 'Gatsby' choice". New York Post(NYP Holdings, Inc). February 10, 2011. Retrieved February 20,2011.
11.Jump up ^Giardina, Carolyn (January 9, 2011). "Baz Luhrmann might shoot "Great Gatsby"". Reuters(Thomson Reuters). Retrieved January 10,2011.
12.Jump up ^Gelman, Vlada (January 31, 2011). "Is Baz Luhrmann Reconsidering Doing The Great Gatsby?". New York Magazine. New York Media LLC. Retrieved February 20,2011.
13.^ Jump up to: abFlemming, Mike (2010-11-01). "Baz Casting Wider Daisy Net For 'Gatsby'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
14.Jump up ^Fleming, Mike (February 9, 2011). "Warner Bros. Nearing Deal To Acquire Baz Luhrmann's 'The Great Gatsby'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 20,2011.
15.^ Jump up to: abcdFleming, Mike (2010-11-15). "Baz Luhrmann Tells Deadline: Carey Mulligan Is My Daisy Buchanan". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
16.Jump up ^Flores, Ramses (2010-09-30). "Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, and Amanda Seyfried to Possibly Star in THE GREAT GATSBY". Collider. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
17.Jump up ^Brodesser-Akner, Claude (2010-11-12). "Carey Mulligan Now the Front-runner to Play Daisy in Baz Luhrmann's Great Gatsby". New York Magazine. New York Media LLC. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
18.Jump up ^Nashawaty, Chris (2011-04-20). "Ben Affleck out of 'The Great Gatsby'... so who will be in?". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
19.^ Jump up to: abFleming, Mike (2011-05-17). "Joel Edgerton Gets Tom Buchanan Role In 'The Great Gatsby'". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
20.Jump up ^Kit, Borys (2011-05-15). "Edgerton, Evans up for key role in Luhrmann's "Gatsby"". Reuters(Thomson Reuters). Retrieved 2011-05-19.
21.Jump up ^Kit, Borys (2011-04-19). "Isla Fisher in Talks to Join Baz Luhrmann's 'Great Gatsby' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
22.Jump up ^Fleming, Mike (2011-05-11). "Newcomer Elizabeth Debicki To Play Jordan Baker In 'The Great Gatsby'". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
23.Jump up ^"Baz Luhrmann casts VCA graduate Elizabeth Debicki in 'The Great Gatsby'". University of Melbourne. 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
24.Jump up ^Bierly, Mandi (2010-12-03). "Baz Luhrmann's 'Great Gatsby' update: He's now casting Jordan, he'll reveal his research reading list on his website". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
25.Jump up ^McNary, Dave (2011-06-13). "'Chicago Code' star joins 'Gatsby'". Variety. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
26.Jump up ^Henderson, Barney (2011-09-11). "Bollywood legend Amitabh Bachchan to make Hollywood debut in The Great Gatsby". Telegraph(London, UK). Retrieved 2011-09-11.
27.Jump up ^Bulbeck, Pip (2011-09-06). "Baz Luhrmann's $125 Million 'The Great Gatsby' Begins Production in Sydney". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
28.Jump up ^Bulleck, Pip (2011-02-19). "Baz Luhrmann to Shoot 'Great Gatsby' in Sydney". The Hollywood Reporter(Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved 2011-02-20.
29.Jump up ^Heuring, David (May 14, 2013). "The Jazz Age". HD Video Pro. Werner Publishing Corp. p. 1. Retrieved December 29,2013.
30.Jump up ^Heuring, David (May 14, 2013). "The Jazz Age". HD Video Pro. Werner Publishing Corp. p. 2. Retrieved December 29,2013.
31.Jump up ^McClintock, Pamela (2012-08-06). "Warner Bros. Moves 'Great Gatsby' to Summer 2013". HollywoodReporter.com. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
32.Jump up ^"Great Gatsby to kick off Cannes Film Festival". BBC News(BBC). May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 15,2013.
33.^ Jump up to: abcdWhitlock, Cathy. "Designer Catherine Martin Teases the Decadence of Baz Luhrmann's 'The Great Gatsby'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 27,2013.
34.Jump up ^Randall, Mónica (2003). The Mansions of Long Island's Gold Coast. Rizzoli. pp. 275–277. ISBN 978-0-8478-2649-0.
35.Jump up ^Marcus Casey and Leigh Van Den Broeke (November 16, 2011). "Manly man Leonardo DiCaprio unmoved by decadence". The Daily Telegraph(news.com.au). Retrieved May 3,2013.
36.^ Jump up to: abcdGoldfarb, Brad. "The Sets of The Great Gatsby". Architectural Digest. www.architecturaldigest.com. Retrieved May 3,2013.
37.Jump up ^"The Great Gatsby - It gets our fashion thumbs up!". Idoleyes.com. 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
38.Jump up ^Did Hollywood Give the 1920s a Boob Job? 'Gatsby' Costume Designer Tells All, By Lisa Hix, Collector's Weekly, September 18, 2013.
39.Jump up ^David Trumbore (May 22, 2012). "First Trailer for THE GREAT GATSBY Starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, and Carey Mulligan". collider.com. Retrieved May 30,2012.
40.^ Jump up to: abBrown, August (April 4, 2013). "'Gatsby' soundtrack to feature Jay-Z, Lana del Rey, The xx and more". Los Angeles Times(Eddy Hartenstein). Retrieved April 6,2013.
41.Jump up ^Evans, Jonathan (April 15, 2013). "Brooks Brothers' New Gatsby Collection". Esquire. Retrieved May 12,2013.
42.Jump up ^"Brooks Brothers' Great Gatsby-Inspired Collection Puts On The Ritz". Daily Front Row. April 15, 2013. Retrieved May 12,2013.
43.Jump up ^"Tiffany's unveils "The Great Gatsby" windows". CBS News. April 17, 2013. Retrieved May 12,2013.
44.Jump up ^Folan, Kerry (April 17, 2013). "Behold Tiffany & Co.'s Opulent Gatsby-Themed Jewelry Collection". Racked.com. Retrieved May 12,2013.
45.Jump up ^Tiffany & Co. Official Site: Tiffany & Co. Celebrates Jazz Age Glamour
46.^ Jump up to: abcPayne, Chris (April 4, 2013). "Beyonce, Lana Del Rey, Florence Music Featured In New 'Great Gatsby' Trailer". Billboard. New York: Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 7,2013.
47.Jump up ^Ramirez, Erika (December 31, 2012). "Jay-Z, The Bullitts to Score 'The Great Gatsby'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 7,2013.
