Indiana Jones Wikipedia pages Part 1

Indiana Jones (franchise)

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Indiana Jones franchise
Indiana Jones logo.svg
Creator
George Lucas
Original work
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Print publications

Books
See the Literature section
Novels
See the Adult novels section
Comics
Indiana Jones comic books
Films and television

Films
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Television series
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
Games

Traditional
See the Merchandise section
Role-playing
Indiana Jones role-playing game
Video games
See the Video games section
Audio

Soundtracks
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Temple of Doom
The Last Crusade
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Miscellaneous

Toys
See the Toy lines section, Lego Indiana Jones
The Indiana Jones franchise is an entertainment franchise, based on the adventures of Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, a fictional archaeologist. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984 and the sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989. In 1992, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, featuring adventures the character had as a child as he traveled around the world with his father, began airing on television. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008. The series was created by George Lucas; the films star Harrison Ford and were directed by Steven Spielberg.
The franchise has expanded beyond movies and TV. Marvel Comics began publishing The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones in 1983, and Dark Horse Comics earned the comic book rights to the character in 1991. Novelizations of the films have been published, as well as many novels with original adventures, including a series of German novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein, twelve novels set before the films published by Bantam Books, and a series set during the character's childhood inspired by the television show. Numerous video games about Indiana Jones have been released since 1982.
In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company agreed to acquire Lucasfilm, granting Disney ownership rights to the Indiana Jones and Star Wars franchises.[1][2] However, although Disney owns the intellectual property, Disney CEO Bob Iger says that Indiana Jones was not initially factored to its equation during the deal, as Paramount Pictures continues to retain distribution rights to future film installments of Indiana Jones.[3][4][5]

Contents
  [hide] 1 Films 1.1 Overview
1.2 Development
1.3 Future
2 Reception 2.1 Box office performance
2.2 Critical reaction
2.3 Academy Awards
3 Television
4 Characters
5 Literature 5.1 Adult novels 5.1.1 List of novels
5.2 Find Your Fate
5.3 Young Indiana Jones
5.4 Comic books
6 Video games
7 Attractions
8 Merchandise 8.1 Toy lines
8.2 Role-playing game
8.3 Pinball
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Films[edit]

Indiana Jones
Indiana Jones logo.svg
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
Frank Marshall
Temple of Doom
Last Crusade:
Robert Watts
Screenplay by
Raiders of the Lost Ark:
Lawrence Kasdan
Temple of Doom:
Willard Huyck
Gloria Katz
Last Crusade:
Jeffrey Boam
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
David Koepp
Story by
Raiders of the Lost Ark:
George Lucas
Philip Kaufman
Temple of Doom:
 George Lucas
Last Crusade:
 George Lucas
Menno Meyjes
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
 George Lucas
Jeff Nathanson
Starring
Harrison Ford
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Temple of Doom
Last Crusade:
Douglas Slocombe
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
Janusz Kaminski
Editing by
Michael Kahn
Studio
Lucasfilm
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$1,978,055,564
Overview[edit]
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) is set in 1936. Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis do, to make them invincible like the Israelites in the Old Testament, who revered it as the dwelling place of God. The Nazis are being helped by Indiana's nemesis René Belloq (Paul Freeman). With the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen) and Sallah (John Rhys-Davies), Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt. The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion. Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark, but when they do so, they are all killed gruesomely by the Ark's wrath. Indiana and Marion, who survived by closing their eyes, manage to get the Ark to America, where it is stored in a secret government warehouse.
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) is set in 1935, a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer/actress Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw) and his twelve-year-old sidekick Short Round (Jonathan Ke Quan). The trio crash-land in India, where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped. A destructive cult led by Mola Ram (Amrish Puri) has also taken the holy Sankara Stones, which they will use to take over the world. Indiana manages to overcome Mola Ram's evil power, rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place, overcoming his own mercenary nature.
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) opens in 1912 with a thirteen-year-old Indiana (River Phoenix) attempting to recover an ornamental cross belonging to Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, a task which he finally completes in 1938. Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody (Denholm Elliott) are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan (Julian Glover) to find the Holy Grail. They are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider (Alison Doody), following on from where Indiana's estranged father Henry (Sean Connery) left off before he disappeared. It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis, who captured Henry Jones in order to get Indiana to help them find the Grail. However, Indiana recovers his father's diary filled with his research, and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail. Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail, while Indiana and Henry realize that their relationship with each other is more important than finding the relic.

 

 The countries visited in the four Indiana Jones films.
 Red = Countries visited in Raiders
 Green = Countries visited in Temple of Doom
 Brown = Visited in Raiders, Last Crusade, and Crystal Skull
 Blue = Countries visited in Last Crusade
 Yellow = Countries visited in Raiders and Crystal Skull
 Orange = Countries visited in Crystal Skull
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) is set in 1957: nineteen years after The Last Crusade, thus acknowledging the real-life passing of years between films. Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure. He races against agents of the Soviet Union, led by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett) for a crystal skull. His journey takes him across Nevada, Connecticut, Peru, and the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Indiana is faced with betrayal by one of his best friends, Mac (Ray Winstone), is introduced to a greaser named Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf), who turns out to be his son (his real name revealed to be Henry Jones III), and is reunited with Marion Ravenwood, an old flame introduced in the first movie.
Development[edit]
In 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith.[6] Like Star Wars, it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s.[7] Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman, who worked with him for several weeks and decided upon the Ark of the Covenant as the key plot device. The project was stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to write The Outlaw Josey Wales.[8] In May 1977, Lucas was in Maui, trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars. His friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there, holidaying from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Spielberg told Lucas he was interested in making a James Bond film, but Lucas told him of an idea "better than James Bond", outlining the plot of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg loved it, calling it "a James Bond film without the hardware",[9] though he had the character's surname changed to Jones.[7] Spielberg and Lucas made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films.[9]
Spielberg and Lucas aimed to make Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom much darker, because of their personal moods following their respective break-ups and divorces. Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again. He had ideas regarding the Monkey King and a haunted castle, but eventually created the Sankara Stones.[10] He hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script as he knew of their interest in Indian culture.[11] The major scenes that were dropped from Raiders of the Lost Ark were included in this film: an escape using a giant rolling gong as a shield, a fall out of a plane in a raft, and a mine cart chase.[7] For the third film, Spielberg revisited the Monkey King and haunted castle concepts, before Lucas suggested the Holy Grail. Spielberg had previously rejected this as too ethereal, but then devised a father-son story and decided that "The Grail that everybody seeks could be a metaphor for a son seeking reconciliation with a father and a father seeking reconciliation with a son."[12]
Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment, and chose instead to produce The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, which explored the character in his early years. Ford played Indiana in one episode, narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago. When Lucas shot Ford's role in December 1992, he realized that the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s. The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B-movie, with aliens as the plot device.[13] Ford disliked the new angle, telling Lucas: "No way am I being in a Steve Spielberg movie like that."[14] Spielberg himself, who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, resisted it. Lucas devised a story, which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994.[13] Lucas wanted Indiana to get married, which would allow Henry Jones Sr. to return, expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished. After learning that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare, Lucas decided to have Russians as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers.[15] Following Stuart's next draft, Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions, the last of which was completed in March 1996. Three months later, Independence Day was released, and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film (or at least not until War of the Worlds in 2005). Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels instead.[13]
In 2000, Spielberg's son asked when the next Indiana Jones film would be released, which made him interested in reviving the project.[16] The same year, Ford, Lucas, Spielberg, Frank Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute's tribute to Ford, and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again. Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period.[17] Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B-movie involving aliens, and Lucas suggested using crystal skulls to ground the idea. Lucas found these artifacts as fascinating as the Ark,[18] and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show's cancellation.[13] M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot,[16] but he was overwhelmed by the task, and claimed it was difficult to get Ford, Spielberg, and Lucas to focus.[19] Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached.[16]
Frank Darabont, who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes, was hired to write in May 2002.[20] His script, entitled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods,[13] was set in the 1950s, with ex-Nazis pursuing Jones.[21] Spielberg conceived the idea because of real-life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina, who protected Nazi war criminals.[13] Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script, but Lucas had issues with it, and decided to take over writing himself.[13] Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged that the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War, and the Russians were more plausible villains. Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler's List,[22] while Ford felt "We plum[b] wore the Nazis out."[14] Darabont's main contribution was reintroducing Marion Ravenwood as Indiana's love interest, but he gave them a 13-year-old daughter, which Spielberg decided was too similar to The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[13]
Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004, and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005, titled The Atomic Ants. David Koepp continued on from there, giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds,[13] based on the Robert Oppenheimer quote. It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, as Spielberg found this a more inviting title which actually named the plot device.[23] Koepp wanted to depict the character of Mutt as a nerd, but Lucas refused, explaining he had to resemble Marlon Brando in The Wild One; "he needs to be what Indiana Jones' father thought of [him] – the curse returns in the form of his own son – he's everything a father can't stand".[13] Koepp collaborated with Lawrence Kasdan on the film's "love dialogue".[24]
Future[edit]
The introduction of Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf) in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull has led to speculation that he will take over the franchise from Ford.[25] In an interview with IGN, "Spielberg indicated that LaBeouf has to make multiple Transformers movies before he can move over and take on the fedora and bullwhip of Indiana Jones."[26] The actor himself said, "Am I into it? Who wouldn't be? I don't think that's reality. It's a fun rumor."[27] Ford said he would return for a fifth film if it doesn't take another twenty years to develop,[28] while Spielberg responded it would happen "only if you [the audience] want more".[29] In an interview with Time, when asked about passing the fedora to LaBeouf in the next film, Ford said, "What are you talking about? It's mine. I would love to do another Indiana Jones movie. George Lucas is working on an idea now. Shia can get his own hat. I earned that hat."[30]
At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, Lucas made a further suggestion that there would be a fifth film, revealing an idea "to make Shia LaBeouf the lead character next time and have Harrison Ford come back like Sean Connery did in the last movie [Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]." At the time Last Crusade was filmed, Connery was still only 58. Lucas also said that age need not be a factor, as Ford was "65 and did everything in this movie [Crystal Skull]. The old chemistry is there, and it's not like he's an old man. He's incredibly agile; he looks even better than he did 20 years ago, if you ask me."[31] In August 2008, Lucas was researching potential plot devices, and stated Spielberg was open to the idea of the fifth film.[32] He also changed his mind about continuing the series with a spin-off, joking "Indiana Jones is Indiana Jones. Harrison Ford is Indiana Jones. If it was Mutt Williams it would be Mutt Williams and the Search for Elvis or something."[33] Two months later, Ford stated that he would not return if the fifth film was an animated film like The Clone Wars, because "I'd hate to see it reduced in any way from the movies that we have done and the way we have done them." He also called Lucas' concept for the fifth film "crazy but great".[34]
When asked how being married to Marion Ravenwood and having a son would affect the character in a fifth film, Ford only replied: "He's seen something. Remember those are the only witnesses to what he's seen. That's kind of interesting."[35] In January 2010, Ford said, "I think it would be interesting to advance the understanding of the character, as we always have had that ambition throughout the series. I think it would be interesting to deepen the relationship between he and his son and play on that relationship... It's full of opportunity. The series is full of opportunity."[36]
The possibility of Indiana Jones 5 continued to be discussed through 2009 and 2010. Reports speculated in June 2009 that the next installment would start filming in 2011 with a plot involving the Bermuda Triangle,[37] although these rumors were later described as "completely false" by Frank Marshall on his Twitter page.[38] Speaking to BBC journalist Lizo Mzimba in June 2009, LaBeouf confirmed that "Steven [Spielberg] just said that he cracked the story on it [the fifth film], I think they're gearing that up."[39] Lucas stated he was working on the film as of December 2009.[40] Most recently, in November 2010, Ford said that he and Spielberg were waiting for Lucas to present an idea to them.[41] In March 2011, the Deadbolt website interviewed Karen Allen and asked her about the fifth film's status. "What I know is that there’s a story that they like," said Allen, "which is a huge step forward. I heard this about six months ago, that they have a story that they like and they’re working on it."[42] In July 2012, Frank Marshall indicated that the film was unlikely to be announced in the near future, saying: "I don't know if it's definitely not happening, but it's not up and running... It's not on until there is a writer on the project. There is no writer on Indy."[43]
When The Walt Disney Company announced its acquisition of Lucasfilm on October 30, 2012, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Indiana Jones was not initially factored into the equation during the deal, because Paramount Pictures still has a contract in place for future films.[5][44]
Reception[edit]
Box office performance[edit]
Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Ref
North America Foreign Worldwide All time domestic All time worldwide
Raiders of the Lost Ark June 12, 1981
(July 16, 1982)(R)
(March 25, 1983)(R) $242,374,454 (R) $141,766,000 $384,140,454 #73
 #19 (A) #162 $18,000,000 [45]
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom May 23, 1984 $179,870,271 $153,237,000 $333,107,271 #157
 #85 (A) #224 $28,000,000 [46]
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade May 24, 1989 $197,171,806 $277,000,000 $474,171,806 #127
 #97 (A) #112 $48,000,000 [47]
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull May 22, 2008 $317,101,119 $469,534,914 $786,636,033 #31
 #126 (A) #36 $185,000,000 [48]
Total  $936,517,650 $1,041,537,914 $1,978,055,564   $279,000,000
List indicator(s) (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo).
(R) totals for the domestic release and the following 2 re-releases of Raiders of the Lost Ark.
 
Critical reaction[edit]

Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
Yahoo! Movies
Raiders of the Lost Ark 95% (63 reviews)[49] 90 (11 reviews)[50] A (7 reviews)[51]
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 85% (62 reviews)[52] 57 (12 reviews)[53] 
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 88% (67 reviews)[54] 65 (14 reviews)[55] A− (5 reviews)[56]
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 78% (256 reviews)[57] 65 (40 reviews)[58] B (15 reviews)[59]
Average ratings
87%
73
N/A

Academy Awards[edit]

Award category

Raiders of the Lost Ark
Temple of Doom
Last Crusade
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Best Art Direction Won   
Best Sound Won  Nominated 
Best Cinematography Nominated   
Best Director Nominated   
Best Film Editing Won   
Best Original Score Nominated Nominated Nominated 
Best Picture Nominated   
Best Sound Effects Editing   Won 
Best Visual Effects Won Won  
Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing Won
 (Ben Burtt and
 Richard L. Anderson)   
Television[edit]
Main article: The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
A TV series entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1996) featured three incarnations of the character: Sean Patrick Flanery played Indiana aged 16–20; Corey Carrier played an 8- to 10-year-old version in several episodes; and George Hall narrated the show as the 93-year-old Jones, who bookended each episode. Lucas began developing the series in 1990 as "edutainment" that would be more cerebral than the films. The show was his first collaboration with producer Rick McCallum, and he wrote the stories for each episode. Writers and directors on the show included Carrie Fisher, Frank Darabont, Vic Armstrong, Ben Burtt, Terry Jones, Nicolas Roeg, Mike Newell and Joe Johnston. In the Chronicles, Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall).[60][61][62]
The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993.[63] The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and attempted to advertise the series as an action-adventure like the films. Ratings were good if unspectacular, and ABC was nervous enough to put the show on hiatus after six episodes until September 1992.[60] With only four episodes left of the second season to air, ABC eventually sold the show to the Family Channel, who changed the format from 50-minute episodes to 90-minute TV movies. Filming for the final four episodes took place from January 1994 to May 1996.[63] The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles received a mixed reception from fans, although it won 10 Emmy Awards out of 23 nominations, as well as a 1994 Golden Globe nomination for Best Drama series. It was also an experimentation ground in digital effects for Lucasfilm.[60]
The series was released on home video in VHS and DVD formats. Lucas had been working for some time on drastically reediting and restructuring the show for a home video release; major structural changes were made, including the complete removal of the 93-year-old Jones 'bookend' sections. The DVD boxset was released to tie in with the theatrical debut of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Amongst other extras, the discs include approximately 100 new historical featurettes.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Indiana Jones characters
This is a list of characters who have appeared in the Indiana Jones film franchise.

Character
Film / TV Series

Raiders of the Lost Ark
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr. Harrison Ford Harrison Ford
River Phoenix (Young) Sean Patrick Flanery
Corey Carrier
George Hall
Harrison Ford Harrison Ford
Marcus Brody Denholm Elliott  Denholm Elliott  Denholm Elliott (statue)
Marion Ravenwood Karen Allen  Karen Allen
Sallah John Rhys-Davies  John Rhys-Davies 
Henry Jones, Sr.  Sean Connery
Alex Hyde-White (Young) Lloyd Owen Sean Connery (photo)
Toht Ronald Lacey 
René Belloq Paul Freeman 
Willie Scott  Kate Capshaw 
Short Round  Jonathan Ke Quan 
Mola Ram  Amrish Puri 
Walter Donovan  Julian Glover 
Elsa Schneider  Alison Doody 
Anna Jones  Ruth De Sosa 
Helen Seymour  Margaret Tyzack 
Remy Baudouin  Ronny Coutteure 
George "Mac" MacHale  Ray Winstone
Irina Spalko  Cate Blanchett
Henry "Mutt" Jones III  Shia LaBeouf
Harold Oxley  John Hurt
Literature[edit]
Adult novels[edit]

Gnome globe current event.svg
 This section is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2012)
A novelization of Raiders of the Lost Ark was written by Campbell Black and published by Ballantine Books in April 1981.[64] It was followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, written by James Kahn and published by Ballantine in May 1984.[65] Finally, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was published in May 1989, and was the first Indiana Jones book by Rob MacGregor.[66] A fan of the first two films, MacGregor admitted that writing the novelization made him "somewhat disappointed" with the third film, as he had expanded the script whereas Steven Spielberg had cut scenes to tighten the story.[67]
George Lucas asked MacGregor to continue writing original novels for Bantam Books. These were geared toward an adult or young adult audience, and were prequels set in the 1920s or early 1930s after Jones graduates from college. Of the film characters, Lucas only permitted Marcus Brody to appear.[67] He asked MacGregor to base the books on real myths, but except for the deletion of a sex scene, writer was given total creative freedom. Barring Stonehenge, MacGregor chose locations he had visited in the past.[68] His six books – Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi, Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants, Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils, Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge, Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy, and Indiana Jones and the Interior World – were published from February 1991 to November 1992. The Genesis Deluge, published in February 1992 and featuring Noah's Ark, was the best-selling novel; MacGregor felt this was because it "had a strong following among religious-oriented people [...] because they tend to take the Noah’s Ark story to heart and think of it as history and archaeological fact, rather than myth." MacGregor's favorite book was The Seven Veils,[67] which featured real-life explorer Percy Fawcett and the death of Indiana's wife, Deirdre Campbell.[69][70][71][72][73][74]
Martin Caidin wrote the next two novels in Bantam's series, Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates and Indiana Jones and the White Witch. These feature Gale Parker as Indiana's sidekick; they introduced afterwords to the series, regarding each novel's historical context.[75][76]
Caidin became ill,[77] so Max McCoy took over in 1995 and wrote the final four novels: Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone, Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs, Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth, and Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx. McCoy set his books closer in time to the events of Raiders of the Lost Ark, which led to his characterising Indiana as "a bit darker". The prologue of his first book featured a crystal skull,[78] and this became a recurring story, concluding when Jones gives it up in the final novel. Lucas's involvement with McCoy's novels was limited, although LucasFilm censored sexual or outlandish elements in order to make the books appeal to younger readers;[77] they also rejected the theme of time travel in the final book.[78] Sallah, Lao Che, Rene Belloq and the Nazis made appearances, and McCoy also pitted Jones against Benito Mussolini's fascists and the Japanese. Jones also has a doomed romance with Alecia Dunstin, a librarian at the British Museum.[79][80][81][82] A novel involving the Spear of Destiny was dropped because Dark Horse Comics was developing the idea.[78]
The books were only published in paperback, as the series editor felt readers would not be prepared to pay the hardback price for an adventure novel.[83] In February 2008, the novelizations of the first three films were published in one edition;[84] James Rollins' Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novelization arrived the following May.[85] Children's novelizations of all four films were published by Scholastic in 2008.[86]
MacGregor was said to be writing new books for Ballantine for early 2009, but none have been published.[87] In May 2009, a new "middle grade" series entitled Untold Adventures began with books titled Pyramid of the Sorcerer and Mystery of Mount Sinai.[88] A new adult adventure, Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead by Steve Perry, was released in September 2009.[89] A novel based on the video game Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings, written by MacGregor to coincide with the release of the game, was canceled due to problems around the game's production.[90]
List of novels[edit]
All of the following were published by Bantam Books, with the exception of Army of the Dead, which was published by Del Rey.
Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi (Feb 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants (June 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils (Dec 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge (Feb 1992) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy (Sept 1992) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Interior World (1992) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates (Dec 1993) – by Martin Caidin
Indiana Jones and the White Witch (1994) – by Martin Caidin
Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone (1995) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs (1996) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth (1997) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx (1999) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead (2009) – by Steve Perry
Find Your Fate[edit]
Ballantine Books published a number of Indiana Jones books in the Find Your Fate line, written by various authors. These books were similar to the Choose Your Own Adventure series, allowing the reader to select from options that change the outcome of the story. Indiana Jones books comprised 11 of the 17 releases in the line, which was initially titled Find Your Fate Adventure.[91]
Indiana Jones and the Curse of Horror Island (June 1984) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Lost Treasure of Sheba (June 1984) – Rose Estes
Indiana Jones and the Giants of the Silver Tower (Aug 1984) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Fates (Aug 1984) – Richard Wenk
Indiana Jones and the Cup of the Vampire (Oct 1984) – Andy Helfer
Indiana Jones and the Legion of Death (Dec 1984) – Richard Wenk
Indiana Jones and the Cult of the Mummy's Crypt (Feb 1985) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Dragon of Vengeance (Apr 1985) – Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Indiana Jones and the Gold of Genghis Khan (May 1985) – Ellen Weiss
Indiana Jones and the Ape Slaves of Howling Island (1986) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Elephant (Feb 1987) – Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Young Indiana Jones[edit]
Random HouseYoung Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure (1990) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror (1990) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Circle of Death (1990) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Secret City (1990) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Princess of Peril (1991) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Gypsy Revenge (1991) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Ghostly Riders (1991) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of Ruby Cross – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure (1993) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Lost Gold of Durango (1993) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Young Indiana Jones and the Face of the Dragon – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Journey to the Underworld (1994) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Young Indiana Jones and the Mountain of Fire (1994) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Pirates' Loot (1994) – by J.N. Fox
Young Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Tiger (1995) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Madman (unpublished) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Young Indiana Jones and the Ring of Power (unpublished) – Megan Stine
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Mummy's Curse – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Field of Death – by Les Martin
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Safari Sleuth – by A.L. Singer
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Secret Peace – by William McCay
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Trek of Doom – by Les Martin
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Revolution! – by Gavin Scott
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Race to Danger – by Stephanie Calmenson
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Prisoner of War – by Sam Mclean
Bantam Books
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles:
The Valley of the Kings – by Richard Brightfield
South of the Border – by Richard Brightfield
Revolution in Russia – by Richard Brightfield
Masters of the Louvre – by Richard Brightfield
African Safari – by Richard Brightfield
Behind the Great Wall – by Richard Brightfield
The Roaring Twenties – by Richard Brightfield
The Irish Rebellion – by Richard Brightfield
Ballantine Books
Young Indiana Jones:
The Mata Hari Affair – by James Luceno
The Mummy's Curse – by Parker Smith
Graphic novelsThe Curse of the Jackal – by Dan Barry
The Search for the Oryx – by Dan Barry
The Peril of the Fort – by Dan Barry
Non-fiction booksLost Diaries of Young Indiana Jones – by Eric D. Weiner
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: On the Set and Behind the Scenes – by Dan Madsen
Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Egypt – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Rome – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Greece – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores The Vikings – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores The Incas – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores The Aztecs – by John Malam
Comic books[edit]
Main article: Indiana Jones comic books
Video games[edit]
The first Indiana Jones video game was a 1982 adaptation of Raiders of the Lost Ark, released on the Atari 2600. Atari also released Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1985. In 1987, Mindscape released Indiana Jones in Revenge of the Ancients for the Apple II and PC DOS computer platforms. In 1988, a Nintendo Entertainment System version of Temple of Doom was released. LucasArts released two games based on Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, entitled The Action Game and The Graphic Adventure. A NES version of The Last Crusade was released in 1991. The final adaptation of the films, until 2008, was Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994. In 2008, LucasArts released Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures, which was based on the original three movies; it was followed by Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues.
LucasArts released the first original Indiana Jones game, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, for PC in 1992. A sequel, Indiana Jones and the Iron Phoenix, was intended for a 1995 release, but was cancelled. Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures followed instead in 1996. Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine was released in 1999 on the PC, as well as for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color by 2001. The game featured the return of Sophia Hapgood, Jones' sidekick from Fate of Atlantis. Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb, a prequel to Temple of Doom, was released on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows in 2003. Another game with the title Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings was released in June 2009 for the Nintendo DS, Wii, PSP and PS2.[92]
The social gaming company Zynga partnered with Lucasfilm to produce Indiana Jones Adventure World in late 2011.[93]
Attractions[edit]

 

 Action on the set of the "Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!"
Prior to Disney's acquisition, George Lucas collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering on four occasions to create Indiana Jones attractions for Disney Parks:
The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! show opened at the Disney's Hollywood Studios in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in 1989.
The Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril rollercoaster opened at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallee, France, in 1993.
The Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye opened at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, in 1995.
The Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Crystal Skull opened at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba, Japan, with the park, in 2001.
Merchandise[edit]
Toy lines[edit]
Further information: LEGO Indiana Jones
For the holiday season following the June 1981 debut of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Kenner produced a 12-inch-tall "Authentically styled Action Figure" of Indiana Jones. The next spring they delivered nine smaller-scale (3¾") action figures, three playsets, replicas of the German desert convoy truck and Jones' horse, all derived from the Raiders movie.[94] They also offered a Raiders board game.[95]
In conjunction with the theatrical release of Temple of Doom in 1984, TSR, Inc. released miniature metal versions of twelve characters from both films for a role playing game. LJN Toys Ltd. also released action figures of Jones, Mola Ram, and the Giant Thugee; there were plans for the addition of Willie Scott and Short Round, and also a mine car racing set, but these were never made available.[96]
No toys were produced to tie in with The Last Crusade in 1989, but in 1993 Horizon released highly detailed vinyl model kits of Indiana and Henry Jones,[97] while in 1995 Micro Machines produced a set of ten die-cast toy vehicles from all three films.[95] Micro Machines also considered a mini. playset, but this was never made available.[98] In 1999, Toys McCoy released a Japanese-market-only limited edition 12-inch figure of Indiana and his horse from Raiders.[99] In 2001, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts sold new, exclusive action figures and model vehicles,[100] and a second wave followed in August 2003. This included G.I. Joe versions of Jones, including an African-American styled toy, to honor the black performers at their stunt shows.[101]
Hasbro released toys based on Raiders of the Lost Ark and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. Further figures, including characters from The Last Crusade and Temple of Doom, followed later in the year,[102] but were distributed on a very limited basis. This line of toys included 3¾-inch and 12-inch figures, vehicles, a playset, and a series of "Adventure Heroes" aimed at young children.[103] Hasbro announced the cancellation of the line in the fall of 2008, due to decreasing sales, although some figures continued to be released up until the 2011 San Diego Comic Convention.
Sideshow Collectibles, Gentle Giant, Diamond Select Toys and Kotobukiya[104] also earned Indiana Jones licensing rights in 2008.[105][106][107][108] Lego released eight play sets to coincide with the fourth film, based on Raiders and The Last Crusade as well as on Kingdom of the Crystal Skull[109][110]
Merchandise featuring franchise cross-overs include a Mr. Potato Head "Taters Of The Lost Ark" set by Hasbro,[111] Mickey Mouse as Indiana Jones,[112] and a Muppets-branded Adventure Kermit action figure, produced by Palisades Toys and based on the frog's appearance in the Disney World stunt show as seen in The Muppets at Walt Disney World.[113]
Role-playing game[edit]
Main article: Indiana Jones (role-playing game)
Pinball[edit]
Main article: Indiana Jones: The Pinball Adventure
A pinball machine based on the first three films was released in 1993. Stern Pinball released a new edition in 2008, which featured all four movies.[114]
References[edit]
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26.Jump up ^ Todd Gilchrist, Eric Moro (2007-10-09). "Indy IV Winding Down". IGN. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
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31.Jump up ^ Roger Friedman (2008-05-16). "Lucas: 'Indy 5' a Possibility". Fox News. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
32.Jump up ^ Patrick Lee (2008-08-05). "Lucas: Indy V Research In Works". Sci Fi Wire. Retrieved 2008-08-05.[dead link]
33.Jump up ^ Shawn Adler (2008-08-05). "‘Indiana Jones 5’ Won’t Center on Shia LaBeouf, Insists George Lucas". MTV Movies Blog. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
34.Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher (2008-10-03). "Harrison Ford says George Lucas in 'think mode' on another 'Indiana Jones' film". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
35.Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz (2008-11-19). "Harrison Ford Talks Fifth Indiana Jones Film". MTV Movies Blog. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
36.Jump up ^ Larry Carroll (2010-01-08). "Harrison Ford Says Next Indiana Jones Movie Is 'Full Of Opportunity'".
37.Jump up ^ "Final Indiana Jones Film Involves The Bermuda Triangle, To Shoot Next Year". The Film Stage. 2010-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
38.Jump up ^ Frank Marshall (2010-06-09). "Frank Marshall: The rumor about INDY 5 is...". Twitter. "The rumor about INDY 5 is completely false. Nothing has changed, we are not shooting next year and still in the research phase..."
39.Jump up ^ "Shia LaBeouf talks Transformers". BBC News Online. 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
40.Jump up ^ Randy Jennings (2009-12-03). "TAFs on the Red Carpet for Cal Hall of Fame 2009! Interviews with Lucas, Burnett and Joe Weider!". "The next Indy film? Yes, we're working on it. It's in development. That's all I can say right now."
41.Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian; Josh Horowitz (2010-11-08). "Harrison Ford Is 'Looking Forward' To 'Indiana Jones 5'". MTV News.
42.Jump up ^ Reg Seeton (2011-03-25). "Karen Allen Talks Indiana Jones 5". "What I know is that there’s a story that they like, which is a huge step forward."
43.Jump up ^ "Frank Marshall talks Indy 5 and Jurassic Park 4". 2012-07-31.
44.Jump up ^ Adam B. Vary (2012-11-01). "What about Indy? The Disney/Lucasfilm deal and the future of 'Indiana Jones'". Retrieved 9 February 2013.
45.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)". Box Office Mojo. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
46.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
47.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade(1989)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
48.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
49.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
50.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc.
51.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Yahoo! Movies. Yahoo!.
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53.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc.
54.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
55.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc.
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57.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
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60.^ Jump up to: a b c Hearn, pp. 170–179
61.Jump up ^ "Exploring 'Young Indiana Jones'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
62.Jump up ^ "The Young Indiana Jones". Empire. 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
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65.Jump up ^ James Kahn (May 1984). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-31457-4.
66.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (September 1989). Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-36161-5.
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68.Jump up ^ "Rob MacGregor interview". TheRaider.net. 2002-06-29. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
69.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (January 1991). Indiana Jones and the Peril of Delphi. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-28931-2.
70.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (May 1991). Indiana Jones and the Dance of Giants. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-29035-6.
71.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (November 1991). Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-29035-6.
72.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (January 1992). Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-29502-3.
73.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (August 1992). Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-29666-2.
74.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (November 1992). Indiana Jones and the Interior World. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-29966-3.
75.Jump up ^ Martin Caidin (November 1993). Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56192-0.
76.Jump up ^ Martin Caidin (March 1994). Indiana Jones and the White Witch. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56194-4.
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79.Jump up ^ Max McCoy (1995). Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56196-8.
80.Jump up ^ Max McCoy (1996). Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56193-7.
81.Jump up ^ Max McCoy (1997). Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56195-1.
82.Jump up ^ Max McCoy (1999). Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56197-5.
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98.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones Micro Machines". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
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101.Jump up ^ "Disney Figures: Series 2". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
102.Jump up ^ "Hasbro: Indiana Jones". Cool Toy Review. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
103.Jump up ^ "Toy Fair 2008 – Indiana Jones Presentation". Cool Toy Review. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
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105.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones 'Raiders of the Lost Ark' – Sideshow Exclusive Edition". Sideshow Collectibles. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
106.Jump up ^ "Toy Fair 2008 – Gentle Giant Indiana Jones". Cool Toy Review. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
107.Jump up ^ Scott Collura (2008-02-25). "Toy Fair 08: Diamond Select Nabs Lucasfilm License". IGN. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
108.Jump up ^ "USTF: Kotobukiya's Indiana Jones Lines". Action-Figure. 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
109.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones – Products". Lego. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
110.Jump up ^ "New Indy Movie LEGO Sets Offer Exclusive Peek Into Crystal Skull". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
111.Jump up ^ Toy News International "Taters Of The Lost Ark Mr. Potato Head"
112.Jump up ^ endorexpress.net "Indiana Jones Mickey Action Figure"
113.Jump up ^ Indiana Jones: The Ultimate Guide. DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7566-3500-4.
114.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones". Pinball News. 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
Further reading[edit]
Rinzler, J.W.; Laurent Bouzereau (2008). The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-192661-8.
Hearn, Marcus (2005). The Cinema of George Lucas. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc, Publishers. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7.
McBride, Joseph (1997). Steven Spielberg. New York City: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Indiana Jones
Official site
Indiana Jones Shop
TheRaider.net
Indiana Jones at the Internet Movie Database
Indiana Jones series at Box Office Mojo

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Raiders of the Lost Ark

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This article is about the film. For the video game, see Raiders of the Lost Ark (video game).

Raiders of the Lost Ark
Raiders.jpg
Original theatrical release poster by Richard Amsel
 
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Frank Marshall
George Lucas
Howard Kazanjian
Screenplay by
Lawrence Kasdan
Story by
George Lucas
Philip Kaufman
Starring
Harrison Ford
Karen Allen
Paul Freeman
Ronald Lacey
John Rhys-Davies
Denholm Elliott
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Douglas Slocombe
Editing by
Michael Kahn
Studio
Lucasfilm Ltd.
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date(s)
June 12, 1981
 
Running time
115 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$18 million
Box office
$389,925,971[1]
Raiders of the Lost Ark (later marketed as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 American fantasy-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by George Lucas, and starring Harrison Ford. It was the first installment in the Indiana Jones film franchise to be released, though it is the second in internal chronological order. It pits Indiana Jones (Ford) against a group of Nazis who are searching for the Ark of the Covenant which Adolf Hitler believes will make their army invincible. The film co-stars Karen Allen as Indiana's former lover, Marion Ravenwood; Paul Freeman as Indiana's nemesis, French archaeologist René Belloq; John Rhys-Davies as Indiana's sidekick, Sallah; Ronald Lacey as Gestapo agent Arnold Toht; and Denholm Elliott as Indiana's colleague, Marcus Brody.
The film originated from Lucas' desire to create a modern version of the serials of the 1930s and 1940s. Production was based at Elstree Studios, England; but filming also took place in La Rochelle, Tunisia, Hawaii, and California from June to September 1980.
Released on June 12, 1981, Raiders of the Lost Ark became the year's top-grossing film and remains one of the highest-grossing films ever made. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards in 1982, including Best Picture, and won four (Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Sound, Best Visual Effects) and a fifth Special Achievement Award for its Sound Effects Editing. The film's critical and popular success led to three additional films, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1996), and 15 video games as of 2009. In 1999, the film was included in the U.S. Library of Congress' National Film Registry as having been deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Raiders is ranked among the greatest films of all time in the action-adventure genre and often in general also. It is cited as a classic film in the genre.[citation needed]

Contents
  [hide] 1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Visual effects and sound design
4 Soundtrack
5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Impact
5.3 Merchandise
6 Release 6.1 IMAX re-release
6.2 Home video
7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Academy Awards
7.2 Golden Globe Awards
7.3 BAFTA Awards
7.4 Hugo Awards
7.5 Saturn Awards
7.6 American Film Institute
8 2012 replica mystery
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1936, archaeologist Indiana Jones (or Indy for short, usually by his friends), braves an ancient temple in an unnamed South American location. The temple is filled with booby traps and Indy is trying to retrieve a golden idol. Upon fleeing the temple, Indy is confronted by rival archaeologist René Belloq and the indigenous Hovitos. Surrounded and outnumbered, Indy is forced to surrender the idol to Belloq and subsequently escapes aboard a waiting Waco seaplane after being pursued.
Shortly after returning to the college in the United States where he teaches archaeology, Indy is interviewed by two Army intelligence agents. They inform him that the Nazis, in their quest for occult power, are searching for his old mentor, Abner Ravenwood, who is the leading expert on the ancient Egyptian city of Tanis and possesses the headpiece of an artifact called the Staff of Ra. Indy deduces that the Nazis are searching for Tanis because it is believed to be the location of the Ark of the Covenant; the Nazis believe that if they acquire it, their armies will become invincible. The Staff of Ra, meanwhile, is the key to finding the Well of Souls, a secret chamber in which the Ark is buried. The agents subsequently authorize Indy to recover the Ark before the Nazis. Indy travels to Nepal, only to find that Ravenwood has died and that the headpiece is in the possession of his daughter, Marion, who is also Indy's embittered former lover. Indy offers to buy the headpiece for three thousand dollars, plus two thousand more when they return to the United States. Marion's tavern is suddenly raided by a group of thugs commanded by Nazi agent Toht. The tavern is burned down in the ensuing fight, during which Toht burns his hand on the searing hot headpiece as he tries to grab it. Indy and Marion escape with the headpiece, with Marion declaring she will accompany Indy in his search for the Ark so he can repay his debt.
They travel to Cairo where they learn from Indy's friend Sallah, a skilled excavator, that Belloq and the Nazis, led by Colonel Dietrich, are currently digging for the Well of Souls with a replica of the headpiece modeled after the scar on Toht's hand. In a bazaar, Nazi operatives attempt to kidnap Marion and as Indy chases after them it appears that she dies in an explosion. While deciphering the markings on the headpiece, Indy and Sallah realize that the Nazis have miscalculated the location of the Well of Souls. Using this to their advantage, they infiltrate the Nazi dig and use the Staff of Ra to determine the location correctly and uncover the Well of Souls, which is filled with snakes. Indy fends off the snakes and acquires the Ark, but Belloq, Dietrich, and the Nazis steal it and plan to fly it out of Tanis. They toss Marion into the well with Indy and seal them in, but they manage to escape. After a fistfight with a Nazi mechanic, blowing up a BV-38 flying wing on the airstrip, and chasing down a convoy of trucks, Indy takes back the Ark before it can be shipped to Berlin.
Indy and Marion leave Cairo to escort the Ark to England on board a tramp steamer. The next morning, their boat is boarded by Belloq, Dietrich, and the Nazis, who once again steal the Ark and kidnap Marion. Indy stows away on their U-boat and follows them to an isolated island in the Aegean Sea where Belloq plans to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to Hitler. Indy reveals himself and threatens to destroy the Ark with a bazooka, but Belloq calls his bluff, knowing Indy cannot bear to destroy such an important historical artifact.
Indy surrenders and is tied to a post with Marion as Belloq performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark, which appears to contain nothing but sand. Suddenly, spirits resembling Old Testament Seraphim emerge from the Ark. Aware of the supernatural danger of looking at the opened Ark, Indy warns Marion to close her eyes. Meanwhile, the apparitions suddenly morph into "angels of death", and all of the Nazi soldiers, along with Belloq, are gruesomely killed.
Back in Washington, D.C., the Army intelligence agents tell a suspicious Indy and Brody that the Ark "is someplace safe" to be studied by "top men". The Ark is permanently stored in a giant government warehouse amongst countless similar crates.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Indiana Jones characters
Harrison Ford stars as Indiana Jones, an archaeology professor who often embarks on perilous adventures to obtain rare artifacts. Jones claims that he has no belief in the supernatural, only to have his skepticism challenged when he discovers the Ark. Spielberg suggested casting Ford as Jones, but Lucas objected, stating that he did not want Ford to become his "Bobby De Niro" or "that guy I put in all my movies", a reference to Martin Scorsese, who often worked with Robert De Niro.[2] Desiring a lesser known actor, Lucas persuaded Spielberg to help him search for a new talent. Among the actors who auditioned were Tim Matheson, Peter Coyote, John Shea, and Tom Selleck. Selleck was originally offered the role, but he was unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum, P.I.[2] In June 1980, three weeks away from filming,[3] Spielberg persuaded Lucas to cast Ford after producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were impressed by his performance as Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back.[4]
Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood, a spirited, tough former lover of Indiana's. She is the daughter of Abner Ravenwood, Indiana Jones' mentor, and owns a bar in Nepal. Allen was cast after auditioning with Matheson and John Shea. Spielberg was interested in her, as he had seen her performance in National Lampoon's Animal House. Sean Young had previously auditioned for the part,[2] while Debra Winger turned it down.[5]
Paul Freeman as Dr. René Belloq, Jones' nemesis. Belloq is also an archaeologist after the Ark, but he is working for the Nazis. He intends to harness the Ark's power himself before Hitler can, but he is killed by the Ark's supernatural powers. Spielberg cast Freeman after seeing him in Death of a Princess.[6]
Ronald Lacey as Major Arnold Toht, an interrogator for the Gestapo, who tries to torture Marion Ravenwood for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. He dies by the Ark's supernatural powers. Lacey was cast as he reminded Spielberg of Peter Lorre.[2] Spielberg had originally offered the role to Roman Polanski, who was intrigued at the opportunity to work with Spielberg but decided to turn down the role because he wouldn't be able to make the trip to Tunisia.[7] Klaus Kinski was also offered the role, but he hated the script,[8] calling it "moronically shitty".[9]
John Rhys-Davies as Sallah, "the best digger in Cairo", who has been hired by the Nazis to help them excavate Tanis. Although he fears disturbing the Ark, he is an old friend of Indiana Jones, and agrees to help him obtain it. Spielberg initially approached Danny DeVito to play Sallah, but he could not play the part due to scheduling conflicts. Spielberg cast Rhys-Davies after seeing his performance in Shogun.[2]
Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody, a museum curator, who buys the artifacts Indiana obtains for display in his museum. The U.S. government agents approach him with regard to the Ark's recovery, and he sets up a meeting between them and Indiana Jones. Spielberg hired Elliott as he was a big fan of the actor, who had performed in some of his favorite British and American films.[2]
Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich, a ruthless Nazi officer leading the operation to secure the Ark. He is killed by the Ark's supernatural powers.
Alfred Molina, in his film debut, as Satipo, one of Jones' guides through the South American jungle. He betrays Jones and steals the golden idol, but is killed by traps before he can leave the temple.
Vic Tablian as Barranca and the Monkey Man
Producer Frank Marshall played a pilot in the airplane fight sequence. The stunt team was ill, so he took the role instead. The result was three days in a hot cockpit, which he joked was over "140 degrees".[2] Pat Roach plays the Nazi mechanic with whom Jones brawls in this sequence, as well as a massive sherpa who battles Jones in Marion's bar. He had the rare opportunity to be killed twice in one film.[10] Special-effects supervisor Dennis Muren made a cameo as a Nazi spy on the seaplane Jones takes from San Francisco to Manila.[11]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith.[12] Like Star Wars, which he also wrote, it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the film serials of the 1930s and 1940s.[2] Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman, who worked with him for several weeks and came up with the Ark of the Covenant as the plot device.[13] Kaufman was told about the Ark by his dentist when he was a child.[14] The project stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to direct The Outlaw Josey Wales.[13] Lucas eventually shelved the idea, deciding to concentrate on his outer space adventure which would become Star Wars. In late May 1977, Lucas was in Hawaii, trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars. Friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there, on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind. While building a sand castle at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel,[15] Spielberg expressed an interest in directing a James Bond film. Lucas convinced his friend Spielberg that he had conceived a character "better than James Bond" and explained the concept of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg loved it, calling it "a James Bond film without the hardware,"[16] although Spielberg told Lucas that the surname Smith was not right for the character, Lucas replied, "OK. What about Jones?" Indiana was the name of Lucas' Alaskan Malamute, whose habit of riding in the passenger seat as Lucas drove was also the inspiration for Star Wars' Chewbacca.[2]
The following year, Lucas focused on developing Raiders and the Star Wars sequel The Empire Strikes Back, during which Lawrence Kasdan and Frank Marshall joined the project as screenwriter and producer respectively. Between January 23–January 27, 1978, for nine hours a day, Lucas, Kasdan, and Spielberg discussed the story and visual ideas. Spielberg came up with Jones being chased by a boulder,[2] which was inspired by Carl Barks' Uncle Scrooge comic "The Seven Cities of Cibola". Lucas later acknowledged that the idea for the idol mechanism in the opening scene, and deadly traps later in the film were inspired by several Uncle Scrooge comics.[17] Lucas came up with a submarine, a monkey giving the Hitler salute, and Marion punching Jones in Nepal.[16] Kasdan used a 100-page transcript of their conversations for his first script draft,[18] which he worked on for six months.[2] Ultimately, some of their ideas were too grand and had to be cut: a mine chase,[19] an escape in Shanghai using a rolling gong as a shield,[20] and a jump from an airplane in a raft, all of which made it into the prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.[2]
Spielberg and Lucas disagreed on the character: although Lucas saw him as a Bondian playboy, Spielberg and Kasdan felt the character's academic and adventurer elements made him complex enough. Spielberg had a darker vision of Jones, interpreting him as an alcoholic similar to Humphrey Bogart's character Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. This characterization fell away during the later drafts, though elements survive in Indy's reaction when he believes Marion to be dead.[16] Spielberg also initially conceived of Toht as having a robotic arm, which Lucas rejected as falling into science-fiction. Comic book artist Jim Steranko was also commissioned to produce original illustrations for pre-production, which heavily influenced Spielberg's decisions in both the film's look and the character of Indiana Jones himself.[21]
Initially, the film was rejected by every major studio in Hollywood, as most executives thought that the story was too over the top and would be exceedingly expensive to produce. Eventually Paramount Studios agreed to finance the film, with Lucas negotiating a five- picture deal. By April 1980, Kasdan's fifth draft was produced, and production was getting ready to shoot at Elstree Studios, with Lucas trying to keep costs down.[4] With four illustrators, Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg's most storyboarded film of his career to date, further helping the film economically. He and Lucas agreed on a tight schedule to keep costs down, and to stylistically follow the "quick and dirty" feel of the old Saturday matinée serials. Special effects were done using puppets, miniature models, animation, and camera trickery.[2] "We didn't do 30 or 40 takes; usually only four. It was like silent film--shoot only what you need, no waste," Spielberg said. "Had I had more time and money, it would have turned out a pretentious movie." Lucas also directed some of the second unit.[22]
Filming[edit]
Filming began on June 23, 1980, at La Rochelle, France, with scenes involving the Nazi submarine,[4] which had been rented from the production of Das Boot. The U-boat pen was a real one from World War II.[2] The crew moved to Elstree Studios[4] for the Well of Souls scenes, the opening sequence temple interiors and Marion Ravenwood's bar.[23] The Well of Souls scene required 7,000 snakes. The only venomous snakes were the cobras, but one crew member was bitten on set by a python.[2] In the finished film, during the scene in which Indiana comes face-to-face with the cobra, a glass screen which protected Ford from the snake can be seen thanks to stage lights hitting it at a certain angle.[2] This was later corrected in the digitally-enhanced rerelease. Unlike the character he portrayed, Ford does not have a fear of snakes, nor does Spielberg, but seeing all the snakes on the set writhing around made him "want to puke".[2] The opening sequence featured live tarantulas on Alfred Molina, but they did not move until a female tarantula was introduced. A fiberglass boulder 22 feet (7 m) in diameter was made for the scene where Indiana escapes from the temple; Spielberg was so impressed by production designer Norman Reynolds' realization of his idea that he gave the boulder a more prominent role in the film and told Reynolds to let the boulder roll another 50 feet (15 m).[24]
The scenes set in Egypt were filmed in Tunisia, and the canyon where Indiana threatens to blow up the Ark was shot in Sidi Bouhlel, just outside Tozeur.[25] The canyon location had been previously used for the Tatooine scenes from 1977's Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (many of the location crew members were the same for both films[2]) where R2-D2 was attacked by Jawas.[2] The Tanis scenes were filmed in nearby Sedala, a harsh place due to heat and disease. Several cast and crew members fell ill and Rhys-Davies defecated in his costume during one shot.[2] Spielberg averted disease by eating only canned foods from England, but did not like the area and quickly condensed the scheduled six-week shoot to four-and-a-half weeks. Much was improvised: the scene where Marion puts on her dress and attempts to leave Belloq's tent was improvised, as was the entire plane fight. During that scene's shooting, a wheel went over Ford's knee and tore his left leg's cruciate ligament, but he refused local medical help and simply put ice on it.[2] The fight scenes in the town were filmed in Kairouan when Ford was suffering from dysentery. To avoid a lengthy fight involving Indiana using his whip to fight off a swordsman, Ford said to Spielberg "Let's just shoot the sucker".[26] The truck chase was shot entirely by the second-unit following Spielberg's storyboards but with the addition of Indiana being dragged by the truck, in tribute to a famous Yakima Canutt stunt. Spielberg shot all the close-ups with Ford afterwards.[2]
The interior staircase set in Washington, D.C. was filmed in San Francisco's City Hall. The University of the Pacific's campus in Stockton, California, stood in for the exterior of the college where Jones works, while his classroom and the hall where he meets the American intelligence agents was filmed at the Royal Masonic School for Girls in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, England. His home exteriors were filmed in San Rafael, California.[23] Opening sequence exteriors were filmed in Kauai, Hawaii, with Spielberg wrapping in September in 73 days, finishing under schedule in contrast to his previous film, 1941.[4][16] The Washington, D.C. coda, although it appeared in the script's early drafts, was not included in early edits but was added later when it was realized that there was no resolution to Jones's relationship with Marion.[27] Shots of the Douglas DC-3 Jones flies on to Nepal were taken from Lost Horizon, and a street scene was from a shot in The Hindenburg.[22] Filming of Indy boarding a Boeing China Clipper flying-boat was complicated by the lack of a surviving aircraft. Eventually, a post-war British Short Solent flying-boat formerly owned by Howard Hughes was located in California and substituted.[28]
Visual effects and sound design[edit]
The special visual effects for Raiders were provided by Industrial Light & Magic and include: a matte shot to establish the Pan Am flying boat in the water[29] and miniature work to show the plane taking off and flying, superimposed over a map; animation effects for the beam in the Tanis map room; and a miniature car and passengers[30] superimposed over a matte painting for a shot of a Nazi car being forced off a cliff. The bulk of effects shots were featured in the climactic sequence wherein the Ark of the Covenant (which was designed by Brian Muir and Keith Short) is opened and God's wrath is unleashed. This sequence featured animation, a woman to portray a beautiful spirit's face, rod puppet spirits moved through water to convey a sense of floating,[31] a matte painting of the island, and cloud tank effects to portray clouds. The melting of Toht's head was done by exposing a gelatine and plaster model of Ronald Lacey's head to a heat lamp with an under cranked camera, while Dietrich's crushed head was a hollow model from which air was withdrawn. When the film was originally submitted to the Motion Picture Association of America, it received an R rating because of the scene in which Belloq's head explodes. The filmmakers were later able to receive a PG rating when they added a veil of fire over the exploding head scene. (The PG-13 rating was not created until 1984.)[11] The firestorm that cleanses the canyon at the finish was a miniature canyon filmed upside down.[31]
Ben Burtt, the sound effects supervisor, made extensive use of traditional foley work in yet another of the production's throwbacks to days of the Republic serials. He selected a 30-30 Winchester rifle for the sound of Jones' pistol. Sound effects artists struck leather jackets and baseball gloves with a baseball bat to create a variety of punching noises and body blows. For the snakes in the Well of Souls sequence, fingers running through cheese casserole and sponges sliding over cement were used for the slithering noises. The sliding lid on a toilet cistern provided the sound for the opening of the Ark. Burtt also used, as he did in many of his films, the ubiquitous Wilhelm scream when a Nazi falls from a truck. In addition to his use of such time-honored foley work, Burtt also demonstrated the modern expertise honed during his award-winning work on Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. He employed a synthesizer for the sounds of the Ark, and mixed dolphins' and sea lions' screams for those of the spirits within.[32]
Soundtrack[edit]


 
"The Raiders March" (1981)




Raiders of the Lost Ark
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Main article: Raiders of the Lost Ark (soundtrack)
John Williams composed the score for Raiders of the Lost Ark, which was the only score in the series performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, the same orchestra that performed the scores for the Star Wars saga. The score most notably features the well-known "Raiders March." This piece came to symbolize Indiana Jones and was later used in the scores for the other three films. Williams originally wrote two different candidates for Indy's theme, but Spielberg enjoyed them so much that he insisted that both be used together in what became the "Raiders March".[33] The alternately eerie and apocalyptic theme for the Ark of the Covenant is also heard frequently in the score, with a more romantic melody representing Marion and, more broadly, her relationship with Jones. The score as a whole received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score, but lost to the score to Chariots of Fire composed by Vangelis.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The film, made on a $18 million budget, grossed $384 million worldwide throughout its theatrical releases. In North America it was by some distance the highest-grossing film of 1981,[34] and remains one of the top twenty highest-grossing films ever made when adjusted for inflation.[35] The film was subsequently nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, in 1982 and won four (Best Sound, Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects, and Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Norman Reynolds, Leslie Dilley, and Michael D. Ford). It also received a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing. It won numerous other awards, including a Grammy Award and Best Picture at the People's Choice Awards. Spielberg was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award.[36]
The film received highly positive reviews from most critics. In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby praised the film, calling it, "one of the most deliriously funny, ingenious and stylish American adventure movies ever made."[37] Roger Ebert in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "Two things, however, make Raiders of the Lost Ark more than just a technological triumph: its sense of humor and the droll style of its characters [...] We find ourselves laughing in surprise, in relief, in incredulity at the movie's ability to pile one incident upon another in an inexhaustible series of inventions."[38] He later added it to his list of "Great Movies".[39] Rolling Stone said the film was "the ultimate Saturday action matinee–a film so funny and exciting it can be enjoyed any day of the week."[40] Bruce Williamson of Playboy claimed: "There's more excitement in the first ten minutes of Raiders than any movie I have seen all year. By the time the explosive misadventures end, any movie-goer worth his salt ought to be exhausted."[41] Stephen Klain of Variety also praised the film. Yet, making an observation that would revisit the franchise with its next film, he felt that the film was surprisingly violent and bloody for a PG-rated film.[42]
There were some dissenting voices; Sight & Sound described it as an "...expensively gift-wrapped Saturday afternoon pot-boiler,"[43] and New Hollywood champion Pauline Kael, who once contended that she only got "really rough" on large films that were destined to be hits but were nonetheless "atrocious,"[44] found the film to be a "machine-tooled adventure" from a pair of creators who "think just like the marketing division."[45] (Lucas later named a villain, played by Raiders Nazi strongman Pat Roach, in his 1988 fantasy film Willow after Kael.)[44] The film is considered to be a classic of the action and adventure genres by many contemporary critics, and carries a 95% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[46]
Impact[edit]
Following the success of Raiders, a prequel, The Temple of Doom, and two sequels, The Last Crusade and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, were produced. A television series, entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, was also spun off from this film, and details the character's early years. Numerous other books, comics, and video games have also been produced.
In 1998, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 60 on its top 100 films of the first century of cinema. In 2007, AFI updated the list and placed it at number 66. They also named it as the 10th most thrilling film, and named Indiana Jones as the second most thrilling hero. In 1999, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the U.S. Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Indiana Jones has become an icon, being listed as Entertainment Weekly's third favorite action hero, while noting "some of the greatest action scenes ever filmed are strung together like pearls" in this film.[47]
An amateur, near shot-for-shot remake was made by Chris Strompolos, Eric Zala, and Jayson Lamb, then children in Ocean Springs, Mississippi. It took the boys seven years to finish, from 1982 to 1989. After production of the film, called Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation, it was shelved and forgotten until 2003, where it was discovered by Eli Roth[48][49] and acclaimed by Spielberg himself, who congratulated the boys on their hard work and said he looked forward to seeing their names on the big screen.[50] Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures purchased the trio's life rights with the goal of producing a film based on their adventures making their remake.[51][52]
Assessing the film's legacy in 1997, Bernard Weinraub, film critic for The New York Times, which had initially reviewed the film as "deliriously funny, ingenious, and stylish",[44] maintained that "the decline in the traditional family G-rated film, for 'general' audiences, probably began" with the appearance of Raiders of the Lost Ark. "Whether by accident or design," found Weinraub, "the filmmakers made a comic nonstop action film intended mostly for adults but also for children."[44] Eight years later, in 2005, viewers of Channel 4 in the U.K. rated the film as the 20th-best family film of all time, with Spielberg taking best over-all director honors.[53]
On Empire magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, Raiders ranked second, beaten only by The Godfather.[54]
Merchandise[edit]
The only video game based exclusively on the film is Raiders of the Lost Ark, released in 1982 by Atari for their Atari 2600 console.[55] The first third of the video game Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, released in 1994 by JVC for Nintendo's Super Nintendo Entertainment System, is based entirely on the film. Several of the film's sequences are reproduced (the boulder run and the showdown with the Cairo Swordsman among them); however, several inconsistencies with the film are present in the game, such as Nazi soldiers and bats being present in the Well of Souls sequence, for example.[56] The game was developed by LucasArts and Factor 5. In the 1999 game Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, a bonus level brings Jones back to the Peruvian temple of the film's opening scene.[57] In 2008, to coincide with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Lego released the Lego Indiana Jones line — which included building sets based on Raiders of the Lost Ark[58] — and LucasArts published a video game based on the toyline, Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures, which was developed by Traveller's Tales.[59]
Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Walt Simonson and artists John Buscema and Klaus Janson. It was published as Marvel Super Special #18[60] and as a three-issue limited series.[61]
In 1981, Kenner released a 12-inch (30 cm) doll of Indiana Jones, and the following year they released nine action figures of the film's characters, three playsets, as well as toys of the Nazi truck and Jones' horse. They also released a board game. In 1984, miniature metal versions of the characters were released for a role playing game, and in 1995 Micro Machines released die-cast toys of the film's vehicles.[62] Hasbro released action figures based on the film, ranging from 3 to 12 inches (7.6 to 30 cm), to coincide with Kingdom of the Crystal Skull on May 1, 2008.[63] Later in 2008, and in 2011, two high-end sixth scale (1:6) collectible action figures were released by Sideshow Collectibles, and Hot Toys, Ltd. respectively. A novelization by Ryder Windham was released in April 2008 by Scholastic to tie in with the release of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. A previous novelization by Scottish author Campbell Armstrong (under the pseudonym Campbell Black) was concurrently released with the film in 1981. A book about the making of the film was also released, written by Derek Taylor.
A small clip of the scene where Indy runs away from the boulder is featured on the movie screen in the 2005 Disney film Chicken Little, where the top of the Oakey Oaks water tower crashes through the building.
Release[edit]
IMAX re-release[edit]

 