48.^ Jump up to: ab"Jay-Z Calls on Beyoncé, André 3000, Fergie, & Lana Del Rey for ‘Great Gatsby’ Soundtrack". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. Retrieved 6 April2013.
49.^ Jump up to: abMarkman, Rob (April 4, 2013). "'Great Gatsby' Soundtrack Boasts Big Names Jay-Z, Beyonce And Lana Del Rey: Fourteen-song soundtrack also includes the likes of Florence and the Machine, will.i.am and Gotye". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved April 6,2013.
50.Jump up ^Marissa G. Muller. "The xx’s Jamie Smith on His Solo Project, New Drake Beats and ‘The Great Gatsby’". MTV Hive. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
51.Jump up ^Staff (2013-04-16). "Tracklist For "The Great Gatsby" Soundtrack Features New Music From Jay-Z, Beyonce, Andre 3000 & More". Hotnewhiphop.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
52.^ Jump up to: abKilday, Gregg (May 11, 2013). "Box Offie Report: 'Great Gatsby' Has Jazzy $19.4 Million Opening Friday". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 12,2013.
53.Jump up ^McClintock, Pamela (May 12, 2013). "Box Office Report: 'Great Gatsby' Dazzles With $51.1 Million Opening". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 27,2013.
54.Jump up ^"Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at #1". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
55.Jump up ^"Box Office Mojo: The DiCaprio Show". Box Office Mojo.
56.Jump up ^"Box Office Mojo: Baz Luhrmann". Box Office Mojo.
57.Jump up ^"The Great Gatsby (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved May 11,2013.
58.Jump up ^"The Great Gatsby". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 11,2013.
59.Jump up ^Joe Morgenstern, The Grating 'Gatsby', Wall Street Journal, May 9, 2013, Retrieved May 10, 2013.
60.Jump up ^J.R. Jones, The Great Gatsby 3D, Chicago Reader, accessed May 10, 2013.
61.Jump up ^A. O. Scott, Shimmying Off the Literary Mantle, The New York Times, May 9, 2013; retrieved May 10, 2013.
62.Jump up ^Burr, Ty (May 9, 2013). "Baz Luhrmann's eyepopping vision of 'Gatsby'". Boston Globe.
63.Jump up ^"The Great Gatsby – Movie Review". The Scene Magazine.
64.Jump up ^"Cannes 2013: Great Gatsby gets thumbs up from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s granddaughter". The Star(Toronto). May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 29,2013.
65.Jump up ^French, Philip (19 May 2013). "The Great Gatsby – review". The Guardian. Retrieved October 13,2013.
66.Jump up ^Post Store (May 15, 2013). "Ann Hornaday reviews ‘The Great Gatsby’". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
67.Jump up ^Weitzman, Elizabeth (May 9, 2013). "'The Great Gatsby': movie review". The New York Daily News. Retrieved October 13,2013.
68.Jump up ^Groen, Rick (May 10, 2013). "The Great Gatsby: A great adaptation of a great novel (and just shy of a great film)". Toronto Star. Retrieved October 13,2013.
69.Jump up ^"2014 Oscar Nominees". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 16,2014.
70.Jump up ^Nordyke, Kimberly (March 2, 2014). "Oscars 2014 Winners: The Complete List". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 9,2014.
71.Jump up ^"Winners Announced". Art Directors Guild. February 8, 2014. Retrieved February 12,2014.
72.Jump up ^"Bafta Film Awards 2014: Full list of nominees". BBC. January 8, 2014. Retrieved February 16,2014.
73.Jump up ^Rutecki, Jared (January 8, 2014). "2013 Costume Designers Guild Award nominees". HitFix. Retrieved January 8,2014.
74.Jump up ^Kilday, Gregg (January 14, 2014). "'12 Years a Slave,' 'American Hustle' Among Dorian Award Nominees (Exclusive)". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 14,2014.
75.Jump up ^"The Jameson Empire Awards 2014 Nominations Are Here!". Empire. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 4 March2014.
76.Jump up ^"56th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees". The Recording Academy. Retrieved December 7,2013.
77.Jump up ^Giardina, Carolyn (January 21, 2014). "'Gravity,' 'The Great Gatsby' Among 3D Society's Noms for Top Live-Action Movie". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 21,2014.
78.Jump up ^Walsh, Jason (15 January 2014). "Sound Editors Announce 2013 Golden Reel Nominees". Variety. Retrieved 15 January2014.
79.Jump up ^"'Gravity' and '12 Years a Slave' lead MPSE Golden Reel Awards nominations". HitFix. Retrieved 15 January2014.
80.Jump up ^"‘Gravity’ Tops Visual Effects Society Nominations". Variety. January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 14,2014.
81.Jump up ^"35th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Retrieved April 14,2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Great Gatsby (2013 film).
Official website
The Great Gatsbyat the Internet Movie Database
The Great Gatsbyat Box Office Mojo
The Great Gatsbyat Rotten Tomatoes
The Great Gatsbyat Metacritic
The Great Gatsby: novel and film information
[show]
v·
t·
e
Films directed by Baz Luhrmann
[hide]
v·
t·
e
The Great Gatsbyby F. Scott Fitzgerald
Characters
Jay Gatsby
Films
The Great Gatsby(1926)·
The Great Gatsby(1949)·
The Great Gatsby(1974)·
The Great Gatsby(2000)·
The Great Gatsby(2013)
Other
The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film·
The Great Gatsby(opera)·
G(2002 film)·
Francis Cugat(book coverartist)
[show]
v·
t·
e
AACTA Award for Best Film(2010–2029)
[show]
v·
t·
e
AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score(2000–2019)
Categories: 2013 films
English-language films
The Great Gatsby
2013 3D films
2010s romantic drama films
American films
American 3D films
American romantic drama films
Australian films
Australian drama films
Australian romance films
Films directed by Baz Luhrmann
Films based on works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Films based on American novels
Adultery in films
Films set in 1922
Films set in New York City
Films set in the Roaring Twenties
Films shot in Sydney
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Film scores by Craig Armstrong (composer)
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latviešu
Lumbaart
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk bokmål
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last modified on 31 January 2015, at 01:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Useand Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)
The Great Gatsby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.show/hide details
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the novel. For the film, TV and opera adaptations, see The Great Gatsby (disambiguation).
Page protected with pending changes level 1
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
The Great Gatsby
Gatsby 1925 jacket.gif
Cover of the first edition (1925)
Author
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Cover artist
Francis Cugat
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Novel
Published
April 10, 1925 (Charles Scribner's Sons)
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream.[1][2]
Fitzgerald—inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island's north shore—began planning the novel in 1923, desiring to produce, in his words, "something new—something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned."[3] Progress was slow, with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924. His editor, Maxwell Perkins, felt the book was too vague and convinced the author to revise over the next winter. Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book's title and he considered a variety of alternatives, including titles that referenced the Roman character Trimalchio; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red, White, and Blue.
First published by Scribner's in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly; in its first year, the book sold only 20,000 copies. Fitzgerald died in 1940, believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten. However, the novel experienced a revival during World War II, and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades. Today, The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title "Great American Novel". In 1998 the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century's best American novel and second best English-language novel of the same time period.[4]
Contents [hide]
1 Historical context
2 Plot summary 2.1 Major characters
3 Writing and production
4 Cover art
5 Title
6 Themes
7 Reception
8 Legacy and modern analysis
9 Adaptations 9.1 Ballet
9.2 Computer games
9.3 Films
9.4 Literature
9.5 Opera
9.6 Radio
9.7 Theater
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References 12.1 Bibliography
13 External links
Historical context[edit]
Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its narrative. That era, known for unprecedented economic prosperity, the evolution of jazz music, flapper culture, and bootlegging and other criminal activity, is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald's novel. Fitzgerald uses these societal developments of the 1920s to build Gatsby's stories from simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby's fortune.[5] Fitzgerald educates his readers about the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing a timeless, relatable plotline within the historical context of the era.[6]
Fitzgerald's visits to Long Island's north shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsby's setting. Today there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book. One possibility is Land's End, a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party.[7] Many of the events in Fitzgerald's early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota, and like Nick, he was educated at an Ivy League school, Princeton (in Nick's case, Yale.) Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby, as he fell in love while stationed in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loves. Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan, in Montgomery, Alabama. There he met and fell in love with a wild seventeen-year-old beauty named Zelda Sayre. Zelda finally agreed to marry him, but her preference for wealth, fun, and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success.[8] Like Nick in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting, and, like Gatsby, he had always idolized the very rich.[8] In many ways, The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald's attempt to confront his conflicting feelings about the Jazz Age. Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted, even as she led him toward everything he despised.[8]
In her book Careless People: Murder, Mayhem and the Invention of 'The Great Gatsby' (2013), Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of The Great Gatsby (1925) by F. Scott Fitzgerald were based on the Hall-Mills Case.[9] Based on her forensic search for clues, she asserts that the two victims in the Halls-Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby.[10]
Plot summary[edit]
The main events of the novel take place in the summer of 1922. Nick Carraway, a Yale graduate and World War I veteran from the Midwest – who serves as the novel's narrator – takes a job in New York as a bond salesman. He rents a small house on Long Island, in the (fictional) village of West Egg, next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby, a mysterious millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them. Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin, Daisy Fay Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, a college acquaintance of Nick's. They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, an attractive, cynical young golfer with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship. She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the "valley of ashes":[11] an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment they keep for their affair. At the apartment, a vulgar and bizarre party takes place. It ends with Tom breaking Myrtle's nose after she annoys him by saying Daisy's name several times.
The Plaza Hotel in the early 1920s
As the summer progresses, Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby's parties. Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the party, and they meet Gatsby himself, an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick from their same division in the war. Through Jordan, Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy from a romantic encounter in 1917 and is deeply in love with her. He spends many nights staring at the green light at the end of her dock, across the bay from his mansion, hoping to one day rekindle their lost romance. Gatsby's extravagant lifestyle and wild parties are an attempt to impress Daisy in the hope that she will one day appear again at Gatsby's doorstep. Gatsby now wants Nick to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy. Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house, without telling her that Gatsby will also be there. After an initially awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy reestablish their connection. They begin an affair and, after a short time, Tom grows increasingly suspicious of his wife's relationship with Gatsby. At a luncheon at the Buchanans' house, Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby. Though Tom is himself involved in an extramarital affair, he is outraged by his wife's infidelity. He forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel, asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand. In addition to that, he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities. Daisy realizes that her allegiance is to Tom, and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby, attempting to prove that Gatsby cannot hurt him.
When Nick, Jordan, and Tom drive through the valley of ashes[11] on their way home, they discover that Gatsby's car has struck and killed Tom's mistress, Myrtle. Nick later learns from Gatsby that Daisy, not Gatsby himself, was driving the car at the time of the accident but Gatsby intends to take the blame anyway. Myrtle's husband, George, falsely concludes that the driver of the yellow car is the secret lover he recently began suspecting she has, and sets out on foot to locate its owner. After finding out the yellow car is Gatsby's, he arrives at Gatsby's mansion where he fatally shoots both Gatsby and then himself. Nick stages an unsettlingly small funeral for Gatsby, ends his relationship with Jordan, and moves back to the Midwest, disillusioned with the Eastern lifestyle.
Major characters[edit]
Nick Carraway – a Yale graduate originating from the Midwest, a World War I veteran, and, at the start of the plot, a newly arrived resident of West Egg, who is aged 29 (later 30). He also serves as the first-person narrator of the novel. He is Gatsby's next-door neighbor and a bond salesman. He is easy-going, occasionally sarcastic, and somewhat optimistic, although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses.
Jay Gatsby (originally James "Jimmy" Gatz) – a young, mysterious millionaire with shady business connections (later revealed to be a bootlegger), originally from North Dakota. He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan, a beautiful debutante, whom he had met when he was a young military officer stationed in the South during World War I. The character is based on the bootlegger and former World War I officer Max Gerlach, according to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, Matthew J. Bruccoli's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Gatsby is said to have briefly studied at Trinity College, Oxford in England after the end of World War I.[12]
Daisy Fay Buchanan – an attractive and effervescent, if shallow and self-absorbed, young debutante and socialite, identified as a flapper.[13] She is Nick's second cousin, once removed; and the wife of Tom Buchanan. Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald's own youthful romances with Ginevra King. Daisy once had a romantic relationship with Gatsby, before she married Tom. Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the central conflicts in the novel.