 The theatrical poster for the IMAX re-release.
In conjunction with the Blu-ray release, a limited one-week release in IMAX theaters was announced for September 7, 2012. Steven Spielberg and sound designer Ben Burtt supervised the format conversion. No special effects or other visual elements were altered, but the audio was enhanced for surround sound.[64]
The film opened at #14 and grossed $1,673,731 from 267 theaters ($6,269 theater average) during its opening weekend. In total, the IMAX release grossed $3,125,613 domestically.[65]
Home video[edit]
The film was released on VHS, Betamax and VideoDisc in pan and scan only, and on laserdisc in both pan and scan and widescreen. For its 1999 VHS re-issue, the film was remastered in THX and made available in widescreen. The outer package was retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark for consistency with the film's prequel and sequel. The subsequent DVD release in 2003 features this title as well. The title in the film itself remains unchanged, even in the restored DVD print. In the DVD, two subtle digital revisions were added. First, a connecting rod from the giant boulder to an offscreen guidance track in the opening scene was removed from behind the running Harrison Ford; second, a reflection in the glass partition separating Ford from the cobra in the Well of Souls was removed.[66] The film (along with The Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade) was re-released on DVD with additional extra features not included on the previous set on May 13, 2008. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc in September 2012.[67] Previously, only Kingdom of the Crystal Skull had been available on Blu-ray.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Academy Awards[edit]
Won[68]Best Art Direction
Best Film Editing
Best Sound (Bill Varney, Steve Maslow, Gregg Landaker, Roy Charman)
Best Visual Effects
Best Sound Effects Editing
Nominated[68]Best Picture
Best Director (Steven Spielberg)
Best Original Score
Best Cinematography
Golden Globe Awards[edit]
NominatedBest Director (Steven Spielberg)[69]
BAFTA Awards[edit]
NominatedBest Film
Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Denholm Elliott)
Best Film Music (John Williams)
Hugo Awards[edit]
WonBest Dramatic Presentation[70]
Saturn Awards[edit]
WonBest Fantasy Film
Best Director (Steven Spielberg)
Best Actor (Harrison Ford)
Best Actress (Karen Allen)
Best Writing (Lawrence Kasdan)
Best Music (John Williams)
Best Special Effects (Richard Edlund)
NominatedBest Supporting Actor (Paul Freeman)
Best Costume (Deborah Nadoolman)
American Film Institute[edit]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - No. 60
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills - No. 10
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains: Indiana Jones - No. 2 Hero
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes: "Snakes! Why did it have to be snakes?" - Nominated
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - No. 66
2012 replica mystery[edit]
In December 2012, the University of Chicago's admissions department received a package in the mail addressed to Henry Walton Jones, Jr., Indiana Jones' full name. The address on the stamped package was listed for a hall that was the former home of the university's geology and geography department. Inside the manila envelope was a detailed replica journal similar to the one Jones used in the movie, as well as postcards and pictures of Marion Ravenwood. The admissions department posted pictures of the contents on its internet blog, looking for any information about the package. It was discovered that the package was part of a set to be shipped from Guam to Italy that had been sold on eBay. The package with the journal had fallen out in transit and a postal worker had sent it to the university, as it had a complete address and postage, which turned out to be fake. All contents were from a Guam "prop replicator" who sells them all over the world. The university will display its replica in the main lobby of the Oriental Institute.[71]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
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3.Jump up ^ "Facts and trivia of the Lost Ark". Lucasfilm. 2003-10-14. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hearn, pp. 127-134
5.Jump up ^ Gregory Kirschling, Jeff Labrecque (2008-03-12). "Indiana Jones: 15 Fun Facts". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
6.Jump up ^ "The People Who Were Almost Cast". Empire Online. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
7.Jump up ^ Roman Polanski: Interviews - Roman Polanski, Paul Cronin - Google Books
8.Jump up ^ Glenn Whipp (2008-05-22). "Keeping up with Jones". Halifax Chronicle-Herald. Retrieved 2008-05-22.[dead link]
9.Jump up ^ Kinski, Klaus; Joachim Neugröschel (translator) (1996). Kinski Uncut. London: Bloomsbury. p. 294. ISBN 0-7475-2978-7.
10.Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones (DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2003.
11.^ Jump up to: a b The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones (DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2003.
12.Jump up ^ Marcus Hearn (2005). The Cinema of George Lucas. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc, Publishers. p. 80. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7.
13.^ Jump up to: a b Hearn, pp.112–115
14.Jump up ^ "Know Your MacGuffins". Empire. 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
15.Jump up ^ Jim Windolf (2007-12-02). "Q&A: Steven Spielberg". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d McBride, Joseph (1997). "Rehab". Steven Spielberg. New York City: Faber and Faber. pp. 309–322. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
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18.Jump up ^ Hearn, p.122–123
19.Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft, scene 45-47
20.Jump up ^ Script 3rd Draft, scene 148–155
21.Jump up ^ "Raiders Of The Lost Ark: An Oral History". Empire. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
22.^ Jump up to: a b Richard Schickel (2008-01-19). "Slam! Bang! A Movie Movie". Time. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
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24.Jump up ^ Norman Reynolds (Production Designer). Making the Trilogy (DVD). Event occurs at 17:40. "Steven said 'Why don't we make it another 50ft longer?' Which of course we did"
25.Jump up ^ The Making of Raiders of The Lost Ark by Derek Taylor, 1981, Ballantine Books
26.Jump up ^ "The Urban Legends of Indiana Jones". Lucasfilm. 2004-01-13. Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
27.Jump up ^ "Twenty-Five Reasons to Watch Raiders Again". Lucasfilm. 2006-06-12. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
28.Jump up ^ "Oakland Aviation Museum". Retrieved 2009-11-09.
29.Jump up ^ Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects, Smith, Thomas G., p. 140., 1986
30.Jump up ^ Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects, Smith, Thomas G., p. 66., 1986
31.^ Jump up to: a b Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects, Smith, Thomas G., p. 62., 1986
32.Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones (DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2003.
33.Jump up ^ John Williams (2003). The Music of Indiana Jones (DVD). Paramount Pictures.
34.Jump up ^ "1981 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
35.Jump up ^ "Box Office Mojo Alltime Adjusted". Retrieved 2008-07-13.
36.Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil (2008-05-08). "Will 'Indiana Jones,' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
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45.Jump up ^ Pauline Kael (June 15, 1981). "Whipped". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
46.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
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48.Jump up ^ Harry Knowles (2003-05-31). "Raiders of the Lost Ark shot-for-shot teenage remake review!!!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
49.Jump up ^ Jim Windolf. "Raiders of the Lost Backyard". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
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51.Jump up ^ Harry Knowles (2004-02-26). "Sometimes, The Good Guys Win!!! Raiders of the Lost Ark shot for shot filmmakers' life to be MOVIE!!!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
52.Jump up ^ Dave McNary (2004-02-25). "Rudin's on an 'Ark' lark". Variety. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
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54.Jump up ^ "Empire 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
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56.Jump up ^ Buchanan, Levi (2009-11-24). "Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures Review". IGN. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
57.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - PC Preview". IGN. 1999-11-02. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
58.Jump up ^ "LEGO Group Secures Exclusive Construction Category Rights to Indiana Jones(TM) Property." (Press release). The LEGO Group. 2007. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
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60.Jump up ^ Marvel Super Special #18 at the Grand Comics Database
61.Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark at the Grand Comics Datase
62.Jump up ^ "The Adventures of Indiana Jones". Cool Toy Review. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
63.Jump up ^ Edward Douglas (2008-02-16). "Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe, Hulk, Iron Man, Indy & Clone Wars". SuperHeroHype.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
64.Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (14 August 2012). "That’s a Big Boulder, Indy: Steven Spielberg on the Imax Rerelease of ‘Raiders of the Lost Ark’". New York Times. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
65.Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=raidersimax.htm
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67.Jump up ^ "Own it on Blu-ray & Digital Download Tuesday, September 18". Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
68.^ Jump up to: a b "The 54th Academy Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
69.Jump up ^ "The 39th Annual Golden Globe Awards (1982)". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
70.Jump up ^ Galvan, Manuel (September 7, 1982). "Science-fiction awards given to out-of-this-world writers". Chicago Tribune. p. 16. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
71.Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (December 18, 2012). "'Raiders of the Lost Ark' mystery solved - Package's origins determined". Zap2It. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Black, Campbell (September 1987). Raiders of the Lost Ark. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-35375-7.
Kasdan, Lawrence (1981). Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Illustrated Screenplay. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-30327-X.
Taylor, Derek (August 1981). The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-29725-3.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Raiders of the Lost Ark
IndianaJones.com, Lucasfilm's official Indiana Jones site
Raiders of the Lost Ark at the Internet Movie Database
Raiders of the Lost Ark at the TCM Movie Database
Raiders of the Lost Ark at AllRovi
Raiders of the Lost Ark at Metacritic
Raiders of the Lost Ark at Rotten Tomatoes
Raiders of the Lost Ark at Box Office Mojo

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Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

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This article is about the film. For the soundtrack, see Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (soundtrack). For the arcade game, see Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (arcade game).

Indiana Jones and
 the Temple of Doom
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom PosterB.jpg
Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan
 
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Robert Watts
Screenplay by
Willard Huyck
Gloria Katz
Story by
George Lucas
Starring
Harrison Ford
Kate Capshaw
Jonathan Ke Quan
Amrish Puri
Roshan Seth
Philip Stone
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Douglas Slocombe
Editing by
Michael Kahn
Studio
Lucasfilm
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date(s)
May 23, 1984
 
Running time
118 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$28.17 million[1]
Box office
$333,107,271
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American fantasy-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second film in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to 1981's Raiders of the Lost Ark. After arriving in India, Indiana Jones is asked by a desperate village to find a mystical stone. He agrees, stumbling upon a Kali-worshiping Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic, and ritual human sacrifice.
Producer and co-writer George Lucas decided to make the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again. The original idea was to set the film in China, with a hidden valley inhabited by dinosaurs. Other rejected plot devices included the Monkey King and a haunted castle in Scotland. Lucas then wrote a film treatment that resembled the film's final storyline. Lawrence Kasdan, Lucas's collaborator on Raiders of the Lost Ark, turned down the offer to write the script, and Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz were hired as his replacement, with the resultant screenplay partly based upon the 1939 film Gunga Din.[2]
The film was released to financial success but mixed reviews, which criticized its violence, later contributing to the creation of the PG-13 rating.[3] However, critical opinion has improved since 1984, citing the film's intensity and imagination. Some of the film's cast and crew, including Spielberg, retrospectively view the film in an unfavorable light.[1] The film has also been the subject of controversy due to its portrayal of India and Hinduism.[4][5][6]

Contents
  [hide] 1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Editing
4 Release
5 Reception 5.1 Awards
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1935, Indiana Jones (or Indy) narrowly escapes the clutches of Lao Che, a crime boss in Shanghai. With his eleven-year old Chinese sidekick, Short Round (or Shorty), and the gold-digging nightclub singer, Willie Scott in tow, Indiana flees Shanghai on a Ford Trimotor airplane that, unknown to them, is owned by Lao. The pilots leave the plane to crash over the Himalayas, though the trio narrowly manage to escape on an inflatable boat and ride down the slopes into a raging river. They come to Mayapore, a desolate village in northern India, where the poor villagers believe them to have been sent by the Hindu god Shiva and enlist their help to retrieve the sacred Sivalinga stone stolen from their shrine, as well as the community's children, from evil forces in the nearby Pankot Palace. During the journey to Pankot, Indy hypothesizes that the stone may be one of the five fabled Sankara stones which promise fortune and glory.
The trio receive a warm welcome from the residents of Pankot Palace (which includes the young Maharajah Zalim Singh and his representative, Pankot Palace Prime Minister Chattar Lal) and are allowed to stay the night as their guests, during which they attend a lavish banquet attended by the Maharajah. During the banquet, they are presented with odd culinary delicacies such as baby snakes, large beetles, eyeball soup, and chilled monkey brains, none of which Willie is able to eat. The palace rebuffs Indy's questions about the villagers' claims and his theory that the ancient Thuggee cult is responsible for their troubles. Later that night, however, Indy is attacked by an assassin, leading Indy, Willie, and Shorty to believe that something is amiss. They discover a series of tunnels hidden behind a statue in Willie's room and set out to explore them, facing many booby-trapped rooms and a room filled with insects along the way.
From the tunnels of the palace, they travel through an underground temple where the Thuggee worship the Hindu goddess Kali with human sacrifice. The trio discover that the Thuggee, led by their evil, bloodthirsty high priest Mola Ram, are in possession of three of the five Sankara stones, and have enslaved the children (as well as the Maharajah) to mine for the final two stones, which they hope will allow them to rule the world. As Indy tries to retrieve the stones, he, Willie, and Shorty are captured and separated. Indy is whipped and forced to drink a potion called the "Blood of Kali", which places him in a trance-like state called the "Black Sleep of Kali Ma". As a result, he begins to mindlessly serve Mola. Willie, meanwhile, is kept as a human sacrifice, while Shorty is put in the mines to labour alongside the enslaved children. Shorty breaks free and escapes back into the temple where he burns Indy with a torch, shocking him out of the trance. The Maharajah, who was also forcibly entranced by the "Blood of Kali", attempts to sabotage Indy with a voodoo doll. Shorty spars with the Maharajah, ultimately burning him to snap him out of the trance. The Maharajah then tells Short Round how to get out of the mines. While Mola escapes, Indy and Shorty rescue Willie, retrieve the three Sankara stones, and free the village children.
After a mine cart chase to escape the temple, the trio emerge above ground and are again cornered by Mola and his henchmen on a jungle canyon rope bridge on both ends over a gorge with crocodile-infested river flowing within. Using a sword stolen from one of the Thuggee warriors, Indy cuts the rope bridge in half, leaving everyone to hang on for their lives. In one final struggle against Mola for the Sankara stones, Indy invokes an incantation to Shiva for Mola misusing his power, causing the stones to glow red hot. Two of the stones fall into the river, while the last falls into and burns Mola's hand. Indy catches the now-cool stone, while Mola falls into the river below, where he is devoured by crocodiles. The Thuggee across then attempt to shoot Indiana with arrows, until a company of British Indian Army riflemen from Pankot arrive, having been summoned by the palace maharajah. In the ensuing firefight, over half of the Thuggee archers are killed and the remainder are surrounded and captured. Indy, Willie, and Shorty return victoriously to the village with the missing Sivalinga stone and the children.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Indiana Jones characters
Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones: An archaeologist adventurer who is asked by a desperate Indian village to retrieve a mysterious stone. Ford undertook a strict physical exercise regimen headed by Jake Steinfeld to gain more muscular tone for the part.[7]
Kate Capshaw as Wilhelmina "Willie" Scott: An American nightclub singer working in Shanghai. Willie is unprepared for her adventure with Indy and Short Round, and appears to be a damsel in distress. She also forms a romantic relationship with Indy. Over 120 actresses auditioned for the role, including Sharon Stone.[1][8] To prepare for the role, Capshaw watched The African Queen and A Guy Named Joe. Spielberg wanted Willie to be a complete contrast to Marion Ravenwood from Raiders of the Lost Ark, so Capshaw dyed her brown hair blonde for the part. Costume designer Anthony Powell wanted the character to have red hair.[9]
Jonathan Ke Quan as Short Round: Indy's eleven-year old Chinese sidekick, who drives the 1936 Auburn Boat Tail Speedster which allows Indy to escape during the opening sequence. Quan was chosen as part of a casting call in Los Angeles.[9] Around 6000 actors auditioned worldwide for the part: Quan was cast after his brother auditioned for the role. Spielberg liked his personality, so he and Ford improvised the scene where Short Round accuses Indy of cheating during a card game.[8] He was credited by his birthname, Ke Huy Quan.
Amrish Puri as Mola Ram: A demonic Thuggee priest who performs rituals of human sacrifices. The character is named after a 17th-century Indian painter. Lucas wanted Mola Ram to be terrifying, so the screenwriters added elements of Aztec and Hawaiian human sacrificers, and European devil worship to the character.[10] To create his headdress, make-up artist Tom Smith based the skull on a cow, and used a latex shrunken head.[11]
Roshan Seth as Chattar Lal: The Prime Minister of the Maharaja of Pankot. Chattar, also a Thuggee worshiper, is enchanted by Indy, Willie and Short Round's arrival, but is offended by Indy's questioning of the palace's history and the archaeologist's own dubious past.
Philip Stone as Captain Philip Blumburtt: A British Indian Army Captain called to Pankot Palace for "exercises". Alongside a unit of his riflemen, Blumburtt assists Indy towards the end in fighting off Thuggee reinforcements. David Niven was attached to the role but died before filming began.
Raj Singh as Zalim Singh: The adolescent Maharajá of Pankot, who appears as an innocent puppet of the Thuggee faithful. In the end, he helps to defeat them.
D. R. Nanayakkara as Shaman: The leader of a small village that recruits Indy to retrieve their stolen sacred Shiva lingam stone
Roy Chiao as Lao Che: A Shanghai crime boss who hires Indy to recover the cremated ashes of one of his ancestors, only to attempt to cheat him out of his fee, a large diamond.
David Yip as Wu Han: A friend of Indy. He is killed by one of Lao Che's sons while posing as a waiter at Club Obi Wan.
Actor Pat Roach plays the Thuggee assassin and the overseer in the mines. Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Frank Marshall, Kathleen Kennedy, and Dan Aykroyd have cameos at the airport.[7]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
When George Lucas first approached Steven Spielberg for Raiders of the Lost Ark, Spielberg recalled, "George said if I directed the first one then I would have to direct a trilogy. He had three stories in mind. It turned out George did not have three stories in mind and we had to make up subsequent stories."[12] Spielberg and Lucas attributed the film's tone, which was darker than Raiders of the Lost Ark, to their personal moods following the breakups of their relationships (Spielberg with Amy Irving, Lucas with Marcia).[13] In addition, Lucas felt "it had to have been a dark film. The way Empire Strikes Back was the dark second act of the Star Wars trilogy."[9]
Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains once more.[13] Spielberg originally wanted to bring Marion Ravenwood back,[12] with Abner Ravenwood being considered as a possible character.[9] Lucas created an opening chase scene that had Indiana Jones on a motorcycle on the Great Wall of China. In addition, Indiana discovered a "Lost World pastiche with a hidden valley inhabited by dinosaurs". Chinese authorities refused to allow filming,[7] and Lucas considered the Monkey King as the plot device.[13] Lucas wrote a film treatment that included a haunted castle in Scotland, but Spielberg felt it was too similar to Poltergeist. The haunted castle in Scotland slowly transformed into a demonic temple in India.[9]
Lucas came up with ideas that involved a religious cult devoted to child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice. Lawrence Kasdan of Raiders of the Lost Ark was asked to write the script. "I didn't want to be associated with Temple of Doom," he reflected. "I just thought it was horrible. It's so mean. There's nothing pleasant about it. I think Temple of Doom represents a chaotic period in both their [Lucas and Spielberg] lives, and the movie is very ugly and mean-spirited."[7] Lucas hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script because of their knowledge of Indian culture.[12] Gunga Din served as an influence for the film.[9]
Huyck and Katz spent four days at Skywalker Ranch for story discussions with Lucas and Spielberg in early-1982.[9] Lucas's initial idea for Indiana's sidekick was a virginal young princess, but Huyck, Katz and Spielberg disliked the idea.[10] Just as Indiana Jones was named after Lucas's Alaskan Malamute, Willie was named after Spielberg's Cocker Spaniel, and Short Round was named after Huyck's dog, whose name was derived from The Steel Helmet.[9] Lucas handed Huyck and Katz a 20-page treatment in May 1982 titled Indiana Jones and the Temple of Death to adapt into a screenplay.[9] Scenes such as the fight scene in Shanghai, escape from the airplane and the mine cart chase came from original scripts of Raiders of the Lost Ark.[14]
Lucas, Huyck and Katz had been developing Radioland Murders (1994) since the early 1970s. The opening music was taken from that script and applied to Temple of Doom.[14] Spielberg reflected, "George's idea was to start the movie with a musical number. He wanted to do a Busby Berkeley dance number. At all our story meetings he would say, 'Hey, Steven, you always said you wanted to shoot musicals.' I thought, 'Yeah, that could be fun.'"[9] The first draft was delivered in early-August 1982 with a second draft in September. Captain Blumburtt, Chattar Lal and the boy Maharaja originally had more crucial roles. A dogfight was deleted, while those who drank the Kali blood turned into zombies with physical superhuman abilities. During pre-production, the Temple of Death title was replaced with Temple of Doom. From March—April 1983, Huyck and Katz simultaneously performed rewrites for a final shooting script.[9]
Filming[edit]

 

Steven Spielberg and Chandran Rutnam on a location in Sri Lanka during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.
The filmmakers were denied permission to film in North India and Amer Fort due to the government finding the script racist and offensive.[7][12][14] The government demanded many script changes, rewritings and final cut privilege.[9] As a result, location work went to Kandy, Sri Lanka, with matte paintings and scale models applied for the village, temple, and Pankot Palace. Budgetary inflation also caused Temple of Doom to cost $28.17 million, $8 million more than Raiders of the Lost Ark.[14] Filming began on April 18, 1983 in Kandy,[15] and moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England on May 5. Producer Frank Marshall recalled, "when filming the bug scenes, crew members would go home and find bugs in their hair, clothes and shoes."[15] Eight out of the nine sound stages at Elstree housed the filming of Temple of Doom. Lucas biographer Marcus Hearn observed, "Douglas Slocombe's skillful lighting helped disguise the fact that about 80 percent of the film was shot with sound stages."[16]

 

 Harrison Ford with Chandran Rutnam on the set of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom which was shot in Kandy, Sri Lanka in 1983.
Danny Daniels choreographed the opening music number "Anything Goes". Capshaw learned to sing in Mandarin and took tap dance lessons. However, when wearing her dress, which was too tight, Capshaw was not able to tap dance. One of her red dresses was eaten by an elephant during filming; a second was made by costume designer Anthony Powell.[12] Production designer Norman Reynolds could not return for Temple of Doom because of his commitment to Return of the Jedi. Elliot Scott (Labyrinth, Who Framed Roger Rabbit), Reynolds' mentor, was hired. To build the rope bridge the filmmakers found a group of British engineers working on the nearby Balfour Beatty dam.[9] Harrison Ford suffered a severe spinal disc herniation while riding elephants. A hospital bed was brought on set for Ford to rest between takes. Lucas stated, "He could barely stand up, yet he was there every day so shooting would not stop. He was in incomprehensible pain, but he was still trying to make it happen."[7] With no alternatives, Lucas shut down production while Ford was flown to Centinela Hospital on June 21 for recovery.[15] Stunt double Vic Armstrong spent five weeks as a stand-in for various shots. Wendy Leach, Armstrong's wife, served as Capshaw's stunt double.[17]
Macau was substituted for Shanghai,[14] while cinematographer Douglas Slocombe caught fever from June 24 to July 7 and could not work. Ford returned on August 8. Despite the problems during filming, Spielberg was able to complete Temple of Doom on schedule and on budget, finishing principal photography on August 26.[15] Various pick-ups took place afterwards. This included Snake River Canyon in Idaho, Mammoth Mountain, Tuolumne and American River, Yosemite National Park, San Joaquin Valley, Hamilton Air Force Base and Arizona.[1] Producer Frank Marshall directed a second unit in Florida in January 1984, using alligators to double as crocodiles.[1][13] The mine chase was a combination of a roller coaster and scale models with dolls doubling for the actors.[14] Minor stop motion was also used for the sequence. Visual effects supervisors Dennis Muren, Joe Johnston and a crew at Industrial Light & Magic provided the visual effects work,[18] while Skywalker Sound, headed by Ben Burtt, commissioned the sound design. Burtt recorded roller coasters at Disneyland Park in Anaheim for the mine cart scene.[19]
Editing[edit]
"After I showed the film to George [Lucas], at an hour and 55 minutes, we looked at each other," Spielberg remembered. "The first thing that we said was, 'Too fast'. We needed to decelerate the action. I did a few more matte shots to slow it down. We made it a little bit slower, by putting breathing room back in so there'd be a two-hour oxygen supply for the audience."[1]
Release[edit]
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was released on May 23, 1984 in America, accumulating a record-breaking $US45.7 million in its first week.[16] The film went on to gross $333.11 million worldwide, with $180 million in North America and the equivalent of $153.11 million in other markets.[20] Temple of Doom had the highest opening weekend of 1984, and was that year's third highest grossing film in North America, behind Beverly Hills Cop and Ghostbusters.[21] It was also the tenth highest grossing film of all time during its release.[20]
Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer David Michelinie and artists Jackson Guice, Ian Akin, Brian Garvey, and Bob Camp. It was published as Marvel Super Special #30[22] and as a three-issue limited series.[23]
LucasArts and Atari Games promoted the film by releasing an arcade game. Hasbro released a toy line based on the film in September 2008.[24]
Reception[edit]
The film received mixed reviews upon its release,[7] but has continued to receive critical praise over the years. American Movie Classics considers Temple of Doom to be one of 1984's best films.[25] Based on 60 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 85% wrote positive reviews of the film, with an average score of 7.2/10.[26] Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect four star rating, calling it "the most cheerfully exciting, bizarre, goofy, romantic adventure movie since Raiders, and it is high praise to say that it's not so much a sequel as an equal. It's quite an experience."[27] Vincent Canby felt the film was "too shapeless to be the fun that Raiders is, but shape may be beside the point. Old-time, 15-part movie serials didn't have shape. They just went on and on and on, which is what Temple of Doom does with humor and technical invention."[28] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune called the film "sillier, darkly violent and a bit dumbed down, but still great fun."[29] Pauline Kael, writing in The New Yorker, claimed it was "one of the most sheerly pleasurable physical comedies ever made."[30] Halliwell's Film Guide described the film as a "slow-starting adventure romp with much ingenuity and too much brutality and horror."[30]
Dave Kehr gave a largely negative review; "The film betrays no human impulse higher than that of a ten-year-old boy trying to gross out his baby sister by dangling a dead worm in her face."[31] Ralph Novak of People complained "The ads that say 'this film may be too intense for younger children' are fraudulent. No parent should allow a young child to see this traumatizing movie; it would be a cinematic form of child abuse. Even Harrison Ford is required to slap Quan and abuse Capshaw. There are no heroes connected with the film, only two villains; their names are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas."[14] The Observer described it as "a thin, arch, graceless affair."[30] The Guardian summarized it as "a two-hour series of none too carefully linked chase sequences ... sitting on the edge of your seat gives you a sore bum but also a numb brain."[30]
Kate Capshaw called her character "not much more than a dumb screaming blonde."[14] Steven Spielberg said in 1989, "I wasn't happy with Temple of Doom at all. It was too dark, too subterranean, and much too horrific. I thought it out-poltered Poltergeist. There's not an ounce of my own personal feeling in Temple of Doom." He later added during the Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom documentary, "Temple of Doom is my least favorite of the trilogy. I look back and I say, 'Well the greatest thing that I got out of that was I met Kate Capshaw. We married years later and that to me was the reason I was fated to make Temple of Doom'."[1]
The film's depiction of Hindus caused controversy in India, and brought it to the attention of the country's censors, who placed a temporary ban on it.[4] The inaccurate depiction of Goddess Kali as a representative of the underworld and evil met with much criticism as she is instead the Goddess of Energy (Shakti). The depiction of Indian cuisine was also condemned as it has no relation whatsoever with "baby snakes, eyeball soup, beetles and chilled monkey brains." Shashi Tharoor has condemned the film and pointed to numerous offensive and factually inaccurate portrayals.[5] Yvette Rosser has criticized the film for contributing to racist stereotypes of Indians in Western society, writing "[it] seems to have been taken as a valid portrayal of India by many teachers, since a large number of students surveyed complained that teachers referred to the eating of monkey brains."[6]
Awards[edit]
Dennis Muren and Industrial Light & Magic's visual effects department won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 57th Academy Awards. John Williams was nominated for Original Music Score.[32] The visual effects crew won the same category at the 38th British Academy Film Awards. Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe, editor Michael Kahn, Ben Burtt and other sound designers at Skywalker Sound received nominations.[33] Spielberg, the writers, Harrison Ford, Jonathan Ke Quan, Anthony Powell and makeup designer Tom Smith were nominated for their work at the Saturn Awards. Temple of Doom was nominated for Best Fantasy Film but lost to Ghostbusters.[34]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 8: "Forward on All Fronts (August 1983 – June 1984)", p. 168—183
2.Jump up ^ J.W. Rinzler; Laurent Bouzereau (2008). "Temple of Death: (June 1981—April 1983)". The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Random House. pp. 129–141. ISBN 978-0-09-192661-8.
3.Jump up ^ Anthony Breznican (August 24, 2004). "PG-13 remade Hollywood ratings system". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
4.^ Jump up to: a b Gogoi, Pallavi (November 5, 2006). "Banned Films Around the World: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". BusinessWeek.
5.^ Jump up to: a b Tharoor, Shashi (March 10, 2007). "SHASHI ON SUNDAY: India, Jones and the template of dhoom". The Times Of India.
6.^ Jump up to: a b Yvette Rosser. "Teaching South Asia". Missouri Southern State University. Archived from the original on January 8, 2005. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
7.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g John Baxter (1999). "Snake Surprise". Mythmaker: The Life and Work of George Lucas. Avon Books. pp. 332–341. ISBN 0-380-97833-4.
8.^ Jump up to: a b "The People Who Were Almost Cast". Empire. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
9.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m J.W. Rinzler; Laurent Bouzereau (2008). "Temple of Death: (June 1981 – April 1983)". The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Random House. pp. 129–141. ISBN 978-0-09-192661-8.
10.^ Jump up to: a b "Adventure's New Name". TheRaider.net. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
11.Jump up ^ "Scouting for Locations and New Faces". TheRaider.net. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Indiana Jones: Making the Trilogy, 2003, Paramount Pictures
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Temple of Doom: An Oral History". Empire. May 1, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Joseph McBride (1997). "Ecstasy and Grief". Steven Spielberg: A Biography. New York City: Faber and Faber. pp. 323–358. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
15.^ Jump up to: a b c d Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 6: "Doomruners (April—August 1983, p. 142—167
16.^ Jump up to: a b Marcus Hearn (2005). The Cinema of George Lucas. Harry N. Abrams Inc. pp. 144–147. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7, 0-8109-4968-7 0-8109-4968-7, 0-8109-4968-7 Check |isbn= value (help).
17.Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones, 2003, Paramount Pictures
18.Jump up ^ The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones, 2003, Paramount Pictures
19.Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones, 2003, Paramount Pictures
20.^ Jump up to: a b "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
21.Jump up ^ "1984 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
22.Jump up ^ Marvel Super Special #30 at the Grand Comics Database
23.Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at the Grand Comics Database
24.Jump up ^ Edward Douglas (February 17, 2008). "Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe, Hulk, Iron Man, Indy & Clone Wars". Superhero Hype!. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
25.Jump up ^ "The Greatest Films of 1984". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
26.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
27.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
28.Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (March 23, 1983). "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
29.Jump up ^ Covert, Colin (May 21, 2008). "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Star Tribune. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
30.^ Jump up to: a b c d Halliwell's Film Guide, 13th edition – ISBN 0-00-638868-X.
31.Jump up ^ Kehr, Dave (September 1, 1984). "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Chicago Reader. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
32.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
33.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
34.Jump up ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Saturn Awards. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
Further reading[edit]
Willard Huyck; Gloria Katz (October 1984). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom: The Illustrated Screenplay. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-31878-1.
James Kahn (May 1984). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. novelization of the film. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-31457-4.
Rinzler, J. W.; Bouzereau, Laurent (January 1, 2008). The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-09-192661-8.
Suzanne Weyn (May 2008). Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. "junior novelization" of the film. Scholastic Corporation. ISBN 0-545-04255-0.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Official website
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at AllRovi
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at the Internet Movie Database
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Rotten Tomatoes
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Box Office Mojo

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Categories: 1984 films
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Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

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This article is about the film. For other uses, see Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (disambiguation).

Indiana Jones and
 the Last Crusade
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade A.jpg
Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan
 
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Robert Watts
George Lucas
Screenplay by
Jeffrey Boam
Uncredited:
Tom Stoppard
Story by
George Lucas
Menno Meyjes
Starring
Harrison Ford
Sean Connery
Denholm Elliott
Julian Glover
John Rhys-Davies
Michael Bryne
Alison Doody
River Pheonix
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Douglas Slocombe
Editing by
Michael Kahn
Studio
Lucasfilm
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date(s)
May 24, 1989
 
Running time
127 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$48 million
Box office
$474,171,806
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American fantasy-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, from a story co-written by executive producer George Lucas. It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones franchise. Harrison Ford reprises the title role and Sean Connery plays Indiana's father, Henry Jones, Sr. Other cast members such as Alison Doody, Denholm Elliott, Julian Glover, River Phoenix, and John Rhys-Davies also have featured roles. In the film, set largely in 1938, Indiana searches for his father, a Holy Grail scholar, who has been kidnapped by Nazis.
After the mixed reaction to the dark Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Spielberg chose to compensate with a film lighter in tone. During the five years between Temple of Doom and Last Crusade, he and executive producer Lucas reviewed several scripts before accepting Jeffrey Boam's. Filming locations included Spain, Italy, England, Turkey and Jordan.
The film was released in North America on May 24, 1989 to mostly positive reviews. It was a financial success, earning $474,171,806 at the worldwide box office totals. It won an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Design
3.4 Effects
4 Themes
5 Cultural references
6 Release 6.1 Marketing
6.2 Box office
6.3 Reviews
6.4 Impact
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1912, 13-year-old Indiana Jones (or Indy) is horseback riding with his Boy Scout troop in Moab, Utah. He discovers a group of thugs who have found a golden cross that belonged to Coronado and steals it from them, hoping to donate it to a museum. After the men chase him through a passing circus train, Indy escapes but is later forced by the sheriff to forfeit the cross. Meanwhile, Indy's oblivious father, Henry Jones, Sr. is logging extensive research on the Holy Grail in a personal diary.
In 1938, after recovering the cross once again and donating it to Marcus Brody's museum, Indy is introduced to Walter Donovan, who informs him that Indy's estranged father has vanished while searching for the Holy Grail, using an incomplete inscription as his guide. Indy then receives a package from Venice by mail, which turns out to be Henry's Grail diary. Understanding that he would not have sent the diary unless he was in trouble, Indy and Marcus travel to Venice, where they meet Henry's Austrian colleague, Dr. Elsa Schneider. Beneath the library where Henry was last seen, Indy and Elsa discover catacombs and the tomb of a knight of the First Crusade, which also contains a complete version of the inscription that Henry had used, this one revealing the location of the Grail. They flee, however, when the catacombs are set aflame by the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword, a secret society that protects the Grail from evildoers. After being chased in speedboats, Indy and Elsa capture the Brotherhood's leader and Indy tells him that his goal is only to find his father and has no interest in searching for the Grail. Indy is then told that Henry was abducted to Castle Brunwald on the Austrian-German border. Marcus later reveals that he has a map (drawn by Henry) of the route to the Grail, which begins in Alexandretta.
Indy and Elsa travel north to Castle Brunwald, where Indy rescues his father who constantly calls his son 'Junior' much to Indy's irritation. But he soon learns that Elsa and Donovan are actually working with the Nazis, hoping that Indy would discover the location of the Grail for them. Meanwhile, Marcus meets up with Sallah in Hatay, Turkey to wait for the Joneses carrying the map to the Grail, but the Nazis quickly capture him. The Joneses escape from Castle Brunwald and recover the diary from Elsa at a Nazi rally in Berlin, barely escaping an accidental face to face encounter with Adolf Hitler. They board a Zeppelin to leave Germany, and Henry tells Indy about the three challenges that one must overcome in order to get to the Grail. But the Zeppelin soon turns back toward Germany and the Joneses get aboard a biplane to escape. They quickly crash while engaging in a dogfight with the Luftwaffe, but nevertheless manage to beat off the attacking planes from the ground.
The two then meet up with Sallah in Hatay, where they learn of Marcus' abduction. The Nazis are already moving towards the Grail's location, using the map possessed by Marcus. In exchange for a Rolls-Royce Phantom II, the Sultan of Hatay has given the Nazis full access to his equipment for the expedition, including a large WWI tank. Indy, Henry, and Sallah find the Nazi expedition and spot Marcus in one of the vehicles, but the Nazis are suddenly attacked by the Brotherhood. While the Nazis are busy fighting the Brotherhood, Henry attempts to rescue Marcus from the tank but is quickly captured himself. A lengthy chase follows in which most of the Nazis are killed as the younger Jones pursues the tank on horseback, boards it, and eventually saves Henry and Marcus before the tank goes over a cliff.
Indy, Henry, Marcus, and Sallah catch up with the surviving Nazis, including Donovan and Elsa, who have found the temple where the Grail is kept but are unable to pass through the three protective booby traps. Donovan shoots Henry, mortally wounding him, and Indy is forced to risk his life in the traps in order to find the Grail and use its healing power to save Henry. Using the information in the diary and followed by Donovan and Elsa, Indy successfully reaches Grail's chamber, which is guarded by the last Knight. He has been kept alive for seven hundred years by the power of the Grail, which is hidden among dozens of false Grails. Elsa betrays Donovan by deliberately giving him a false Grail, which causes him to age rapidly into dust upon drinking from it. Indy then uses his knowledge of history to find and drink from the true Grail, which the Knight warns cannot be taken beyond the great seal at the temple's entrance. Indy fills the Grail with water and takes it to Henry, who becomes instantly healed. Elsa then accidentally takes the Grail past the great seal, forgetting the Knight's earlier warning. The temple begins to rapidly collapse and, even as Indy attempts to save her, Elsa falls to her death into an abyss. Indiana nearly suffers the same fate, but his father, calls him Indiana for the first time, encourages him to "let it go". The Joneses, Marcus, and Sallah then narrowly escape the collapsing temple, and Sallah takes the chance to ask why Henry keeps calling Indy 'Junior'. Henry explains that Indy's full name is 'Henry Jones Jnr.' and the name 'Indiana' that he gave himself was the name of his childhood dog. The four then ride out of the canyon and into the sunset.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of characters in the Indiana Jones series
Harrison Ford as Dr. Indiana Jones River Phoenix as Indiana Jones (aged 13)
Sean Connery as Professor Henry Jones
Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody
Alison Doody as Dr. Elsa Schneider
John Rhys-Davies as Sallah
Julian Glover as Walter Donovan
Michael Byrne as SS-Standartenführer (Colonel) Ernst Vogel
Kevork Malikyan as Kazim
Robert Eddison as Sir Galahad
Vernon Dobtcheff as the Butler
Michael Sheard as Adolf Hitler (uncredited)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Lucas and Spielberg had intended to make a trilogy of Indiana Jones films since Lucas had first pitched Raiders of the Lost Ark to Spielberg in 1977.[1] After the mixed critical and public reaction to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Spielberg decided to complete the trilogy to fulfill his promise to Lucas and "to apologize for the second one".[2] The pair had the intention of revitalizing the series by evoking the spirit and tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark.[3] Throughout the film's development and pre-production, Spielberg admitted he was "consciously regressing" in making the film.[4] Due to his commitment to the film, the director had to drop out of directing Big and Rain Man.[1]

 

 Chris Columbus's script featured the Monkey King in Africa
Lucas initially suggested making the film "a haunted mansion movie", for which Romancing the Stone writer Diane Thomas wrote a script. Spielberg rejected the idea because of the similarity to Poltergeist, which he had co-written and produced.[4] Lucas first introduced the Holy Grail in an idea for the film's prologue, which was to be set in Scotland. He intended the Grail to have a pagan basis, with the rest of the film revolving around a separate Christian artifact in Africa. Spielberg did not care for the Grail idea, which he found too esoteric,[5] even after Lucas suggested giving it healing powers and the ability to grant immortality. In September 1984, Lucas completed an eight-page treatment titled Indiana Jones and the Monkey King, which he soon followed with an 11-page outline. The story saw Indiana battling a ghost in Scotland before finding the Fountain of Youth in Africa.[6]
Chris Columbus—who had written the Spielberg-produced Gremlins, The Goonies, and Young Sherlock Holmes—was hired to write the script. His first draft, dated May 3, 1985, changed the main plot device to a Garden of Immortal Peaches. It begins in 1937, with Indiana battling the murderous ghost of Baron Seamus Seagrove III in Scotland. Indiana travels to Mozambique to aid Dr. Clare Clarke (a Katharine Hepburn type according to Lucas), who has found a 200-year-old pygmy. The pygmy is kidnapped by the Nazis during a boat chase, and Indiana, Clare and Scraggy Brier—an old friend of Indiana—travel up the Zambezi river to rescue him. Indiana is killed in the climactic battle but is resurrected by the Monkey King. Other characters include a cannibalistic African tribe; Nazi Sergeant Gutterbuhg, who has a mechanical arm; Betsy, a stowaway student who is suicidally in love with Indiana; and a pirate leader named Kezure (described as a Toshiro Mifune type), who dies eating a peach because he is not pure of heart. The tank is three stories high and requires Indiana to ride a rhinoceros to commandeer it.[6]
Columbus's second draft, dated August 6, 1985, removed Betsy and featured Dash — an expatriate bar owner working for the Nazis — and the Monkey King as villains. The Monkey King forces Indiana and Dash to play chess with real people and disintegrates each person who is captured. Indiana subsequently battles the undead, destroys the Monkey King's rod, and marries Clare.[6] Location scouting commenced in Africa but Spielberg and Lucas abandoned Monkey King because of its negative depiction of African natives,[7] and because the script was unrealistic.[6] Spielberg acknowledged that it made him "...feel very old, too old to direct it."[5] Columbus's script was leaked onto the Internet in 1997, and many believed it was an early draft for the fourth film because it was mistakenly dated to 1995.[8]
Unsatisfied, Spielberg suggested introducing Indiana's father, Henry Jones, Sr. Lucas was dubious, believing the Grail should be the story's focus, but Spielberg convinced him that the father–son relationship would serve as a great metaphor in Indiana's search for the artifact.[4] Spielberg hired Menno Meyjes, who had worked on Spielberg's The Color Purple and Empire of the Sun, to begin a new script on January 1, 1986. Meyjes completed his script ten months later. It depicted Indiana searching for his father in Montségur, where he meets a nun named Chantal. Indiana travels to Venice, takes the Orient Express to Istanbul, and continues by train to Petra, where he meets Sallah and reunites with his father. In the denouement, the Nazis touch the Grail and explode; when Henry touches it, he ascends a staircase into Heaven. Chantal chooses to stay on Earth and marries Indiana. In a revised draft dated two months later, Indiana finds his father in Krak des Chevaliers, the Nazi leader is a woman named Greta von Grimm, and Indiana battles a demon at the Grail site, which he defeats with a dagger inscribed with "God is King". The prologue in both drafts has Indiana in Mexico battling for possession of Montezuma's mask with a man who owns gorillas as pets.[6]

 

Indiana Jones (River Phoenix) finds the Cross of Coronado as a 13-year-old Boy Scout. Spielberg suggested making Indiana a Boy Scout as both he and Harrison Ford were former Scouts.
Spielberg suggested Innerspace writer Jeffrey Boam perform the next rewrite. Boam spent two weeks reworking the story with Lucas.[6] Boam told Lucas that Indiana should find his father in the middle of the story. "Given the fact that it's the third film in the series, you couldn't just end with them obtaining the object. That's how the first two films ended," he said, "So I thought, let them lose the Grail, and let the father–son relationship be the main point. It's an archaeological search for Indy's own identity and coming to accept his father is more what it's about [than the quest for the Grail]."[4] Boam said he felt there was not enough character development in the previous films.[5] In Boam's first draft, dated September 1987, the film is set in 1939. The prologue has Indiana retrieving an Aztec relic for a professor in Mexico and features the circus train. The Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword's leader is Kemal, a Hatayan secret agent who allies with the Nazis because he wants the Grail for his country's glory. He shoots Henry and dies drinking from the wrong chalice. Henry and Elsa (who is described as having dark hair) were searching for the Grail on the Chandler Foundation's behalf. The Grail Knight battles Indiana on horseback, while Vogel is crushed by a boulder when stealing the Grail.[6]
Boam's February 1988 rewrite utilized many of Connery's comic suggestions. It included the prologue that was eventually filmed; Lucas had to convince Spielberg to show Indiana as a boy because of the mixed response to Empire of the Sun, which was about a young boy.[5] Spielberg—who was later awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award—had the idea of making Indiana a Boy Scout.[1] Indiana's mother, named Margaret in this version, dismisses Indiana when he returns home with the Cross of Coronado, while his father is on a long distance call. Walter Chandler of the Chandler Foundation features, but is not the main villain; he plunges to his death in the tank. Elsa shoots Henry, then dies drinking from the wrong Grail, and Indiana rescues his father from falling into the chasm while grasping for the Grail. Vogel is beheaded by the traps guarding the Grail, while Kemal tries to blow up the temple during a comic fight in which gunpowder is repeatedly lit and extinguished. Leni Riefenstahl appears at the Nazi rally.[6] Boam's revision the following month showed Henry causing the seagulls to strike the plane. Tom Stoppard rewrote the script by May 8, 1988 under the pen name Barry Watson.[6] He polished much of the dialogue,[9] and created the "Panama Hat" character to link the prologue's segments featuring the young and adult Indianas. Stoppard also renamed Kemal to Kazim and Chandler to Donovan, and made Donovan shoot Henry.[6]
Filming[edit]

 

 The tank chase was filmed in Almería, Spain
Principal photography began on May 16, 1988 in the Tabernas Desert in Spain's Almería province. Spielberg originally had planned the chase to be a short sequence shot over two days, but he drew up storyboards to make the scene an action-packed centerpiece.[3] Thinking he would not surpass the truck chase from Raiders of the Lost Ark (because the truck was much faster than the tank), he felt this sequence should be more story-based and needed to show Indiana and Henry helping each other. He later said he had more fun storyboarding the sequence than filming it.[10] The second unit had begun filming two weeks before.[11] After approximately ten days, the production moved to Bellas Artes to film the scenes set in the Sultan of Hatay's palace. Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park was used for the road, tunnel and beach sequence in which birds strike the plane. The shoot's Spanish portion wrapped on June 2, 1988 in Guadix, Granada with filming of Brody's capture at İskenderun train station.[11] The filmmakers built a mosque near the station for atmosphere, rather than adding it as a visual effect.[10]
Filming for the castle interiors took place from June 5 to 10, 1988 at Elstree Studios, England. On June 16 Lawrence Hall, London was used for the airport interiors. Filming returned to Elstree the next day to capture the motorcycle escape, continuing at the studio for interior scenes until July 18. One day was spent at North Weald Airfield on June 29 to film Indiana leaving for Venice.[11] Ford and Connery acted much of the Zeppelin table conversation without trousers on because of the overheated set.[12] Spielberg, Marshall and Kennedy interrupted the shoot to make a plea to the Parliament of the United Kingdom to support the economically "depressed" British studios. July 20–22 was spent filming the temple interiors. The temple set, which took six weeks to build, was supported on 80 feet of hydraulics and ten gimbals for use during the earthquake scene. Resetting between takes took twenty minutes while the hydraulics were put to their starting positions and the cracks filled with plaster. The shot of the Grail falling to the temple floor—causing the first crack to appear—was attempted on the full-size set, but proved too difficult. Instead, crews built a separate floor section that incorporated a pre-scored crack sealed with plaster. It took several takes to throw the Grail from six feet onto the right part of the crack.[10] July 25–26 was spent on night shoots at Stowe School, Stowe, Buckinghamshire for the Nazi rally.[11]
Filming resumed two days later at Elstree, where Spielberg swiftly filmed the library, Portuguese freighter, and catacombs sequences.[11] The steamship fight in the prologue's 1938 portion was filmed in three days on a sixty-by-forty-feet deck built on gimbals at Elstree. A dozen dump tanks—each holding three hundred imperial gallons (360 U.S. gallons; 3000 lb.) of water—were used in the scene.[10] Henry's house was filmed at Mill Hill, London. Indiana and Kazim's fight in Venice in front of a ship's propeller was filmed in a water tank at Elstree. Spielberg used a long focus lens to make it appear the actors were closer to the propeller than they really were.[11] Two days later, on August 4, another portion of the boat chase using Hacker Craft sport boats, was filmed at Tilbury Docks in Essex.[11] The shot of the boats passing between two ships was achieved by first cabling the ships off so they would be safe. The ships were moved together while the boats passed between, close enough that one of the boats scraped the sides of the ships. An empty speedboat containing dummies was launched from a floating platform between the ships amid fire and smoke that helped obscure the platform. The stunt was performed twice because the boat landed too short of the camera in the first attempt.[10] The following day, filming in England wrapped at the Royal Masonic School in Rickmansworth, which doubled for Indiana's college (as it had in Raiders of the Lost Ark).[11]

 

Al Khazneh was used for the entrance to the temple housing the Holy Grail
Shooting in Venice took place on August 8.[11] For scenes such as Indiana and Brody greeting Elsa, shots of the boat chase, and Kazim telling Indiana where his father is,[10] Robert Watts gained control of the Grand Canal from 7 am to 1 pm, sealing off tourists for as long as possible. Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe positioned the camera to ensure no satellite dishes would be visible.[11] San Barnaba di Venezia served as the library's exterior.[3] The next day, filming moved to the ancient city of Petra, Jordan, where Al Khazneh (The Treasury) stood in for the temple housing the Grail. The cast and crew became guests of King Hussein and Queen Noor. The Treasury had previously appeared in Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger. The main cast completed their scenes that week, after 63 days of filming.[11]
The second unit filmed part of the prologue's 1912 segment from August 29 to September 3. The main unit began two days later with the circus train sequence at Alamosa, Colorado. They filmed at Pagosa Springs on September 7, and then at Cortez on September 10. From September 14 to 16, filming of Indiana falling into the train carriages took place in Los Angeles. The production then moved to Utah's Arches National Park to shoot more of the opening. A house near the park was used for the Jones family home.[11] The production had intended to film at Mesa Verde National Park, but Native American representatives had religious objections to its use.[10] When Spielberg and editor Michael Kahn viewed a rough cut of the film in late 1988, they felt it suffered from a lack of action. The motorcycle chase was shot during post-production at Mount Tamalpais and Fairfax near Skywalker Ranch. The closing shot of Indiana, Henry, Sallah and Brody riding into the sunset was filmed in Texas in early 1989.[11][13]
Design[edit]
Mechanical effects supervisor George Gibbs said the film was the most difficult one of his career.[10] He visited a museum to negotiate renting a small French World War I tank, but decided he wanted to make one.[11] The tank was based on the Tank Mark VIII, which was 36 feet (11 m) long and weighed 28 short tons (25 t). Gibbs built the tank over the framework of a 28-short-ton (25 t) excavator and added 7-short-ton (6.4 t) tracks that were driven by two automatic hydraulic pumps, each connected to a Range Rover V8 engine. Gibbs built the tank from steel rather than aluminum or fiberglass because it would allow the realistically suspensionless vehicle to endure the rocky surfaces. Unlike its historical counterpart, which had only the two side guns, the tank had a turret gun added as well. It took four months to build and was transported to Almería on a Short Belfast plane and then a low loader truck.[10]

 

 Composite photograph of the tank on location
The tank broke down twice. The distributor's rotor arm broke and a replacement had to be sourced from Madrid. Then two of the device's valves used to cool the oil exploded, due to solder melting and mixing with the oil. It was very hot in the tank, despite the installation of ten fans, and the lack of suspension meant the driver was unable to stop shaking during filming breaks.[10] The tank only moved at 10 to 12 miles per hour (16 to 19 km/h), which Vic Armstrong said made it difficult to film Indiana riding a horse against the tank while making it appear faster.[11] A smaller section of the tank's top made from aluminum and which used rubber tracks was used for close-ups. It was built from a searchlight trailer, weighed eight tons, and was towed by a four-wheel drive truck. It had safety nets on each end to prevent injury to those falling off.[10] A quarter-scale model by Gibbs was driven over a 50-foot (15 m) cliff on location; Industrial Light & Magic created further shots of the tank's destruction with models and miniatures.[14]
Michael Lantieri, mechanical effects supervisor for the 1912 scenes, noted the difficulty in shooting the train sequence. "You can't just stop a train," he said, "If it misses its mark, it takes blocks and blocks to stop it and back up." Lantieri hid handles for the actors and stuntmen to grab onto when leaping from carriage to carriage. The carriage interiors shot at Universal Studios Hollywood were built on tubes that inflated and deflated to create a rocking motion.[10] For the close-up of the rhinoceros that strikes at (and misses) Indiana, a foam and fiberglass animatronic was made in London. When Spielberg decided he wanted it to move, the prop was sent to John Carl Buechler in Los Angeles, who resculpted it over three days to blink, snarl, snort and wiggle its ears. The giraffes were also created in London. Because steam locomotives are very loud, Lantieri's crew would respond to first assistant director David Tomblin's radioed directions by making the giraffes nod or shake their heads to his questions, which amused the crew.[14] For the villains' cars, Lantieri selected a 1914 Ford Model T, a 1919 Ford Model T truck and a 1916 Saxon Model 14, fitting each with a Ford Pinto V6 engine. Sacks of dust were hung under the cars to create a dustier environment.[10]
Spielberg used doves for the seagulls that Henry scares into striking the German plane because the real gulls used in the first take did not fly.[3] In December 1988, Lucasfilm ordered 1000 disease-free gray rats for the catacombs scenes from the company that supplied the snakes and bugs for the previous films. Within five months, 5000 rats had been bred for the sequence;[3] 1000 mechanical rats stood in for those that were set on fire. Several thousand snakes of five breeds—including a boa constrictor—were used for the train scene, in addition to rubber ones onto which Phoenix could fall. The snakes would slither from their crates, requiring the crew to dig through sawdust after filming to find and return them. Two lions were used, which became nervous because of the rocking motion and flickering lights.[10]
Costume designer Anthony Powell found it a challenge to create Connery's costume because the script required the character to wear the same clothes throughout. Powell thought about his own grandfather and incorporated tweed suits and fishing hats. Powell felt it necessary for Henry to wear glasses, but did not want to hide Connery's eyes, so chose rimless ones. He could not find any suitable, so he had them specially made. The Nazi costumes were genuine and were found in Eastern Europe by Powell's co-designer Joanna Johnston, to whom he gave research pictures and drawings for reference.[11] The motorcycles used in the chase from the castle were a mixed bag: the scout model with sidecar in which Indy and Henry escape was an original BMW R75, complete with machine gun pintle on the sidecar, while the pursuing vehicles were more modern machines dressed up with equipment and logos to make them resemble German army models. Gibbs used Swiss Pilatus P-2 army training planes standing in for Messerschmitt Bf-109s. He built a device based on an internal combustion engine to simulate gunfire, which was safer and less expensive than firing blanks.[14] Baking soda was applied to Connery to create Henry's bullet wound. Vinegar was applied to create the foaming effect as the water from the Grail washes it away.[14] At least one reproduction Kubelwagen was used during filming despite the film being set two years prior to manufacture of said vehicles.
Effects[edit]
Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) built an eight-foot foam model of the Zeppelin to complement shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the biplane. A biplane model with a two-foot wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching. Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel. The tunnel was a 210 feet model that occupied 14 of ILM's parking spaces for two months. It was built in eight-foot sections, with hinges allowing each section to be opened to film through. Ford and Connery were filmed against bluescreen; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen, but to make the integration easier this was removed and later composited into the shot. Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it exploded. Several hundred tim-birds were used in the background shots of the seagulls striking the other plane; for the closer shots, ILM dropped feather-coated crosses onto the camera. These only looked convincing because the scene's quick cuts merely required shapes that suggested gulls.[14]

 