Thomas "Tom" Buchanan – a millionaire who lives on East Egg, and Daisy's husband. Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a "husky tenor" voice and arrogant demeanor. He is a former football star at Yale. Buchanan has parallels with William Mitchell, the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King. Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo. Like Ginevra's father, whom Fitzgerald resented, Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist.[14]
Jordan Baker – Daisy Buchanan's long-time friend with "autumn-leaf yellow" hair, a firm athletic body, and an aloof attitude. She is Nick Carraway's girlfriend for most of the novel and an amateur golfer with a slightly shady reputation and a penchant for untruthfulness. Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that Jordan was based on the golfer Edith Cummings, a friend of Ginevra King.[14] Her name is a play on the two then-popular automobile brands, the Jordan Motor Car Company and the Baker Motor Vehicle, alluding to Jordan's "fast" reputation and the freedom now presented to Americans, especially women, in the 1920s.[15][16][17]
George B. Wilson – a mechanic and owner of a garage. He is disliked by both his wife, Myrtle Wilson, and Tom Buchanan, who describes him as "so dumb he doesn't know he's alive." When he learns of the death of his wife, he shoots and kills Gatsby, wrongly believing he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle, and then kills himself.
Myrtle Wilson – George's wife, and Tom Buchanan's mistress. Myrtle, who possesses a fierce vitality, is desperate to find refuge from her complacent marriage, but unfortunately this leads to her tragic ending. She is accidentally killed by Gatsby's car (driven by Daisy, though Gatsby insists he would take the blame for the accident).
Meyer Wolfshiem[note 1] – a Jewish friend and mentor of Gatsby's, described as a gambler who fixed the World Series. Wolfshiem appears only twice in the novel, the second time refusing to attend Gatsby's funeral. He is a clear allusion to Arnold Rothstein, a New York crime kingpin who was notoriously blamed for the Black Sox Scandal which tainted the 1919 World Series.[20]
Writing and production[edit]
Beacon Towers
The now-demolished Beacon Towers served as an inspiration for Gatsby's home
Oheka Castle
Oheka Castle was another North Shore inspiration for the novel's setting
Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922,[5] but it was interrupted by production of his play, The Vegetable, in the summer and fall.[21] The play failed miserably, and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production.[22][23] The stories were, in his words, "all trash and it nearly broke my heart,"[23] although included among those stories was "Winter Dreams", which Fitzgerald later described as "a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea".[24]
After the birth of their child, the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck, New York, on Long Island, in October 1922; the town was used as the scene for The Great Gatsby.[25] Fitzgerald's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner, actor Lew Fields, and comedian Ed Wynn.[5] These figures were all considered to be "new money", unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula, places which were home to many of New York's wealthiest established families, and which sat across a bay from Great Neck. This real-life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for "West Egg" and "East Egg". In this novel, Great Neck (King's Point) became the new-money peninsula of "West Egg" and Port Washington (Sands Point) the old-money "East Egg".[26] Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby's home, such as Oheka Castle[27] and the now-demolished Beacon Towers.[28]
By mid-1923, Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel[29] but discarded most of his new story as a false start, some of which resurfaced in the 1924 short story "Absolution".[5][30]
Work on The Great Gatsby began in earnest in April 1924; Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger, "Out of woods at last and starting novel."[23] He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a "consciously artistic achievement"[31] and a "purely creative work — not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world."[32] He added later, during editing, that he felt "an enormous power in me now, more than I've ever had."[33] Soon after this burst of inspiration, work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera where a serious crisis in their personal relationship soon developed.[23] By August, however, Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October, sending the book to his editor, Maxwell Perkins, and agent, Harold Ober, on October 30.[23] The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter.[34] Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was "somewhat vague" and Gatsby's wealth and business, respectively, needed "the suggestion of an explanation" and should be "adumbrated".[35]
Content after a few rounds of revision, Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925.[36] Fitzgerald's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII.[23] Despite this, he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book's publication.[23] He had received a $3939 advance in 1923[37] and $1981.25 upon publication.[38]
Cover art[edit]
The cover of the first printing of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated pieces of art in American literature.[39] It depicts disembodied eyes and a mouth over a blue skyline, with images of naked women reflected in the irises. A little-known artist named Francis Cugat was commissioned to illustrate the book while Fitzgerald was in the midst of writing it.[39] The cover was completed before the novel; Fitzgerald was so enamored with it that he told his publisher he had "written it into" the novel.[39] Fitzgerald's remarks about incorporating the painting into the novel led to the interpretation that the eyes are reminiscent of those of fictional optometrist Dr. T. J. Eckleburg[40] (depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson's auto repair shop) which Fitzgerald described as "blue and gigantic – their retinas[note 2] are one yard high. They look out of no face, but instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose." Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting, a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the "girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs."[39] Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read, he immediately disliked the cover, but "Scott told me not to be put off by it, that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story. He said he had liked the jacket and now he didn't like it."[41]
Title[edit]
Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby,[42] a title inspired by Alain-Fournier's Le Grand Meaulnes.[43] Prior, Fitzgerald shifted between Gatsby; Among Ash-Heaps and Millionaires; Trimalchio;[42] Trimalchio in West Egg;[44] On the Road to West Egg;[44] Under the Red, White, and Blue;[42] Gold-Hatted Gatsby;[42][44] and The High-Bouncing Lover.[42][44] He initially preferred titles referencing Trimalchio, the crude parvenu in Petronius's Satyricon, and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel: "It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night—and, as obscurely as it had begun, his career as Trimalchio was over."[45] Unlike Gatsby's spectacular parties, Trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but, according to Tony Tanner's introduction to the Penguin edition, there are subtle similarities between the two.[46]
In November 1924, Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that "I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book ... Trimalchio in West Egg"[47] but was eventually persuaded that the reference was too obscure and that people would not be able to pronounce it.[48] His wife, Zelda, and Perkins both expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby and the next month Fitzgerald agreed.[49] A month before publication, after a final review of the proofs, he asked if it would be possible to re-title it Trimalchio or Gold-Hatted Gatsby but Perkins advised against it. On March 19, 1925,[50] Fitzgerald expressed intense enthusiasm for the title Under the Red, White and Blue, but it was at that stage too late to change.[51][52] The Great Gatsby was published on April 10, 1925.[53] Fitzgerald remarked that "the title is only fair, rather bad than good."[54]
Early drafts of the novel entitled Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby have been published.[55][56] A notable difference between the Trimalchio draft and The Great Gatsby is a less complete failure of Gatsby's dream in Trimalchio. Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby is more even,[57] although Daisy still returns to Tom.