 Indiana discovers a bridge hidden by camouflage. Ford was filmed in front of a bluescreen for the scene, which was completed by a model of the bridge filmed against a matte painting
Spielberg devised the three trials that guard the Grail.[5] For the first, the blades under which Indiana ducks like a penitent man were a mix of practical and miniature blades created by Gibbs and ILM. For the second trial, in which Indiana spells "Iehovah" on stable stepping stones, it was intended to have a tarantula crawl up Indiana after he mistakenly steps on "J". This was filmed and deemed unsatisfactory, so ILM filmed a stuntman hanging through a hole that appears in the floor, 30 feet above a cavern. As this was dark, it did not matter that the matte painting and models were rushed late in production. The third trial, the leap of faith that Indiana makes over an apparently impassable ravine after discovering a bridge hidden by forced perspective, was created with a model bridge and painted backgrounds. This was cheaper than building a full-size set. A puppet of Ford was used to create a shadow on the 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) by 13-foot-wide (4.0 m) model because Ford had filmed the scene against bluescreen, which did not incorporate the shaft of light from the entrance.[14]
Spielberg wanted Donovan's death shown in one shot, so it would not look like an actor having makeup applied between takes. Inflatable pads were applied to Julian Glover's forehead and cheeks that made his eyes seem to recede during the character's initial decomposition, as well as a mechanical wig that grew his hair. The shot of Donovan's death was created over three months by morphing together three puppets of Donovan in separate stages of decay, a technique ILM mastered on Willow (1988).[12] A fourth puppet was used for the decaying clothes, because the puppet's torso mechanics had been exposed. Complications arose because Alison Doody's double had not been filmed for the scene's latter two elements, so the background and hair from the first shot had to be used throughout, with the other faces mapped over it. Donovan's skeleton was hung on wires like a marionette; it required several takes to film it crashing against the wall because not all the pieces released upon impact.[14]
Ben Burtt designed the sound effects. He recorded chickens for the sounds of the rats,[11] and digitally manipulated the noise made by a Styrofoam cup for the castle fire. He rode in a biplane to record the sounds for the dogfight sequence, and visited the demolition of a wind turbine for the plane crashes.[14] Burtt wanted an echoing gunshot for Donovan wounding Henry, so he fired a .357 Magnum in Skywalker Ranch's underground car park, just as Lucas drove in.[11] A rubber balloon was used for the earthquake tremors at the temple.[15] The film was released in selected theaters in the 70 mm Full-Field Sound format, which allowed sounds to not only move from side to side, but also from the theater's front to its rear.[14]
Matte paintings of the Austrian castle and German airport were based on real buildings; the Austrian castle was a small West German castle that was made to look larger. Rain was created by filming granulated Borax soap against black at high speed. It was only lightly double exposed into the shots so it would not resemble snow. The lightning was animated. The airport used was at San Francisco's Treasure Island, which already had appropriate art deco architecture. ILM added a control tower, Nazi banners, vintage automobiles and a sign stating "Berlin Flughafen". The establishing shot of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts that were backlit and obscured by smoke. Matte paintings were used for the sky and to give the appearance of fill light in the shadows and rim light on the edges of the buildings.[14]
The signature of Adolf Hitler used in the book-burning scene does not match his actual signature.
Themes[edit]
A son's relationship with his estranged father is a common theme in Spielberg's films, including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Hook.[4]
The film's exploration of fathers and sons coupled with its use of religious imagery is comparable to two other 1989 films, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier and Field of Dreams. Writing for The New York Times, Caryn James felt the combination in these films reflected New Age concerns, where the worship of God was equated to searching for fathers. James felt that neither Indiana or his father is preoccupied with finding the Grail or defeating the evil Nazis, but that, rather, both seek professional respect for one another in their boys' own adventure. James contrasted the temple's biblically epic destruction with the more effective and quiet conversation between the Joneses at the film's end. James noted that Indiana's mother does not appear in the prologue, being portrayed as already having died before the film's events began.[16]
Cultural references[edit]
The 1912 prologue refers to events in the lives of Indiana's creators. When Indiana cracks the bullwhip to defend himself against a lion, he accidentally lashes and scars his chin. Ford gained this scar in a car accident as a young man.[3] Indiana taking his nickname from his pet Alaskan Malamute is a reference to the character being named after Lucas's dog.[12] The train carriage Indiana enters is named "Doctor Fantasy's Magic Caboose", which was the name producer Frank Marshall used when performing magic tricks. Spielberg suggested the idea, Marshall came up with the false-bottomed box through which Indiana escapes,[17] and production designer Elliott Scott suggested the trick be done in a single, uninterrupted shot.[10] Spielberg intended the shot of Henry with his umbrella—after he causes the bird strike on the German plane—to evoke Ryan's Daughter.[12]
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
See also: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (soundtrack)
The film's teaser trailer debuted in November 1988 with Scrooged and The Naked Gun.[18] Rob MacGregor wrote the tie-in novelization that was released in June 1989;[19] it sold enough copies to be included on the New York Times Best Seller list.[20] MacGregor went on to write the first six Indiana Jones prequel novels during the 1990s. Following the film's release, Ford donated Indiana's fedora and jacket to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.[21]
No toys were made to promote the film; Indiana Jones "never happened on the toy level", said Larry Carlat, senior editor of the journal Children's Business. Rather, Lucasfilm promoted Indiana as a lifestyle symbol, selling tie-in fedoras, shirts, jackets and watches.[22] Two video games based on the film were released by LucasArts in 1989: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game. A third game was produced by Taito and released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Ryder Windham wrote another novelization, released in April 2008 by Scholastic, to coincide with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Hasbro released toys based on The Last Crusade in July 2008.[23]
Box office[edit]
The film was released in North America on May 24, 1989 in 2,327 theaters, earning $29,355,021 in its opening weekend.[24] This was the third-highest opening weekend of 1989, behind Ghostbusters II and Batman.[25] Its opening day gross of $11,181,429 was the first time a film had made over $10 million on its first day. It broke the record for the best six-day performance, with almost $47 million, added another record with $77 million after twelve days, and $100 million in nineteen days. It grossed $195.7 million by the end of the year and $475;million worldwide by March 1990.[11] In France, the film broke a record by selling a million admissions within two and a half weeks.[21]
The film eventually grossed $197,171,806 in North America and $277 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $474,171,806.[24] At the time of its release, the film was the 11th highest-grossing film of all time.[24] Despite competition from Batman, The Last Crusade became the highest-grossing film worldwide in 1989.[26] In North America, Batman took top position.[25] Behind Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and Raiders, The Last Crusade is the third-highest grossing Indiana Jones film in North America, though it is also behind Temple of Doom when adjusting for inflation.[27]
Reviews[edit]
The film opened to mixed reviews. It was panned by Andrew Sarris in The New York Observer, David Denby in New York magazine, Stanley Kauffmann in The New Republic and Georgia Brown in The Village Voice.[11] Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called the film "soulless".[28] The Washington Post reviewed the film twice; Hal Hinson's review on the day of the film's release was negative, describing it as "nearly all chases and dull exposition". Although he praised Ford and Connery, he felt the film's exploration of Indiana's character took away his mystery and that Spielberg should not have tried to mature his storytelling.[29] Two days later, Desson Thomson published a positive review praising the film's adventure and action, as well as the father–son relationship's thematic depth.[30] Joseph McBride of Variety observed the "Cartoonlike Nazi villains of Raiders have been replaced by more genuinely frightening Nazis led by Julian Glover and Michael Byrne," and found the moment where Indiana meets Hitler "chilling".[31] In his biography of Spielberg, McBride added the film was less "racist" than its predecessors.[4]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the film was "the wildest and wittiest Indy of them all". Richard Corliss of Time and David Ansen of Newsweek praised it, as did Vincent Canby of The New York Times.[11] "Though it seems to have the manner of some magically reconstituted B-movie of an earlier era, The Last Crusade is an endearing original," Canby wrote, deeming the revelation Indiana had a father he was not proud of to be a "comic surprise". Canby believed that while the film did not match the previous two in its pacing, it still had "hilariously off-the-wall sequences" such as the circus train chase. He also said that Spielberg was maturing by focusing on the father–son relationship,[32] a call echoed by McBride in Variety.[31] Roger Ebert praised the scene depicting Indiana as a Boy Scout with the Cross of Coronado; he compared it to the "style of illustration that appeared in the boys' adventure magazines of the 1940s", saying that Spielberg "must have been paging through his old issues of Boys' Life magazine... the feeling that you can stumble over astounding adventures just by going on a hike with your Scout troop. Spielberg lights the scene in the strong, basic colors of old pulp magazines."[33] The Hollywood Reporter felt Connery and Ford deserved Academy Award nominations.[11]
The film was evaluated positively after its release. Internet reviewer James Berardinelli wrote that while the film did not reach the heights of Raiders of the Lost Ark, it "[avoided] the lows of The Temple of Doom. A fitting end to the original trilogy, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade captures some of the sense of fun that infused the first movie while using the addition of Sean Connery to up the comedic ante and provide a father/son dynamic."[34] Neil Smith of the BBC praised the action, but said the drama and comedy between the Joneses was more memorable. He noted, "The emphasis on the Jones boys means Julian Glover's venal villain and Alison Doody's treacherous beauty are sidelined, while the climax [becomes] one booby-trapped tomb too many."[35] Based on 55 reviews listed by Rotten Tomatoes, 89% of critics praised the film, giving it an average score of 8/10.[36] Metacritic calculated an average rating of 65/100, based on 14 reviews.[37]
Impact[edit]

 

Sean Connery received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for his performance
The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing; it also received nominations for Best Original Score and Best Sound (Ben Burtt, Gary Summers, Shawn Murphy and Tony Dawe), but lost to The Little Mermaid and Glory respectively.[38] Sean Connery received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.[39] Connery and the visual and sound effects teams were also nominated at the 43rd British Academy Film Awards.[40] The film won the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation,[41] and was nominated for Best Motion Picture Drama at the Young Artist Awards.[42] John Williams' score won a BMI Award, and was nominated for a Grammy Award.[43]
The prologue depicting Indiana in his youth inspired Lucas to create The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series, which featured Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana and Corey Carrier as the 8–10 year-old Indiana.[13] The 13-year-old incarnation played by Phoenix in the film was the focus of a Young Indiana Jones series of young adult novels that began in 1990;[44] by the ninth novel, the series had become a tie-in to the television show.[45] German author Wolfgang Hohlbein revisited the 1912 prologue in one of his novels, in which Indiana encounters the lead grave robber—whom Hohlbein christens Jake—in 1943.[46] The film's ending begins the 1995 comic series Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny, which moves forward to depict Indiana and his father searching for the Holy Lance in Ireland in 1945.[47] Spielberg intended to have Connery cameo as Henry in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), but Connery turned it down as he had retired.[48]
See also[edit]
List of films shot in Almería
References[edit]
Rinzler, J.W.; Laurent Bouzereau (2008). The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-192661-8.
Joseph McBride (1997). Steven Spielberg: A Biography. New York City: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
Douglas Brode (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. ISBN 0-8065-1540-6.
"Bibliography". TheRaider.net.
1.^ Jump up to: a b c Susan Royal (December 1989). "Always: An Interview with Steven Spielberg". Premiere. pp. 45–56.
2.Jump up ^ Nancy Griffin (June 1988). "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Premiere.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Indiana Jones: Making the Trilogy (DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2003.
4.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f McBride, "An Awfully Big Adventure", p. 379 – 413
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Hat Trick". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Rinzler, Bouzereau, "The Monkey King: July 1984 to May 1988", p. 184 - 203.
7.Jump up ^ McBride, p.318
8.Jump up ^ David Hughes (November 2005). "The Long Strange Journey of Indiana Jones IV". Empire. p. 131.
9.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: An Oral History". Empire. 2008-05-08. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
10.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Filming Family Bonds". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
11.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Rinzler, Bouzereau, "The Professionals: May 1988 to May 1989", p. 204 - 229.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Crusade: Viewing Guide". Empire. October 2006. p. 101.
13.^ Jump up to: a b Marcus Hearn (2005). The Cinema of George Lucas. New York City: Harry N. Abrams Inc. pp. 159–165. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7.
14.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "A Quest's Completion". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
15.Jump up ^ (2003). The Sound of Indiana Jones (DVD). Paramount Pictures.
16.Jump up ^ Caryn James (1989-07-09). "It's a New Age For Father–Son Relationships". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
17.Jump up ^ "Last Crusade Opening Salvo". Empire. October 2006. pp. 98–99.
18.Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz (1989-01-18). "Makers of 'Jones' Sequel Offer Teasers and Tidbits". The New York Times.
19.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (September 1989). Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-36161-5.
20.Jump up ^ Staff (1989-06-11). "Paperback Best Sellers: June 11, 1989". The New York Times.
21.^ Jump up to: a b "Apotheosis". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
22.Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz (1989-06-14). "Movie Merchandise: The Rush Is On". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
23.Jump up ^ Edward Douglas (2008-02-17). "Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe, Hulk, Iron Man, Indy & Clone Wars". Superhero Hype!. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
24.^ Jump up to: a b c "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
25.^ Jump up to: a b "1989 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
26.Jump up ^ "1989 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
27.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
28.Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum. "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
29.Jump up ^ Hal Hinson (1989-05-24). "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
30.Jump up ^ Desson Thomson (1989-05-26). "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
31.^ Jump up to: a b Joseph McBride (1989-05-24). "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
32.Jump up ^ Vincent Canby (1989-06-18). "Spielberg's Elixir Shows Signs Of Mature Magic". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
33.Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (1989-05-24). "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
34.Jump up ^ James Berardinelli. "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". ReelViews. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
35.Jump up ^ Neil Smith (2002-01-08). "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
36.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
37.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
38.Jump up ^ "The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
39.Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil (2008-05-08). "Will 'Indiana Jones,' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
40.Jump up ^ "Film Nominations 1989". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
41.Jump up ^ "1990 Hugo Awards". Thehugoawards.org. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
42.Jump up ^ "Eleventh Annual Youth in Film Awards 1988-1989". Youngartistawards.org. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
43.Jump up ^ "John Williams" (PDF). The Gorfaine/Schwartz Agency, Inc. 2009-02-05.
44.Jump up ^ William McCay (1990). Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure. Random House. ISBN 0-679-80579-6.
45.Jump up ^ Les Martin (1993). Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure. Random House. ISBN 0-679-84925-4.
46.Jump up ^ Wolfgang Hohlbein (1991). Indiana Jones und das Verschwundene Volk. Goldmann Verlag. ISBN 3-442-41028-2.
47.Jump up ^ Elaine Lee (w), Dan Spiegle (p). Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny 4 (April to July 1995), Dark Horse Comics
48.Jump up ^ Lucasfilm (2007-06-07). "The Indiana Jones Cast Expands". IndianaJones.com. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at the Internet Movie Database
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at AllRovi
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at Rotten Tomatoes
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at Box Office Mojo
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Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull

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"Indy 4" redirects here. For the arcade game, see Indy 4 (arcade game). For the video game which is labeled as Indy 4, see Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis.

Indiana Jones and the
 Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Kingdomofthecrystalskull.jpg
Theatrical release poster designed by Drew Struzan
 
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Frank Marshall
Screenplay by
David Koepp
Story by
George Lucas
Jeff Nathanson
Starring
Harrison Ford
Cate Blanchett
Karen Allen
Ray Winstone
John Hurt
Jim Broadbent
Shia LaBeouf
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Editing by
Michael Kahn
Studio
Lucasfilm Ltd.
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date(s)
May 18, 2008 (Cannes Film Festival)
May 22, 2008 (United States)
 
Running time
121 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$185 million
Box office
$786,636,033[1]
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is a 2008 American science fiction adventure film. It is the fourth film in the Indiana Jones franchise, created by George Lucas and directed by Steven Spielberg. Released nineteen years after the previous film, the film acknowledges the age of its star Harrison Ford by being set in 1957. It pays tribute to the science fiction B-movies of the era, pitting Indiana Jones against Soviet agents—led by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett)— searching for a psychic alien crystal skull. Indiana is aided by his former lover Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen) and son Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf). Ray Winstone, John Hurt and Jim Broadbent are also part of the supporting cast.
Screenwriters Jeb Stuart, Jeffrey Boam, Frank Darabont, and Jeff Nathanson wrote drafts before David Koepp's script satisfied the producers. Shooting began on June 18, 2007 and took place in various locations including New Mexico; New Haven, Connecticut; Hawaii; and Fresno, California, as well as on sound stages in Los Angeles, California. To keep aesthetic continuity with the previous films, the crew relied on traditional stunt work instead of computer-generated stunt doubles, and cinematographer Janusz Kamiński studied Douglas Slocombe's style from the previous films.
The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2008, and it was released worldwide on May 22, 2008, to generally positive reviews.[2] It was also a financial success, grossing over $786 million worldwide, becoming the franchise's highest-grossing film when not adjusted for inflation, and the second highest-grossing film of 2008. Marketing relied heavily on the public's nostalgia for the series, with products taking inspiration from all four films.
Several legal issues regarding non-disclosure and stolen equipment impacted production and secrecy for the film.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Design
3.4 Effects
3.5 Music
4 Release 4.1 Secrecy
4.2 Marketing
4.3 Home media
4.4 Lawsuit
5 Performance 5.1 Box office
5.2 Reception
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1957 during the Cold War, World War II veteran Indiana Jones and his partner George "Mac" McHale are kidnapped by a group of Soviet agents led by Colonel Dr. Irina Spalko. The Soviets infiltrate a warehouse labeled "Warehouse 51" in Nevada and force Jones to find a crate containing a corpse that was recovered from a crash ten years earlier near Roswell, New Mexico. After finding the crate, with its highly magnetic contents, Mac, bribed by the Soviets, double-crosses Jones. After a running battle with the Soviets, Indiana manages to escape on a rocket sled into the desert; he stumbles into a fake town, part of a nuclear test site and survives a nuclear detonation by hiding in a lead-lined refrigerator. After the blast, Indiana Jones is found and arrested. He informs the government that the crate was stolen by the Soviets but is later debriefed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who believe he's also working for the Soviets like Mac, but Indiana is defended by an old friend who also worked with him in the army.
Shortly after returning to Marshall College, the FBI's investigation on Indiana proves him innocent, but the college becomes scared of it and Jones is offered an indefinite leave of absence to avoid being fired because of the crisis.
At a train station, Jones is stopped by greaser Henry "Mutt" Williams, who tells him that his old colleague Harold Oxley was kidnapped after discovering a crystal skull in Peru. Jones tells Mutt about the legend of crystal skulls found in the mystical city of Akator and whoever returns the skull to the city would be given control over its supernatural powers. Mutt gives Jones a letter from his mother, who is also being held captive, containing a riddle written by Oxley in an ancient Native American language. Just then they are interrupted by two KGB agents who demand the letter be given to them. As they're being taken into custody, Mutt is able to start a fight inside a diner giving him and Indiana time to escape on Mutt's motorcycle. After a car chase through the city and some of the campus, Jones and Mutt are able to escape and the Soviets back off when they hear police sirens approaching. They then travel to the Nazca Lines in Peru by plane. There they discover that Oxley was in a psychiatric hospital, after suffering a mental breakdown from handling the skull, and was kidnapped from his cell by the Soviets. In Oxley's cell, they find clues that lead them to the grave of Francisco de Orellana, a Conquistador who went missing in the 16th century while searching for Akator. They discover the skull at the grave, with Jones reasoning that Oxley had hidden it there.
Shortly afterward, Jones and Mutt are captured by the Soviets and taken to their camp, where they find Oxley and Mutt's mother, who turns out to be Jones' old love Marion Ravenwood, who later reveals that Mutt is Jones' son, Henry Jones III. Spalko believes that the crystal skull belongs to an inter-dimensional alien life form and holds great psychic power, and proves her theory by showing that the corpse stolen from the warehouse has an identically shaped skull. She also believes that returning the skull to Akator will grant the Soviets the advantage of psychic warfare. Jones, Marion, Mutt and Oxley escape from the Soviets into the Amazon; however, they are recaptured after Jones and Marion fall into quicksand and Oxley fetches the Soviets to "help". While being taken through the rainforest to Akator the next day, Marion and Indy argue so much that their guard Dovchenko gags Marion. However, Jones and Mutt manage to overpower him, after Jones frees himself with Mutt's hidden knife. He ungags Marion, then Mutt frees her while Jones takes over the truck, leading to a jungle chase resulting in many losses of Soviet troops, then stopping in an area full of giant ants that kill a soldier and Dovchenko. The group escapes and makes it to the city, but only after evading the Soviets and negotiating three waterfalls in a duck boat and narrowly avoiding being killed by a tribe guarding the long-abandoned city. Mac, who again switched allegiances, claiming to be a double agent for the CIA, has been secretly leaving a trail of tracking beacons for the Soviets to follow.
Inside the central temple, they find artifacts from several ancient civilizations. Jones deduces that the Inter-dimensional beings were kindred spirits; they too were "archaeologists" studying the different cultures of Earth. The five enter a chamber containing the crystal skeletons of thirteen enthroned inter-dimensional beings seated in a circle, with one missing its skull. After the Soviets arrive, Spalko replaces the skull. The inter-dimensional beings communicate to the group through Oxley using an ancient dialect and promises to reward them with a "big gift"; Spalko demands to "know everything". (Indy is smart enough to decline the offer, however.) The skeletons grant her request and transfer their collective knowledge into her mind. At the same time they activate a portal to another dimension. Jones, Marion, Mutt and the now restored Oxley escape the temple, but Mac and the other Soviets are sucked into the portal. Meanwhile, the skeletons combine to form a single living being (presembly an alien) and the knowledge transfer overwhelms Spalko, causing her to disintegrate; her dust is then drawn into the portal. The survivors watch as the temple walls crumble, revealing a massive flying saucer slowly rising from the debris; it hovers for a second before disappearing into the "space between spaces" while the rocks that were swirling in the wind drop back down and water came pouring in, filling the remains of the city.
Sometime later, Jones is reinstated at Marshall College and made an associate dean. He and Marion are then married in a church.
Cast[edit]
See also: Indiana Jones characters introduced in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull

 

Harrison Ford during the filming of the movie.Harrison Ford reprises the role of Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr. To prepare for the role, the 64-year-old Ford spent three hours a day at a gym, practiced with the bullwhip for two weeks,[3] and relied on a high-protein diet of fish and vegetables.[4] Ford had kept fit during the series' hiatus anyway, as he hoped for another film.[5] He performed many of his own stunts because stunt technology had become safer since 1989, and he also felt it improved his performance.[6] He argued, "The appeal of Indiana Jones isn't his youth but his imagination, his resourcefulness. His physicality is a big part of it, especially the way he gets out of tight situations. But it's not all hitting people and falling from high places. My ambition in action is to have the audience look straight in the face of character and not at the back of a capable stuntman's head. I hope to continue that no matter how old I get."[7] Ford felt his return would also help American culture be less paranoid about aging (he refused to dye his hair for the role), because of the film's family appeal: "This is a movie which is geared not to [the young] segment of the demographic, an age-defined segment [...] We've got a great shot at breaking the movie demographic constraints."[6] He told Koepp to add more references to his age in the script.[8] Spielberg said Ford was not too old to play Indiana: "When a guy gets to be that age and he still packs the same punch, and he still runs just as fast and climbs just as high, he's gonna be breathing a little heavier at the end of the set piece. And I felt, 'Let's have some fun with that. Let's not hide that.'"[9] Spielberg recalled the line in Raiders, "It's not the years, it's the mileage,"[9] and felt he could not tell the difference between Ford during the shoots for The Last Crusade and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[10]
Shia LaBeouf plays Henry "Mutt Williams" Jones III, a motorcycle-riding greaser and Indiana's sidekick and son. The concept of Indiana Jones having offspring was introduced in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles; in the episode "Princeton, February 1916", Indy and his high school sweetheart discuss having a child and naming him "Henry Jones III" (this scene was deleted for the VHS and DVD releases); Additionally, in several episodes, an elderly Indy is shown to have a daughter.[11] During the film's development, this idea was incorporated into Frank Darabont's script, with Indiana and Marion having a 13-year-old daughter. However, Spielberg found this too similar to The Lost World: Jurassic Park,[12] so a son was created instead.[13] Koepp credited the character's creation to Jeff Nathanson and Lucas.[8] Koepp wanted to make Mutt into a nerd, but Lucas refused, explaining he had to resemble Marlon Brando in The Wild One; "he needs to be what Indiana Jones' father thought of [him] – the curse returns in the form of his own son – he's everything a father can't stand".[12] LaBeouf was Spielberg's first choice for the role, having been impressed by his performance in Holes.[3] Excited at the prospect of being in an Indiana Jones film, LaBeouf signed on without reading the script and did not know what character he would play.[14] He worked out and gained fifteen pounds of muscle for the role,[15] and also repeatedly watched the other films to get into character.[16] LaBeouf also watched Blackboard Jungle, Rebel Without a Cause and The Wild One to get into his character's mindset,[3] copying mannerisms and words from characters in those films, such as the use of a switchblade as a weapon.[17] Lucas also consulted on the greaser look, joking that LaBeouf was "sent to the American Graffiti school of greaserland."[9] LaBeouf pulled his rotator cuff when filming his duel with Spalko, which was his first injury in his career, an injury that worsened throughout filming. He later pulled his groin.[18]
Cate Blanchett plays the villainous Soviet agent Irina Spalko. Screenwriter David Koepp created the character.[8] Frank Marshall said Spalko continued the tradition of Indiana having a love-hate relationship "with every woman he ever comes in contact with".[19] Blanchett had wanted to play a villain for a "couple of years", and enjoyed being part of the Indiana Jones legacy as she loved the previous films.[20] Spielberg praised Blanchett as a "master of disguise", and considers her his favorite Indiana Jones villain for coming up with much of Spalko's characteristics.[9] Spalko's bob cut was her idea, with the character's stern looks and behaviour recalling Rosa Klebb in From Russia with Love.[21] Blanchett learned to fence for the character, but during filming, Spielberg decided to give Spalko "karate chop" skills.[22] LaBeouf recalled Blanchett was elusive on set, and Ford was surprised when he met her on set out of costume. He noted, "There's no aspect of her behavior that was not consistent with this bizarre person she's playing."[6]
Karen Allen reprises the role of Marion Ravenwood Jones, under the married name of Marion Williams, who appeared in Raiders of the Lost Ark. Frank Darabont's script introduced the idea of Marion returning as Indiana's love interest.[12] Allen was not aware her character was in the script until Spielberg called her in January 2007, saying, "It's been announced! We're gonna make Indiana Jones 4! And guess what? You're in it!"[23] Ford found Allen "one of the easiest people to work with [he's] ever known. She's a completely self-sufficient woman, and that's part of the character she plays. A lot of her charm and the charm of the character is there. And again, it's not an age-dependent thing. It has to do with her spirit and her nature."[6] Allen found Ford easier to work with on this film, in contrast to the first film, where she slowly befriended the private actor.[24]
Ray Winstone plays George "Mac" McHale, a British agent whom Jones worked alongside in World War II, but has now allied with the Russians due to his financial problems. The character acts as a spin on Sallah and René Belloq – Jones's friend and nemesis, respectively, in Raiders of the Lost Ark.[25] Spielberg cast Winstone as he found him "one of the most brilliant actors around", having seen Sexy Beast.[22] Winstone tore his hamstring during filming. "I keep getting these action parts as I’m getting older," he remarked.[26] Like John Hurt, Winstone wished to see the script prior to committing to the film. In interviews on British TV[27] Winstone explained that he was only able to read the script if it was delivered by courier, who waited while he read the script, and returned to the U.S. with the script once Winstone had read it. His reasoning for wanting to read the script was, "If I'm gonna be in it, I want to be in it." He gave suggestions to Spielberg, including the idea of Mac pretending to be a double agent.[28] He also stated that once filming was completed he had to return the script, such was the secrecy about the film. He was later presented with a copy of the script to keep.[29]
John Hurt plays Harold "Ox" Oxley, Mutt's surrogate father and Indiana's old friend, whom he lost contact with in 1937. Six months prior to the film's events, he went insane after discovering the crystal skull, which commanded him to return it to Akator. Frank Darabont had suggested Hurt when he was writing the screenplay.[30] The character is inspired by Ben Gunn from Treasure Island.[22] Hurt wanted to read the script before signing on, unlike other cast members who came on "because Steven — you know, 'God' — was doing it. And I said, 'Well, I need to have a little bit of previous knowledge even if God is doing it.' So they sent a courier over with the script from Los Angeles, gave it to me at three o'clock in the afternoon in London, collected it again at eight o'clock in the evening, and he returned the next day to Los Angeles."[31]
Jim Broadbent plays Dean Charles Stanforth, an academic colleague and friend of Jones. Broadbent's character stands in for Marcus Brody, whose portrayer, Denholm Elliott, died in 1992.[22] As a tribute to Elliott, the filmmakers put a portrait and a statue on the Marshall College location, and a picture on Jones' desk, saying he died shortly after Indiana's father.
Igor Jijikine plays the Russian Colonel Dovchenko. His character stands in for the heavily built henchman Pat Roach played in the previous films, as Roach died in 2004.[22]
Joel Stoffer and Neil Flynn have minor roles as F.B.I. agents interrogating Indiana in a scene following the opening sequence. Alan Dale plays General Ross, who protests his innocence. Andrew Divoff and Pavel Lychnikoff play Russian soldiers. Spielberg cast Russian-speaking actors as Russian soldiers so their accents would be authentic.[10] Dimitri Diatchenko plays Spalko's right hand man who battles Indiana at Marshall College. Diatchenko bulked up to 250 pounds to look menacing, and his role was originally minor with ten days of filming. When shooting the fight, Ford accidentally hit his chin, and Spielberg liked Diatchenko's humorous looking reaction, so he expanded his role to three months of filming.[32] Ernie Reyes, Jr. plays a cemetery guard.
Sean Connery turned down an offer to cameo as Henry Jones, Sr., as he found retirement too enjoyable.[33] Lucas stated that in hindsight it was good that Connery did not briefly appear, as it would disappoint the audience when his character would not come along for the film's adventure.[34] Ford joked, "I'm old enough to play my own father in this one."[6] The film addresses Connery's absence by Indiana mentioning that both Henry, Sr. and Marcus Brody died before the film's events. Connery later stated that he liked the film, describing it as "rather good and rather long."[35] John Rhys-Davies was asked to reprise his role as Sallah as a guest in the wedding scene. He turned it down as he felt his character deserved a more substantial role.[36]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]


Indiana Jones and the Saucer Men from Mars script by Jeb Stuart, dated February 20, 1995:
The second draft's prologue is set in Borneo in 1949, with Indiana proposing to Dr. Elaine McGregor after defeating pirates. She abandons him at the altar, because the government requests her aid in decoding an alien cylinder (covered in Egyptian, Mayan and Sanskrit symbols) in New Mexico. Indiana pursues her, and battles Russians agents and aliens for the cylinder.
The script featured army ants, a rocket sled fight, Indiana surviving an atomic explosion by sealing himself in a fridge, and a climactic battle between the U.S. military and flying saucers. Henry Jones, Sr., Short Round, Sallah, Marion Ravenwood and Willie cameo at Indiana and Elaine's wedding(s). Indiana is also a former colonel and was assigned to the O.S.S. during World War II.[37]
During the late 1970s, George Lucas and Steven Spielberg made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films.[38] Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment, and chose instead to produce The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles for TV, which explored the character in his early years.[12] Harrison Ford played Indiana in one episode, narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago. When Lucas shot Ford's role in December 1992, he realized the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s. The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B-movie, with aliens as the plot device.[12] Meanwhile, Spielberg believed he was going to "mature" as a filmmaker after making the trilogy, and felt he would just produce any future installments.[13]
Ford disliked the new angle, telling Lucas, "No way am I being in a Steven Spielberg movie like that."[23] Spielberg himself, who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, resisted it. Lucas came up with a story, which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994.[12] (Stuart had previously written The Fugitive, which starred Ford.) Lucas wanted Indiana to get married, which would allow Henry Jones, Sr. to return, expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished. After he learned that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare, he decided to have Russians as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers.[39] Following Stuart's next draft, Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions, the last of which was completed in March 1996. Three months later, Independence Day was released, and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film. Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels.[12]
In 2000, Spielberg's son asked when the next Indiana Jones film would be released, which made him interested in reviving the project.[40] The same year, Ford, Lucas, Spielberg, Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute's tribute to Ford, and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again. Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period, such as A.I.: Artificial Intelligence, Minority Report, and Munich.[24] Lucas convinced Spielberg to use aliens in the plot by saying they were not "extraterrestrials," but "interdimensional," with this concept taking inspiration in the superstring theory.[13] Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B-movie involving aliens, and Lucas suggested using the crystal skulls to ground the idea. Lucas found those artifacts as fascinating as the Ark of the Covenant,[41] and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show's cancellation.[12] M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot,[40] but he was overwhelmed writing a sequel to a film he loved like Raiders of the Lost Ark, and claimed it was difficult to get Ford, Spielberg and Lucas to focus.[42] Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached.[40]
Frank Darabont, who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes, was hired to write in May 2002.[43] His script, entitled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods,[12] was set in the 1950s, with ex-Nazis pursuing Jones.[44] Spielberg conceived the idea because of real life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina, who protected Nazi war criminals.[12] Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script, but Lucas had issues with it, and decided to take over writing himself.[12] Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War, and the Russians were more plausible villains. Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler's List,[9] while Ford noted, "We plum[b] wore the Nazis out."[23]
Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004, and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005, titled The Atomic Ants. David Koepp continued on from there, giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds,[12] based on the J. Robert Oppenheimer quote. It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, as Spielberg found it more inviting a title and actually named the plot device of the crystal skulls. Lucas insisted on the Kingdom part.[45] Koepp's "bright [title] idea" was Indiana Jones and the Son of Indiana Jones, and Spielberg had also considered having the title name the aliens as The Mysterians, but dropped that when he remembered that was another film's title.[13] Koepp collaborated with Raiders of the Lost Ark screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan on the film's "love dialogue."[8]
Filming[edit]

 

 The production crew converts a storefront in downtown New Haven, Connecticut to be used in a scene set in the 1950s.
Unlike the previous Indiana Jones films, Spielberg shot the entire film in the United States, stating he did not want to be away from his family.[46] Shooting began on June 18, 2007, in Deming, New Mexico.[16][47] An extensive chase scene set at the fictional Marshall College was filmed between June 28 and July 7 at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut (where Spielberg's son Theo was studying).[47][48][49] To keep in line with the fact the story takes place in the 1950s, several facades were changed, although signs were put up in between shots to tell the public what the store or restaurant actually was.