Themes[edit]
Sarah Churchwell sees The Great Gatsby as a "cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream." The story deals with human aspiration to start over again, social politics and its brutality and also betrayal, of one's own ideals and of people. Using elements of irony and tragic ending, it also delves into themes of excesses of the rich, and recklessness of youth.[58][59]
Others, like journalist Nick Gillespie, see The Great Gatsby as a story "about the breakdown of class differences in the face of a modern economy based not on status and inherited position but on innovation and an ability to meet ever-changing consumer needs."[60] This interpretation asserts that The Great Gatsby captures the American experience because it is a story about change and those who resist it; whether the change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants (Southern Europeans in the early 20th century, Latin Americans today), the nouveau riche, or successful minorities, Americans from the 1920s to modern day have plenty of experience with changing economic and social circumstances. As Gillespie states, "While the specific terms of the equation are always changing, it's easy to see echoes of Gatsby's basic conflict between established sources of economic and cultural power and upstarts in virtually all aspects of American society."[60] Because this concept is particularly American and can be seen throughout American history, readers are able to relate to The Great Gatsby (which has lent the novel an enduring popularity).[60]
Reception[edit]
The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner's Sons on April 10, 1925. Fitzgerald called Perkins on the day of publication to monitor reviews: "Any news?"[23] "Sales situation doubtful," read a wire from Perkins on April 20, "[but] excellent reviews." Fitzgerald responded on April 24, saying the cable "depressed" him, closing the letter with "Yours in great depression."[61] Fitzgerald had hoped the novel would be a great commercial success, perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies.[61] By October, when the original sale had run its course, the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies.[23][59][61] Despite this, Scribner's continually kept the book in print; they carried the original edition on their trade list until 1946, by which time Gatsby was in print in three other forms and the original edition was no longer needed.[23] Fitzgerald received letters of praise from contemporaries T. S. Eliot, Edith Wharton, and Willa Cather regarding the novel; however, this was private opinion, and Fitzgerald feverishly demanded the public recognition of reviewers and readers.[23]
The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews from literary critics of the day. Generally the most effusive of the positive reviews was Edwin Clark of The New York Times, who felt the novel was "A curious book, a mystical, glamourous story of today."[62] Similarly, Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "[the novel] leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder," calling the book "a revelation of life" and "a work of art."[63] The New York Post called the book "fascinating … His style fairly scintillates, and with a genuine brilliance; he writes surely and soundly."[64] The New York Herald Tribune was unimpressed, but referred to The Great Gatsby as "purely ephemeral phenomenon, but it contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine-so light, so delicate, so sharp …. a literary lemon meringue."[65] In The Chicago Daily Tribune, H.L. Mencken called the book "in form no more than a glorified anecdote, and not too probable at that," while praising the book's "careful and brilliant finish."[66]
Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald's previous works and promptly criticized him. Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald's success: "One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret, not for the fate of the people in the book, but for Mr. Fitzgerald."[67] John McClure of The Times-Picayune said that the book was unconvincing, writing, "Even in conception and construction, The Great Gatsby seems a little raw."[68] Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald's earlier novels endearing and called the book "a minor performance … At the moment, its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical."[69] Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book's style "painfully forced", noting that the editors of the paper were "quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to-day."[70] The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point: "All the reviews, even the most enthusiastic, not one had the slightest idea what the book was about."[23]
Fitzgerald's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer,[71] and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels, This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned. Although the novel went through two initial printings, some of these copies remained unsold years later.[72] Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time, and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character.[72] According to his own ledger, now made available online by University of South Carolina's Thomas Cooper library, he earned only $2,000 from the book.[73] Although 1926 brought Owen Davis's stage adaption and the Paramount-issued silent film version, both of which brought in money for the author, Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and, most importantly, would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye.[23] For several years afterward, the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece.[23]
Legacy and modern analysis[edit]
In 1940, Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack, and died believing his work forgotten.[74] His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as evidence of great potential that was never reached.[75] However, a strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book's influence.[76] The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment, with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction.[23]
In 1942, a group of publishing executives created the Council on Books in Wartime. The Council's purpose was to distribute paperback books to soldiers fighting in the Second World War. The Great Gatsby was one of these books. The books proved to be "as popular as pin-up girls" among the soldiers, according to the Saturday Evening Post 's contemporary report.[77] 155,000 copies of Gatsby were distributed to soldiers overseas,[78] and it is believed that this publicity ultimately boosted the novel's popularity and sales.[79]
By 1944, full-length articles on Fitzgerald's works were being published, and the following year, "the opinion that Gatsby was merely a period piece had almost entirely disappeared."[23] This revival was paved by interest shown by literary critic Edmund Wilson, who was Fitzgerald's friend.[80] In 1951, Arthur Mizener published The Far Side of Paradise, a biography of Fitzgerald.[81] He emphasized The Great Gatsby 's positive reception by literary critics, which may have influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it.[82]
By 1960, the book was steadily selling 50,000 copies per year, and renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel "a classic of twentieth-century American fiction".[23] The Great Gatsby has sold over 25 million copies worldwide,[when?][74] annually sells an additional 500,000 copies, and is Scribner's most popular title; in 2013, the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies.[74]
In 2013, cultural historian, Bob Batchelor, authored Gatsby: The Cultural History of the Great American Novel, in which he explored the enduring influence of the book by tracing it "from the book's publication in 1925 through today's headlines filled with celebrity intrigue, corporate greed, and a roller-coaster economy".[83]
Adaptations[edit]
Ballet[edit]
In 2010, The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center.[84] It was popularly demanded for an encore run the following year.[85]
In 2013, the Northern Ballet premiered a version of The Great Gatsby at Leeds Grand Theatre in the UK, with choreography and direction by David Nixon, a musical score by Richard Rodney Bennett, and set designs by Jerome Kaplan. Nixon also created the scenario and costumes designs.[86][87]
Computer games[edit]
In 2010, Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby.[88][89] The game was released for iPad in 2012.[90]
In 2011, as a tribute to old NES games, developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8-bit-style online game of The Great Gatsby.[91] Ian Crouch of The New Yorker compared it to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1989) for the NES.[92]
Films[edit]
The Great Gatsby has resulted in a number of film adaptations:
The Great Gatsby (1926), by Herbert Brenon – a silent movie of a stage adaptation, starring Warner Baxter, Lois Wilson, and William Powell. It is a famous example of a lost film. Reviews suggest that it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel, but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist.[93]
The Great Gatsby (1949), by Elliott Nugent – starring Alan Ladd, Betty Field, and Shelley Winters; for copyright reasons,[clarification needed] this film is not readily available.[93]
The Great Gatsby (1974), by Jack Clayton – starring Sam Waterston, Mia Farrow, and Robert Redford, with a script by Francis Ford Coppola.[93]
The Great Gatsby (2000), by Robert Markowitz – a made-for-TV movie starring Toby Stephens, Paul Rudd, and Mira Sorvino.
G (2002), by Christopher Scott Cherot – a loose hip-hop adaptation set in the Hamptons.
The Great Gatsby (2013), by Baz Luhrmann – starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, and Joel Edgerton.
Literature[edit]
Daisy's Dilemma, a collection of short fiction pieces published by S. Williams of Momzone magazine, retells the plot with Daisy Buchanan portrayed as an especially mature and insightful character.[94]
The Double Bind (2007) by Chris Bohjalian imagines the later years of Daisy and Tom Buchanan's marriage as a social worker in 2007 investigates the possibility that a deceased elderly homeless person is Daisy's son.[95]
Great (2014) by Sara Benincasa is a modern-day young adult fiction retelling of The Great Gatsby with a female Gatsby (Jacinta Trimalchio).[96]
Opera[edit]
The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine's debut. The work, called The Great Gatsby, premiered on December 20, 1999.[97]
Radio[edit]
In October 2008, the BBC World Service commissioned and broadcast an abridged 10-part reading of the story, read from the view of Nick Carraway by Trevor White.[98]
In May 2012, BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Great Gatsby, a Classic Serial dramatisation by Robert Forrest.[99]
Theater[edit]
In July 2006, Simon Levy's stage adaptation,[100] the only one authorized and granted exclusive rights by the Fitzgerald Estate, had its world premiere at The Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theatre, directed by David Esbjornson. It was subsequently produced by Seattle Repertory Theatre. In 2012, a revised/reworked version was produced at Arizona Theatre Company[101] and Grand Theatre in London, Ontario, Canada.[100]
Gatz by Elevator Repair Service earned the #1 in the best in 2010 NYC theatre from The New York Times's Ben Brantley.[102] An award-winning Off-Broadway production.
On August 7, 2012, The Great Gatsby Musical opened at the Kings Head Theatre, London. A Ruby In The Dust production, it is adapted by Joe Evans and Linnie Reedman with music and lyrics by Joe Evans, directed by Linnie Reedman, with Matilda Sturridge as Daisy Buchanan. The show transferred to the Riverside Studios in 2013 with the music orchestrated by Chris Walker and musical staging by choreographer Lee Proud.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Portal icon Novels portal
Portal icon 1920s portal
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The spelling "Wolfshiem" appears throughout Fitzgerald's original manuscript, while "Wolfsheim" was introduced by an editor (Edmund Wilson) in the second edition[18] and appears in later Scribner's editions.[19]
2.Jump up ^ The original edition used the anatomically incorrect word "retinas", while some later editions have used the word "irises".
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (2011). 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature (Second ed.). Checkmark Books. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-8160-8232-2. "Rather than a celebration of such decadence, the novel functions as a cautionary tale in which an unhappy fate is inevitable for the poor and striving individual, and the rich are allowed to continue without penalty their careless treatment of others' lives."
2.Jump up ^ Hoover, Bob (10 May 2013). "'The Great Gatsby' still challenges myth of American Dream". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
3.Jump up ^ "Something Extraordinary". Letters of Note. Images by Gareth M. lettersofnote.com. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
4.Jump up ^ "100 Best Novels". Modern Library. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d Bruccoli 2000, pp. 53–54
6.Jump up ^ Gross, Dalton (1998). Understanding the Great Gatsby: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 167.
7.Jump up ^ Kellogg, Carolyn. "Last gasp of the Gatsby house". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
8.^ Jump up to: a b c SparkNotes Editors. "The Great Gatsby: Context". SparkNotes. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
9.Jump up ^ Powers, Thomas date=July 4, 2013. "The Road to West Egg". London Review of Books 13. pp. 9–11.
10.Jump up ^ Sarah Churchwell (June 17, 2014). "Murder, Mayhem, and the Invention of The Great Gatsby". The Leonard Lopate Show.
11.^ Jump up to: a b David Holowka (December 17, 2009). "The Iron Triangle, part 1 / Wilson's Garage". ArchiTakes.
12.Jump up ^ McCullen, Bonnie Shannon (2007). "This Tremendous Detail: The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby". In Assadi, Jamal; Freedman, William. A Distant Drummer: Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0820488516.
13.Jump up ^ Conor, Liz (22 June 2004). The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in the 1920s. Indiana University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-253-21670-0.
14.^ Jump up to: a b Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9–11
15.Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1991). Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. The Great Gatsby. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780521402309. "This name combines two automobile makes: the sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric."
16.Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (2006). Bloom, Harold, ed. The Great Gatsby. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 95. ISBN 9781438114545.
17.Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1997). Tredell, Nicolas, ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby. Columbia Critical Guides. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780231115353. ISSN 1559-3002.
18.Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby. Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. liv.
19.Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby. Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. 148.
20.Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000, p. 29
21.Jump up ^ Mizener, Arthur (24 April 1960). "Gatsby, 35 Years Later". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2013. "He had begun to plan the novel in June, 1923, saying to Maxwell Perkins, 'I want to write something new - something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned.' But that summer and fall was devoted to the production of his play, 'The Vegetable.'"
22.Jump up ^ Curnutt, Kirk (2004). A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 0195153030. Retrieved 11 October 2013. "The failure of The Vegetable in the fall of 1923 caused Fitzgerald, who was by then in considerable debt, to shut himself in a stuffy room over a garage in Great Neck, New York, and write himself out of the red by turning out ten short stories for the magazine market."
23.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Mizener, Arthur (24 April 1960). "Gatsby, 35 Years Later". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
24.Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1963). Turnbull, Andrew, ed. The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 189. "3. 'Winter Dreams' (a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea from Metropolitan 1923)"
25.Jump up ^ Murphy, Mary Jo (30 September 2010). "Eyeing the Unreal Estate of Gatsby Esq.". The New York Times.
26.Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000, pp. 38–39
27.Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000, p. 45
28.Jump up ^ Randall, Mónica (2003). The Mansions of Long Island's Gold Coast. Rizzoli. pp. 275–277. ISBN 978-0-8478-2649-0.
29.Jump up ^ West, James L. W., III (2000). Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-521-89047-0. Retrieved 27 July 2013. "He produces 18,000 words; most of this material is later discarded, but he salvages the short story "Absolution," published in June 1924."