 

 Harrison Ford and Shia LaBeouf's stunt doubles during filming in 2007 in New Haven, Connecticut.
Afterwards, they filmed scenes set in the Peruvian jungles in Hilo, Hawaii until August.[49] Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was the biggest film shot in Hawaii since Waterworld, and was estimated to generate $22 million to $45 million in the local economy.[50] Because of an approaching hurricane, Spielberg was unable to shoot a fight at a waterfall, so he sent the second unit to film shots of Brazil's and Argentina's Iguazu Falls. These were digitally combined into the fight, which was shot at the Universal backlot.[49]
Half the film was scheduled to shoot on five sound stages at Los Angeles:[51] Downey, Sony, Warner Bros., Paramount and Universal.[31] Filming moved to Chandler Field in Fresno, California, substituting for Mexico City International Airport, on October 11, 2007.[52] After shooting aerial shots of Chandler Airport and a DC-3 on the morning of October 12, 2007, filming wrapped.[53][54] Although he originally found no need for re-shoots after viewing his first cut of the film,[44] Spielberg decided to add an establishing shot filmed on February 29, 2008, in Pasadena, California.[55]
Design[edit]
Spielberg and Janusz Kamiński, who has shot all of the director's films since 1993's Schindler's List, reviewed the previous films to study Douglas Slocombe's style. "I didn’t want Janusz to modernize and bring us into the 21st century," Spielberg explained. "I still wanted the film to have a lighting style not dissimilar to the work Doug Slocombe had achieved, which meant that both Janusz and I had to swallow our pride. Janusz had to approximate another cinematographer's look, and I had to approximate this younger director's look that I thought I had moved away from after almost two decades."[41] Spielberg also hired production designer Guy Hendrix Dyas after admiring his design work for Superman Returns. Spielberg did not want to fast cut action scenes, relying on his script instead for a fast pace,[41] and had confirmed in 2002 that he would not shoot the film digitally, a format Lucas had adopted.[56] Lucas felt "it looks like it was shot three years after Last Crusade. The people, the look of it, everything. You’d never know there was 20 years between shooting."[46] Kamiński commented upon watching the three films back-to-back, he was amazed how each of them advanced technologically, but were all nevertheless consistent, neither too brightly or darkly lit.[3]
While shooting War of the Worlds in late 2004, Spielberg met with stunt coordinator Vic Armstrong, who doubled for Ford in the previous films, to discuss three action sequences he had envisioned.[57] However, Armstrong was filming The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor during shooting of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, so Dan Bradley was hired instead.[58] Bradley and Spielberg used previsualization for all the action scenes, except the motorcycle chase at Marshall College, because that idea was conceived after the animators had left. Bradley drew traditional storyboards instead, and was given free rein to create dramatic moments, just as Raiders of the Lost Ark second unit director Michael D. Moore did when filming the truck chase.[21] Spielberg improvised on set, changing the location of Mutt and Spalko's duel from the ground to on top of vehicles.[3]
The Ark of the Covenant is seen in a broken crate during the Hangar 51 opening sequence. Lucasfilm used the same prop from Raiders of the Lost Ark. Guards were hired to protect the highly-sought after piece of film memorabilia during the day of its use. A replica of the staff carried by Charlton Heston in The Ten Commandments was also used to populate the set to illustrate the Hangar's history.[45]
Effects[edit]

 

 Stunts involving vehicles were shot on location in Hawaii, while CGI was used to add plants to the forest
Producer Frank Marshall stated in 2003 that the film would use traditional stunt work so as to be consistent with the previous films.[59] CGI was used to remove the visible safety wires on the actors when they did their stunts (such as when Indy swings on a lamp with his whip).[21] Timed explosives were used for a scene where Indiana drives a truck through crates. During the take, an explosive failed to detonate and landed in the seat beside Ford. However, it did not go off and he was not injured.[60]
Spielberg stated before production began that very few CGI effects would be used to maintain consistency with the other films. During filming however, significantly more CGI work was done than initially anticipated as in many cases it proved to be more practical. There ended up being a total of about 450 CGI shots in the film, with an estimated 30 percent of the film's shots containing CG matte paintings.[54] Spielberg initially wanted brushstrokes to be visible on the paintings for added consistency with the previous films, but decided against it.[23] The script also required a non-deforested jungle for a chase scene, but this would have been unsafe and much CGI work was done to create the jungle action sequence. Visual effects supervisor Pablo Helman (who worked on Lucas' Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace and Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones as well as Spielberg's War of the Worlds and Munich) traveled to Brazil and Argentina to photograph elements that were composited into the final images. Industrial Light and Magic then effectively created a virtual jungle with a geography like the real Amazon.[61]
The appearance of a live alien and flying saucer was in flux. Spielberg wanted the alien to resemble a Gray alien, and also rejected early versions of the saucer that looked "too Close Encounters". Art director Christian Alzmann said the aesthetic was "looking at a lot of older B-movie designs – but trying to make that look more real and gritty to fit in with the Indy universe." Other reference for the visual effects work included government tapes of nuclear tests, and video reference of real prairie dogs shot in 1080p by Nathan Edward Denning.[62]
Music[edit]
Main article: Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (soundtrack)
John Williams began composing the score in October 2007;[63] ten days of recording sessions wrapped on March 6, 2008, at Sony Pictures Studios.[64] Williams described composing for the Indiana Jones universe again as "like sitting down and finishing a letter that you started 25 years ago". He reused Indiana's theme as well as Marion's from the first film, and also composed five new motifs for Mutt, Spalko and the skull. Williams gave Mutt's a swashbuckling feel, and homaged film noir and 1950s B-movies for Spalko and the crystal skull respectively. As an in-joke, Williams incorporated a measure and a half of Johannes Brahms' "Academic Festival Overture" when Indiana and Mutt crash into the library.[65] The soundtrack features a Continuum, an instrument often used for sound effects instead of music.[66] The Concord Music Group released the soundtrack on May 20, 2008.[67]
Release[edit]
The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2008, a couple of days ahead of its worldwide May 21–23 release. It was the first Spielberg film since 1982's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to premiere at Cannes.[68] The film was released in approximately 4,000 theaters in the United States, and dubbed into 25 languages for its worldwide release.[41] More than 12,000 release prints were distributed, which is the largest in Paramount Pictures' history.[69] Although Spielberg insisted his films only be watched traditionally at theaters, Paramount chose to release the film in digital cinemas as part of a scheme to convert 10,000 U.S. cinemas to the format.[70]
Secrecy[edit]
Frank Marshall remarked, "In today's information age, secrecy has been a real challenge. ... People actually said, 'No, we're going to respect Steven's vision." Prior to release, moviegoers on the Internet scrutinized numerous photos and the film's promotional LEGO sets in hope of understanding plot details; Spielberg biographer Ian Freer wrote, "What Indy IV is actually about has been the great cultural guessing game of 2007/08. Yet, it has to be said, there is something refreshing about being ten weeks away from a giant blockbuster and knowing next to nothing about it."[21] To distract investigative fans from the film's title during filming,[71] five fake titles were registered with the Motion Picture Association of America; The City of Gods, The Destroyer of Worlds, The Fourth Corner of the Earth, The Lost City of Gold and The Quest for the Covenant.[72] Lucas and Spielberg had also wanted to keep Karen Allen's return a secret until the film's release, but decided to confirm it at the 2007 Comic-Con.[73]
An extra in the film, Tyler Nelson, violated his nondisclosure agreement in an interview with The Edmond Sun on September 17, 2007, which was then picked up by the mainstream media. It is unknown if he remained in the final cut.[74] At Nelson's request, The Edmond Sun subsequently pulled the story from its website.[75] On October 2, 2007, a Superior Court order was filed finding that Nelson knowingly violated the agreement. The terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[76] A number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the film's production budget were also stolen from Spielberg’s production office. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department set up a sting operation after being alerted by a webmaster that the thief might try to sell the photos. On October 4, 2007, the seller, 37-year old Roderick Eric Davis, was arrested. He pleaded guilty to two felony counts and was sentenced to two years and four months in prison.[21][77][78]
Marketing[edit]
For a broader view of the franchise's revival in 2008, see Indiana Jones franchise.
Howard Roffman, President of Lucas Licensing, attributed the film's large marketing campaign to it having been "nineteen years since the last film, and we are sensing a huge pent-up demand for everything Indy".[79] Paramount spent at least $150 million to promote the film,[80] whereas most film promotions range from $70 to 100 million. As well as fans, the film also needed to appeal to younger viewers.[81] Licensing deals include Expedia, Dr Pepper, Burger King, M&M's and Lunchables.[81] Paramount sponsored an Indiana Jones open wheel car for Marco Andretti in the 2008 Indianapolis 500, and his racing suit was designed to resemble Indiana Jones's outfit.[82] The distributor also paired with M&M's to sponsor the #18 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota, with NASCAR driver Kyle Busch behind the wheel, in the 2008 Dodge Challenger 500 at Darlington Raceway.[83] Kyle Busch and the #18 team won the race and visited victory lane with Indiana Jones on the car.[84] With the film's release, producer Frank Marshall and UNESCO worked together to promote conservation of World Heritage Sites around the world.[85][86]
The Boston-based design studio Creative Pilot created the packaging style for the film's merchandise, which merged Drew Struzan's original illustrations "with a fresh new look, which showcases the whip, a map and exotic hieroglyphic patterns".[87] Hasbro, Lego, Sideshow Collectibles, Topps, Diamond Select, Hallmark Cards,[88] and Cartamundi all sold products.[89] A THQ mobile game based on the film was released,[90] as was a Lego video game based on the past films.[91][92] Lego also released a series of computer-animated spoofs, Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick, directed by Peder Pedersen.[93] Stern Pinball released a new Indiana Jones pinball machine, designed by John Borg, based on all four films.[94] From October 2007 to April 2008, the reedited episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles were released in three DVD box sets.[95]
Random House, Dark Horse Comics, Diamond Comic Distributors, Scholastic and DK published books,[79] including James Rollins' novelization of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull,[96] a two-issue comic book adaptation written by John Jackson Miller and drawn by Luke Ross (Samurai: Heaven and Earth), children's novelizations of all four films,[97] the Indiana Jones Adventures comic book series aimed at children,[98] and the official Indiana Jones Magazine.[99] Scholastic featured Indiana and Mutt on the covers of Scholastic News and Scholastic Maths, to the concern of parents, though Jack Silbert, editor of the latter, felt the film would interest children in archaeology.[81]
Disneyland hosted "Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries" to promote the film's release.[100]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD in North America on October 14, 2008. This includes a two-disc edition Blu-ray; a two-disc Special Edition DVD; and a one-disc edition DVD.[101] These editions were released in the U.K. on November 10.[102] Among the collectible editions include; Kmart, which contains four LEGO posters parodying those of the films; Target Corporation, whose DVD has an eighty-page book of photographs; and Best Buy, whose edition contains a replica of a crystal skull created by Sideshow Collectibles.[103] As of October 16, 2013, it has made $117,239,631 in revenue.[104] It made its worldwide television premiere on USA on December 9, 2010.
Lawsuit[edit]
The director of the Institute of Archeology of Belize, Dr. Jaime Awe, sued Lucasfilm, Disney and Paramount Pictures on behalf of the country Belize for using the Mitchell-Hedges skull's "likeness" in the film.[105]
Performance[edit]
Box office[edit]
Box office revenue Box office ranking Reference
Domestic Foreign Worldwide All time domestic All time worldwide
$317,101,119 $469,534,914 $786,636,033 #32 #41 [1]
Indiana Jones is distributed by one entity, Paramount, but owned by another, Lucasfilm. The pre-production arrangement between the two organizations granted Paramount 12.5% of the film's revenue. As the $185 million budget was larger than the original $125 million estimate,[72] Lucas, Spielberg and Ford turned down large upfront salaries so Paramount could cover the film's costs. In order for Paramount to see a profit beyond its distribution fee, the film had to make over $400 million. At that point, Lucas, Spielberg, Ford and those with smaller profit-sharing deals would also begin to collect their cut.[80]
The film was released on Thursday, May 22, 2008 in North America and grossed $25 million its opening day.[106] In its opening weekend, the film grossed an estimated $101 million in 4,260 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1 at the box office,[107] and making it the third widest opening of all time.[108] Within its first five days of release, it grossed $311 million worldwide. The film's total $151 million gross in the U.S. ranked it as the second biggest Memorial Day weekend release, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[109] It was the third most successful film of 2008 domestically, behind The Dark Knight and Iron Man respectively,[110] and the year's second highest-grossing film internationally, behind The Dark Knight.[111] In February 2010, it was the 25th highest-grossing film of all time domestically, and 38th highest-grossing worldwide, as well as the most financially successful Indiana Jones film when not adjusted for inflation of ticket prices.[112][113]
Reception[edit]
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 78% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 255 reviews. The consensus was: "Though the plot elements are certainly familiar, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull still delivers the thrills and Harrison Ford's return in the title role is more than welcome."[2] Metacritic reported the film had a score of 65 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews", based on 40 critics' reviews.[114] Yahoo! estimated an average rating of B from 15 reviews.[115] A CinemaScore survey conducted during its opening weekend indicated a general "B" rating.[116]
Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, a rating he also gave to The Last Crusade. Ebert argued that the only critical criterion for judging the latest film was comparing it to the previous three. He found it "same old, same old", but that was what "I want it to be."[117] Leonard Maltin also gave the film 3 1/2 stars out of 4, although he had only given 2 stars to Temple of Doom and 2 1/2 to Last Crusade. "After a 19-year hiatus", Maltin wrote, "Indy returns with the same brand of high adventure that marked the original Raiders of the Lost Ark."[118]
The film was nominated for Best Action Movie at the 2009 Critics' Choice Awards.[119] The Visual Effects Society nominated it for Best Single Visual Effect of the Year (the valley destruction), Best Outstanding Matte Paintings, Best Models and Miniatures, and Best Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture (the inside of the temple).[120] The film ranks 453rd on Empire's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[121] At the 51st Grammy Awards, John Williams won an award for the Mutt Williams theme.[122] It was nominated at the Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, Best Costumes and Best Special Effects. It won Best Costumes.[123]
However, the Associated Press reported the film received a "respectful—though far from glowing—reception", saying that "some viewers at its first press screening loved it, some called it slick and enjoyable though formulaic, some said it was not worth the 19-year wait", adding that J. Sperling Reich, who writes for FilmStew.com, said: "It really looked like they were going through the motions. It really looked like no one had their heart in it."[124]
USA Today stated reviews were "mixed" and reviewers felt the "movie suffers from predictable plot points and cheesy special effects."[125]
Critic James Berardinelli gave the film 2 stars out of 4, calling it "the most lifeless of the series" and "simply [not] a very good motion picture."[126] Margaret Pomeranz of At the Movies gave the film 2 1/2 stars out of 5, saying that the filmmakers "had 19 years since the last Indiana Jones movie to come up with something truly exciting and fresh, but I feel there’s a certain laziness and cynicism in this latest adventure."[127] Metacritic user ratings for the film (as opposed to critics' ratings) rank at only 5.1 out of 10.[114]
In 2009, the film won the Razzie Award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel.[128][129] The film was voted by Comcast as the 11th worst film sequel of all time.[130] Paste magazine ranked the movie 10th on its list "The 20 Worst Sequels to Good Movies".[131] Listverse.com ranked the film 8th on its list of the "Top 10 Worst Movie Sequels".[132]
Some fans of the franchise who were disappointed with the film adopted the term "nuked the fridge", based on a scene where Jones survives a nuclear blast by hiding in a refrigerator, which then blows him to safety. To users, the phrase denotes the point in a film series when it has passed its peak and crossed into the level of the absurd, similar to "jumping the shark" on television. This phrase has since appeared across the Internet,[133] and was chosen as #5 on Time magazine's list of "top ten buzzwords" of 2008.[134] South Park parodied the film in the episode "The China Probrem", broadcast five months after the film's release. The episode parodied the overwhelmingly negative fan reaction, with the characters filing a police report against Lucas and Spielberg for raping Indiana Jones.[135]
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation called for the film to be banned, accusing the production team of demonizing the Soviet Union. Party official Andrei Andreyev said: "It is very disturbing if talented directors want to provoke a new Cold War."[136] Another party official commented, "(I)n 1957 the USSR was not sending terrorists to America but sending the Sputnik satellite into space!"[137] Spielberg responded that he is not unfamiliar with Russia. He explained: "When we decided the fourth installment would take place in 1957, we had no choice but to make the Russians the enemies. World War II had just ended and the Cold War had begun. The U.S. didn't have any other enemies at the time."[138] The film's depiction of Peru also received harsh criticism from the Peruvian and Spanish-speaking public.[139][140]
The mixed fanbase reaction did not surprise Lucas, who was familiar with mixed response to the Star Wars prequels. "We're all going to get people throwing tomatoes at us", the series' creator had predicted. "But it's a fun movie to make."[141] David Koepp reflects, "I knew I was going to get hammered from a number of quarters [but] what I liked about the way the movie ended up playing was it was popular with families. I like that families really embraced it."[142]
Spielberg politely dismissed the more negative reviews of the film, saying, "I'm very happy with the movie. I always have been." When asked about the "nuke the fridge" sequence, Spielberg replied, "Blame me. Don't blame George. That was my silly idea. People stopped saying 'jump the shark'. They now say, 'nuked the fridge'. I'm proud of that. I'm glad I was able to bring that into popular culture."[143] Lucas, however, denied this, saying of Spielberg's response: "He's trying to protect me." According to him, he outlined the scene himself, assembling a dossier of research data to convince Spielberg, who initially believed the idea was impossible. According to "a lot of scientists", if the refrigerator were lead-lined, and if Jones didn't break his neck in the crash, "the odds of surviving that refrigerator... are about 50-50."[144]
At the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, Shia LaBeouf told the Los Angeles Times the problems he had with the film. "I feel like I dropped the ball on the legacy that people loved and cherished", LaBeouf said. Then, referring to his part in the upcoming movie Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps, also a sequel to an old classic, he added: "If I was going to do it twice, my career was over. So this [i.e. his role in Money Never Sleeps] was fight-or-flight for me."[145] In 2011, in response to LaBeouf's comments, Harrison Ford said, "I think I told him [LaBeouf] he was a fucking idiot... As an actor, I think it's my obligation to support the film without making a complete ass of myself. Shia is ambitious, attentive and talented—and he's learning how to deal with a situation which is very unique and difficult."[146] LaBeouf later spoke about Steven Spielberg's reaction: "He told me there's a time to be a human being and have an opinion, and there's a time to sell cars. It brought me freedom, but it also killed my spirits because this was a dude I looked up to like a sensei."[147]
Notes[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
2.^ Jump up to: a b "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pre-production DVD featurette, 2008
4.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones 4: A fit Ford". Monsters and Critics. 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2008-03-29.[dead link]
5.Jump up ^ Scott Bowles (2008-02-12). "Here come Harrison (in fine form) and 'Indiana Jones'". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Steve Daly (2008-04-19). "Harrison Ford Q&A: Indy speaks!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
7.Jump up ^ "Space Cowboys and Indianas". TheRaider.net. 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
8.^ Jump up to: a b c d Peter N. Chumo II (May/June 2008). "Matinee Magic: David Koepp and Indiana Jones Enter the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". Creative Screenwriting 15 (3).
9.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Steve Daly (2008-04-16). "Steven Spielberg and George Lucas: The Titans Talk!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
10.^ Jump up to: a b Heather Newgen (2007-10-10). "Spielberg Talks Indy 4, Transformers & Tintin!". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
11.Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, "Ireland, April 1916"
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 11: "Atomic Ants from Space: May 1989 to June 2007" p. 231–247
13.^ Jump up to: a b c d Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull DVD special features: The Return of a Legend
14.Jump up ^ Anthony Breznican (2007-04-13). "Shia LaBeouf tapped for 'Indy 4' role". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
15.Jump up ^ Aaron Parsley (2007-04-23). "Shia LaBeouf: How I'm Getting Buff for Indiana Jones". People. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
16.^ Jump up to: a b "New Indy Adventure Begins Shooting". IndianaJones.com. 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
17.Jump up ^ Nick de Semlyen (April 2008). "Shia LaBeouf is Indiana Jones Jr.". Empire. p. 76.
18.Jump up ^ Shawn Adler (2008-04-07). "Shia Gets Injured On ‘Indy 4,’ Gears Up For ‘Transformers 2’". MTV. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
19.Jump up ^ Anthony Breznican (2007-12-09). "First look: Whip cracks over new 'Indiana Jones' movie". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
20.Jump up ^ Scott Huver (2007). "Cate Blanchett: The Oscar Nominee On Dylan, Ledger and Indiana Jones". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
21.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ian Freer (May 2008). "The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". Empire. pp. 80 – 82.
22.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "About the Production" (Flash). Official site. Retrieved 2008-05-14. To access, click "The Film"
23.^ Jump up to: a b c d Steve Daly (2008-04-16). "Indiana Jones: The Untold Story". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
24.^ Jump up to: a b Matthew Leyland (June 2008). "Fortune and Glory". Total Film. pp. 68–71.
25.Jump up ^ Shawn Adler (2007-12-07). "'Indiana Jones' Roles For Cate Blanchett, Ray Winstone Revealed Exclusively To MTV News". MTV. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
26.Jump up ^ Kim Gregory (2008-02-15). "Ray Winstone thinks Cate Blanchett is the best actress in the world". Showbiz Spy. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
27.Jump up ^ "Soccer AM" (Sky Sports 1) and "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" (BBC1)
28.Jump up ^ "Ray Winstone's Spielberg suggestions". My Park magazine. 2008-12-27. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
29.Jump up ^ "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, BBC1, May 23, 2008".
30.Jump up ^ Shawn Adler (2007-11-12). "Frank Darabont Expects Fight Over ‘Indy IV’ Writing Credits". MTV. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
31.^ Jump up to: a b Matt Mueller (2007-12-20). "Q&A Exclusive: John Hurt on 'Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'". Premiere. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
32.Jump up ^ Army Archerd (2008-04-14). "There's No Biz Like –". Variety. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
33.Jump up ^ Lucasfilm (2007-06-07). "The Indiana Jones Cast Expands". IndianaJones.com. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
34.Jump up ^ Steve Sonsky (2007-09-18). "George Lucas Hails Maverick Filmmakers, Teases Indy 4". TV Guide. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
35.Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-03-31). "Sean Connery Reviews 'Indiana Jones And The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull'". MTV. Retrieved 2009-01.
36.Jump up ^ Sztypuljak, David (2011-08-15). "Exclusive Interview: John Rhys Davies Talks War of Resistance, Indy 5 + Returning to The Hobbit?". heyuguys.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
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47.^ Jump up to: a b John Burnett (2007-07-11). "Ford lands on Big Isle". Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Retrieved 2007-07-17.[dead link]
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58.Jump up ^ "Is Dan Bradley stunt coordinator for Indy 4?". TheRaider.net. 2007-09-04. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
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74.Jump up ^ "Court Adventure for Indiana Jones". Sky News. 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
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77.Jump up ^ "Police probe "Indiana Jones" theft mystery: report". Reuters. 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
78.Jump up ^ "Man pleads guilty in theft of 'Indiana Jones' movie materials". International Herald Tribune. 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
79.^ Jump up to: a b "Indy Backed By Major Companies in Global Licensing and Promotional Program". IndianaJones.com. 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
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81.^ Jump up to: a b c Mary Ellen Podmolik (2008-05-09). "Indiana Jones and the inescapable ads". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
82.Jump up ^ "IndyCar Driver Marco Andretti To Run 'Indiana Jones' Livery For Indy 500". PaddockTalk.com. 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
83.Jump up ^ "Limited-Edition Indiana Jones M&M’S Brand Candies and Snickers Bars Whip Into Stores for the Highly Anticipated Release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". M&M. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
84.Jump up ^ "THE RACE: Dodge Challenger 500". Jayski. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
85.Jump up ^ Friends of the World Heritage Adventure Quiz
86.Jump up ^ Friends of World Heritage Teams Up with Indiana Jones to Offer Travelers the Chance to Follow in Indy's Footsteps. Prweb.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
87.Jump up ^ "New Packaging whipped up for Indy". Star Wars.com. 2007-10-10. Archived from the original on 2008-01-27. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
88.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones Merchandising". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
89.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones Playing Cards". Cartamundi. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
90.Jump up ^ Stuart Dredge (2008-02-13). "Hands on with THQ Wireless' Indiana Jones mobile game". PocketGamer.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
91.Jump up ^ LucasArts. "Indiana Jones". LucasArts.com. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
92.Jump up ^ LucasArts (2007-07-27). "If Family Adventure Has a Name, It Must Be LEGO Indiana Jones: The Videogame". LucasArts.com. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
93.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Brick". Lego. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
94.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones". Pinball News. 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
95.Jump up ^ "YoungIndy.com". Paramount Pictures/Lucasfilm Ltd. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
96.Jump up ^ James Rollins (2008). Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Del Ray Books. ISBN 978-0-345-50128-8.
97.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones Junior Novelizations On the Way". StarWars.com. 2008-02-19. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
98.Jump up ^ "Dark Horse Comics for May". Comics Continuum. 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
99.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Magazine". Scoop.diamondgalleries.com. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
100.Jump up ^ Disneyland's new feature "Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries". Latimes.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
101.Jump up ^ "Indy's Latest Comes to Blu-Ray and DVD October 14th". StarWars.com. 2008-08-12. Archived from the original on 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
102.Jump up ^ Dave Foster (2008-09-17). "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (UK BD) in November". DVD Times. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
103.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones 4 DVD and Blu-ray Exclusives". TheRaider.net. 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
104.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". The Numbers. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
105.Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (2012-12-07). "'Indiana Jones' Lawsuit Seeks Hollywood Profits from Alleged Crystal Skull Theft (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
106.Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (2008-05-23). "'Jones' grosses $25 mil on Thursday". Variety. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
107.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) – Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
108.Jump up ^ "Movies With the Widest Openings at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
109.Jump up ^ Dean Goodman (2008-05-26). ""Indiana Jones" hits $311 million worldwide". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
110.Jump up ^ "2008 DOMESTIC GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
111.Jump up ^ "2008 WORLDWIDE GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
112.Jump up ^ "DOMESTIC GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
113.Jump up ^ "WORLDWIDE GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
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115.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008): Reviews". Yahoo. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
116.Jump up ^ Joshua Rich (2008-05-22). "'Indiana Jones 4' Digs Big Box Office". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
117.Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (2008-05-18). "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
118.Jump up ^ Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2009, p. 669. Amazon.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
119.Jump up ^ Dade Hayes (2008-12-09). "Critics Choice favors 'Milk,' 'Button'". Variety. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
120.Jump up ^ "Visual Effects Society". IESB.net. 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
121.Jump up ^ Empire's 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time. Empireonline.com (2006-12-05). Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
122.Jump up ^ "51st Grammy Awards". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
123.Jump up ^ "Nominations for the 35th Annual Saturn Awards". Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
124.Jump up ^ David Germain (2008-05-18). "'Indiana Jones' debut survives Cannes critics". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-05-29.[dead link]
125.Jump up ^ Scott Bowles (2008-05-11). "'Indiana Jones' gets mixed reviews on the Web". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
126.Jump up ^ James Berardinelli. "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull". Reel Views. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
127.Jump up ^ At the Movies: Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Abc.net.au. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
128.Jump up ^ "29th Annual Golden Raspberry Award Winners". Razzies. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
129.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull: Award Wins and Nominations". IMDb.com. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
130.Jump up ^ "Worst Sequels of All Time". Comcast.com. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
131.Jump up ^ "The 20 Worst Sequels to Good Movies". Paste magazine. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
132.Jump up ^ "Top 10 Worst Movie Sequels". listverse.com. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
133.Jump up ^ "‘Jump the Shark,’ Meet ‘Nuke the Fridge’". Newsweek. 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
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135.Jump up ^ Carl Cortez (2008-10-09). "South Park — Season Twelve — The China Probrem". iF Magazine. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
136.Jump up ^ "Indiana angers Russian communists". BBC News Online. 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
137.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones and the Propaganda Machine". Russia Today. 2008-05-23. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
138.Jump up ^ "Steven Spielberg: "I'm Russian. But that doesn't explain a thing."". Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
139.Jump up ^ "Califican en Perú de ofensivos errores en Indiana Jones". El Universal. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
140.Jump up ^ Críticas de 'Indiana Jones y el reino de la calavera de cristal' (2008). FilmAffinity. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
141.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones rides into Cannes". Reuters. 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
142.Jump up ^ Shawn Adler (2008-09-16). "Shia LaBeouf Defends 'Nuking The Fridge' And Other Fantastical 'Indy 4' Moments". MTV. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
143.Jump up ^ Spielberg: More Indy & Jurassic Park? | Movie News | Empire. Empireonline.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
144.Jump up ^ "Bryan Curtis (2012-01-17). "George Lucas Is Ready to Roll the Credits". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
145.Jump up ^ "Cannes 2010: Shia LaBeouf: We botched the last Indiana Jones". Los Angeles Times. 2010-05-15.
146.Jump up ^ Gell, Aaron (August 2011). "Shia LaBeouf: Hollywood's Last Bad Boy". Details. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
147.Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (2012-08-15). "Shia LaBeouf Regrets Spielberg Dig, Slams Studio System: 'They Stick a Finger Up Your A--'". Hollywood Reporter.
References[edit]
Rinzler, J.W.; Laurent Bouzereau (2008). The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-192661-8.
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Official website
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull at the Internet Movie Database
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull at AllRovi
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull at Rotten Tomatoes
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull at Metacritic
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull at Box Office Mojo

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Indiana Jones

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Indiana Jones
Indiana Jones character
Indiana Jones in Raiders of the Lost Ark.jpg
Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones in Raiders of the Lost Ark in 1981
 
First appearance
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Last appearance
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Created by
George Lucas
Portrayed by
Films:
Harrison Ford (ages 36–58)
River Phoenix (age 13)
TV series:
 Neil "Boulie" Boulane (baby)
 Boutalat (toddler)
Corey Carrier (ages 8–10)
Sean Patrick Flanery (ages 16–21)
George Hall (age 93)
Video games:
Doug Lee (voice)
 David Esch (voice)
 John Armstrong (voice)
Information

Full name
Henry Walton Jones, Jr.
Nickname(s)
Doctor Jones
 Indy
 Junior
 Henri Defense[1]
 Mungo Kidogo[2]
 Captain Dynamite, Scourge of the Kaiser[2]
 Jonesy[3][4][5]
Occupation
Archaeologist
 Associate Dean
 College Professor
 Soldier
 Spy
 Adventurer
 Ghost Hunter
Title
Doctor (Ph.D.)
Colonel
Family
Henry Walton Jones, Sr. (father) (deceased)
Anna Mary Jones (mother) (deceased)
 Susie Jones (sister) (deceased)[6]
Spouse(s)
Deirdre Campbell Jones (1926)[7]
Marion Ravenwood Jones (1957–present)
Children
Henry Walton "Mutt" Jones III (son)
 Unnamed daughter[8]
Relatives
Marcus Brody
 Sallah
 Short Round
 Willie Scott
 Dr.Elsa Schneider
 Harold "Ox" Oxley
Religion
Christian (nominal)[9]
Nationality
Scottish American
Dr. Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr.,[10] usually nicknamed as "Indy" for short, is the main character of the Indiana Jones franchise. George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials. The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. Alongside the more widely known films and television programs, the character is also featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. Jones is also featured in the Disney theme park attraction, Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland which also exists in a similar form at Tokyo DisneySea.
Jones is most famously played by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix (as the young Jones in The Last Crusade) and in the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles by Corey Carrier, Sean Patrick Flanery, and George Hall. Doug Lee has supplied Jones's voice to two LucasArts video games, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, while David Esch supplied his voice to Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb and John Armstrong in Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings.[11]
Particularly notable facets of the character include his iconic look (bullwhip, fedora, and leather jacket), sense of humor, supposedly deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages, and fear of snakes.
Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones has become a worldwide star and remains one of cinema's most revered film characters. In 2003, the American Film Institute ranked him as the second greatest film hero of all time.[12] He was also named the 6th Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine.[13] Entertainment Weekly ranked Indy 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture.[14] Premiere magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[15] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Indy at number 10.[16]

Contents
  [hide] 1 Appearances 1.1 Television
1.2 Video games
1.3 Theme parks
2 Character description and formation
3 Origins and inspirations 3.1 Historical models
4 Costume
5 Casting
6 Influence
7 References
8 External links
Appearances[edit]

 

 Young Indiana Jones in The Last Crusade, played by River Phoenix
A native of Princeton, New Jersey, Indiana Jones was first introduced in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936. The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp action heroes, whose research is funded by Marshall College (named after producer Frank Marshall),[17] a fictional college in Connecticut, where he is a professor of archaeology. In this first adventure, he is pitted against the Nazis, traveling the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant (see also Biblical archaeology). He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah. The Nazis are led by Jones's archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinister Gestapo agent.
In the 1984 prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and the three Sankara stones from the bloodthirsty Thuggee cult. He is aided by Short Round, a young boy, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw).
The third film, 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, set in 1938, returned to the formula of the original, reintroducing characters such as Sallah and Marcus Brody, a scene from Professor Jones's classroom (he now teaches at Barnett College), the globe trotting element of multiple locations, and the return of the infamous Nazi mystics, this time trying to find the Holy Grail. The film's introduction, set in 1912, provided some back story to the character, specifically the origin of his fear of snakes, his use of a bullwhip, the scar on his chin, and his hat; the film's epilogue also reveals that "Indiana" is not Jones's first name, but a nickname he took from the family dog. The film was a buddy movie of sorts, teaming Jones with his father, often to comical effect. Although Lucas intended at the time to do five films, this ended up being the last for over eighteen years, as Lucas could not think of a good plot element to drive the next installment.[18]
The 2008 film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, became the latest film in the series. Set in 1957, 19 years after the third film, it pits an older, wiser Indiana Jones against Soviet agents bent on harnessing the power of a crystal skull associated with extraterrestrials discovered in South America by his former colleague Harold Oxley (John Hurt). Jones is aided in his adventure by his former lover, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and her son—a young greaser named Henry "Mutt" Williams (Shia LaBeouf), later revealed to be Jones's biological child, Henry Jones III. There were rumors that LaBeouf will take over the Indy franchise.[19] This film also reveals that Jones was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services (a predecessor department to the Central Intelligence Agency) during World War II, attaining the rank of Colonel in the United States Army and running covert operations with MI6 agent George McHale on the Soviet Union.
Television[edit]
Main article: The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
From 1992 to 1996, George Lucas executive-produced a television series named The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, aimed mainly at teenagers and older children, which showed many of the important events and historical figures of the early 20th century through the prism of Indiana Jones' life.

 

 Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana Jones
The show initially featured the formula of an elderly (93 to 94 years of age) lndiana Jones played by George Hall introducing a story from his youth by way of an anecdote: the main part of the episode then featured an adventure with either a young adult Indy (16 to 21 years of age) played by Sean Patrick Flanery or a child Indy (8 to 11 years) played by Corey Carrier. One episode, "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues", is bookended by Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones, rather than Hall. Later episodes and telemovies did not have this bookend format.
The bulk of the series centers around the young adult Indiana Jones and his activities during World War I as a 16–17 year old soldier in the Belgian Army and then as an intelligence officer and spy seconded to French intelligence. The child Indy episodes follow the boy's travels around the globe as he accompanies his parents on his father's worldwide lecture tour from 1908 to 1910.
The show provided some backstory for the films, as well as new information regarding the character. Indiana Jones was born July 1, 1899, and his middle name is Walton (Lucas's middle name). It is also mentioned that he had a sister called Suzie who died as an infant of fever, and that he eventually has a daughter and grandchildren who appear in some episode introductions and epilogues. His relationship with his father, first introduced in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was further fleshed out with stories about his travels with his father as a young boy. Indy damages or loses his right eye sometime between the events in 1957 and the early 1990s, when the "Old Indy" segments take place, as the elderly Indiana Jones wears an eyepatch.
In 1999, Lucas removed the episode introductions and epilogues by George Hall for the VHS and DVD releases, and re-edited the episodes into chronologically ordered feature-length stories. The series title was also changed to The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones.
Video games[edit]
The character has appeared in several officially licensed games, including LEGO Indiana Jones video games, beginning with adaptations of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, two adaptations of The Last Crusade (one with purely action mechanics, one with an adventure and puzzle based structure) and Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures which included the storylines from all three of the original films.
Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb and Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings.[20] Emperor's Tomb sets up Jones's companion Wu Han and the search for Nurhaci's ashes seen at the beginning of Temple of Doom. The first two games were developed by Hal Barwood and starred Doug Lee as the voice of Indiana Jones; Emperor's Tomb had David Esch fill the role and Staff of Kings starred John Armstrong.
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine was the first Indy-based game presented in three dimensions, as opposed to 8-bit graphics and side-scrolling games before.
There is also a small game from Lucas Arts Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures. A video game was made for young Indy called Young Indiana Jones and the Instruments of Chaos, as well as a video game version of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.
Two Lego Indiana Jones games have also been released. Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures was released in 2008[21] and follows the plots of the first three films. It was followed by LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues in late 2009. The sequel includes an abbreviated reprise of the first three films, but focuses on the plot of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
Indiana Jones has also made cameo appearances as an unlockable character in the games Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction[citation needed] and Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga.[citation needed]
Social gaming company Zynga introduced Indiana Jones to their "Adventure World" game in late 2011.[22]
Theme parks[edit]
Main article: Indiana Jones Adventure

 

 Action on the set of Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Orlando, Florida.
Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions. The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea ("Temple of the Forbidden Eye" and "Temple of the Crystal Skull," respectively) place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries. These two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time,[citation needed] opened in 1995[23] and 2001,[24][25] respectively, with sole design credit attributed to Walt Disney Imagineering.[citation needed] Disney did not license Harrison Ford's likeness for the North American version;[citation needed] nevertheless, a differentiated Indiana Jones audio-animatronic character appears at three points in both attractions. However, the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Ford's likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts.[citation needed] In 2010, some of the Indy audio-animatronics at the Disneyland version were replaced and now resemble Ford.[26]
Disneyland Paris also features an Indiana Jones-titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril is a looping roller coaster engineered by Intamin, designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, and opened in 1993.
The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! is a live show that has been presented in the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park of the Walt Disney World Resort with few changes since the park's 1989 opening, as Disney-MGM Studios. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a feature film production, and recruits members of the audience to participate in the show. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the Raiders of the Lost Ark films, including the well-known "running-from-the-boulder" scene. Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show.[27] Also at Disney's Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction; during the The Great Movie Ride's Raiders of the Lost Ark segment.[28]
Character description and formation[edit]

 

Harrison Ford as the mature Jones in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
In his role as a college professor of archaeology, Henry Jones Jr. is scholarly and learned in a tweed suit, lecturing on ancient civilizations. In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, it is revealed that Jones is influenced by the Marxist Archaeologist, Vere Gordon Childe, whose qualified acceptance of cultural diffusionism theory he propounds. Ironically, though Childe loathes fieldwork,[29] Indy goes on to say, "If you want to be a good archaeologist, you gotta get out of the library." This is in tongue-in-cheek contrast to the previous film's comment, "Seventy percent of all archaeology is done in the library."
However, at the opportunity to recover important artifacts, Dr. Jones transforms into "Indiana," a "non-superhero superhero" image he has concocted for himself.[30] Producer Frank Marshall said, "Indy [is] a fallible character. He makes mistakes and gets hurt. [...] That's the other thing people like: He's a real character, not a character with superpowers."[31] Spielberg said there "was the willingness to allow our leading man to get hurt and to express his pain and to get his mad out and to take pratfalls and sometimes be the butt of his own jokes. I mean, Indiana Jones is not a perfect hero, and his imperfections, I think, make the audience feel that, with a little more exercise and a little more courage, they could be just like him."[32] According to Spielberg biographer Douglas Brode, Indiana created his heroic figure so as to escape the dullness of teaching at a school. Both of Indiana's personas reject one another in philosophy, creating a duality.[30] Harrison Ford said the fun of playing the character was because Indiana is both a romantic and a cynic,[33] while scholars have analyzed Indiana as having traits of a lone wolf; a man on a quest; a noble treasure hunter; a hardboiled detective; a human superhero; and an American patriot.[34]
Like many characters in his films, Jones has some autobiographical elements of Spielberg. Indiana lacks a proper father figure because of his strained relationship with his father, Henry Senior. His own contained anger is misdirected towards Professor Abner Ravenwood, his mentor at the University of Chicago, leading to a strained relationship with Marion Ravenwood.[30] The teenage Indiana bases his own look on a figure from the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, after being given his hat.[35] Marcus Brody acts as Indiana's positive role model at the college.[35] Indiana's own insecurities are made worse by the absence of his mother.[36] In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, he becomes the father figure to Willie Scott and Short Round, to survive; he is rescued from Kali's evil by Short Round's dedication. Indiana also saves many enslaved children.[36]
Because of Indiana's strained relationship with his father, who was absent much of Indiana's youth searching for the Holy Grail, the character does not pursue the more spiritual aspects of the cultures he studies.[citation needed] Indiana uses his knowledge of Shiva to defeat Mola Ram.[36] In Raiders, however, he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in the Ark of the Covenant. By contrast, his rival Rene Belloq is killed for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God.[30]
In the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Jones is seen as a teenager, establishing his look when given a hat. Indiana's intentions are revealed as prosocial, as he believes artifacts "belong in a museum." In the film's climax, Indiana undergoes "literal" tests of faith to retrieve the Grail and save his father's life. He also remembers Jesus as a historical figure – a humble carpenter – rather than an exalted figure when he recognizes the simple nature and tarnished appearance of the real Grail amongst a large assortment of much more ornately decorated ones. Henry Senior rescues his son from falling to his death when reaching for the fallen Grail, telling him to "let it go," overcoming his mercenary nature.[35] The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles explains how Indiana becomes solitary and less idealistic following his service in World War I.[37] In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Jones is older and wiser, whereas his sidekicks Mutt and Mac are youthfully arrogant and greedy, respectively.[38]
Origins and inspirations[edit]

 

Charlton Heston in Secret of the Incas
Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinée serials and pulp magazines that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the Republic Pictures serials, and the Doc Savage series). Sir H. Rider Haggard's safari guide/big game hunter Allan Quatermain of King Solomon's Mines, who dates back to 1885, is a notable template for Jones.[39] The two friends first discussed the project in Hawaii around the time of the release of the first Star Wars film.[40] Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted his next project to be something fun, like a James Bond film (this would later be referenced when they cast Sean Connery as Henry Jones, Sr.). According to sources, Lucas responded to the effect that he had something "even better,"[40] or that he "got that beat."[41]
Two of the possible bases for Indiana Jones are Professor Challenger, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912 for his novel, The Lost World. Challenger was based on Doyle's physiology professor, Sir William Rutherford, an adventuring academic, albeit a zoologist/anthropologist.[42]
The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after an Alaskan Malamute Lucas owned in the 1970s (Indiana); the name was perhaps in a nod to the 1966 Western film Nevada Smith.[citation needed] Spielberg disliked the name Smith, and Lucas casually suggested Jones as an alternative.[40]
Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of British secret agent James Bond was one of the primary inspirations for Jones, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.[43][44]
Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman Landis noted that the inspiration for the series as well as Indiana Jones' outfit was Charlton Heston's Harry Steele in Secret of the Incas (1954) and called Raiders of the Lost Ark "almost a shot for shot" remake of the Heston film, citing that Indiana Jones was "a kinder, gentler Harry Steele": "We did watch this film together as a crew several times, and I always thought it strange that the filmmakers did not credit it later as the inspiration for the series."[45]
Historical models[edit]
Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character—although none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. There are some suggestions, listed here in alphabetical order by last name:
Beloit College professor and paleontologist Roy Chapman Andrews.[46]
Italian archaeologist and circus strongman Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823).[47]
Yale University professor, historian, and explorer Hiram Bingham III, who rediscovered and excavated the lost city of Machu Picchu,[48] and chronicled his find in the bestselling book The Lost City of the Incas in 1948.[49]
University of Chicago archaeologist Robert Braidwood.[50]
University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted.[51]
British archaeologist Percy Fawcett, who spent much of his life exploring the jungles of northern Brazil, and who was last seen in 1925 returning to the Amazon Basin to look for the Lost City Of Z. A fictionalized version of Fawcett appears to Jones in the book Indiana Jones And The Seven Veils.[7]
American archaeologist Walter Fairservis.[52]
Harvard University paleontologist Farish Jenkins.[53]
British archaeologist and soldier T. E. Lawrence.[54]
Northwestern University anthropologist, professor and adventurer William Montgomery McGovern.[55]
British adventurer Frederick Albert Mitchell-Hedges.[56]
German archaeologist Otto Rahn.[57]
Harvard University archaeologist and art historian Langdon Warner.[58]
Costume[edit]
Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed fedora. As a documentary of Raiders pointed out, the hat served a practical purpose. Following the lead of the old "B"-movies that inspired the Indiana Jones series, the fedora hid the actor's face sufficiently to allow doubles to perform the more dangerous stunts seamlessly. Examples in Raiders include the wider-angle shot of Indy and Marion crashing a statue through a wall, and Indy sliding under a fast-moving vehicle from front to back. Thus it was necessary for the hat to stay in place much of the time.
The hat became so iconic that the filmmakers could only come up with very good reasons or jokes to remove it. If it ever fell off during a take, filming would have to stop to put it back on. In jest, Ford put a stapler against his head to stop his hat from falling off when a documentary crew visited during shooting of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. This created the urban legend that Ford stapled the hat to his head.[59] Although other hats were also used throughout the films, the general style and profile remained the same. Elements of the outfit include:
The fedora was supplied by Herbert Johnson Hatters in England for the first three films. It was referred to as "The Australian Model" by costume designer Deborah Landis and was fitted with a Petersham bow.[60] The fedora for Crystal Skull was made by Steve Delk and Marc Kitter of the Adventurebilt Hat Company of Columbus, Mississippi.[61]
The leather jacket, a hybrid of the "Type 440" and the A-2 jacket, was made by Leather Concessionaires (now known as Wested Leather Co.) for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. For Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, jackets were made in-house at Bermans & Nathans in London based on a stunt jacket they provided for Raiders of the Lost Ark. Tony Nowak made the jacket for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[citation needed]
The Indiana Jones shirt is based on a typical safari-style shirt. Its distinctive feature is two vertical strips running from the shoulders to the bottom of the shirt tails and continued over both breast pockets. A common debate regards the original shirt color. Surviving samples of the original shirts seem to be darker in reality than they appear on screen. Most fans look for an off-white "stone" color for their replicas. The original shirts, however, may have been more of a "tan" or "natural" color. The shirt varied little from film to film, the only notable difference being the darker buttons in Temple of Doom and Last Crusade. Originally designed by Andreas Dometakis for the films, this shirt was once one of the hardest pieces of gear to find.
The pants worn by Indiana Jones in all three films were based on original World War II Army and Army Air Corps officer trousers. Although not original Pinks they are based on the same basic design and do carry a slight pinkish hue. The pants made for Raiders are said to be more of a greyish-brown where the pants made for Temple of Doom and Last Crusade were supposedly a purer reddish-brown. The pants were made of a khaki wool-twill, pleated with seven belt loops, two scalloped button flap rear pockets, a button fly and a four-inch military style hem. They were all most likely subcontracted by the costume department and made by famed London based cinema costumers, Angels and Bermans, to be tailored perfectly for Harrison Ford for the production.
The bag was a modified Mark VII British gas mask bag, usually worn under the jacket with the exception of Crystal Skull where the bag was worn over the jacket.[citation needed]
The whip was a 8 to 10 foot (2.4 to 3.0 m) bullwhip crafted by David Morgan for the first three films. The whips for Crystal Skull were crafted by a variety of people, including Terry Jacka, Joe Strain and Morgan (different lengths and styles were likely used in specific stunts).[citation needed]
The pistol was usually a World War I-era revolver, including the Webley Government (Last Crusade and Crystal Skull), or a .45 ACP Smith & Wesson Hand Ejector 2nd model revolver (Raiders). He has also used an M1917 revolver (Temple of Doom), a Nagant M1895 (Young Indiana Jones), and a 9 mm Browning Hi-Power (Raiders).[62] The weapon is carried in a military pattern flap holster.
The shoes were made by Alden. A stock style (model 405) that had been a favorite of Ford's before the films, they are still sold today (though in a redder (brick) shade of brown than seen in the films) and are popularly known as "Indy Boots."[63]
The fedora and leather jacket from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade are on display at the Smithsonian Institution's American History Museum in Washington, D.C.[64] The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for some aficionados of the franchise.[65] Jones' whip was the third most popular film weapon, as shown by a 2008 poll held by 20th Century Fox, which surveyed approximately two thousand film fans.[66]
Casting[edit]
Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars, and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby De Niro" (in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films).[40] During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast then actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark.[40] However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role.[40] One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded.
After Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas gave in, and Ford was cast in the role less than three weeks before filming began.[40]
Influence[edit]
Though some archaeologists criticize Indy's methods as befitting a "looter" rather more than a careful worker of precious sites, many have adopted the popular figure as something of a standard-bearer for their profession.[67] The industry magazine Archaeology, believing that Jones, as one editor said, was "a horrible archaeologist but a great diplomat for archaeology,"[67] named eight past and current archaeologists who they felt "embodied [Jones'] spirit" as recipients of the "Indy Spirit Awards" in 2008.[68] That same year Ford himself was elected to the Board of Directors of the Archaeological Institute of America. Commenting that "understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future," Ford was praised by the association's president for his character's "significant role in stimulating the public's interest in archaeological exploration."[69]
While himself a homage to various prior adventurers, aspects of Indiana Jones also directly influenced some subsequent characterizations:
Lara Croft, the female archaeologist of the Tomb Raider series, was originally designed as a man, but was changed to a woman, partly because the developers felt that the original design was too similar to Indiana Jones.[70] Paramount Pictures, which distributed the Indiana Jones film series, would later make two films based on the Tomb Raider games.
Prince of Persia producer Ben Mattes explained that their "inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones, Han Solo."[71]
The video game series Uncharted is also very heavily influenced and inspired by Indiana Jones. The main character, Nathan Drake, also shares many similarities with Jones himself, both visually and personality-wise. The design team felt the sources shared themes of mystery and "what-if scenarios" that romanticized adventure and aimed to include those in Uncharted.[72]
References[edit]
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2.^ Jump up to: a b The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Congo, January 1917", 1992-04-08.
3.Jump up ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 19 – Winds of Change, American Broadcasting Company.
4.Jump up ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 20 – Mystery of The Blues, American Broadcasting Company.
5.Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).
6.Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Peking, March 1910", 1993-06-26
7.^ Jump up to: a b Rob MacGregor (November 1991). Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-29035-6.
8.Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Ireland, April 1916", 1993-06-12
9.Jump up ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 5 – Journey of Radiance, American Broadcasting Company
10.Jump up ^ The character's full name is stated in the Corey Carrier narration of the feature-length episode My First Adventure from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.
11.Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings (Video Game 2009) – IMDb
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26.Jump up ^ Disneyland Resort: What’s Worth Seeing in 2010? | The DIS Unplugged Disney Blog. Disunplugged.com. (2010-02-08). Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
27.Jump up ^ Willoughby Mariano (2009-08-18). "Disney performer dies during rehearsal". Orlando Sentinel.
28.Jump up ^ Winders, Glenda (13 August 1989). "Disney theme park re-creates Hollywood in its heyday". Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Spartanburg SC). Copley News Service. p. 12. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
29.Jump up ^ Green, Sally (1981). Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe. Moonraker Press. p. 64. ISBN ISBN 0-239002067.
30.^ Jump up to: a b c d Douglas Brode (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. pp. 90–98. ISBN 0-8065-1540-6.
31.Jump up ^ Anthony Breznican (2007-12-09). "First look: Whip cracks over new 'Indiana Jones' movie". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
32.Jump up ^ Jim Windolf (2007-12-02). "Q&A: Steven Spielberg". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
33.Jump up ^ Shinji Hata (interviewer) (1994). From Star Wars to Indiana Jones: The Best of the LucasFilm Archives. LucasFilm.
34.Jump up ^ Maria Puente (2008-05-22). "Indiana Jones: He's Everyman, with wit and a whip". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
35.^ Jump up to: a b c Douglas Brode (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. pp. 174, 176–187. ISBN 0-8065-1540-6.
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37.Jump up ^ Travis Fickett (2008-05-22). "Indiana Jones and the Small Screen". IGN. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
38.Jump up ^ "News, Etc.". Empire. March 2008. p. 17.
39.Jump up ^ "Based on a 1885 novel by Henry Rider Haggard, exploits of Allan Quartermain have long served as a template for the Indiana Jones character. King Solomon's Mines (1950), Quartermain finds himself unwillingly thrust into a worldwide search for the legendary mines of King Solomon. The look and feel of Indiana and his past adventures are quite apparent. Both Quartermain and Jones are confronted by angry villagers and a myriad of dangerous booby traps. Look to King Solomon's Mines for a good idea on the feel and tone Lucas and Spielberg are after with their latest Indiana Jones outing". Superheroflix.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.[dead link]
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44.Jump up ^ Fleurier, Nicolas (2006). James Bond & Indiana Jones. Action figures. Histoire & Collections. ISBN 2-35250-005-2.
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46.Jump up ^ Preston, Douglas J. (1993). Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion Into the American Museum of Natural History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-10456-1., pp. 97–98, "Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after... crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place."
47.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)". Filmsite.org. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
48.Jump up ^ Gene Sloan (2005-09-22). "The trail less trampled on". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
49.Jump up ^ "Lost City of the Incas". United States Senate. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
50.Jump up ^ Molly Schranz (2003-12-21). "Obituary: Robert and Linda Braidwood". Chicago Maroon. Retrieved 2006-09-21. "Some say he was the real life inspiration for Indiana Jones."
51.Jump up ^ "Oriental Institute Tour". The University of Chicago. Retrieved 2009-07-11. "Some sources say that Breasted was the inspiration for Indiana Jones; others say it was Robert Braidwood."
52.Jump up ^ "Retired Professor Walter A. Fairservis Jr. Dies". The Miscellany News. September 9, 1994.
53.Jump up ^ "The Real Indiana Jones or a conversation with a Palentologist". Politika (Poland). Retrieved 2012-12-12.
54.Jump up ^ French, Mike. "Lawrence of Arabia". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
55.Jump up ^ "Keeper of the Past". 1999-09-21. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
56.Jump up ^ "Nazi treasure, giant scorpions... and a crystal skull: The adventures of the REAL Indiana Jones". Daily Mail (London). 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
57.Jump up ^ Preston, John (2008-05-22). "The original Indiana Jones: Otto Rahn and the temple of doom". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2008-06-02.
58.Jump up ^ "The Monuments Men: Langdon Warner". 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
59.Jump up ^ "Hat and Jacket featurette". Official site. 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
60.Jump up ^ "The Indiana Jones Fedora". Indy Gear.
61.Jump up ^ "Adventurebilt and Indiana Jones". Adventurebilt Hat Company. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
62.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones Guns". IndyGear.com. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
63.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones Boots". IndyGear.com. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
64.Jump up ^ "Shrine to the Famous: Indiana Jones's hat and jacket, 1980s". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
65.Jump up ^ "IndyGear.com". Retrieved 2007-12-11.
66.Jump up ^ Sophie Borland (2008-01-21). "Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
67.^ Jump up to: a b Mike Peed (2008-06-09). "Digging". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
68.Jump up ^ Eti Bonn-Muller and Eric A. Powell (May / June 2008). "Indy Spirit Awards". Archaeology. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
69.Jump up ^ "Harrison Ford Elected to AIA Board" (Press release). Archaeological Institute of America. 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
70.Jump up ^ Toby Gard, Jeremy Heath Smith, Ian Livingston (interviews); Keeley Hawes (narrator) (2007). Ten Years of Tomb Raider: A GameTap Retrospective. Eidos Interactive / GameTap.
71.Jump up ^ As quoted in Gary Steinman, "Prince of Persia: Anatomy of a Prince," PlayStation: The Official Magazine 13 (December 2008): 50.
72.Jump up ^ Nelson, Randy (November 2007). "Off The Chart – Uncharted: Drake's Fortune". PlayStation Magazine (Future plc) (129): 26–33.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Indiana Jones
IndianaJones.com – the official Indiana Jones site
Indiana Jones at the Internet Movie Database
The Indiana Jones Wiki – A wiki devoted to Indiana Jones

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Marion Ravenwood

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Marion Ravenwood Jones
Indiana Jones character
Marion ravenwood 08.jpg
Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood in the fourth film.
 