30.Jump up ^ Haglund, David (7 May 2013). "The Forgotten Childhood of Jay Gatsby". Slate.
31.Jump up ^ Eble, Kenneth (Winter 1974). "The Great Gatsby". College Literature 1 (1): 37. ISSN 0093-3139. Retrieved 24 May 2013. "consciously artistic achievement"
32.Jump up ^ Flanagan, Thomas (21 December 2000). "Fitzgerald's 'Radiant World'". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 24 May 2013. "He may have been remembering Fitzgerald's words in that April letter: So in my new novel I'm thrown directly on purely creative work—not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere yet radiant world."
33.Jump up ^ Leader, Zachary (21 September 2000). "Daisy packs her bags". London Review of Books 22 (18): 13–15. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
34.Jump up ^ Tate, Mary Jo (2007). Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. p. 326. ISBN 9781438108452. "They lived in ROME from October 1924 to February 1925..."
35.Jump up ^ Perkins, Maxwell Evarts (2004). Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph; Baughman, Judith S., eds. The Sons of Maxwell Perkins: Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe, and Their Editor. Univ. of South Carolina Press. pp. 27–30. ISBN 9781570035487.
36.Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000, pp. 54–56
37.Jump up ^ Fitzerald, F. Scott. "F. Scott Fitzgerald's ledger". Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. University of South Carolina. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
38.Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther. "The Finances of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Handwritten by Fitzgerald". The Atlantic Wire. The Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
39.^ Jump up to: a b c d Scribner, Charles, III (Winter 1992). "Celestial Eyes: From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece". Princeton University Library Chronicle 53 (2): 140–155. Retrieved 27 July 2013. (originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby)
40.Jump up ^ Scribner, Charles, III (Winter 1992). "Celestial Eyes: From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece". Princeton University Library Chronicle 53 (2): 140–155. Retrieved 27 July 2013. "We are left then with the enticing possibility that Fitzgerald's arresting image was originally prompted by Cugat's fantastic apparitions over the valley of ashes; in other words, that the author derived his inventive metamorphosis from a recurrent theme of Cugat's trial jackets, one which the artist himself was to reinterpret and transform through subsequent drafts." (originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby)
41.Jump up ^ Hemingway, Ernest (1964). A Moveable Feast. New York: Scribner. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-684-82499-4.
42.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anderson, Kurt (25 November 2010). "American Icons: The Great Gatsby". Studio 360. 14:26. Retrieved 22 May 2013. "[Donald Skemer (introduced 12:59) speaking] He went through many many titles, uh, including Under the Red, White, and Blue and Trimalchio and Gold-hatted Gatsby ... [James West (introduced at 12:11) speaking] The High Bouncing Lover. And, uh, he in the end didn't think that The Great Gatsby was a very good title, was dissatisfied with it."
43.Jump up ^ "The girl at the Grand Palais". The Economist. 22 December 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
44.^ Jump up to: a b c d Vanderbilt, Arthur T. (1999). The Making of a Bestseller: From Author to Reader. McFarland. p. 96. ISBN 0786406631. "A week later, in his next letter, he was floundering: 'I have not decided to stick to the title I put on the book, Trimalchio in West Egg. The only other titles that seem to fit it are Trimalchio and On the Road to West Egg. I had two others, Gold-hatted Gatsby and The High-bouncing Lover, but they seemed too slight.'"
45.Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald, Chapter 7 opening sentence, The Great Gatsby
46.Jump up ^ Tanner's introduction to the Penguin edition (2000), p. vii–viii.
47.Jump up ^ Hill, W. Speed; Burns, Edward M.; Shillingsburg, Peter L. (2002). Text: An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies 14. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472112724. "..., because in early November he wrote Perkins that "I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book. Trimalchio in West Egg."
48.Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, Francis Scott; Perkins, Maxwell (1971). Kuehl, John; Bryer, Jackson R., eds. Dear Scott/Dear Max: the Fitzgerald-Perkins correspondence. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 87. "When Ring Lardner came in the other day I told him about your novel and he instantly balked at the title. 'No one could pronounce it,' he said; so probably your change is wise on other than typographical counts."
49.Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 206–07
50.Jump up ^ Tate, Mary Jo (2007). Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Infobase Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 9781438108452. "He settled on The Great Gatsby in December 1924, but in January and March 1925 he continued to express his concern to Perkins about the title, cabling from CAPRI on March 19: 'CRAZY ABOUT TITLE UNDER THE RED WHITE AND BLUE STOP WHART [sic] WOULD DELAY BE'"
51.Jump up ^ Lipton, Gabrielle. "Where Is Jay Gatsby's Mansion?". slate.com. The Slate Group, a Division of the Washington Post Company. Retrieved 6 May 2013. "However, nearing the time of publication, Fitzgerald, who despised the title The Great Gatsby and toiled for months to think of something else, wrote to Perkins that he had finally found one: Under the Red, White, and Blue. Unfortunately, it was too late to change."
52.Jump up ^ Churchwell, Sarah (3 May 2013). "What makes The Great Gatsby great?". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2013. "At the last minute, he had asked his editor if they could change the new novel's title to Under the Red, White and Blue, but it was too late."
53.Jump up ^ Lazo, Caroline Evensen (2003). F. Scott Fitzgerald: Voice of the Jazz Age. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 75. ISBN 0822500744. "When the book was published on April 10, 1924, the critics raved."
54.Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 215–17
55.Jump up ^ West, James L. W., III (2000). Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89047-0. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
56.Jump up ^ West, James L. W., III (10 April 2013). "What Baz Luhrmann Asked Me About The Great Gatsby". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 July 2013. "Luhrmann was also interested in Trimalchio, the early version of The Great Gatsby that I published in 2000 as a volume in the Cambridge Edition."
57.Jump up ^ Alter, Alexandra (19 April 2013). "A Darker, More Ruthless Gatsby". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013. "Gatsby comes across as more confident and aggressive in 'Trimalchio' during a confrontation with romantic rival Tom Buchanan at the Plaza Hotel, challenging Tom's assertion that Gatsby and Daisy's affair is 'a harmless little flirtation.'"