First appearance
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Last appearance
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Portrayed by
Karen Allen
Information

Gender
Female
Occupation
Bartender
Nightclub owner
Journalist
Public relations agent
Family
Professor Abner Ravenwood (father; deceased)
Spouse(s)
Colin Williams (deceased)
Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr.
Children
Henry "Mutt" Jones III
Nationality
American
Marion Ravenwood Jones (formerly Williams) is a fictional character that first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark. Played by Karen Allen, she enters the story when Indiana Jones visits her in Nepal, needing her help;— specifically, he needs an artifact in her possession, originally obtained by her father, archaeologist Professor Abner Ravenwood (Jones' mentor), in order to locate the Ark of the Covenant. After 27 years of absence (21 years in the films' internal chronology), the character returned in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, and was once again played by Allen.
Biography[edit]
Marion's father, Dr. Abner Ravenwood was a professor of archaeology obsessed with finding the Ark of the Covenant (as referred to in the Bible), he was also a mentor to the young Henry "Indiana" Jones, who eventually accompanied them on several digs.
Marion entered into a relationship with Indiana Jones during this time, while she was still only 14 years old.[1] Jones abruptly left the Ravenwoods in 1926; Marion was about 16 or 17 years old when the relationship finished, and Jones was 27, ten years her senior. Later in her life, Marion chastised Jones, stating, "I was a child! I was in love! It was wrong and you knew it!" Jones showed little remorse, and simply replied "You knew what you were doing."
After Jones broke off contact with them both, he returned to the United States to focus on his career as an archaeology professor, and Marion and her father settled in Nepal. She later started running a local tavern – "The Raven" – after its manager (her father) died and left it to her. Taking advantage of her high tolerance for alcohol, she would frequently drink the bar's patrons under the table on a wager. She refused to return to the United States until she had enough money to return "with style".
In 1936, Marion found herself back in contact with Jones, when he offered her money for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra, an artifact originally located by her father. Reluctant at first, she was forced to cooperate when the bespectacled Gestapo agent Arnold Toht arrived to demand the piece himself. During the subsequent fight, the tavern caught fire. Marion told Jones that, until he repaid her the money, which was destroyed in the fire, she was his partner. However she was then captured by the Nazis, with Jones believing she was dead. Indy believed she was dead until, by a fortunate accident, he stumbled upon her with her hands and bare feet bound and gagged with a knotted handkerchief between her teeth in one of the Nazi tents. To her chagrin, he decided to leave her, reasoning that an escape would draw too much unwanted attention and regagged her. The perceived betrayal did not affect Marion's refusal to cooperate with her captors, however. Belloq's advances resulted only in an aborted escape attempt, and Toht's interrogation was likewise met with uncommon resistance. After being captured by and escaping from Jones' rival, Rene Belloq, she helped Jones recover the Ark of the Covenant from the Nazis; in the process, the couple rekindled their relationship.
Jones continued to pursue archaeological artifacts, while Marion tried her hand at journalism before opening a bar in New York City named The Raven's Nest. For a time, she also worked as the public relations officer for the museum at Marshall College. However, a week before their planned wedding Indy left her without explanation and not knowing she was pregnant with their future son Henry "Mutt" Jones III. Marion met the RAF pilot Colin Williams three months after Mutt was born, and they eventually married and lived happily until Colin was killed during World War II. Jones' eccentric old friend, Harold Oxley, then helped raise Mutt, acting as a second (technically third) father.
Twenty years after Mutt's birth, Russians captured Oxley in an attempt to find the mythical crystal skulls that he had pursued. After she was captured trying to find Oxley, Marion sent Mutt to find Jones. After a desperate escape attempt, she revealed to Jones, who had remained clueless, that Mutt was actually his son. They argued so much that one of the Soviet agents finally gagged her. During the adventure, she and Jones again realized their love for each other. Back home, they were married, set to continue their adventures together.[2]
Concept and creation[edit]
Screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan named the character after his wife's grandmother, and took the character's surname from Ravenwood Lane in California.[3] Spielberg originally intended the role for his girlfriend Amy Irving.[4] Sean Young auditioned for the role,[3] Barbara Hershey was considered,[5] while Debra Winger turned it down.[6] Steven Spielberg cast Karen Allen, on the strength of her performance in National Lampoon's Animal House. Allen screen tested opposite Tim Matheson and John Shea, before Harrison Ford was cast as Indiana.[3]
Kasdan's depiction of Marion was more complex, and she was genuinely interested in René Belloq in earlier script drafts.[5] She and Paul Freeman added more comedy in the tent seduction scene.[3] Allen came up with her own backstory for the character, such as what happened to her mother, her romance with Indiana at age 15 or 16, and her time in Nepal; Spielberg described it as "an entirely different movie".[5]
After Raiders of the Lost Ark was released, Spielberg wanted Allen to return for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, but George Lucas decided that Indy would have a different love interest in each film.[3] Marion became a frequent supporting character in The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, a Marvel Comics title which ran for 34 issues from January 1983 until March 1986. During the 1990s, Lucas forbade author Rob MacGregor from including her in his novels for Bantam Books' Indiana Jones series. "How did Indy meet Marion? What happened in their earlier encounters? George apparently wanted to keep that for the future. Maybe we’ll find out in Indy 4," MacGregor speculated.[7] Frank Darabont claimed it was his idea to bring back Marion for Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, during his tenure as writer from 2002 to 2004.[8]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Knolle, Sharon (June 12, 2011). "30 Things You Might Not Know About 'Raiders of the Lost Ark'". Moviefone. AOL. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
2.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones: Marshall College: Ravenwood, Marion". IndianaJones.com.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e (2003). Indiana Jones: Making the Trilogy (DVD). Paramount Pictures.
4.Jump up ^ George Perry (1998). Steven Spielberg: The Making of his Movies. Orion. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-7528-1848-1.
5.^ Jump up to: a b c "25 Years of Indy!". Empire. October 2006. pp. 73, 78.
6.Jump up ^ Gregory Kirschling, Jeff Labrecque (2008-03-12). "Indiana Jones: 15 Fun Facts". Retrieved 2008-03-15.
7.Jump up ^ Aaron Gantt. "Interview with Rob MacGregor". The Indy Experience. Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
8.Jump up ^ "Comic-Con: Frank Darabont Talks ‘Indy’ Similarities". MTV. 2007-07-28. Retrieved 2008-02-18.

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Sallah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about an Indiana Jones character. For the Israeli film, see Sallah Shabati. For the village in Iran, see Sallah, Iran.

Sallah
Indiana Jones character
Sallahcrusade.JPG
Sallah in the Last Crusade
 
First appearance
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Last appearance
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Portrayed by
John Rhys-Davies
Voiced by
John Rhys-Davies and Bob Joles (Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Forbidden Eye & Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Crystal Skull)[1]
Information

Gender
Male
Occupation
Professional excavator
Family
Wife, sister, brother-in-law, nine children
Nationality
Egyptian
Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir,[2] better known as Sallah (Arabic: صلاح‎), is a fictional character played by John Rhys-Davies in two of the four Indiana Jones films: Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. He also appears in various comics and novels, and in the preshow video for Disneyland's Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Forbidden Eye attraction and Tokyo DisneySea's Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Crystal Skull attraction, where he is involved in the attraction's storyline and voices the safety announcement.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Character
2 Appearances
3 Concept and creation
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Character[edit]
Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife named Fayah and nine children, all of whom seem to have a fondness for Indiana (at one point they all surround him to save him from a group of Nazis who have their guns drawn on him). Sallah is depicted as being jovial, good natured, and occasionally cowardly (when seeing the numerous asps inside the room that houses the Ark of the Covenant, he suggests to Indiana, "You go first"), although Sallah does not suffer from a fear of snakes as does Indy. He seems to be extremely strong, although he is apparently unaware of his enormous strength (at one point, he gives Indiana a bear hug, causing him a great deal of discomfort, probably because Indy had just been shot in the arm). He has a strong baritone voice and he seems to have an affinity for Gilbert and Sullivan. He is often seen singing tunes from H.M.S. Pinafore when he is in a good mood. In Raiders of the Lost Ark he is mostly seen wearing a turban (perhaps to blend in with the other diggers working for the Nazis), and in The Last Crusade he is seen wearing a fez.
Appearances[edit]
Sallah appears in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), where he helps Jones decipher the inscription on the back of Marion Ravenwood's medallion by taking him to an old wise man. They learn that the Nazis are digging in the wrong location for the Ark of the Covenant—due to them only having access to one side of the medallion—so Sallah and Jones infiltrate the Nazi dig and they discover the real location of the Well of Souls, where the Ark is kept. He reluctantly joins Jones in the snake-infested tomb, and they move the Ark to the surface. However, the Nazis discover the secret dig and capture the Ark and Sallah. They also throw Marion into the tomb with Jones, and seal it shut. Jones and Marion escape, however, and he tells Sallah to secure some transportation back to England. He makes a deal with the captain of the Bantu Wind, a tramp steamer, for bringing Jones, Marion, and the Ark back to the States, referring to the two of them as his family.
He reappeared in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), where he fails in stopping Marcus Brody being captured by the Nazis at İskenderun. Sallah later takes Jones and his father, Henry to the Nazi convoy near the Holy Grail's location. He borrows his brother-in-law's car, which is destroyed in the ensuing battle between the Nazis and the Grail's guardians. Indy tells Sallah "No camels" and Sallah takes horses from the killed guardians for the return trip, as well as camels to compensate for his brother-in-law's loss. At the film's end, Sallah inquires what "Junior" means, and Henry Jones Sr. explains that it is his name: "Henry Jones, Jr.". Indiana (who apparently does not like his given name) reveals that he nicknamed himself "Indiana" after his dog, leaving Sallah roaring with laughter.
Sallah appeared in Marvel Comics's The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, where he helps Indiana recover the Chachapoyan Fertility Idol in Marrakech (that Rene Belloq stole in the Raiders opening sequence).[3] The 1990 novel Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror details his first encounter with Indiana in 1913, and his full name is given as Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir.[2] Sallah reappeared in the ninth and twelfth Bantam Books novels set before the films: in 1933 Sallah helped Indiana find the philosopher's stone,[4] and the following year he provides sanctuary for Jones on his way to the Great Sphinx of Giza.[5]
Concept and creation[edit]
The script specified Sallah as a thin 5'2" Bedouin, while Steven Spielberg envisioned him as "a small creature from the Star Wars cantina in an earthbound adventure film". He offered the role to Danny DeVito, who passed because of his commitment to Taxi. Spielberg saw John Rhys-Davies in Shōgun, and changed the role accordingly, advising the actor portray Sallah as a cross between his role in Shōgun and Falstaff.[6] Kevork Malikyan, who played Kazim in Last Crusade, also expressed interest in the role, but a traffic jam meant he missed his audition.[7]
When Davies reprised his role for Last Crusade, he imagined Sallah had become richer since Raiders, leaving excavation in favor of selling antiques. He wanted to convey that Sallah "has gotten older and a little fatter. This time, we see him without the appurtenances of his wife and children. He's a little more resolute now, and he's more ready to have a physical go at the Germans himself. But other than that, he's still the same old Sallah".[8]
There are two scenes deleted during filming of Raiders of the Lost Ark featuring Sallah. One is an extension of the scene where Sallah loses the rope into the map room, after two Nazi soldiers demand help from him in freeing their truck from the sand. The entire scene also involved several Nazi soldiers demanding to be served water, while Sallah panics and spills water on their uniforms. The scene was supposed to have smoke in the background, but tires used in the scene made it too dark. Spielberg cut the scene to avoid spending half a day reshooting. The other scene depicted Sallah's fate after Jones and Marion's entrapment with the asps. The Germans decide to execute Sallah, but a young soldier put in charge of the operation has second thoughts.[9]
There were also two scenes featuring Sallah cut from the finished cut of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. During the scene where Sallah fends off the German kidnappers, he hits a camel which spits mucus over the Nazis, and another shot with Sallah fighting the Nazis. The other depicts Indy and his father meeting Sallah at the İskenderun train station. It was deleted because of showing a minor transitional plot element.[10]
Reception[edit]
Sallah ranks at number 47 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the best sidekicks. They recalled his line, "Asps, very dangerous – you go first", citing it as "not the words of a coward, but rather, of a faithful (and perfectly honest) companion".[11] Empire named him their thirtieth favorite element of the films, citing "his indomitable spirit", a "lovely singing voice" and "a roguish streak to match Indy’s own".[12]
Kenner released a 3.75" action figure in 1983.[13] He was included in a TSR, Inc. collection of metal miniatures the following year.[14] In 2008, Hasbro released a 3 ¾" Sallah figure that included shovel and a torch accessories.[15] An Adventure Heroes figurine, which comes with a cobra and a mummy, was also released.[16]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7XbceE2LTY
2.^ Jump up to: a b Les Martin (1990). Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror. Random House. ISBN 0-679-80581-8.
3.Jump up ^ David Michelinie (w), Daniel Reed (p). "The Gold Goddess: Xomec's Raiders" The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones 9 (September 1983), Marvel Comics
4.Jump up ^ Max McCoy (1995). Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56196-8.
5.Jump up ^ Max McCoy (1999). Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-56197-5.
6.Jump up ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark: An Oral History". Empire Online. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
7.Jump up ^ "Casting the Crusaders". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
8.Jump up ^ Will Murray (August 1989). "John Rhys-Davies, Dangerous Actor". Starlog. pp. 45–48, 50.
9.Jump up ^ "Deleted Scenes". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
10.Jump up ^ "Deleted Scenes". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
11.Jump up ^ "Greatest Sidekicks: Nos. 26-50". Entertainment Weekly. 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
12.Jump up ^ "Top 30 Reasons Why We Love Indy — Part 1". Empire Online. 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
13.Jump up ^ "Kenner — Series 2: Action Figures". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
14.Jump up ^ "TSR Unpainted Metal Miniatures". Cool Toy Review. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
15.Jump up ^ "Hasbro - 3 ¾" Action Figures Wave 1: Basic Figures". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
16.Jump up ^ "Hasbro — Adventure Heroes: Wave 1". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
External links[edit]
Sallah at the Internet Movie Database

[hide]
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 ­Adventure World (2011)
 
 
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 ­Temple of the Crystal Skull·
 ­Temple du Péril·
 ­Epic Stunt Spectacular!
 
 
Literature
­The Peril at Delphi·
 ­The Dance of the Giants·
 ­The Seven Veils·
 ­The Philosopher's Stone
 
 
Other media
­Role-playing game·
 ­Comics·
 ­Lego Indiana Jones·
 ­Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick·
 ­Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries
 
 
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Henry Jones, Sr.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
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Henry Jones, Sr.
Indiana Jones character
IndianaJ.jpg
Henry Jones, Sr. (left)
 
First appearance
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Portrayed by
Sean Connery
Lloyd Owen
Alex Hyde-White
Information

Gender
Male
Occupation
Archaeologist
Professor of Medieval Literature
Spouse(s)
Anna Mary Jones (wife) (deceased)
Children
Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr. (son)
 Susie Jones (daughter) (deceased)[1]
Relatives
Henry Walton "Mutt" Jones III (grandson)
 Unnamed granddaughter[2]
 Grace Jones (sister)[3]
 Fred (brother-in-law)
 Frank (nephew)[3]
 Deirdre Campbell (ex-daughter-in-law)[4]
Marion Ravenwood (daughter-in-law)
 Caroline (great-granddaughter)[1]
 Henry Walton "Spike" Jones IV (great-grandson)[5]
 Lucy Jones (great-granddaughter)[2]
 Annie Jones (great-great-granddaughter)[1]
 Henry Walton "Harry" Jones V (great-great-grandson)[1]
Religion
Christian
Nationality
Scottish-American
Professor Henry Walton Jones, Sr. is a fictional character in the Indiana Jones franchise. He is the estranged father of Indiana Jones, who is captured by the Nazis while searching for the Holy Grail to act as bait for Indy.
The character was portrayed by Sean Connery in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Alex Hyde-White cameoed as the younger Henry in the film's prologue (though his face was not seen, and Connery dubbed his voice). Lloyd Owen played Henry in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles TV series. The character subsequently made appearances in novels and a comic book.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Characterization
2 Appearances
3 Conception
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Characterization[edit]
The father of renowned archaeologist Indiana Jones, Henry was born in Scotland on December 12, 1872. He is Scottish, and a professor of medieval literature (he received his degree from the University of Oxford on June 5, 1899) who, according to his son, is "the one the students hope they don't get".[6]
A driven man, Henry was fascinated by the search for the Holy Grail, keeping all the clues he found regarding its whereabouts in his Grail diary. He is apparently a Christian (although his denomination is unclear). He does not tolerate his son using Jesus's name in vain, slapping the younger Henry across the face when he does so and telling him, "That's for blasphemy!"[6]
Seemingly finding parenting difficult, Henry did not bond with his son during his childhood; after the death of his wife Anna from scarlet fever, the gulf between father and son grew to the point where they rarely spoke. Henry claims that he taught his son "self reliance" this way, while Indiana felt that his father simply cared more about his intellectual pursuits than he did about his own son, saying "What you taught me, was that I was less important to you than some people who'd been dead for 500 years in another country." To Indiana's constant exasperation, Henry refers to his son only as "Junior" (ironically, Indiana does the same thing to his own son), until the end of The Last Crusade when he finally calls him "Indiana". As he was not a hands-on father, Indiana resented his father's aloof, distant nature, which may have influenced his own inability to settle down and start a family for much of his life, and also resented his father's lifelong pursuit of the quest for the Holy Grail. When Henry explains that the search for the Grail is "a race against evil", Indy lashes out at him: "This is an obsession, Dad! I never understood it! Never!" Because of aloofness as a father, Indy embraced his father's friend Marcus Brody as a father figure and role model.
Henry suffers from Musophobia (fear of rats), similar to his son's fear of snakes, and, apparently, also from acrophobia.[7] He also has a habit of saying "This is intolerable!" in particularly trying circumstances. When Indy punches a Nazi while on the tank, he shouts, "You call this archaeology?!" Throughout the film, Henry is shocked by his son's violent lifestyle, such as when he guns down a pair of Nazis, saying "Look what you did! I can't believe what you did!" He also is unimpressed when his son defeats their Nazi pursuers with only a pole during their escape on motorcycle. During the tank battle, though, he blows up a truck full of Nazis to Brody's horror, explaining "It's war!"
As revealed in the Indiana Jones Ultimate Guide, Henry Jones, Sr. died in 1951.
Appearances[edit]
In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, set in 1938, Walter Donovan finds a tablet that provides new clues to the Grail's location, he hires Henry to lead an expedition to locate the artifact. While on the expedition, he discovers that his colleague (Elsa Schneider, with whom Indy has a brief affair) is working for the Nazis. Henry mails his Grail diary, with its many vital clues, to his son for safekeeping — shortly afterwards he (while working in a Venetian library) is captured by Nazi officials and interned in Brunwald Castle on the Austrian border.
He is eventually rescued from the castle by his son, and they learn that Donovan is also working with the Nazis. Henry convinces Indiana that the Grail must not be taken by the Nazis and that they need to go to Berlin to reclaim his Grail diary to complete the quest. During the course of the adventure, Marcus is captured and when Indiana goes to battle the Nazis, Henry tries to rescue Marcus himself. During the course of the battle, Henry blows up a truck full of Nazis, saving Indiana's life. Eventually, working together, Marcus and Henry manage to escape the tank they're trapped in. When Indy nearly falls to his death off a cliff after fighting Nazis on a tank, Henry is horrified when he thinks his son has died, and is greatly relieved when Indy reveals himself to be alive and well. Henry is shot by Donovan in the film's climax, but Indiana finds the Grail in time and uses it to heal his wounds. Henry returns the favor by rescuing Indiana from a rift (created when Elsa crosses a seal with the Grail), imploring his son to let the Grail go, even calling him by his nickname "Indiana" for the first time and implying that he cares more about Indiana than the Grail.
In The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, following the publication of a successful book on chivalry in 1909, Jones is invited to speak at a number of schools and universities around the world. He took his wife and son along with him, hiring his former tutor, Helen Seymour (portrayed by Margaret Tyzack) to tutor his son.
In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Henry is hinted to have died prior to the events of the film. A framed photograph of him is seen on Indy's desk at one point in the film. Near the end of the movie, Indy addresses Mutt as "Junior". In the James Rollins novelization of the movie, it is said that Henry Jones Sr had died roughly two years before, making his year of death between 1955 and 1956. However, in the James Luceno DK book, Indiana Jones the Ultimate Guide, it lists his death as 1951.[8]
According to a video on the official website for the video game, Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings, Henry will be a playable character in a storyline specially created for co-op mode, which follows Henry Sr. and Henry Jr. as they travel to South America to prevent priceless artifacts from falling into the hands of the Germans.
Henry Sr. and Henry Jr. make very brief unplayable cameos in the video game "LEGO Star Wars III: The Clone Wars". Their appearance pays tribute to a scene from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.
Conception[edit]
Steven Spielberg chose to introduce Indiana's father in the third film, as he found the Holy Grail an unspectacular plot device. Sean Connery was the obvious choice to play the role for him, as James Bond was an inspiration for Indiana.[9] George Lucas and Harrison Ford were surprised, though. Ford explained Connery (born in 1930), was only twelve years older than he was.[10] Connery enhanced the character, who was conceived as more bookish. He came up with the line "She talks in her sleep" while filming, which caused the crew to ruin the take as they found it so funny.[9]
To prepare for the role in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Lloyd Owen prepared by watching numerous Connery films and studied his accent. Owen shared the character's love of medieval history, having studied Geoffrey Chaucer's The Knight's Tale. Owen considered the character "a good father. I think that's obvious by the way Indy has turned out. He even said in the film that he's not the kind of father that says, 'Eat your food, go to bed, brush your teeth!' He's not that kind of guy at all. He's a very liberal parent for the 1900s."[11]
Connery turned down a cameo appearance in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), as he was enjoying retirement too much. In a statement, he provided one last piece of advice for "Junior" – keep the cliffs low, the monsters CGI and the whip close at hand to fend off the stunt coordinator.[12] George Lucas said in hindsight that it was good Connery did not appear, as it would disappoint the audience when his character did not join the film's adventure.[13] Ford joked, "I'm old enough to play my own father."[14]
Reception[edit]
Sean Connery received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance.[15]
Horizon released a vinyl model kit of Henry in 1993, which the buyer could assemble.[16] The Japanese company Kotobukiya released a vinyl kit in 2008.[17] That same year, Hasbro released a 3 ¾-inch action figure that comes with his suitcase, umbrella and the Holy Grail; a die-cast model of him and Indiana in the motorcycle;[18] and a Might Mugg (caricature) toy.[19] Lego also made a Henry figure for its playset based on the motorcycle chase and the airplane fight.[20]
References[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Indiana Jones
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Peking, March 1910", 1993-06-26
2.^ Jump up to: a b The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Ireland, April 1916", 1993-06-12
3.^ Jump up to: a b The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of the Jackal", 1992-03-04
4.Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor (November 1991). Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-29035-6.
5.Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Chapter 20 - Mistery of the Blues, American Broadcasting Company
6.^ Jump up to: a b Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
7.Jump up ^ The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, "Athens, 1910", 1996-06-16
8.Jump up ^ James Luceno (2008). Indiana Jones the Ultimate Guide. DK Publishing.
9.^ Jump up to: a b "The Last Crusade: An Oral History". Empire Online. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
10.Jump up ^ Gregory Peck was also considered for the role of Jones Sr.Indiana Jones: Making the Trilogy (DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2003.
11.Jump up ^ "Young Indy Time Capsule Interview: Lloyd Owen". StarWars.com. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
12.Jump up ^ Lucasfilm (2007-06-07). "The Indiana Jones Cast Expands". IndianaJones.com. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
13.Jump up ^ Steve Sonsky (2007-09-18). "George Lucas Hails Maverick Filmmakers, Teases Indy 4". TV Guide. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
14.Jump up ^ Steve Daly (2008-04-19). "Harrison Ford Q&A: Indy speaks!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
15.Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil (2008-05-08). "Will 'Indiana Jones,' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
16.Jump up ^ "Indiana Jones vinyl figure kits". TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
17.Jump up ^ "USTF: Kotobukiya's Indiana Jones Lines". Action-Figure. 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
18.Jump up ^ "Hasbro: What's Next For Indiana Jones?". Cool Toy Review. 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
19.Jump up ^ "Photo Archive: Hasbro – Indiana Jones". Cool Toy Review. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
20.Jump up ^ "Motorcycle Chase". Cool Toy Review. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
External links[edit]
Henry Jones, Sr. at the Internet Movie Database

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The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles

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The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
YIJopenlogo.JPG
"Before the world discovered Indiana, Indiana discovered the world."
 
Also known as
The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones
Genre
Edutainment/Adventure/Serial
Created by
George Lucas
Developed by
George Lucas
Starring
Sean Patrick Flanery
Corey Carrier
George Hall
Ronny Coutteure
Narrated by
George Hall
Theme music composer
Laurence Rosenthal
Composer(s)
Laurence Rosenthal
Joel McNeely
Country of origin
USA
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
24 & 4 TV movies (List of episodes)
Production

Executive producer(s)
George Lucas
Producer(s)
Rick McCallum
Cinematography
David Tattersall
Camera setup
Single-camera setup
Running time
approx. 45 min. per episode
Production company(s)
Amblin Entertainment
Lucasfilm
Paramount Network Television
Distributor
CBS Television Distribution
Broadcast

Original channel
ABC
The Family Channel
Picture format
16 mm film (1.33:1 aspect ratio)
Audio format
Dolby Stereo
Original run
March 4, 1992 - July 24, 1993 (series)
 October 15, 1994 – June 16, 1996 (movies)
External links
Website
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles is an American television series that aired on ABC from March 4, 1992, to July 24, 1993. Filming took place in various locations around Wilmington, North Carolina and on the campus of UNCW. The series was an Amblin Entertainment/Lucasfilm production in association with Paramount Network Television.
The series explores the childhood and youth of the fictional character Indiana Jones and primarily stars Sean Patrick Flanery and Corey Carrier as the title character, with George Hall playing an elderly version of Jones for the bookends of most episodes, though Harrison Ford bookended one episode. The show was created and executively produced by George Lucas, who also created, co-wrote and executively produced the Indiana Jones feature films.
Due to its enormous budget, the series was cancelled in 1993. However, following the series' cancellation, four made-for-television films were produced from 1994 to 1996 in an attempt to continue the series. In 1999, the series was re-edited into 22 television films under the title The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Production 1.1 Development
1.2 Writing
1.3 Casting
1.4 Filming
1.5 Music
2 Plot
3 Cast 3.1 Guest appearances
4 Release 4.1 Television
4.2 Home video re-edits 4.2.1 VHS and Laserdisc
4.2.2  DVD

5 Reception
6 Marketing
7 Notes and references
8 External links
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
During the production of the Indiana Jones feature films, the cast and crew frequently questioned creator George Lucas about the Indiana Jones character's life growing up.[citation needed] During the concept stages of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lucas and director Steven Spielberg decided to reveal some of this backstory in the film's opening scenes. For these scenes, Lucas chose River Phoenix to portray the character, as Harrison Ford believed that Phoenix most resembled Ford as a young man[citation needed] (Phoenix had appeared as Ford's son in The Mosquito Coast). This decision to reveal an adventure of a young Indiana led Lucas and crew to the idea of creating the series.[citation needed]
Writing[edit]
Lucas wrote an extensive time-line detailing the life of Indiana Jones, assembling the elements for about 70 episodes, starting in 1905 and leading all the way up to the feature films.[citation needed] Each outline included the place, date and the historical persons Indy would meet in that episode, and would then be turned over to one of the series writers.[citation needed] When the series came to an end about 31 of the 70 stories had been filmed. Had the series been renewed for a third season, Young Indy would have been introduced to younger versions of characters from Raiders of the Lost Ark: Abner Ravenwood ("Jerusalem, June 1909") and René Belloq ("Honduras, December 1920").[citation needed] Other episodes would have filled in the blanks between existing ones ("Le Havre, June 1916", "Berlin, Late August, 1916"), and there would even have been some adventures starring a five-year-old Indy (including "Princeton, May 1905").[citation needed]
During production of the series, Lucas became obsessed with the crystal skulls.[1] He originally called for an episode which would have been part of the third season involving Jones and his friend Belloq searching for one of the skulls.[2] The episode was never produced, and the idea ultimately evolved into the 2008 feature film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[3]
Casting[edit]
Ford appeared as a middle-aged Indy (age 50) in the episode "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues", which aired in March 1993. Paul Freeman, who played Rene Belloq in Raiders of the Lost Ark, portrayed Frederick Selous in a couple of episodes. Additionally, the late William Hootkins (Major Eaton from Raiders of the Lost Ark) played Russian ballet producer Sergei Diaghilev in "Barcelona, May 1917". In the episode Attack of the Hawkmen, Star Wars veteran Anthony Daniels played Francois, a French Intelligence scientist (in the mode of James Bond's "Q") who gives Indy a special suitcase filled with gadgets for a special mission in Germany. Clint Eastwood was approached to play the elder brother of Indiana Jones, but he turned it down despite a $10 million offer.[4]
Filming[edit]
A variety of filmmakers wrote and directed many episodes of the series, including Frank Darabont, Nicolas Roeg, Mike Newell, Deepa Mehta, Joe Johnston, Jonathan Hensleigh, Terry Jones, Simon Wincer, Carrie Fisher, Dick Maas and Vic Armstrong. Lucas was given a 'Story By' credit in many episodes, along with his input as a creative consultant.

 

 Old Indiana Jones in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
The series was unusual in that it was shot on location around the world. Partly to offset the cost of this, the series was shot on 16mm film, rather than 35. The series was designed so that each pair of episodes could either be broadcast separately, or as a 2-hour film-length episode. Each episode cost about $1.5 million and the filming with Young Indy usually took around 3 weeks. The first production filming alternated between "Sean" and "Corey" episodes. The segments with old Indy were referred to as "bookends." Filming a pair of them typically took a day and most were shot at Carolco Studios in Wilmington, North Carolina and on location in Wilmington. The show also featured footage from other films spliced into several episodes.
The series was shot in three stages. The first production occurred from 1991 to 1992, and consisted of sixteen episodes; five with younger Indy, ten with older Indy, and one with both—for a total of seventeen television hours. The second production occurred from 1992 to 1993 and consisted of twelve episodes; one with younger Indy and eleven with older Indy, for a total of fifteen television hours. The third and final production occurred from 1994 to 1995, and consisted of four made-for-television movies, for a total of eight television hours. In 1996, additional filming was done in order to re-edit the entire series into twenty-two feature films.
Music[edit]
The series' main theme was composed by Laurence Rosenthal, who wrote much of the music for the series. Joel McNeely also wrote music for many episodes ; he received an Emmy in 1993 for the Episode "Scandals of 1920". French composer Frédéric Talgorn composed some music for the episode set in World War I France ("Somme, Early August 1916", "Verdun, September 1916"). Music for "Transylvania, September 1918" was composed by Curt Sobel.
Plot[edit]