58.Jump up ^ Churchwell, Sarah (3 May 2013). "What makes The Great Gatsby great?". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
59.^ Jump up to: a b Symkus, Ed (4 May 2013). "'Gatsby': What's so great?". Boston Globe. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
60.^ Jump up to: a b c Gillespie, Nick (2 May 2013). "The Great Gatsby's Creative Destruction". Reason. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
61.^ Jump up to: a b c O'Meara, Lauraleigh (2002). Lost City: Fitzgerald's New York (1st paperback ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-86701-6. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
62.Jump up ^ Clark, Edwin (19 April 1925). "Scott Fitzgerald Looks Into Middle Age". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
63.Jump up ^ Ford, Lillian C. (10 May 1925). "The Seamy Side of Society". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
64.Jump up ^ "Books On Our Table". The New York Post. 5 May 1925.
65.Jump up ^ "Turns with a Bookworm". New York Herald Tribune. 12 April 1925.
66.Jump up ^ Mencken, H. L. (3 May 1925). "Scott Fitzgerald and His Work". The Chicago Daily Tribune.
67.Jump up ^ Eagleton, Harvey (10 May 1925). "Profits of the New Age III. F. Scott Fitzgerald". The Dallas Morning News.
68.Jump up ^ McClure, John (31 May 1925). "Literature-And Less". The Times-Picayune.
69.Jump up ^ Coghlan, Ralph (25 April 1925). "F. Scott Fitzgerald". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
70.Jump up ^ Snyder, Ruth (15 April 1925). "A Minute or Two with Books-F. Scott Fitzgerald Ventures". New York Evening World.
71.Jump up ^ Mizener 1951, p. 167
72.^ Jump up to: a b Bruccoli 2000, p. 175
73.Jump up ^ Howell, Peter (5 May 2013). "Five things you didn't know about The Great Gatsby". The Star. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
74.^ Jump up to: a b c Donahue, Deirdre (7 May 2013). "The Great Gatsby by the numbers". USA Today. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
75.Jump up ^ "Scott Fitzgerald, Author, Dies at 44". New York Times. 23 December 1940. Retrieved 30 August 2010. "The promise of his brilliant career was never fulfilled."
76.Jump up ^ Mizener, Arthur (24 April 1960). "Gatsby, 35 Years Later". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2013. "Writers like John O'Hara were showing its influence and younger men like Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg, who would presently be deeply affected by it, were discovering it."
77.Jump up ^ Wittels, David (23 June 1945). "What the G.I. Reads". The Saturday Evening Post.
78.Jump up ^ Cole, John Y., ed. (1984). Books in Action: the Armed Services Editions. Washington: Library of Congress. p. 28. ISBN 0844404667. Retrieved 22 May 2013. "One hundred fifty-five thousand ASE copies of The Great Gatsby were distributed-as against the twenty-five thousand copies of the novel printed by Scribners between 1925 and 1942."
79.Jump up ^ Beckwith, Ryan Teague (12 May 2013). "A novel fact: Wartime - and the U.S. military - boosted sales of 'The Great Gatsby' from good to 'Great'". The Denver Post. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
80.Jump up ^ Verghis, Sharon (4 May 2013). "Careless people of F Scott Fitzgerald's Great Gatsby have a modern equivalent". The Australian. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
81.Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000, p. 217
82.Jump up ^ Mizener 1951, p. 183
83.Jump up ^ "Description of Gatsby: The Cultural History of the Great American Novel". Amazon.com.
84.Jump up ^ "The Washington Ballet: The Great Gatsby". Kennedy Center. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
85.Jump up ^ Aguirre, Abby (2011-11-04). "Gatsby En Pointe". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
86.Jump up ^ Norman, Neil (2013-05-17). "Dance Review: The Great Gatsby". The Sunday Express. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
87.Jump up ^ "The Great Gatsby's Ballet Makeover". Vogue. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
88.Jump up ^ Carter, Vanessa (15 July 2010). "Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby". gamezebo.com. Retrieved 20 April 2013. "The game loosely follows the narrative of the F. Scott Fitzgerald classic,..."
89.Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa (15 July 2010). "The Great Gatsby, Now a Video Game – Vulture". Nymag.com. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
90.Jump up ^ "Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby for iPhone/iPad Reviews". Metacritic. 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
91.Jump up ^ Bell, Melissa (15 February 2011). "Great Gatsby 'Nintendo' game released online". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
92.Jump up ^ Crouch, Ian (16 February 2011). "Nintendo Lit: Gatsby and Tom Sawyer". The New Yorker. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
93.^ Jump up to: a b c Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003). "The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby: A Vision Deferred". Literature/Film Quarterly (Salisbury, Maryland) 31 (4). Retrieved 11 October 2013.
94.Jump up ^ http://www.blz.nl/artikel/f-scott-fitzgerald/the-great-gatsby/1230000119775.
95.Jump up ^ Goldberg, Carole (18 March 2007). "The Double Bind By Chris Bohjalian". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
96.Jump up ^ Wakeman, Jessica (8 April 2014). "FRISKY Q&A: GREAT AUTHOR SARA BENINCASA TALKS YOUNG ADULT FICTION, ZELDA FITZGERALD & WOMEN IN COMEDY". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
97.Jump up ^ Stevens, David (29 December 1999). "Harbison Mixes Up A Great 'Gatsby'". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
98.Jump up ^ "BBC World Service programmes – The Great Gatsby". Bbc.co.uk. 2007-12-10. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
99.Jump up ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Classic Serial, The Great Gatsby, Episode 1". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-05-12. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
100.^ Jump up to: a b Levy, Simon. "The Great Gatsby Play Official Website". Thegreatgatsbyplay.com. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
101.Jump up ^ "Arizona Theatre Company". Arizonatheatre.org. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
102.Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (2010-12-16). "Hath Not a Year Highlights? Even This One?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
Bibliography[edit]
Batchelor, Bob (2013). Gatsby: The Cultural History of the Great American Novel. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0810891951. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph, ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0996-0.
Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph (2002). Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-455-9. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Mizener, Arthur (1951). "The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Great Gatsby
The Great Gatsby overview
The Great Gatsby, from Project Gutenberg Australia, plain text.
In Gatsby's Tracks – Locating the Valley of Ashes
The Great Gatsby Play – Authorized and Granted Exclusive Rights by the Fitzgerald Estate
Conversations from Penn State: Writers of the Lost Generation with Linda Patterson Miller discussing F. Scott Fitzgerald and his relationships with other writers of the "Lost Generation"
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
[show]
v ·
t ·
e
Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Categories: 1925 novels
Charles Scribner's Sons books
1922 in fiction
Modernist novels
Adultery in novels
American novels adapted into films
Metafictional works
Novels by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Novels set in the Roaring Twenties
Novels set in New York City
Long Island in fiction
The Great Gatsby
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk bokmål
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last modified on 30 January 2015, at 00:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment