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Jonas Wendell

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Jonas Wendell
Jonas Wendell (1815-1873).jpg
Born
December 25, 1815
Edenboro, Pennsylvania
Died
August 14, 1873 (aged 57)
Occupation
Preacher
Part of a series on
Adventism
William Miller
William Miller

Background and history

Christianity ·
 Protestantism
 Anabaptists ·
 Restorationism
 Pietism ·
 Millerism
 Great Disappointment
 
Biographies

William Miller
 Nelson H. Barbour ·
 Joseph Bates ·
 Sylvester Bliss ·
 Jonathan Cummings ·
 Elon Galusha ·
 Apollos Hale ·
 Joshua V. Himes ·
 Charles F. Hudson ·
 Josiah Litch ·
 Rachel O. Preston ·
 T. M. Preble ·
 George Storrs ·
 John T. Walsh ·
 Jonas Wendell ·
 Ellen G. White ·
 James White ·
 John Thomas
 
Theology

Annihilationism ·
 Conditional immortality ·
 Historicism ·
 Intermediate state ·
 Premillennialism
 
Denominations

Advent Christian Church
Christadelphians
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Church of God (Seventh-Day)
Church of God General Conference
Church of the Blessed Hope
Seventh Day Adventist Reform Mov't
Davidian SDA (Shepherd's Rod)
United Seventh-Day Brethren
Branch Davidians
Primitive Advent Christian Church
Sabbath Rest Advent Church

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Elder Jonas Wendell (December 25, 1815 – August 14, 1873) of Edinboro, Pennsylvania, was a zealous Adventist preacher following in the spirit of William Miller. Following the "Great Disappointment" Wendell experienced periods of weak faith, as did many Adventists. He eventually recovered his faith after renewing his study of Bible chronology (historic and prophetic) and began to preach extensively throughout Ohio, Pennsylvania, the Virginias, and New England By the late 1860s he had been studying the chronology of the Bible, and was encouraged by conclusions showing Christ's return would occur in either 1868 or 1873/4. In 1870 Wendell published his views in the booklet entitled The Present Truth, or Meat in Due Season concluding that the Second Advent was sure to occur in 1873. Unknown to him, attendance at one of his presentations restored Charles Taze Russell's faith in the Bible as the true word of God, leading to Russell's ministry.


Contents  [hide]
1 "A Clergyman in Difficulty"
2 Obituary
3 Works
4 References

"A Clergyman in Difficulty"[edit]
In 1871 the Associated Press circulated a story that Wendell had been arrested in Pennsylvania on the charge of "improper intimacy" with a 16 year old girl.[1] No evidence of impropriety was ever produced, and Wendell publicly denied not only the charges, but that he had ever been arrested.[2]
Obituary[edit]
The magazine The World's Crisis in the September 10, 1873 issue offered an obituary written by fellow Adventist and personal friend, George Stetson. A brief summary appears below:
In Memory of Elder Jonas Wendell
"He was born December 25, 1815, and fell asleep August 14 1873. Age fifty seven years, seven months, and fourteen days. ...
"He had settled on 1873 as the year in which "the hope of seeing Jesus and being made like him" should be realized by a waiting and expectant church, and set forth the reasons for his hope in a little work entitled, "Present truth," or "Meat in Due Season," ...
"... on Wednesday evening, 13 August, by request, in absence of the pastor, he led the prayer and conference meeting, and much edified all present by his unusual fervency in prayer, exhortation, and singing. "What a friend we have in Jesus" was the last hymn he ever sung with us. On Thursday the 14th, he went to the Sabbath School picnic in most excellent spirits, and seemed to be very happy in the Lord. When time for adjournment arrived, he got out his horse to return home, but seeing a lad in trouble from a fickly horse, he went to his assistance, where he overtaxed his physical strength, and returned to his own buggy quite exhausted. But he got in and took the lines from his niece, to start home, but immediately loosened his hold, dropped them, and fell over backward in his seat, dead. He gave but two slight gasps for breath, and all was over...
"On Saturday, 16 August, at 2 P.M. his funeral was numerously attended at our chapel, when all the clergy of our village came to observe his obsequies, sympathize with his bereaved family, and participate in the services of the occasion... Medical opinion is divided between apoplexy and heart disease as cause of death.[3]
Works[edit]
The Present Truth or Meat in Due Season, 1870[4]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Utica Daily Observer, May 30, 1871 pg 3
2.Jump up ^ New York Tribune, June 6, 1871 pg 5 col 2: "Sir: I have just had my attention called to an article, which appeared in 'The Tribune' of May 29, headed "A Clergyman in Difficulty." I pronounce the charge therein made false, and without any foundation in truth. Respectfully yours, J. Wendell. Erie, Penn., June 2, 1871
3.Jump up ^ Obituary - The World's Crisis in the September 10, 1873
4.Jump up ^ The Present Truth or Meat in Due Season by Jonas Wendell



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


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1873 deaths
People from Massachusetts
Apocalypticists
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Wendell









Jonas Wendell

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Jonas Wendell
Jonas Wendell (1815-1873).jpg
Born
December 25, 1815
Edenboro, Pennsylvania
Died
August 14, 1873 (aged 57)
Occupation
Preacher
Part of a series on
Adventism
William Miller
William Miller

Background and history

Christianity ·
 Protestantism
 Anabaptists ·
 Restorationism
 Pietism ·
 Millerism
 Great Disappointment
 
Biographies

William Miller
 Nelson H. Barbour ·
 Joseph Bates ·
 Sylvester Bliss ·
 Jonathan Cummings ·
 Elon Galusha ·
 Apollos Hale ·
 Joshua V. Himes ·
 Charles F. Hudson ·
 Josiah Litch ·
 Rachel O. Preston ·
 T. M. Preble ·
 George Storrs ·
 John T. Walsh ·
 Jonas Wendell ·
 Ellen G. White ·
 James White ·
 John Thomas
 
Theology

Annihilationism ·
 Conditional immortality ·
 Historicism ·
 Intermediate state ·
 Premillennialism
 
Denominations

Advent Christian Church
Christadelphians
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Church of God (Seventh-Day)
Church of God General Conference
Church of the Blessed Hope
Seventh Day Adventist Reform Mov't
Davidian SDA (Shepherd's Rod)
United Seventh-Day Brethren
Branch Davidians
Primitive Advent Christian Church
Sabbath Rest Advent Church

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
Elder Jonas Wendell (December 25, 1815 – August 14, 1873) of Edinboro, Pennsylvania, was a zealous Adventist preacher following in the spirit of William Miller. Following the "Great Disappointment" Wendell experienced periods of weak faith, as did many Adventists. He eventually recovered his faith after renewing his study of Bible chronology (historic and prophetic) and began to preach extensively throughout Ohio, Pennsylvania, the Virginias, and New England By the late 1860s he had been studying the chronology of the Bible, and was encouraged by conclusions showing Christ's return would occur in either 1868 or 1873/4. In 1870 Wendell published his views in the booklet entitled The Present Truth, or Meat in Due Season concluding that the Second Advent was sure to occur in 1873. Unknown to him, attendance at one of his presentations restored Charles Taze Russell's faith in the Bible as the true word of God, leading to Russell's ministry.


Contents  [hide]
1 "A Clergyman in Difficulty"
2 Obituary
3 Works
4 References

"A Clergyman in Difficulty"[edit]
In 1871 the Associated Press circulated a story that Wendell had been arrested in Pennsylvania on the charge of "improper intimacy" with a 16 year old girl.[1] No evidence of impropriety was ever produced, and Wendell publicly denied not only the charges, but that he had ever been arrested.[2]
Obituary[edit]
The magazine The World's Crisis in the September 10, 1873 issue offered an obituary written by fellow Adventist and personal friend, George Stetson. A brief summary appears below:
In Memory of Elder Jonas Wendell
"He was born December 25, 1815, and fell asleep August 14 1873. Age fifty seven years, seven months, and fourteen days. ...
"He had settled on 1873 as the year in which "the hope of seeing Jesus and being made like him" should be realized by a waiting and expectant church, and set forth the reasons for his hope in a little work entitled, "Present truth," or "Meat in Due Season," ...
"... on Wednesday evening, 13 August, by request, in absence of the pastor, he led the prayer and conference meeting, and much edified all present by his unusual fervency in prayer, exhortation, and singing. "What a friend we have in Jesus" was the last hymn he ever sung with us. On Thursday the 14th, he went to the Sabbath School picnic in most excellent spirits, and seemed to be very happy in the Lord. When time for adjournment arrived, he got out his horse to return home, but seeing a lad in trouble from a fickly horse, he went to his assistance, where he overtaxed his physical strength, and returned to his own buggy quite exhausted. But he got in and took the lines from his niece, to start home, but immediately loosened his hold, dropped them, and fell over backward in his seat, dead. He gave but two slight gasps for breath, and all was over...
"On Saturday, 16 August, at 2 P.M. his funeral was numerously attended at our chapel, when all the clergy of our village came to observe his obsequies, sympathize with his bereaved family, and participate in the services of the occasion... Medical opinion is divided between apoplexy and heart disease as cause of death.[3]
Works[edit]
The Present Truth or Meat in Due Season, 1870[4]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Utica Daily Observer, May 30, 1871 pg 3
2.Jump up ^ New York Tribune, June 6, 1871 pg 5 col 2: "Sir: I have just had my attention called to an article, which appeared in 'The Tribune' of May 29, headed "A Clergyman in Difficulty." I pronounce the charge therein made false, and without any foundation in truth. Respectfully yours, J. Wendell. Erie, Penn., June 2, 1871
3.Jump up ^ Obituary - The World's Crisis in the September 10, 1873
4.Jump up ^ The Present Truth or Meat in Due Season by Jonas Wendell



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1815 births
1873 deaths
People from Massachusetts
Apocalypticists
American evangelicals
American Christian religious leaders
Adventism




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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Wendell









Paul S. L. Johnson

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Jump to: navigation, search



 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011)

Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 

Paul Samuel Leo (formerly Levitsky) Johnson (1873 – 1950) was an American scholar and pastor, the founder of the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement. He authored 17 volumes of religious writings entitled Epiphany Studies in the Scriptures, and published two magazines from about 1918 until his death in 1950. The movement he created continues his work and publishes his writings, operating from Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.
He was born in Titusville, Pennsylvania in October 1873, to Jewish parents who had recently immigrated from Poland. His father was a prominent Hebrew scholar,[citation needed] and eventually became president of the Titusville synagogue. His mother died when he was 12, and his father remarried, both of which caused him distress; he ran away from home several times.
He eventually converted to Christianity and joined the Methodist Church.[clarification needed]
In 1890, he entered the Capital University of Columbus, Ohio, and graduated in 1895 with high honors. Records in that University's Library show him enrolled as Paul Levitsky;[citation needed] he then went to the Theological Seminary of the Ohio Synod of the Lutheran Church and graduated in 1898. He pastored a Lutheran church for a short time in Mars, Pennsylvania, and was then transferred back to Columbus Ohio, at St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, which was later razed to make way for highway infrastructure. He soon built a new church building and was noted (by the Capitol University Synod)[citation needed] to have baptized more people and collected less money than any other pastor in the synod.
In May 1903 he left the Lutheran Church as a consequence of changes in his beliefs, and began fellowship with the Columbus Ecclesia of the Watch Tower Society. The Lutheran Church later claimed they had disfellowshipped him for heresy, but he had already left them of his own free will.[citation needed] One year later (to the day) Pastor Charles Taze Russell appointed him as a Pilgrim of the Bible Student movement. He eventually served as Russell's personal secretary. In time, he became Russell's most trusted friend and advisor.[citation needed]
Johnson suffered a nervous breakdown in 1910 as a result of withstanding dissidents from within who were challenging the teachings of Pastor C.T. Russell on questions around his understanding of the new covenant and the ransom for all.
Johnson left the Watch Tower Society when Joseph F. Rutherford took over its direction after Russell's death. He founded the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919, and served on its board of directors from 1920 until his death in 1950.
External links[edit]
History of various Bible Students groups, with a few notes on Pastor Johnson, Heraldmag.org


Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 56611729 ·
 LCCN: n88647611 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7141 0729 ·
 BNF: cb11908901m (data)
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Lutheran clergy
Bible Student movement
American Christian writers
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
Jewish American writers
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
People from Titusville, Pennsylvania
1873 births
1950 deaths
Christians of Jewish descent













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This page was last modified on 2 May 2015, at 08:14.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_S._L._Johnson









Paul S. L. Johnson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search



 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011)

Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 

Paul Samuel Leo (formerly Levitsky) Johnson (1873 – 1950) was an American scholar and pastor, the founder of the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement. He authored 17 volumes of religious writings entitled Epiphany Studies in the Scriptures, and published two magazines from about 1918 until his death in 1950. The movement he created continues his work and publishes his writings, operating from Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.
He was born in Titusville, Pennsylvania in October 1873, to Jewish parents who had recently immigrated from Poland. His father was a prominent Hebrew scholar,[citation needed] and eventually became president of the Titusville synagogue. His mother died when he was 12, and his father remarried, both of which caused him distress; he ran away from home several times.
He eventually converted to Christianity and joined the Methodist Church.[clarification needed]
In 1890, he entered the Capital University of Columbus, Ohio, and graduated in 1895 with high honors. Records in that University's Library show him enrolled as Paul Levitsky;[citation needed] he then went to the Theological Seminary of the Ohio Synod of the Lutheran Church and graduated in 1898. He pastored a Lutheran church for a short time in Mars, Pennsylvania, and was then transferred back to Columbus Ohio, at St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, which was later razed to make way for highway infrastructure. He soon built a new church building and was noted (by the Capitol University Synod)[citation needed] to have baptized more people and collected less money than any other pastor in the synod.
In May 1903 he left the Lutheran Church as a consequence of changes in his beliefs, and began fellowship with the Columbus Ecclesia of the Watch Tower Society. The Lutheran Church later claimed they had disfellowshipped him for heresy, but he had already left them of his own free will.[citation needed] One year later (to the day) Pastor Charles Taze Russell appointed him as a Pilgrim of the Bible Student movement. He eventually served as Russell's personal secretary. In time, he became Russell's most trusted friend and advisor.[citation needed]
Johnson suffered a nervous breakdown in 1910 as a result of withstanding dissidents from within who were challenging the teachings of Pastor C.T. Russell on questions around his understanding of the new covenant and the ransom for all.
Johnson left the Watch Tower Society when Joseph F. Rutherford took over its direction after Russell's death. He founded the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919, and served on its board of directors from 1920 until his death in 1950.
External links[edit]
History of various Bible Students groups, with a few notes on Pastor Johnson, Heraldmag.org


Authority control
WorldCat ·
 VIAF: 56611729 ·
 LCCN: n88647611 ·
 ISNI: 0000 0000 7141 0729 ·
 BNF: cb11908901m (data)
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American Lutheran clergy
Bible Student movement
American Christian writers
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
Jewish American writers
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
People from Titusville, Pennsylvania
1873 births
1950 deaths
Christians of Jewish descent













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This page was last modified on 2 May 2015, at 08:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_S._L._Johnson












Conrad C. Binkele

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Jump to: navigation, search




 Conrad C. Binkele, anno 1931
Conrad C. Binkele (December 3, 1867 in Mansfield – October 29, 1942 in Los Angeles) led the activities of the Watch Tower Society for the Central European Space until 1925, and in 1928 founded the Free Bible Students in Germany.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Ministry 2.1 Free Bible Students Association
3 See also
4 References

Early life[edit]
Binkele was born of German parents in the United States. His parents were Protestants. At the age of 21, he was ordained as Bishop of the Apostolic Lutheran Church of America. Binkele mastered seven languages, spoken and written.[citation needed]
In 1890, he came into contact with the Bible Student movement, and after studying the Studies in the Scriptures ("The Divine Plan of the Ages") he believed he had found biblical truth. A year later he resigned from his church and joined the movement. In the same year, he married Hanna Jahrous.
Ministry[edit]
From 1906 he was a full-time preacher, until he settled in 1911 as a translator for the International Bible Students Association.
Charles Taze Russell appointed Binkele as the director of the European Watch Tower offices in 1916. He was given authority to act on behalf of the Society by letters of power of attorney, giving him full control of the Society's assets there.[2]
In 1925, Binkele left the Bible Student movement as a result of theological differences with the new Watch Tower Society president, Joseph Franklin Rutherford. He and his wife then moved to Mulhouse in Alsace.
Free Bible Students Association[edit]



 Der Pilgrim, published in 1931-1934
Binkele founded the Free Bible Students Association (FBV) in Germany in 1928 and published a magazine (The Pilgrim). In November 1933, the Free Bible Students Association was banned. Arrests were made in Berlin, Hamburg, Bavaria, and Alsace. The Gestapo raided Binkele's apartment and his office in Mulhouse, but Binkele and his wife Hanna avoided arrest because they were American citizens. The Free Bible Students' literature was banned under Hitler's regime. In 1940, the Binkeles returned to the United States.[3] In 1942 Conrad Binkele died of chronic illness.
After the war, Free Bible Students were again able to receive literature, for the first time in over a decade.
See also[edit]
Bible Student movement
Free Bible Students
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ “Conrad C. Binkele History” http://www.biblestudentarchives.com/documents/BinkeleHistory.pdf
2.Jump up ^ “Letter's from Charles Taze Russell to the Brethren in Europa” http://www.kronline.at/bibelstudien/Briefe%20an%20die%20Geschwister.pdf
3.Jump up ^ “Biografie about Conrad C. Binkele (in german)” http://www.kronline.at/bibelstudien/conrad.binkele.html



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Bible Student movement
1867 births
1942 deaths
Lutheran bishops in North America
American people of German descent





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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_C._Binkele









Conrad C. Binkele

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search




 Conrad C. Binkele, anno 1931
Conrad C. Binkele (December 3, 1867 in Mansfield – October 29, 1942 in Los Angeles) led the activities of the Watch Tower Society for the Central European Space until 1925, and in 1928 founded the Free Bible Students in Germany.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Ministry 2.1 Free Bible Students Association
3 See also
4 References

Early life[edit]
Binkele was born of German parents in the United States. His parents were Protestants. At the age of 21, he was ordained as Bishop of the Apostolic Lutheran Church of America. Binkele mastered seven languages, spoken and written.[citation needed]
In 1890, he came into contact with the Bible Student movement, and after studying the Studies in the Scriptures ("The Divine Plan of the Ages") he believed he had found biblical truth. A year later he resigned from his church and joined the movement. In the same year, he married Hanna Jahrous.
Ministry[edit]
From 1906 he was a full-time preacher, until he settled in 1911 as a translator for the International Bible Students Association.
Charles Taze Russell appointed Binkele as the director of the European Watch Tower offices in 1916. He was given authority to act on behalf of the Society by letters of power of attorney, giving him full control of the Society's assets there.[2]
In 1925, Binkele left the Bible Student movement as a result of theological differences with the new Watch Tower Society president, Joseph Franklin Rutherford. He and his wife then moved to Mulhouse in Alsace.
Free Bible Students Association[edit]



 Der Pilgrim, published in 1931-1934
Binkele founded the Free Bible Students Association (FBV) in Germany in 1928 and published a magazine (The Pilgrim). In November 1933, the Free Bible Students Association was banned. Arrests were made in Berlin, Hamburg, Bavaria, and Alsace. The Gestapo raided Binkele's apartment and his office in Mulhouse, but Binkele and his wife Hanna avoided arrest because they were American citizens. The Free Bible Students' literature was banned under Hitler's regime. In 1940, the Binkeles returned to the United States.[3] In 1942 Conrad Binkele died of chronic illness.
After the war, Free Bible Students were again able to receive literature, for the first time in over a decade.
See also[edit]
Bible Student movement
Free Bible Students
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ “Conrad C. Binkele History” http://www.biblestudentarchives.com/documents/BinkeleHistory.pdf
2.Jump up ^ “Letter's from Charles Taze Russell to the Brethren in Europa” http://www.kronline.at/bibelstudien/Briefe%20an%20die%20Geschwister.pdf
3.Jump up ^ “Biografie about Conrad C. Binkele (in german)” http://www.kronline.at/bibelstudien/conrad.binkele.html



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: Bible Student movement
1867 births
1942 deaths
Lutheran bishops in North America
American people of German descent





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Free Bible Students

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Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 

The Free Bible Students is the branch of the Bible Student movement that discarded most of Watch Tower Society founder Charles Taze Russell's writings as error. The Free Bible Students form independent, autonomous assemblies and the name, "Free", is given to them to distinguish them from Bible Students, with whom they share historical roots.


Contents  [hide]
1 History 1.1 New Covenant Believers
1.2 Christian Millennial Fellowship
1.3 Free Bible Students Association
2 Beliefs 2.1 The Bible
2.2 God the Father
2.3 Jesus the Son
2.4 The Holy Spirit
2.5 The Church
2.6 Prophecy
2.7 Christian Ordinances
2.8 Ten Commandments
2.9 Man, Satan, Sin, and Death
2.10 Kingdom of God
3 Worship style
4 See also
5 External links
6 References

History[edit]
In 1905 Paul S.L. Johnson, one of Russell's pilgrims and a former Lutheran minister, pointed out to Ch. T. Russell that his doctrines on the New Covenant had undergone a complete reversal: until 1880 he had taught that the New Covenant would be inaugurated only after the last of the 144,000 anointed Christians had been taken to heaven,[1] but from 1881 he had written that it was already in force.[2] Russell reconsidered the question and in January 1907 wrote several Watch Tower articles not only reaffirming his 1880 position - that "the new covenant belongs exclusively to the coming age" - but adding that since the church was under no mediated covenant, it had no Mediator at all.[3] Further, the church itself would join Christ as a joint Messiah and Mediator during the Millennium. Several prominent Bible Students vigorously opposed the new teaching.
New Covenant Believers[edit]
On October 24, 1909 former Society secretary-treasurer E.C. Henninges, who was by then the Australian branch manager of the International Bible Students Association, based in Melbourne, wrote Russell an open letter of protest trying to persuade him to abandon the teaching and calling on Bible Students to examine its legitimacy. When Russell refused, Henninges and most of the Melbourne congregation left Russell's movement to form the New Covenant Fellowship Hundreds out of the estimated 10,000 US Bible Students also left, including pilgrim M.L. McPhail, a member of the Chicago Bible Students and A. E. Williamson of Brooklyn. The dissidents formed the New Covenant Believers. In 1908 they began publishing "The Kingdom Scribe", which ceased publication in 1975. Since 1956 they have published "The Berean News", a small newsletter. The founding group is now known under the name Berean Bible Students Church in Lombard, Il.[4]
Christian Millennial Fellowship[edit]
In 1928 the Italian Bible Students Association in Hartford, CT., withdrew their support from the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania and 1938 established the Christian Millennial Fellowship as a publishing arm for their ministry work. In 1940 they began publishing The New Creation, a Herald of God's Kingdom.[5] The publishing house eventually reorganized and has relocated to New Jersey, with branch offices in Australia, Austria, England, Ghana, Germany, India, Italy, Japan and Romania.[6] They withdrew their support in 1928, and in 1940, they produced the New Creation - a Herald of Christ's Kingdom magazine. However a few years later, Gaetano Boccaccio, began to be influenced by the writings of E.C. Henninges and M.L. McPhail. The CMF eventually discarded most of Russell's writings as error. Gaetano Boccaccio was its leader since its inception, having been with the Society since 1917, he died in 1996. Today, the ministry work is now known as Christian Discipling Ministries International.[7]
Free Bible Students Association[edit]
Conrad C. Binkele the former Branch Manager of Watchtower Society founded in 1928 the community of "Free Bible Students Association" in the German region with other brethren. He began publishing "Der Pilgrim" a religious magazin from 1930 to 1934. These efforts were all suspended around the advent of the Nazi regime. Members of this community were made as well in the Nazi concentration camps under the "Purple angle" of the Bible Students.[8] After the war, the Free Bible Students were again able to receive literature and the Mission again at startup.
All Christian of all this Missionworks they refer to themselves as "Free Bible Students", implying that they are no longer under the control of a man or organization.[5] Unlike the Bible Students, they eventually discarded most of Watch Tower Society founder Charles Taze Russell's writings as error.
Beliefs[edit]
The Bible[edit]
The Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, is God’s inspired Word. Inerrant in its original writing, the Bible is the only authoritative and infallible rule of faith and conduct for humanity.
God the Father[edit]
God the Father of whom are all things, whom no one has seen nor can see, reigns in the heavens and transcends our complete knowing. He is revealed as our loving heavenly Father by His Son, the Lord Jesus Christ. Ultimately, God will restore perfect harmony to all creation through Christ and reign eternally over the redeemed.
Jesus the Son[edit]
They believe that Jesus Christ is God’s one and only begotten Son. As begotten, not created, He shares the nature, names, and attributes of God with the Father. As Son, not Father, Jesus is subordinate to His Father in rank. From eternity, the Son was with the Father, shared the Father’s glory as the pre-incarnate Word, and with Him created and sustains all things. Jesus the Christ (Messiah) was born of the virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit, thus uniting two natures human and divine. Jesus lived without sin, died as an atoning sacrifice for sin, was entombed for three days and three nights, was resurrected bodily, and ascended to His Father to serve as mediator and high priest. He reigns as Lord in heaven and will return to earth as judge and king. Now it pleases the Father that the Son is preeminent in all things and receives our worship.[9]
The Holy Spirit[edit]
The Holy Spirit is the promised divine helper who proceeds from the Father and Son. The Spirit is God’s presence and power in the world and indwells believers. By the Holy Spirit, God inspired and illuminates the Scriptures; convicts and regenerates sinners; sanctifies, teaches, comforts, guides, and preserves believers; and empowers them for service. Evidences of the Holy Spirit in the believer’s life are faith in Christ, obedience to God, and the spiritual fruit of love.
The Church[edit]
The Church of God in Scripture is a spiritual body of believers who hold the faith of Jesus and keep the commandments of God. Under the lordship of Christ and the authority of His Word, the church exists universally and locally for purposes of worshipping God, preaching the gospel, nurturing believers, and serving humanity. Christians should participate in the church’s mission by service to others and fellowship with believers.
Prophecy[edit]
Bible prophecy preserves and strengthens a believer’s hope for the Second Advent. It identifies religious, social, and political trends and events, including the rebirth of the nation of Israel, which point to the imminent return of Christ and the eventual establishment of God’s eternal kingdom on earth.
Christian Ordinances[edit]
Christ prescribed two ordinances that confirm faith in Him: 1) baptism, preceded by a confession of faith in Christ and repentance, symbolizing the believer’s initial union with Christ by death to sins, burial (immersion) in water, and rising to new life; and 2) Lord's Supper, an annual memorial of Christ’s death in which believers eat the bread and drink from the cup symbols of His body and blood. They extend charity toward those who may observe communion at other times. This communion service demonstrates fellowship with our Savior until He comes again.[10]
Ten Commandments[edit]
The Ten Commandments were known and obeyed by faithful people before the law was given at Sinai. Later incorporated into the new covenant by the example and teaching of Christ, they constitute the basic moral code for humanity and are obeyed to demonstrate the believer’s love for God and his fellowman.
Man, Satan, Sin, and Death[edit]
Free Bible Students believe the humanity was created in the image of God: sinless, though not naturally immortal. Through Adam and Eve’s disobedience, all human beings became sinners by nature and by choice. The penalty for our sin is alienation from God, physical death (without consciousness), and, ultimately, eternal death for those who do not receive the salvation offered by Christ. It was Satan, the adversary of God, who tempted our first parents in the garden. The Devil is still capable of transforming himself into an angel of light but will finally be destroyed in the lake of fire.[11]
Kingdom of God[edit]
They believe that the Kingdom of God (kingdom of heaven) is realized in three phases:
The Present Kingdom
The spiritual kingdom of grace exists now as God rules in the lives of obedient believers. This kingdom was announced and revealed through the prophets and the ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ. We enter this kingdom when we turn from sin to serve God through faith in Jesus Christ.
The Millennial Kingdom of Christ
Free Bible Students believe that the purpose of the second advent is to bless all mankind, and renew the earth into the paradise conditions that existed in the Garden of Eden. Jesus will return to earth in power and glory to resurrect the righteous dead, bestow immortality and eternal life upon the resurrected and the living righteous, avenge the saints, and be glorified in them. His earthly reign of one thousand years will be a universal kingdom in which all principalities, powers, and enemies are overcome. At its conclusion, the unrighteous will be resurrected to suffer annihilation at the great white throne judgment.[12]
The Eternal Kingdom of God
God’s eternal kingdom will begin when Jesus Christ, having put all enemies under His feet, turns the kingdom over to the Father. God will dwell with the redeemed in a new heaven and a new earth where no disappointment, defilement, or death can enter and where righteousness and peace will prevail forever.
Worship style[edit]



 Free Bible Students meet in buildings called Church or Ecclesia, like this one in 32 Chapel Lane Somersworth, NH 03878.
Free Bible Students emphasize that worship is not limited to the Sunday gathering, but is a lifestyle of love and service to Christ and dedication to God's truth as revealed in the Scriptures. Most churches expect the members to carry the message of the gospel into the world among their family and friends.
See also[edit]
Bible Student movement
External links[edit]
Free Bible Students International
The New Creation
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Three Great Covenants", Zion's Watch Tower, March 1880.
2.Jump up ^ "The New Covenant vs the Law Covenant", Zion's Watch Tower, September 1887.
3.Jump up ^ "The Mediator of the New Covernant", Zion's Watch Tower, January 1, 1907, pages 9, 10.
4.Jump up ^ The Berean News
5.^ Jump up to: a b Who are the Free Bible Students and what is their history?
6.Jump up ^ The CMF Annual Report for 2006, Nr 2, 2007.
7.Jump up ^ Christian Discipling Ministries International
8.Jump up ^ Detlef Garbe: Between resistance and martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich; Page 100
9.Jump up ^ "How Well Do You Know God?", CMF Advanced Bible Cours, page 11
10.Jump up ^ "Have You Met Jesus?", CMF free booklet, page 2
11.Jump up ^ "Just What is Hell?", CMF tract, page 3
12.Jump up ^ "The Second Coming of our Lord", CMF tract, page 5
  


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Free Bible Students

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 

The Free Bible Students is the branch of the Bible Student movement that discarded most of Watch Tower Society founder Charles Taze Russell's writings as error. The Free Bible Students form independent, autonomous assemblies and the name, "Free", is given to them to distinguish them from Bible Students, with whom they share historical roots.


Contents  [hide]
1 History 1.1 New Covenant Believers
1.2 Christian Millennial Fellowship
1.3 Free Bible Students Association
2 Beliefs 2.1 The Bible
2.2 God the Father
2.3 Jesus the Son
2.4 The Holy Spirit
2.5 The Church
2.6 Prophecy
2.7 Christian Ordinances
2.8 Ten Commandments
2.9 Man, Satan, Sin, and Death
2.10 Kingdom of God
3 Worship style
4 See also
5 External links
6 References

History[edit]
In 1905 Paul S.L. Johnson, one of Russell's pilgrims and a former Lutheran minister, pointed out to Ch. T. Russell that his doctrines on the New Covenant had undergone a complete reversal: until 1880 he had taught that the New Covenant would be inaugurated only after the last of the 144,000 anointed Christians had been taken to heaven,[1] but from 1881 he had written that it was already in force.[2] Russell reconsidered the question and in January 1907 wrote several Watch Tower articles not only reaffirming his 1880 position - that "the new covenant belongs exclusively to the coming age" - but adding that since the church was under no mediated covenant, it had no Mediator at all.[3] Further, the church itself would join Christ as a joint Messiah and Mediator during the Millennium. Several prominent Bible Students vigorously opposed the new teaching.
New Covenant Believers[edit]
On October 24, 1909 former Society secretary-treasurer E.C. Henninges, who was by then the Australian branch manager of the International Bible Students Association, based in Melbourne, wrote Russell an open letter of protest trying to persuade him to abandon the teaching and calling on Bible Students to examine its legitimacy. When Russell refused, Henninges and most of the Melbourne congregation left Russell's movement to form the New Covenant Fellowship Hundreds out of the estimated 10,000 US Bible Students also left, including pilgrim M.L. McPhail, a member of the Chicago Bible Students and A. E. Williamson of Brooklyn. The dissidents formed the New Covenant Believers. In 1908 they began publishing "The Kingdom Scribe", which ceased publication in 1975. Since 1956 they have published "The Berean News", a small newsletter. The founding group is now known under the name Berean Bible Students Church in Lombard, Il.[4]
Christian Millennial Fellowship[edit]
In 1928 the Italian Bible Students Association in Hartford, CT., withdrew their support from the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania and 1938 established the Christian Millennial Fellowship as a publishing arm for their ministry work. In 1940 they began publishing The New Creation, a Herald of God's Kingdom.[5] The publishing house eventually reorganized and has relocated to New Jersey, with branch offices in Australia, Austria, England, Ghana, Germany, India, Italy, Japan and Romania.[6] They withdrew their support in 1928, and in 1940, they produced the New Creation - a Herald of Christ's Kingdom magazine. However a few years later, Gaetano Boccaccio, began to be influenced by the writings of E.C. Henninges and M.L. McPhail. The CMF eventually discarded most of Russell's writings as error. Gaetano Boccaccio was its leader since its inception, having been with the Society since 1917, he died in 1996. Today, the ministry work is now known as Christian Discipling Ministries International.[7]
Free Bible Students Association[edit]
Conrad C. Binkele the former Branch Manager of Watchtower Society founded in 1928 the community of "Free Bible Students Association" in the German region with other brethren. He began publishing "Der Pilgrim" a religious magazin from 1930 to 1934. These efforts were all suspended around the advent of the Nazi regime. Members of this community were made as well in the Nazi concentration camps under the "Purple angle" of the Bible Students.[8] After the war, the Free Bible Students were again able to receive literature and the Mission again at startup.
All Christian of all this Missionworks they refer to themselves as "Free Bible Students", implying that they are no longer under the control of a man or organization.[5] Unlike the Bible Students, they eventually discarded most of Watch Tower Society founder Charles Taze Russell's writings as error.
Beliefs[edit]
The Bible[edit]
The Bible, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, is God’s inspired Word. Inerrant in its original writing, the Bible is the only authoritative and infallible rule of faith and conduct for humanity.
God the Father[edit]
God the Father of whom are all things, whom no one has seen nor can see, reigns in the heavens and transcends our complete knowing. He is revealed as our loving heavenly Father by His Son, the Lord Jesus Christ. Ultimately, God will restore perfect harmony to all creation through Christ and reign eternally over the redeemed.
Jesus the Son[edit]
They believe that Jesus Christ is God’s one and only begotten Son. As begotten, not created, He shares the nature, names, and attributes of God with the Father. As Son, not Father, Jesus is subordinate to His Father in rank. From eternity, the Son was with the Father, shared the Father’s glory as the pre-incarnate Word, and with Him created and sustains all things. Jesus the Christ (Messiah) was born of the virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit, thus uniting two natures human and divine. Jesus lived without sin, died as an atoning sacrifice for sin, was entombed for three days and three nights, was resurrected bodily, and ascended to His Father to serve as mediator and high priest. He reigns as Lord in heaven and will return to earth as judge and king. Now it pleases the Father that the Son is preeminent in all things and receives our worship.[9]
The Holy Spirit[edit]
The Holy Spirit is the promised divine helper who proceeds from the Father and Son. The Spirit is God’s presence and power in the world and indwells believers. By the Holy Spirit, God inspired and illuminates the Scriptures; convicts and regenerates sinners; sanctifies, teaches, comforts, guides, and preserves believers; and empowers them for service. Evidences of the Holy Spirit in the believer’s life are faith in Christ, obedience to God, and the spiritual fruit of love.
The Church[edit]
The Church of God in Scripture is a spiritual body of believers who hold the faith of Jesus and keep the commandments of God. Under the lordship of Christ and the authority of His Word, the church exists universally and locally for purposes of worshipping God, preaching the gospel, nurturing believers, and serving humanity. Christians should participate in the church’s mission by service to others and fellowship with believers.
Prophecy[edit]
Bible prophecy preserves and strengthens a believer’s hope for the Second Advent. It identifies religious, social, and political trends and events, including the rebirth of the nation of Israel, which point to the imminent return of Christ and the eventual establishment of God’s eternal kingdom on earth.
Christian Ordinances[edit]
Christ prescribed two ordinances that confirm faith in Him: 1) baptism, preceded by a confession of faith in Christ and repentance, symbolizing the believer’s initial union with Christ by death to sins, burial (immersion) in water, and rising to new life; and 2) Lord's Supper, an annual memorial of Christ’s death in which believers eat the bread and drink from the cup symbols of His body and blood. They extend charity toward those who may observe communion at other times. This communion service demonstrates fellowship with our Savior until He comes again.[10]
Ten Commandments[edit]
The Ten Commandments were known and obeyed by faithful people before the law was given at Sinai. Later incorporated into the new covenant by the example and teaching of Christ, they constitute the basic moral code for humanity and are obeyed to demonstrate the believer’s love for God and his fellowman.
Man, Satan, Sin, and Death[edit]
Free Bible Students believe the humanity was created in the image of God: sinless, though not naturally immortal. Through Adam and Eve’s disobedience, all human beings became sinners by nature and by choice. The penalty for our sin is alienation from God, physical death (without consciousness), and, ultimately, eternal death for those who do not receive the salvation offered by Christ. It was Satan, the adversary of God, who tempted our first parents in the garden. The Devil is still capable of transforming himself into an angel of light but will finally be destroyed in the lake of fire.[11]
Kingdom of God[edit]
They believe that the Kingdom of God (kingdom of heaven) is realized in three phases:
The Present Kingdom
The spiritual kingdom of grace exists now as God rules in the lives of obedient believers. This kingdom was announced and revealed through the prophets and the ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ. We enter this kingdom when we turn from sin to serve God through faith in Jesus Christ.
The Millennial Kingdom of Christ
Free Bible Students believe that the purpose of the second advent is to bless all mankind, and renew the earth into the paradise conditions that existed in the Garden of Eden. Jesus will return to earth in power and glory to resurrect the righteous dead, bestow immortality and eternal life upon the resurrected and the living righteous, avenge the saints, and be glorified in them. His earthly reign of one thousand years will be a universal kingdom in which all principalities, powers, and enemies are overcome. At its conclusion, the unrighteous will be resurrected to suffer annihilation at the great white throne judgment.[12]
The Eternal Kingdom of God
God’s eternal kingdom will begin when Jesus Christ, having put all enemies under His feet, turns the kingdom over to the Father. God will dwell with the redeemed in a new heaven and a new earth where no disappointment, defilement, or death can enter and where righteousness and peace will prevail forever.
Worship style[edit]



 Free Bible Students meet in buildings called Church or Ecclesia, like this one in 32 Chapel Lane Somersworth, NH 03878.
Free Bible Students emphasize that worship is not limited to the Sunday gathering, but is a lifestyle of love and service to Christ and dedication to God's truth as revealed in the Scriptures. Most churches expect the members to carry the message of the gospel into the world among their family and friends.
See also[edit]
Bible Student movement
External links[edit]
Free Bible Students International
The New Creation
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Three Great Covenants", Zion's Watch Tower, March 1880.
2.Jump up ^ "The New Covenant vs the Law Covenant", Zion's Watch Tower, September 1887.
3.Jump up ^ "The Mediator of the New Covernant", Zion's Watch Tower, January 1, 1907, pages 9, 10.
4.Jump up ^ The Berean News
5.^ Jump up to: a b Who are the Free Bible Students and what is their history?
6.Jump up ^ The CMF Annual Report for 2006, Nr 2, 2007.
7.Jump up ^ Christian Discipling Ministries International
8.Jump up ^ Detlef Garbe: Between resistance and martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich; Page 100
9.Jump up ^ "How Well Do You Know God?", CMF Advanced Bible Cours, page 11
10.Jump up ^ "Have You Met Jesus?", CMF free booklet, page 2
11.Jump up ^ "Just What is Hell?", CMF tract, page 3
12.Jump up ^ "The Second Coming of our Lord", CMF tract, page 5
  


Categories: Religious organizations established in 1909
Bible Student movement


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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Bible_Students








Laymen's Home Missionary Movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 



 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
The Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, founded by Paul S. L. Johnson in 1918, is a non-sectarian, interdenominational religious organisation that arose as an independent offshoot of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society after the death of its founder, Charles Taze Russell. It is active in many countries, including the United States, France, Germany, India, Poland, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, and throughout Africa, the Caribbean and South America.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early history
2 Schisms
3 Leadership
4 Publications
5 External links

Early history[edit]
See also: Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)
In early 1917, a disagreement arose between the members of the Editorial Committee of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (the Bible Student movement founded by Charles Taze Russell) over Russell's arrangements for the Editorial Committee outlined in his Last Will and Testament and the Society's official charter.
This caused the Society to splinter into many factions with over 75% of the original Bible students leaving the WTBTS by 1928 with many forming other independent groups and fellowships which included the Elijah Voice Society, The Pastoral Bible Institute (PBI) and others. The Laymen's Home Missionary Movement (LHMM) was formed by three former members of the Pastoral Bible Institute Committee which was formed by a large group of dissenting brethren in 1917 at the Fort Pitt Convention (Paul S L Johnson, Raymond G Jolly and Robert Hirsch). The name had been used by Pastor Russell to describe the association he led as well as the more frequent designation: International Bible Students Association. Following its 1918 founding, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement is active in over 50 countries.
Schisms[edit]
After the death of Pastor Johnson in 1950, Raymond G. Jolly led the movement, but soon there were disagreements with other members:
John Krewson of Fort Myers, Florida was disfellowshipped in 1955 and formed the Laodicean Home Missionary Movement in Philadelphia.[citation needed]
John Hoefle of Mount Dora, Florida left the Watchtower Society to join Johnson in 1928, and was disfellowshipped in 1956. He formed his own group, the Epiphany Bible Students Association, and published a newsletter under the same name. He died in 1980 and his wife Emily continued the work until her death in January 2010. The work continues under a board of directors.[citation needed]
After Hedman's death, another schism arose. The movement took on the name Bible Standard Ministries under Herzig's leadership.[clarification needed] As a result the movement began to polarize with dissension in Chicago, Illinois, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Springfield, Massachusetts and classes in California. Other members in the US, Canada and abroad withdrew support of the movement.
Leadership[edit]
Paul S. L. Johnson (1920 –1950) graduated from Capital University of Columbus Ohio with high honors, and also from the Theological Seminary of the Ohio Synod of the Lutheran Church. Pastor Johnson was a Greek and Hebrew scholar, which gave him the skills necessary to understand the Bible from the original languages. He came to believe that a god of perfect wisdom, justice, power and love, would not punish his enemies forever. He adopted the view that Bible teaches that the punishment for sin is death, not eternal torment.
Raymond G. Jolly (1950–1979) graduated from Bloomsburg State College with high honors. He studied theology and the classics at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. He served in the Presbyterian Church, but later left to promote the Gospel from a non-sectarian standpoint, serving as a pilgrim under both Pastors Russell and Johnson. He assumed the office of Executive after the demise of the latter until his own death, Feb. 14, 1979.
August Gohlke, a special helper under Raymond Jolly was appointed as Executive Trustee in 1979, and served until his death in 1985, greatly expanding the public work, including a radio broadcast ministry that covered large parts of the United States.
Bernard W. Hedman was Editor of The Bible Standard magazine from 1985 until his death in 2004; he also served as Executive Trustee and Director of the Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement, further expanding the work and republishing some of their existing publications.
Ralph M. Herzig was elected as Executive Trustee and Director of the Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement in 2004, and assumed the office of General Editor of The Bible Standard and Present Truth magazines as well as overseeing the pilgrim service, which functions as a speakers bureau serving its many congregations and tendering evangelistic service to outside groups and individuals on request. Four annual General Conventions are held in the US, and many more are held in other countries during the course of the year. Websites exist in eleven countries, creating many new contacts.
Publications[edit]
Currently, the LHMM publishes the six-volume series Studies in the Scriptures, written by Charles Taze Russell in the 1880s (see External links section).
It also publishes and makes available to the public the 17-volume set written by Professor Paul S.L. Johnson, Epiphany Studies in the Scriptures, as well as two magazines, the bi-monthly The Bible Standard and the quarterly The Present Truth, which are produced in about a dozen different languages. Their website "www.biblestandard.com" offers a look into their understanding of the Bible with various magazine articles, links to foreign LHMM sites, and an interactive button where Bible questions can be asked and answered. The Movement in recent years has adopted the name Bible Standard Ministries as its working name for its public ministry, yet still functions as the L.H.M.M.
External links[edit]
The Bible Standard – website for the magazine
  


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Bible Student movement
Religious organizations established in 1919
Christian new religious movements








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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement









Laymen's Home Missionary Movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
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 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
The Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, founded by Paul S. L. Johnson in 1918, is a non-sectarian, interdenominational religious organisation that arose as an independent offshoot of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society after the death of its founder, Charles Taze Russell. It is active in many countries, including the United States, France, Germany, India, Poland, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, and throughout Africa, the Caribbean and South America.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early history
2 Schisms
3 Leadership
4 Publications
5 External links

Early history[edit]
See also: Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)
In early 1917, a disagreement arose between the members of the Editorial Committee of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (the Bible Student movement founded by Charles Taze Russell) over Russell's arrangements for the Editorial Committee outlined in his Last Will and Testament and the Society's official charter.
This caused the Society to splinter into many factions with over 75% of the original Bible students leaving the WTBTS by 1928 with many forming other independent groups and fellowships which included the Elijah Voice Society, The Pastoral Bible Institute (PBI) and others. The Laymen's Home Missionary Movement (LHMM) was formed by three former members of the Pastoral Bible Institute Committee which was formed by a large group of dissenting brethren in 1917 at the Fort Pitt Convention (Paul S L Johnson, Raymond G Jolly and Robert Hirsch). The name had been used by Pastor Russell to describe the association he led as well as the more frequent designation: International Bible Students Association. Following its 1918 founding, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement is active in over 50 countries.
Schisms[edit]
After the death of Pastor Johnson in 1950, Raymond G. Jolly led the movement, but soon there were disagreements with other members:
John Krewson of Fort Myers, Florida was disfellowshipped in 1955 and formed the Laodicean Home Missionary Movement in Philadelphia.[citation needed]
John Hoefle of Mount Dora, Florida left the Watchtower Society to join Johnson in 1928, and was disfellowshipped in 1956. He formed his own group, the Epiphany Bible Students Association, and published a newsletter under the same name. He died in 1980 and his wife Emily continued the work until her death in January 2010. The work continues under a board of directors.[citation needed]
After Hedman's death, another schism arose. The movement took on the name Bible Standard Ministries under Herzig's leadership.[clarification needed] As a result the movement began to polarize with dissension in Chicago, Illinois, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Springfield, Massachusetts and classes in California. Other members in the US, Canada and abroad withdrew support of the movement.
Leadership[edit]
Paul S. L. Johnson (1920 –1950) graduated from Capital University of Columbus Ohio with high honors, and also from the Theological Seminary of the Ohio Synod of the Lutheran Church. Pastor Johnson was a Greek and Hebrew scholar, which gave him the skills necessary to understand the Bible from the original languages. He came to believe that a god of perfect wisdom, justice, power and love, would not punish his enemies forever. He adopted the view that Bible teaches that the punishment for sin is death, not eternal torment.
Raymond G. Jolly (1950–1979) graduated from Bloomsburg State College with high honors. He studied theology and the classics at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. He served in the Presbyterian Church, but later left to promote the Gospel from a non-sectarian standpoint, serving as a pilgrim under both Pastors Russell and Johnson. He assumed the office of Executive after the demise of the latter until his own death, Feb. 14, 1979.
August Gohlke, a special helper under Raymond Jolly was appointed as Executive Trustee in 1979, and served until his death in 1985, greatly expanding the public work, including a radio broadcast ministry that covered large parts of the United States.
Bernard W. Hedman was Editor of The Bible Standard magazine from 1985 until his death in 2004; he also served as Executive Trustee and Director of the Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement, further expanding the work and republishing some of their existing publications.
Ralph M. Herzig was elected as Executive Trustee and Director of the Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement in 2004, and assumed the office of General Editor of The Bible Standard and Present Truth magazines as well as overseeing the pilgrim service, which functions as a speakers bureau serving its many congregations and tendering evangelistic service to outside groups and individuals on request. Four annual General Conventions are held in the US, and many more are held in other countries during the course of the year. Websites exist in eleven countries, creating many new contacts.
Publications[edit]
Currently, the LHMM publishes the six-volume series Studies in the Scriptures, written by Charles Taze Russell in the 1880s (see External links section).
It also publishes and makes available to the public the 17-volume set written by Professor Paul S.L. Johnson, Epiphany Studies in the Scriptures, as well as two magazines, the bi-monthly The Bible Standard and the quarterly The Present Truth, which are produced in about a dozen different languages. Their website "www.biblestandard.com" offers a look into their understanding of the Bible with various magazine articles, links to foreign LHMM sites, and an interactive button where Bible questions can be asked and answered. The Movement in recent years has adopted the name Bible Standard Ministries as its working name for its public ministry, yet still functions as the L.H.M.M.
External links[edit]
The Bible Standard – website for the magazine
  


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Bible Student movement
Religious organizations established in 1919
Christian new religious movements








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Dawn Bible Students Association

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
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The Dawn Bible Students Association is a Christian organization and movement, and a legal entity used by a branch of the Bible Student Movement.
It was founded with the intention of becoming a publishing house to begin printing and distributing the first six volumes of the Studies in the Scriptures series that were written directly by Charles Taze Russell which the Watchtower Society had officially ceased publishing in 1927.[1]
In 1966, the Dawn published 'Oh, the Blessedness', a small booklet which rejected most of Russell's views of Bible prophecy and end time predictions resulting in numerous internal divisions.[2]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Later history 2.1 Present day
3 Beliefs
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

History[edit]
In 1928 Norman Woodworth, following intense personal disagreement with the new policies of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society and actions of the Society's President, Joseph Rutherford, left to create the radio program Frank and Ernest with the help of the Brooklyn congregation of Bible Students. He had previously been responsible for producing the same radio program for the Watchtower Society.
In 1932, the Dawn Publishers, Inc. was founded in Brooklyn, New York, just blocks away from Watch Tower headquarters. In the 1940s it was moved to Rutherford, New Jersey under its current name, Dawn Bible Students Association. The Dawn was founded, by Woodworth and others, with the intention of becoming a publishing house to begin redistribution of the Studies in the Scriptures. Soon after starting the Frank and Ernest radio program a 4-page brochure entitled Bible Student's Radio Echo began to be printed in order to maintain public interest. Soon, its name was changed to The Dawn and Herald of Christ’s Presence magazine, and its size changed to 16-pages. It began as a bi-monthly, then later monthly, journal.
Later history[edit]



 The Dawn Office in East Rutherford, New Jersey
The Dawn was influential in regathering large numbers of the Bible Students who had ceased association with Watchtower Society between 1917 and 1928, sponsoring the "First Annual Reunion Convention of Bible Students" in 1929.[3] As a result, new congregations of Bible Students were formed in various countries worldwide and publishing their literature in various languages.
In 1966 the Dawn published Oh, the Blessedness; a small booklet which rejected many of Russell's views on Bible prophecy and end times.
This rejection polarized those Bible Students who still accepted Russell's views, and an independent movement was formed in 1974. Russell's Studies in the Scriptures as well as all other writings never before reproduced since his death were now being republished independently of the Dawn, alongside radio and television programs, journals, newsletters, books and booklets produced by various Bible Student individuals and congregations independent of the Dawn. As of 1992 all of Russell's writings, including printed sermons, speeches, newspaper and journal articles, tracts, letters and brochures have been reprinted and digitized.
Present day[edit]
Today the Dawn continue publication of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures, as well as booklets written by various Bible Students. They also produce radio and television programs.
Current membership in America is difficult to estimate from the number of conventions.[4] In the late 1980s they had a membership of about 60,000.[5]
In 2007 The Dawn Magazine 75th Anniversary 1932–2007[6] gave a brief history of the group.
Beliefs[edit]
The Dawn Bible Students accept the inspiration and infallibility of the Bible. They accept Jesus as God's Son and Messiah, and believe in his pre-existent divine Sonship as the "Logos", but believe that the Father is greater.[7] They teach Christ's ransom and blood atonement for mankind, and in a general resurrection. They also teach the existence of a literal fallen angel Satan, and other demons. The Dawn Bible Students teach the necessity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit for salvation and sanctification, but reject the doctrines of a co-equal Trinity, immortality of the soul, and a literal hell-fire.
Studies in the Scriptures teaches two phases of the Kingdom of God - a spiritual phase, invisible, and an earthly phase.
Oh, the Blessedness! in 1966[8] addresses the two dates in Charles Taze Russell's prediction - the "beginning of the Master’s second presence" in 1874, and the "times of the Gentiles" end in 1914, recognising as did Russell himself in 1907[9] and 1916[10] that the predicted "foretold harvest" of saints did not end in 1914 and still is going on.
They believe in the Restitution of all things, the Restoration of Paradise and the General Resurrection under the Millennial Reign of Christ.
See also[edit]
Bible Students
Bible Student Movement
Frank and Ernest - the international broadcast by the Dawn Bible Students Association.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ WTB&TS, "God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached" (1973) page 347
2.Jump up ^ Oh, the Blessedness (1966)
3.Jump up ^ Bible Student's Radio Echo vol. 1 no. 2
4.Jump up ^ http://www.dawnbible.com/conv.htm
5.Jump up ^ Pocket Dictionary of North American Denominations 2004 p79 ed. Drew Blankman, Todd Augustine "A smaller group rejected Rutherford's leadership and became the Dawn Bible Student's Association and in the late 1980s had a membership of about 60000. "
6.Jump up ^ The Dawn Magazine 75th Anniversary 1932–2007
7.Jump up ^ beliefs mp3s
8.Jump up ^ "Only because these more than fifty years have passed since 1914 have our minds been expanded to see this more protracted and larger picture of the end of the world.
9.Jump up ^ M. James Penton Apocalypse delayed: the story of Jehovah's Witnesses p167 1997 "On this theme Russell expressed himself in 1907: But let us suppose a case far from our expectations: suppose that AD 1915 should pass with the world's affairs all serene and with evidence that the 'very elect' had not all been 'changed' and without the restoration of natural Israel to favor under the New Covenant. (Romans 11:12, 15) What then? Would not that prove our chronology wrong? Yes, surely! And would not that prove a keen disappointment? Indeed it would! It would work irreparable wreck to parallel dispensations and Israel's double, and to the Jubilee calculations, and to the prophecy of 2300 days of Daniel and to the epoch called 'Gentile Times,' and to 1,260, 1,290 and 1,335 days, ... none of these would be available longer. What a blow that would be! One, of the strings of our harp would be quite broken! However, dear friends, our harp would still have all the other strings in tune and that is what no other aggregation of God's people on earth could boast. (WTR 1907)
10.Jump up ^ "NOT ENDED: As we have noted, it was expected that the harvest would end in 1914. When, two years later, Brother Russell recognized that the harvest work was still in progress, he wrote: “Some of us were quite strongly convinced that the harvest would be ended by now, but our expectations must not be allowed to weigh anything against the facts.”—R. 5950, par. 1 Later in the same article he wrote: “We imagined that the harvest work of gathering the church would be accomplished before the end of the Gentile Times; but nothing in the Bible so said. Our thought was purely an inference, and now we see that it was an unjustified one.”—R. 5950, last par."
External links[edit]
Dawn Bible Students Association
Charles Taze Russell website
  


Categories: Bible Student movement
Religious organizations established in 1932
Student religious organizations in the United States
Organizations based in New Jersey


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students_Association









Dawn Bible Students Association

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 

The Dawn Bible Students Association is a Christian organization and movement, and a legal entity used by a branch of the Bible Student Movement.
It was founded with the intention of becoming a publishing house to begin printing and distributing the first six volumes of the Studies in the Scriptures series that were written directly by Charles Taze Russell which the Watchtower Society had officially ceased publishing in 1927.[1]
In 1966, the Dawn published 'Oh, the Blessedness', a small booklet which rejected most of Russell's views of Bible prophecy and end time predictions resulting in numerous internal divisions.[2]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Later history 2.1 Present day
3 Beliefs
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

History[edit]
In 1928 Norman Woodworth, following intense personal disagreement with the new policies of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society and actions of the Society's President, Joseph Rutherford, left to create the radio program Frank and Ernest with the help of the Brooklyn congregation of Bible Students. He had previously been responsible for producing the same radio program for the Watchtower Society.
In 1932, the Dawn Publishers, Inc. was founded in Brooklyn, New York, just blocks away from Watch Tower headquarters. In the 1940s it was moved to Rutherford, New Jersey under its current name, Dawn Bible Students Association. The Dawn was founded, by Woodworth and others, with the intention of becoming a publishing house to begin redistribution of the Studies in the Scriptures. Soon after starting the Frank and Ernest radio program a 4-page brochure entitled Bible Student's Radio Echo began to be printed in order to maintain public interest. Soon, its name was changed to The Dawn and Herald of Christ’s Presence magazine, and its size changed to 16-pages. It began as a bi-monthly, then later monthly, journal.
Later history[edit]



 The Dawn Office in East Rutherford, New Jersey
The Dawn was influential in regathering large numbers of the Bible Students who had ceased association with Watchtower Society between 1917 and 1928, sponsoring the "First Annual Reunion Convention of Bible Students" in 1929.[3] As a result, new congregations of Bible Students were formed in various countries worldwide and publishing their literature in various languages.
In 1966 the Dawn published Oh, the Blessedness; a small booklet which rejected many of Russell's views on Bible prophecy and end times.
This rejection polarized those Bible Students who still accepted Russell's views, and an independent movement was formed in 1974. Russell's Studies in the Scriptures as well as all other writings never before reproduced since his death were now being republished independently of the Dawn, alongside radio and television programs, journals, newsletters, books and booklets produced by various Bible Student individuals and congregations independent of the Dawn. As of 1992 all of Russell's writings, including printed sermons, speeches, newspaper and journal articles, tracts, letters and brochures have been reprinted and digitized.
Present day[edit]
Today the Dawn continue publication of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures, as well as booklets written by various Bible Students. They also produce radio and television programs.
Current membership in America is difficult to estimate from the number of conventions.[4] In the late 1980s they had a membership of about 60,000.[5]
In 2007 The Dawn Magazine 75th Anniversary 1932–2007[6] gave a brief history of the group.
Beliefs[edit]
The Dawn Bible Students accept the inspiration and infallibility of the Bible. They accept Jesus as God's Son and Messiah, and believe in his pre-existent divine Sonship as the "Logos", but believe that the Father is greater.[7] They teach Christ's ransom and blood atonement for mankind, and in a general resurrection. They also teach the existence of a literal fallen angel Satan, and other demons. The Dawn Bible Students teach the necessity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit for salvation and sanctification, but reject the doctrines of a co-equal Trinity, immortality of the soul, and a literal hell-fire.
Studies in the Scriptures teaches two phases of the Kingdom of God - a spiritual phase, invisible, and an earthly phase.
Oh, the Blessedness! in 1966[8] addresses the two dates in Charles Taze Russell's prediction - the "beginning of the Master’s second presence" in 1874, and the "times of the Gentiles" end in 1914, recognising as did Russell himself in 1907[9] and 1916[10] that the predicted "foretold harvest" of saints did not end in 1914 and still is going on.
They believe in the Restitution of all things, the Restoration of Paradise and the General Resurrection under the Millennial Reign of Christ.
See also[edit]
Bible Students
Bible Student Movement
Frank and Ernest - the international broadcast by the Dawn Bible Students Association.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ WTB&TS, "God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached" (1973) page 347
2.Jump up ^ Oh, the Blessedness (1966)
3.Jump up ^ Bible Student's Radio Echo vol. 1 no. 2
4.Jump up ^ http://www.dawnbible.com/conv.htm
5.Jump up ^ Pocket Dictionary of North American Denominations 2004 p79 ed. Drew Blankman, Todd Augustine "A smaller group rejected Rutherford's leadership and became the Dawn Bible Student's Association and in the late 1980s had a membership of about 60000. "
6.Jump up ^ The Dawn Magazine 75th Anniversary 1932–2007
7.Jump up ^ beliefs mp3s
8.Jump up ^ "Only because these more than fifty years have passed since 1914 have our minds been expanded to see this more protracted and larger picture of the end of the world.
9.Jump up ^ M. James Penton Apocalypse delayed: the story of Jehovah's Witnesses p167 1997 "On this theme Russell expressed himself in 1907: But let us suppose a case far from our expectations: suppose that AD 1915 should pass with the world's affairs all serene and with evidence that the 'very elect' had not all been 'changed' and without the restoration of natural Israel to favor under the New Covenant. (Romans 11:12, 15) What then? Would not that prove our chronology wrong? Yes, surely! And would not that prove a keen disappointment? Indeed it would! It would work irreparable wreck to parallel dispensations and Israel's double, and to the Jubilee calculations, and to the prophecy of 2300 days of Daniel and to the epoch called 'Gentile Times,' and to 1,260, 1,290 and 1,335 days, ... none of these would be available longer. What a blow that would be! One, of the strings of our harp would be quite broken! However, dear friends, our harp would still have all the other strings in tune and that is what no other aggregation of God's people on earth could boast. (WTR 1907)
10.Jump up ^ "NOT ENDED: As we have noted, it was expected that the harvest would end in 1914. When, two years later, Brother Russell recognized that the harvest work was still in progress, he wrote: “Some of us were quite strongly convinced that the harvest would be ended by now, but our expectations must not be allowed to weigh anything against the facts.”—R. 5950, par. 1 Later in the same article he wrote: “We imagined that the harvest work of gathering the church would be accomplished before the end of the Gentile Times; but nothing in the Bible so said. Our thought was purely an inference, and now we see that it was an unjustified one.”—R. 5950, last par."
External links[edit]
Dawn Bible Students Association
Charles Taze Russell website
  


Categories: Bible Student movement
Religious organizations established in 1932
Student religious organizations in the United States
Organizations based in New Jersey


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Pastoral Bible Institute

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 

The Pastoral Bible Institute was started in 1918 when a number of prominent leaders and members withdrew their support from the Watch Tower Society after Joseph Rutherford became the president of the Society, following the death of pastor Charles Taze Russell. The Watchtower society was the publishing arm of the Bible Student movement, a Christian denomination following Millerite Adventist notions guided by principles expounded by Pastor Russell who founded and led the movement.
The first Bible Student Convention held independent of the Watch Tower Society took place on July 26-29, 1918, in Asbury Park, New Jersey.[1] In November 1918, two to three hundred people attended the second convention in Providence, Rhode Island.[2] It was at this meeting that the Pastoral Bible Institute (PBI) was formed to resume Pastor Russell’s pastoral work independent of the Society.
In December 1918 the first issue of The Herald of Christ's Kingdom[3] was published. It was edited by R. E. Streeter until his death in December 1924.[4] Nearing almost a century of service, the PBI functions in a reduced capacity and continues to publish the Herald magazine and distribute Christian literature.
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "THE CONVENTION AT ASBURY PARK", The Herald, VOL. I. August 15, 1918 NO. I
2.Jump up ^ "A HOLY CONVOCATION AT PROVIDENCE", The Herald, VOL. I. December 1, 1918 No. 1
3.Jump up ^ The Herald of Christ's Kingdom, from 1918 to present.
4.Jump up ^ "THE PASSING OF OUR MUCH LOVED BROTHER R. E. STREETER", The Herald, VOL. VIII. January 15 & February 1, 1925 Nos. 2 & 3
External links[edit]
Pastoral Bible Institute
Online issues of The Herald of Christ's Kingdom from 1918 to present
  


Categories: Christian magazines
Bible Student movement


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_Bible_Institute









Pastoral Bible Institute

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
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The Pastoral Bible Institute was started in 1918 when a number of prominent leaders and members withdrew their support from the Watch Tower Society after Joseph Rutherford became the president of the Society, following the death of pastor Charles Taze Russell. The Watchtower society was the publishing arm of the Bible Student movement, a Christian denomination following Millerite Adventist notions guided by principles expounded by Pastor Russell who founded and led the movement.
The first Bible Student Convention held independent of the Watch Tower Society took place on July 26-29, 1918, in Asbury Park, New Jersey.[1] In November 1918, two to three hundred people attended the second convention in Providence, Rhode Island.[2] It was at this meeting that the Pastoral Bible Institute (PBI) was formed to resume Pastor Russell’s pastoral work independent of the Society.
In December 1918 the first issue of The Herald of Christ's Kingdom[3] was published. It was edited by R. E. Streeter until his death in December 1924.[4] Nearing almost a century of service, the PBI functions in a reduced capacity and continues to publish the Herald magazine and distribute Christian literature.
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "THE CONVENTION AT ASBURY PARK", The Herald, VOL. I. August 15, 1918 NO. I
2.Jump up ^ "A HOLY CONVOCATION AT PROVIDENCE", The Herald, VOL. I. December 1, 1918 No. 1
3.Jump up ^ The Herald of Christ's Kingdom, from 1918 to present.
4.Jump up ^ "THE PASSING OF OUR MUCH LOVED BROTHER R. E. STREETER", The Herald, VOL. VIII. January 15 & February 1, 1925 Nos. 2 & 3
External links[edit]
Pastoral Bible Institute
Online issues of The Herald of Christ's Kingdom from 1918 to present
  


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The Dawn (magazine)

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Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
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For the Australian feminist magazine, see The Dawn (feminist magazine).
The Dawn is a religious magazine printed and published by the Dawn Bible Students Association, East Rutherford, New Jersey and branch offices around the world.[1] The magazine was first published in 1932 as a monthly journal, with the full title, The Dawn—A Herald of Christ’s Presence.[2]
Content[edit]
The magazine includes articles about Christian life, prophecy, Bible study and biblical interpretation, from a politically conservative Christian viewpoint.[3]
External links[edit]
http://www.dawnbible.com (online Magazine The Dawn)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The Dawn International
2.Jump up ^ The Dawn Magazine 75th Anniversary 1932–2007
3.Jump up ^ The Dawn, Its Ministry
  


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dawn_(magazine)









The Dawn (magazine)

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Part of a series on
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Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
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For the Australian feminist magazine, see The Dawn (feminist magazine).
The Dawn is a religious magazine printed and published by the Dawn Bible Students Association, East Rutherford, New Jersey and branch offices around the world.[1] The magazine was first published in 1932 as a monthly journal, with the full title, The Dawn—A Herald of Christ’s Presence.[2]
Content[edit]
The magazine includes articles about Christian life, prophecy, Bible study and biblical interpretation, from a politically conservative Christian viewpoint.[3]
External links[edit]
http://www.dawnbible.com (online Magazine The Dawn)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The Dawn International
2.Jump up ^ The Dawn Magazine 75th Anniversary 1932–2007
3.Jump up ^ The Dawn, Its Ministry
  


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The New Creation

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The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
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The New Creation is a bimonthly illustrated Christian magazine, printed and published by Free Bible Students via the Christian Discipling Ministries International in New Jersey and offices in Australia, Austria, England, Germany, Italy and Romania.
The first publication was started by 1940 under the title The New Creation and a Herald of God's Kingdom.
External links[edit]
Online issues of The New Creation from 2006 to present



The New Creation magazine


This Christian magazine or journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




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The New Creation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on
Bible Students
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Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
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Dawn Bible Students Association
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Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
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The New Creation is a bimonthly illustrated Christian magazine, printed and published by Free Bible Students via the Christian Discipling Ministries International in New Jersey and offices in Australia, Austria, England, Germany, Italy and Romania.
The first publication was started by 1940 under the title The New Creation and a Herald of God's Kingdom.
External links[edit]
Online issues of The New Creation from 2006 to present



The New Creation magazine


This Christian magazine or journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
  


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Frank and Ernest (broadcast)

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The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
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 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
Frank and Ernest is the name of an international religious broadcast by the Dawn Bible Students Association, which has been heard on many stations, including Radio Luxembourg. The program's format was generally that of a personal dialogue, wherein "Frank" asked "Ernest" a question (or vice versa), and a reply is given in order to expound upon the Bible.
In 1928 Norman Woodworth, following intense personal disagreement with the new policies and practices of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, left to create the radio program Frank and Ernest with the help of the Brooklyn, New York Congregation of Bible Students. He had previously been responsible for producing the same radio program for the Society.
The Dawn Bible Students Association was formed as a printing house by bible students who had left their association with the Watch Tower Society.
External links[edit]
Dawn Bible Students
Pastor-Russell.com
  


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Frank and Ernest (broadcast)

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Part of a series on
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The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
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Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
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 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
Frank and Ernest is the name of an international religious broadcast by the Dawn Bible Students Association, which has been heard on many stations, including Radio Luxembourg. The program's format was generally that of a personal dialogue, wherein "Frank" asked "Ernest" a question (or vice versa), and a reply is given in order to expound upon the Bible.
In 1928 Norman Woodworth, following intense personal disagreement with the new policies and practices of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, left to create the radio program Frank and Ernest with the help of the Brooklyn, New York Congregation of Bible Students. He had previously been responsible for producing the same radio program for the Society.
The Dawn Bible Students Association was formed as a printing house by bible students who had left their association with the Watch Tower Society.
External links[edit]
Dawn Bible Students
Pastor-Russell.com
  


Categories: Christian radio programs
Bible Student movement





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The Photo-Drama of Creation

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Part of a series on
Bible Students
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The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
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Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
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The Photo-drama of Creation used the recorded voice and moving pictures of Charles Taze Russell in 1912
The Photo-Drama of Creation, or Creation-Drama, is a four-part Christian film (eight hours in total) produced by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania under the direction of Charles Taze Russell, the founder of the Bible Student movement. The film presented their beliefs about God's plan from the creation of the earth through to the end of the 1,000 year reign of Christ.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Content
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
6 Further reading

History[edit]
Production began in 1912, and the presentation was introduced to audiences in 1914.[2] It was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides.[3][4] Russell also published an accompanying book, Scenario of the Photo-Drama of Creation, in various languages.[5][6][7]
The presentation premiered in January 1914 in New York, and in the summer of 1914 in Germany. Over 9,000,000 people in North America, Europe, New Zealand and Australia saw either the full Photo-Drama or an abbreviated version called the Eureka-Drama.[3][4][8]
Shows that combined magic lantern slides and films were common at the time, but the addition of recorded speech was unusual, and the magnitude of its distribution for a single religious production was particularly notable. At the time, the project's full cost was estimated at about $300,000 (current value $7,063,000).[2][8][9]
Content[edit]
The Photo-Drama purports that the seven creative 'days' in the Book of Genesis equal 49,000 years, based on Russell's belief that each creative day lasts 7,000 years. It further claims that 48,000 years had already passed, such that the final thousand years were "near at hand".[10]
See also[edit]
List of longest films by running time
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Who Are They? What Do They Believe?, page 6
2.^ Jump up to: a b "The Warning Work (1909-1914)", The Watchtower, March 1, 1955, page 143, "[F]rom 1912 to the beginning of 1914 the Watch Tower Society spent a fortune (over $300,000) in preparing the Photo-Drama of Creation, to spread Bible knowledge to the masses of people during and after 1914."
3.^ Jump up to: a b IMDB article "Photo-Drama of Creation (1914), IMDB article "Trivia", Retrieved 2009-04-15
4.^ Jump up to: a b American Movie Classics, "Timeline of Greatest Film History Milestones'..."1914", Retrieved 2009-04-15
5.Jump up ^ "Israel and Jordan", 1980 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 215
6.Jump up ^ "Romania", 2006 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 78
7.Jump up ^ "Responding to Godly Training from Infancy", The Watchtower, August 1, 1972, page 476
8.^ Jump up to: a b "Society Uses Many Means to Expand Preaching", Centennial of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania 1884-1984, page 24, "The Photo-Drama ... is believed to have been viewed by more than 9,000,000 people throughout North America and Europe, as well as many others in places around the world. It took two years and $300,000 to complete the project, many of the scenes being hand colored. Yet admission was free and no collections were taken."
9.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 59, "A fortune for those days—some $300,000—was spent by the Society in producing the Photo-Drama."
10.Jump up ^ "AGS Consulting". AGS Consulting. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
External links[edit]
Photo-Drama: A 100-Year-Old Epic of Faith
The Photo-Drama of Creation at the Internet Movie Database
Internet Archive of the complete "Photo-Drama of Creation"
RealMedia: "The Photo-Drama of Creation"
Pastor Russell´s ministry
Further reading[edit]
Richard Alan Nelson, “Propaganda for God: Pastor Charles Taze Russell and the Multi-Media Photo-Drama of Creation (1914),” in Roland Cosandey, André Gaudreault, and Tom Gunning, editors, Une Invention du diable? Cinéma des premiers temps et religion - An Invention of the Devil? Religion and Early Cinema, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Les Presses de l’Université Laval & Lausanne, Suisse: Éditions Payot Lausanne, 1992, 230-255; ISBN 2-7637-7300-1.
  


Categories: Films about Evangelicalism
Bible Student movement
Depictions of Adam and Eve
Portrayals of Jesus in film
Depictions of John the Baptist


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Photo-Drama_of_Creation









The Photo-Drama of Creation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
This box: view ·
 talk ·
 edit
 




The Photo-drama of Creation used the recorded voice and moving pictures of Charles Taze Russell in 1912
The Photo-Drama of Creation, or Creation-Drama, is a four-part Christian film (eight hours in total) produced by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania under the direction of Charles Taze Russell, the founder of the Bible Student movement. The film presented their beliefs about God's plan from the creation of the earth through to the end of the 1,000 year reign of Christ.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Content
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
6 Further reading

History[edit]
Production began in 1912, and the presentation was introduced to audiences in 1914.[2] It was the first major screenplay to incorporate synchronized sound, moving film, and color slides.[3][4] Russell also published an accompanying book, Scenario of the Photo-Drama of Creation, in various languages.[5][6][7]
The presentation premiered in January 1914 in New York, and in the summer of 1914 in Germany. Over 9,000,000 people in North America, Europe, New Zealand and Australia saw either the full Photo-Drama or an abbreviated version called the Eureka-Drama.[3][4][8]
Shows that combined magic lantern slides and films were common at the time, but the addition of recorded speech was unusual, and the magnitude of its distribution for a single religious production was particularly notable. At the time, the project's full cost was estimated at about $300,000 (current value $7,063,000).[2][8][9]
Content[edit]
The Photo-Drama purports that the seven creative 'days' in the Book of Genesis equal 49,000 years, based on Russell's belief that each creative day lasts 7,000 years. It further claims that 48,000 years had already passed, such that the final thousand years were "near at hand".[10]
See also[edit]
List of longest films by running time
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Who Are They? What Do They Believe?, page 6
2.^ Jump up to: a b "The Warning Work (1909-1914)", The Watchtower, March 1, 1955, page 143, "[F]rom 1912 to the beginning of 1914 the Watch Tower Society spent a fortune (over $300,000) in preparing the Photo-Drama of Creation, to spread Bible knowledge to the masses of people during and after 1914."
3.^ Jump up to: a b IMDB article "Photo-Drama of Creation (1914), IMDB article "Trivia", Retrieved 2009-04-15
4.^ Jump up to: a b American Movie Classics, "Timeline of Greatest Film History Milestones'..."1914", Retrieved 2009-04-15
5.Jump up ^ "Israel and Jordan", 1980 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 215
6.Jump up ^ "Romania", 2006 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 78
7.Jump up ^ "Responding to Godly Training from Infancy", The Watchtower, August 1, 1972, page 476
8.^ Jump up to: a b "Society Uses Many Means to Expand Preaching", Centennial of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania 1884-1984, page 24, "The Photo-Drama ... is believed to have been viewed by more than 9,000,000 people throughout North America and Europe, as well as many others in places around the world. It took two years and $300,000 to complete the project, many of the scenes being hand colored. Yet admission was free and no collections were taken."
9.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 59, "A fortune for those days—some $300,000—was spent by the Society in producing the Photo-Drama."
10.Jump up ^ "AGS Consulting". AGS Consulting. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
External links[edit]
Photo-Drama: A 100-Year-Old Epic of Faith
The Photo-Drama of Creation at the Internet Movie Database
Internet Archive of the complete "Photo-Drama of Creation"
RealMedia: "The Photo-Drama of Creation"
Pastor Russell´s ministry
Further reading[edit]
Richard Alan Nelson, “Propaganda for God: Pastor Charles Taze Russell and the Multi-Media Photo-Drama of Creation (1914),” in Roland Cosandey, André Gaudreault, and Tom Gunning, editors, Une Invention du diable? Cinéma des premiers temps et religion - An Invention of the Devil? Religion and Early Cinema, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Les Presses de l’Université Laval & Lausanne, Suisse: Éditions Payot Lausanne, 1992, 230-255; ISBN 2-7637-7300-1.
  


Categories: Films about Evangelicalism
Bible Student movement
Depictions of Adam and Eve
Portrayals of Jesus in film
Depictions of John the Baptist


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Bible Student movement

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 A simplified chart of historical developments of major groups within Bible Students
Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
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The Bible Student movement is the name adopted by a Millennialist[1] Restorationist Christian movement that emerged from the teachings and ministry of Charles Taze Russell, also known as Pastor Russell. Members of the movement have variously referred to themselves as Bible Students, International Bible Students, Associated Bible Students, or Independent Bible Students. The origins of the movement are associated with the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881.
A number of schisms developed within the congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society between 1909 and 1932.[2][3] The most significant split began in 1917 following the election of Joseph Franklin Rutherford as president of the Watch Tower Society two months after Russell's death. The schism began with Rutherford's controversial replacement of four of the Society's board of directors and publication of The Finished Mystery.
Thousands of members left congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society throughout the 1920s prompted in part by Rutherford's failed predictions for the year 1925, increasing disillusionment with his on-going doctrinal and organizational changes, and his campaign for centralized control of the movement.[2] William Schnell, author and former Jehovah's Witness, claims that three-quarters of the original Bible Students who had been associating with the Watch Tower Society in 1921 had left by 1931.[4][a][b][5] In 1930 Rutherford stated that "the total number of those who have withdrawn from the Society... is comparatively large."[6]
Between 1918 and 1929, several factions formed their own independent fellowships, including the Standfast Movement, the Pastoral Bible Institute, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement founded by PSL Johnson, and the Dawn Bible Students Association. These groups range from conservative, claiming to be Russell's true followers, to more liberal, claiming that Russell's role is not as important as once believed.[7] Rutherford's faction of the movement retained control of the Watch Tower Society[7] and adopted the name Jehovah's witnesses in July 1931.[c] The cumulative worldwide membership of the various Bible Students groups independent of the Watch Tower Society is estimated at less than 75,000.[8][9]


Contents  [hide]
1 Foundation 1.1 Watch Tower Society
1.2 International Bible Students Association
2 Formative influences
3 First schism
4 Leadership dispute
5 Associated Bible Students 5.1 Pastoral Bible Institute
5.2 Berean Bible Institute
5.3 StandFast Bible Students Association
5.4 Dawn Bible Students Association
5.5 Independent Bible Students
6 Free Bible Students 6.1 New Covenant Believers
6.2 Christian Discipling Ministries International
6.3 Free Bible Students Association
7 Jehovah's Witnesses
8 Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
9 Other groups 9.1 Friends of Man
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links

Foundation[edit]



 Charles Russell in 1911
In 1869 Charles Russell viewed a presentation by Advent Christian preacher Jonas Wendell[10][11] (influenced by the Millerites)[12] and soon after began attending an Adventist Bible study group in Allegheny, Pennsylvania led by George Stetson. Russell acknowledged the influence of Adventist ministers including George Storrs, an old acquaintance of William Miller and semi-regular attendee at the Bible study group in Allegheny.[13]
In early January 1876 Russell met independent Adventist preachers Nelson H. Barbour and John H. Paton, publishers of the Herald of the Morning, who convinced him that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874.[12][d][14][e] Russell provided financial backing for Barbour and became co-editor of Barbour's magazine, Herald of the Morning; the pair jointly issued Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World (1877), written mostly by Barbour.[f][15] Various concepts in the book are still taught by the Bible Student movement and Jehovah's Witnesses, including a 2520-year period termed "the Gentile Times" predicted to end in 1914. Deviating from most Second Adventists the book taught that the earth would not be burned up when Christ returned, but that humankind since Adam would eventually be resurrected to the earth and given the opportunity to attain eternal perfect human life if obedient. It also revealed an expectation that all of the "saints" would be taken to heaven in April, 1878.[16][17]
Russell continued to develop his interpretations of biblical chronology. In 1877, he published 50,000 copies of the pamphlet The Object and Manner of Our Lord's Return, teaching that Christ would return invisibly before the battle of Armageddon. By 1878 he was teaching the Adventist view that the "time of the end" had begun in 1799,[18] and that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874[19] and had been crowned in heaven as king in 1878. Russell believed that 1878 also marked the resurrection of the "sleeping saints" (all faithful Christians who had died up to that time) and the "fall of Babylon" which he taught to be God's final judgment of unfaithful Christendom.[20][21] October 1914 was held as the end of a harvest period that would culminate in the beginning of Armageddon, manifested by the emergence of worldwide anarchy and the decline and destruction of civilized society.[22][23]
Russell broke with Barbour in July 1879 over the doctrine of substitutionary atonement and began publishing his own monthly magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence (now known as The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom), and the pair competed through their rival publications for the minds of their readers.[16][24] (Semi-monthly publication of the magazine began in 1892.)[g][25]
In early 1881, Russell predicted that the churches ('Babylon') would begin to fall apart and that the rapture of the saints would take place that year, although they would remain on earth as materialized spirit beings.[16] In 1882 he outlined his nontrinitarian views concluding that the doctrine is not taught in the Bible.[16]
Readers of Zion's Watch Tower formed thirty Bible study groups in seven states in the United States in 1879–80, with each congregation electing its own elders. In 1880 Russell visited the congregations to conduct six-hour study sessions, teaching each congregation how to carry out topical Bible study.[16][26]
Watch Tower Society[edit]
In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed as an unincorporated administrative agency for the purpose of disseminating tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles, with Russell as secretary and William Henry Conley as president.[25] Three years later, on December 15, 1884, Russell became president of the society when it was legally incorporated in Pennsylvania.[27] (The society was renamed Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in September 1896).[28] Russell wrote many articles, books, pamphlets and sermons, which by his death totaled 50,000 printed pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world.[16] In 1886, he wrote the first of what would become a six-volume Bible textbook series called Millennial Dawn, later renamed Studies in the Scriptures,[29][h] which presented his fundamental doctrines. As a consequence, the Bible Students were sometimes called Millennial Dawnists.
Russell advertised for 1000 preachers in 1881, and encouraged all who were members of "the body of Christ" to preach to their neighbors, to gather the "little flock" of saints while the vast majority of mankind would be given the opportunity to gain salvation during Christ's 1000-year reign.[12] Russell's supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible and his writings. Russell rejected the concept of a formal organization as "wholly unnecessary" for his followers and declared that his group had no record of its members' names, no creeds, and no sectarian name.[30] He wrote in February 1884: "By whatsoever names men may call us, it matters not to us... we call ourselves simply Christians."[31] Elders and deacons were elected by congregations and Russell tolerated a great latitude of belief among members. He opposed formal disciplinary procedures by congregation elders, claiming this was beyond their authority,[32] instead recommending that an individual who continued in a wrong course be judged by the entire congregation, which could ultimately "withdraw from him its fellowship" if the undesirable behavior continued.[i] Disfellowshipping did not mean the wrongdoer was to be shunned in all social circumstances or by all Bible Students, though fellowship would be limited.[33] From 1895, Russell encouraged congregations to study his Bible textbook series, Studies in the Scriptures, paragraph by paragraph to properly discern God's plan for humanity. In 1905 he recommended replacing verse-by-verse Bible studies with what he called "Berean Studies" of topics he chose.[12]
The Watch Tower Society opened overseas branches in London (1900),[34] Germany (1903), and Australia and Switzerland (1904).[35] The Society's headquarters were transferred to Brooklyn, New York in 1909.[36]
In January 1914 the Bible Students began public showings of The Photo-Drama of Creation.[37] It presented Russell's views of God's plan from the creation of the earth through to the establishment and administration of God's kingdom on earth. The Photo-Drama represented a significant advancement in film production, as the first major presentation to synchronize motion pictures with audio by use of phonograph records.[38][39] Worldwide attendance in 1914 exceeded nine million.[citation needed]
International Bible Students Association[edit]
In 1910 Russell introduced the name International Bible Students Association as a means of identifying his worldwide community of Bible study groups. He wrote:

Now in the Lord's providence we have thought of a title suitable, we believe, to the Lord's people everywhere, and free from objection, we believe, on every score—the title at the head of this article (IBSA). It fairly represents our sentiments and endeavors. We are Bible students. We welcome all of God's people to join with us in the study. We believe that the result of such studies is blessed and unifying. We recommend therefore that the little classes everywhere and the larger ones adopt this unobjectionable style and that they use it in the advertising columns of their newspapers. Thus friends everywhere will know how to recognize them when visiting strange cities.[40]
Russell explained that the Association would be directed and managed by the Peoples [sic] Pulpit Association which, in turn, represented the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. All Bible Student classes using Watch Tower Society publications could consider themselves identified with the Association and were authorized to use the name International Bible Students Association in connection with their meetings. The name was also used when advertising and conducting Bible Students conventions.[citation needed]
Formative influences[edit]
In addition to Russell other early influences include:
Nelson H. Barbour (1824–1905)
John Nelson Darby (1800–1882)
Henry Dunn (1801–1878)
Henry Grew (1781–1862)
Dunbar Isidore Heath (1816–1888)
William Miller (1782–1849)
George Stetson (1814–1879)
George Storrs (1796–1879)
R. E. Streeter (1847–1924)
Jonas Wendell (1815–1873)
Joseph Seiss (1823–1904)
First schism[edit]
See also: Free Bible Students
In 1905 Paul S. L. Johnson, one of the traveling "Pilgrim" speakers and a former Lutheran minister, pointed out to Russell that his doctrines on the New Covenant had undergone a complete reversal: until 1880 he had taught that the New Covenant would be inaugurated only after the last of the 144,000 anointed Christians had been taken to heaven,[41] but since 1881 he had written that it was already in force.[42][43] Russell reconsidered the question and in January 1907 wrote several Watch Tower articles reaffirming his 1880 position—that "the new covenant belongs exclusively to the coming age"[44]—adding that the church had no mediator, but that Christ was the "advocate". He also taught that Christians making up the 144,000 would join Christ as a "joint heir" and assistant mediator during the millennium.[45]
On October 24, 1909 former Watch Tower Society secretary-treasurer E.C. Henninges, who was by then the Australian branch manager based in Melbourne, wrote Russell an open letter of protest trying to persuade him to abandon the teaching, and calling on Bible Students to examine its legitimacy. When Russell refused, Henninges and most of the Melbourne congregation left Russell's movement to form the New Covenant Fellowship. Hundreds of the estimated 10,000 U.S. Bible Students also left, including pilgrim M. L. McPhail, a member of the Chicago Bible Students, and A. E. Williamson of Brooklyn, forming the New Covenant Believers.[43][46] The group, which informally referred to members as Free Bible Students, published The Kingdom Scribe magazine until 1975. The group is currently known as the Berean Bible Students Church, with fewer than 200 members.
Leadership dispute[edit]
Main article: Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)



 Joseph Rutherford
Russell died on October 31, 1916, in Pampa, Texas during a cross-country preaching trip. On January 6, 1917, board member and society legal counsel Joseph Franklin Rutherford was elected president of the Watch Tower Society, unopposed, at the Pittsburgh convention. Rutherford then announced publication of The Finished Mystery, which he claimed was a posthumous volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures.[47] By-laws passed by both the Pittsburgh convention and the board of directors stated that the president would be the executive officer and general manager of the society, giving him full charge of its affairs worldwide.[48]
By June, four of the seven Watch Tower Society directors—Robert H. Hirsh, Alfred I. Ritchie, Isaac F. Hoskins and James D. Wright— had decided they had erred in endorsing Rutherford's expanded powers of management,[49] claiming Rutherford had become autocratic.[49] In June Hirsch attempted to rescind the new by-laws and reclaim the powers of management from the president,[50] but Rutherford later claimed he had by then detected a conspiracy among the directors to seize control of the society.[51] In July, Rutherford gained a legal opinion from a Philadelphia corporation lawyer that the four were not legally directors of the society. On July 12, Rutherford filled what he claimed were four vacancies on the board, appointing A. H. Macmillan and Pennsylvania Bible Students W. E. Spill, J. A. Bohnet and George H. Fisher as directors.[52] Between August and November the society and the four ousted directors published a series of pamphlets, with each side accusing the other of ambitious, disruptive and dishonest conduct. The former directors also claimed Rutherford had required all headquarters workers to sign a petition supporting him and threatened dismissal for any who refused to sign.[53] The former directors were forcibly escorted by police from the Brooklyn headquarters on August 8.[54] On January 5, 1918 Rutherford was returned to office.
By mid-1919, about one in seven Bible Students had chosen to leave rather than accept Rutherford's leadership,[55] forming groups such as The Standfast Movement, Paul Johnson Movement, and the Pastoral Bible Institute of Brooklyn.[56] It is estimated that as many as three quarters of the Bible Students associating in 1921 left the movement by 1931 in protest to Rutherford's rejection of Pastor Russell's teachings. To reduce public confusion regarding the existence of several groups of Bible Students no longer associated with the Watch Tower Society, Rutherford's faction of Bible Students adopted the name Jehovah's witnesses on July 26, 1931 at a convention in Columbus, Ohio.[57][58]
Associated Bible Students[edit]
The Associated Bible Students groups, which adhere to Charles Taze Russell's teachings, include the Independent Bible Students, StandFast Bible Students and Dawn Bible Students. Congregations are autonomous, and may not necessarily have contact with other congregations, though many do. The Dawn Bible Students collectively form the largest segment of the Bible Student movement separate from the Watch Tower Society.[59]
Pastoral Bible Institute[edit]
In 1918, the former directors held the first Bible Student Convention independent of the Watch Tower Society. At the second convention a few months later, the informal Pastoral Bible Institute was founded. They began publishing The Herald of Christ's Kingdom, edited by RE Streeter. An editorial committee continues publication of the magazine[60] in a reduced capacity, and reproduces other Bible Student movement literature, including Russell's six-volume Studies in the Scriptures.[59]
Berean Bible Institute[edit]
The Australian Berean Bible Institute (BBI) formally separated from the Watch Tower Society in 1918. It published The Voice, and continues to publish the People's Paper magazine. There are several 'classes' of Bible students in Australia that hold similar beliefs to those promulgated by the BBI, but there is no official affiliation. Two conventions are held annually in Anglesea, Victoria and Alexandra Headlands, Queensland. There is no official creed; members are allowed to come to their own conclusions regarding interpretations of the Bible; the role of fellowship is to provide mutual help and stimulation. The number of Bible Students in Australia is estimated at approximately 100.[59]
StandFast Bible Students Association[edit]
In December 1918, Charles E. Heard and others considered[citation needed] Rutherford's indifference[61] regarding the purchase of war bonds to be a perversion of Russell's pacifist teachings, and contrary to scripture.[62] As a result, they founded the StandFast Bible Students Association in Portland, Oregon, USA. The name originated from their decision to "stand fast" on principles involving war that Russell had espoused. Membership dwindled and the group was eventually disbanded. A splinter group known as the Elijah Voice Society, was founded by John A. Herdersen and C. D. McCray in 1923. They were especially noted for their preaching and pacifist activity.[citation needed]
Dawn Bible Students Association[edit]
Main article: Dawn Bible Students Association
See also: Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
In 1928, Norman Woodworth, cousin of Clayton J. Woodworth, left the Watch Tower Society after having been in charge of their radio ministry. Woodworth created an independent Bible Students radio program called Frank and Ernest.[63] Funding was provided by the Brooklyn congregation of Bible Students and broadcasting continued into the 1980s. In 1929 the station sponsored the First Annual Reunion Convention of Bible Students at the old Bible House used by Russell in Pittsburgh.
In 1931 Woodworth and others founded the Dawn Bible Students Association to resume publication of Studies in the Scriptures, which the Watch Tower Society had officially ceased printing in 1927. The Dawn Bible Students published a leaflet, The Bible Students Radio Echo, to follow up interest in the radio program. The leaflet was soon developed into a 16-page magazine and renamed The Dawn—A Herald of Christ's Presence, which they continue to publish, along with radio, television, and Internet radio programs.[63]
Independent Bible Students[edit]


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
Over the past thirty-five years, controversy surrounded the Dawn Bible Students Association as their publishing and editorial committee began to promote more-liberal points of view, distancing themselves from some of Russell's viewpoints, alienating many Bible Students as a result.[citation needed] In 1974, a group of Bible Students meeting at a convention in Fort Collins, Colorado formally ceased their spiritual fellowship with, and financial support of, the Dawn Bible Students Association. They refer to themselves as Independent Bible Students. The split was not intended to eliminate or restrict personal fellowship, but was viewed as a "stand for the truth"[citation needed] by ceasing sponsorship of elders associated with the Dawn Bible Students, and avoiding attendance at their conventions. In recent years, attempts have been made to reintegrate the groups. The Independent Bible Students publishes a non-doctrinal magazine, The Bible Students Newsletter.[citation needed]
Free Bible Students[edit]
Main article: Free Bible Students
The Free Bible Students separated very early from the Watchtower Society, as Russell began to change some teachings.
New Covenant Believers[edit]
In 1909, M. L. McPhail, a traveling elder ("Pilgrim") and member of the Chicago Bible Students, disassociated from Russell's movement when controversy arose over Russell's expanded view of the application and timing of the "New Covenant" mentioned by Jeremiah, and led the New Covenant Bible Students in the United States, founding the New Covenant Believers in that year. The community, which members informally refer to as Free Bible Students, published The Kingdom Scribe magazine until 1975.[64] The founding group is now known as the Berean Bible Students Church in Lombard.[65]
Christian Discipling Ministries International[edit]
In 1928 the Italian Bible Students Association[clarification needed] in Hartford, Connecticut withdrew its support from the Watch Tower Society and changed its name to the Millennial Bible Students Church or Christian Millennial Fellowship and later to Christian Discipling Ministries International. They came to reject many of Russell's writings as erroneous. Now located in New Jersey, the group is known as the Free Bible Students; it has published The New Creation magazine since 1940.[64]
Free Bible Students Association[edit]
Conrad C. Binkele the former Branch Manager of Watchtower Society founded in 1928 the community of "Free Bible Students Association" in the German region (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) with other brethren and began publishing "Der Pilgrim" a religious magazine from 1931 to 1934. Free Bible Students in Germany were persecuted during World War II. Only after the war, were rehabilitated in the Bible Students and approved the publication again.
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses
Bible Students who submitted to Rutherford's leadership of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society became known as Jehovah's witnesses in 1931. The Watch Tower Society remains the religion's primary administrative body, and their beliefs and organizational structure have diverged considerably from Russell's.[66] Their literature states that Bible Students is the former name for their group,[67] and does not acknowledge the continued existence of other Bible Student groups. In 1955, the Watch Tower Society claimed that those who separated from the movement during Rutherford's presidency constituted the "evil slave" of Matthew 24:48-51.[68] (The Society altered its view in 2013, calling the "evil slave" a hypothetical warning to the 'faithful slave'.[69]) Jehovah's Witnesses report worldwide membership of approximately 8 million.[70]
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement[edit]
Main article: Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Paul S. L. Johnson founded the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919. Johnson's death in 1950 led to an internal disagreement over his role as a teacher chosen by God, and resulted in the formation of new splinter groups, such as the Epiphany Bible Students Association, and the Laodicean Home Missionary Movement. Johnson believed he had been appointed by God as Russell's official spiritual successor, that he was the last member of the 144,000 of Revelation 7, and that hope of a heavenly reward of immortality for the Christian faithful would cease after his death. His associate and successor, Raymond Jolly, taught that he himself was the last member of the "great multitude", also of Revelation 7. After Jolly's death, remaining members of the fellowship believed they would live on a perfected earth in God's kingdom as a group referred to as the "modern worthies", as associates of the "ancient worthies"—the ancient Jewish prophets God would resurrect to guide and instruct the world in his kingdom.[citation needed]
Other groups[edit]
Friends of Man[edit]
Main article: Friends of Man
Alexander FL Freytag, manager of the branch office of the Watch Tower Society in Switzerland since 1898, had disagreed with Russell's teachings before Russell's death in 1916. He began publishing his own views using the Watch Tower Society's printing equipment in 1917, and was ousted from the Watch Tower Society by Rutherford in 1919. In 1920, Freytag founded the Angel of Jehovah Bible and Tract Society, also known as the Philanthropic Assembly of the Friends of Man and The Church of the Kingdom of God. He published two journals, the monthly The Monitor of the Reign of Justice and the weekly Paper for All.[71]
See also[edit]
History of Jehovah's Witnesses
International Bible Students Association
Notes[edit]
a.Jump up ^ Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left, but quotes Rutherford (Jehovah, 1934, page 277) as saying "only a few" who left other religions were then "in God's organisation".
b.Jump up ^ Annual Memorial attendance figures in 1925 (90, 434) with 1928 (17, 380).[72]
c.Jump up ^ 'witnesses' was not capitalised until the 1970s
d.Jump up ^ Barbour had originally predicted a visible return of Christ for 1873, but when that failed to eventuate, he concluded that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874 based on a reference in Benjamin Wilson's Emphatic Diaglott.[73]
e.Jump up ^ Russell explains how he accepted the idea of an invisible return of Christ in 1874 from N.H. Barbour[74]
f.Jump up ^ Though the book bore the names of both men as authors, James Penton (Apocalypse Delayed) points out that in early issues of the Watch Tower, Russell repeatedly referred to Barbour as its author. In the July 15, 1906 Watch Tower Russell said it was "mostly written by Mr Barbour"[75]
g.Jump up ^ Online copies of the Watch Tower from 1879–1916 can be viewed by issue at Most holy faith or by article at AGS Consulting . These are taken from the 7 volume Watch Tower Reprints published by the Watch Tower Society in 1920 which reprinted all the issues from 1879–1919.
h.Jump up ^ The titles of the six volumes are: 1) The Divine Plan of the Ages, 2)The Time is At Hand, 3)Thy Kingdom Come, 4)The Battle of Armageddon, 5)The At-one-ment Between God and Man, 6) The New Creation (PDF) (study) 6, Bible Students.
i.Jump up ^ Russell directed that an unrepentant person be judged by the entire ecclesia, rather than the elders. He directed that the ecclesia not make the wrongdoer's faults public.[76]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Crompton, Robert (1996). Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. p. 12. ISBN 0-227-67939-3.
2.^ Jump up to: a b Penton 1997, pp. 43–62.
3.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 52.
4.Jump up ^ Schnell, William J (1956), Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave, Grand Rapids: Baker[page needed], as cited by Rogerson 1969, pp. 52.
5.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 167 cites The Watch Tower December 1, 1927 (p 355) in which Rutherford states, "the larger percentage" of original Bible Students had by then departed.
6.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower November 15, 1930 p. 342 col 1.
7.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, pp. 39.
8.Jump up ^ Present Truth February, 2006 pp 9–13.
9.Jump up ^ Blankman, Drew; Augustine, Todd, eds. (2004), Pocket Dictionary of North American Denominations, p. 79, "A smaller group rejected Rutherford's leadership and became the Dawn Bible Student's Association and in the late 1980s had a membership of about 60000."
10.Jump up ^ Watchtower 1993, pp. 43.
11.Jump up ^ Wendell, Jonas, The Present Truth or Meat in Due Season (PDF) (treatise), Pastor Russell, pp. 35–36 pointed to 1873 for the time of Christ's visible return.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d Penton 1997, pp. 13–46.
13.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, 1906, as cited by Penton 1997, p. 17.
14.Jump up ^ "The Midnight Cry and Herald of the Morning", Herald, March 1874 |chapter= ignored (help).
15.Jump up ^ Barbour, NH; Russell, Charles T (1877), "Three Worlds and The Harvest of This World" (PDF), Herald (magazine), retrieved March 15, 2006.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Penton 1997, pp. 13–46
17.Jump up ^ Three Worlds, pp. 184–85.
18.Jump up ^ "The 'Time of the End,' a period of one hundred and fifteen (115) years, from A.D. 1799 to A.D. 1914, is particularly marked in the Scriptures." Thy Kingdom Come, 1890, p. 23.
19.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, pp. 631–32.
20.Jump up ^ Thy Kingdom Come (1890), Volume 3 of Studies in the Scriptures, pp. 305–8.
21.Jump up ^ "This spuing out, or casting off, of the nominal church as an organization in 1878, we then understood, and still proclaim, to be the date of the commencement of Babylon's fall..."—"The Consummation of Our Hope" in Zion's Watch Tower, April 1883. Reprints pp. 474–5.
22.Jump up ^ [1] The Watch Tower, July 1881, "Future Work and Glory"
23.Jump up ^ "Things to Come—And The Present European Situation", The Watch Tower, January 15, 1892, Reprints, p. 1355
24.Jump up ^ Russell explained his side of the break with Barbour in the first issue of the Watch Tower.
25.^ Jump up to: a b "Modern History of Jehovah’s Witnesses", Watchtower, January 15, 1955, page 14.
26.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 12.
27.Jump up ^ Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. (p. 18)
28.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 22.
29.Jump up ^ Yearbook 1975, Watch Tower Society, 1975.
30.Jump up ^ Franz 2007, chapter 4.
31.Jump up ^ Watch Tower (reprint), Most holy faith, February 1984 and cited by Franz & 2007, chapter 4.
32.Jump up ^ Jones, Leslie W (1917), What Pastor Russell Said, p. 346, as cited by Penton 1997, p. 31, "The Lord's word does not authorize any court of Elders, or anyone else, to become busybodies. This would be going back to the practices of the Dark Ages during the Inquisition and we would be showing the same spirit as did the inquisitors."
33.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 31.
34.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, page 32.
35.Jump up ^ "The First One a Hundred Years Ago", Awake, December 22, 2000.
36.Jump up ^ "Organized Testimony to the New World", Watchtower, July 15, 1950, page 215.
37.Jump up ^ Slides and film from the Photo-Drama can be viewed online at AGS Consulting; the book is available online at Herald.
38.Jump up ^ "Trivia", Photo-Drama of Creation (1914) (article), IMDb, retrieved 2009-04-15
39.Jump up ^ American Movie Classics, "Timeline of Influential Milestones... 1910s", Retrieved 2009-04-15.
40.Jump up ^ Watchtower, April 1910.
41.Jump up ^ "The Three Great Covenants", Zion's Watch Tower, March 1880.
42.Jump up ^ "The New Covenant vs the Law Covenant", Zion's Watch Tower, September 1887.
43.^ Jump up to: a b Wills, Tony (2006). A People For His Name. Lulu Enterprises. pp. 63–68. ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4.
44.Jump up ^ "The Mediator of the New Covernant", Zion's Watch Tower, January 1, 1907, pages 9, 10.
45.Jump up ^ "The Word Mediator Used Differently,", Watch Tower, January 1909.
46.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 42
47.Jump up ^ The Finished Mystery. p. reface, p. 5. "This book may properly be said to be a posthumous publication of Pastor Russell."
48.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 5,6
49.^ Jump up to: a b Pierson et al 1917, pp. 4
50.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 12
51.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 22–23
52.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 14,15
53.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 9
54.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, pp. 68
55.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, pp. 93–94
56.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 39
57.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan, Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses, Constable, London, 1969. pp 55-56: "In 1931 came an important milestone in the history of the organisation. For many years Rutherford's followers had been called a variety of names: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', or 'Millennial Dawners'. In order to distinguish clearly his followers from the other groups who had separated in 1918 Rutherford proposed that they adopt an entirely new name - Jehovah's witnesses."
58.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, "A New Name", October 1, 1931 pp 291: "Since the death of Charles T. Russell there have arisen numerous companies formed out of those who once walked with him, each of these companies claiming to teach the truth, and each calling themselves by some name, such as "Followers of Pastor Russell", "those who stand by the truth as expounded by Pastor Russell", "Associated Bible Students", and some by the names of their local leaders. All of this tends to confusion and hinders those of good will who are not better informed from obtaining a knowledge of the truth."
59.^ Jump up to: a b c Daughters of the Tower
60.Jump up ^ Herald (magazine).
61.Jump up ^ "Could Not Talk of Loan", The New York Times, April 29, 1918, As Retrieved 2010-03-02, "Rutherford, the President, sa[id] that the buying of bonds was not a religious question, and that the [IBSA] association did not oppose the purchase of Liberty bonds by the members"
62.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, March 1, 1919:"'The International Bible Students’ Association is not against the Liberty Loan.; in Watch Tower, June 1, 1919 Rutherford indicated regret about making any comment on the matter.
63.^ Jump up to: a b Frank and Ernest
64.^ Jump up to: a b Who are the Free Bible Students and what is their history?
65.Jump up ^ Welcome to Berean Bible Students Church
66.Jump up ^ Whalen, William J. (1962). Armageddon Around the Corner: A Report on Jehovah's Witnesses. New York: John Day Company. pp. 207–209.
67.Jump up ^ "Right Choices Led to Lifelong Blessings". The Watchtower: 12. 1 January 2007. "One of the Bible Students, as Jehovah’s Witnesses were then known"
68.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, April 1, 1955, "Part 7—New Administration Amid World War I"
69.Jump up ^ The Watchtower: 24. July 15, 2013 http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/w20130715/who-is-faithful-discreet-slave/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
70.Jump up ^ 2014 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. p. 176.
71.Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Rolando. "Recent Bible Student History". The Herald of Christ's Kingdom. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
72.Jump up ^ Watchtower 1959, pp. 110, 312–13.
73.Jump up ^ Barbour, Nelson H (1871), Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873: or the Midnight Cry, retrieved February 20, 2006.
74.Jump up ^ "Harvest Gatherings and Siftings", Watch Tower (AGS Consulting), July 15, 1906: 3822 |chapter= ignored (help).
75.Jump up ^ "Emphatic Diaglott", Watch Tower (reprint) (Jehovah’s Witness truth).
76.Jump up ^ Russell, Charles T (1904), The New Creation, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, pp. 289–90.
Bibliography[edit]
Franz, Raymond (2007), In Search of Christian Freedom, Commentary Press.
Johnson, Paul SL (November 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings Reviewed (PDF), Pastor Russell, retrieved July 21, 2009
Macmillan, AH (1957), Faith on the March, Prentice-Hall
Penton, James M (1997), Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
Pierson, AN et al. (September 1, 1917), Light After Darkness (PDF), Pastor Russell, retrieved July 21, 2009.
Rogerson, Alan (1969), Millions Now Living Will Never Die, London: Constable, ISBN 978-0-09-455940-0.
Rutherford, JF (August 1, 1917), "Part I", Harvest Siftings (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009.
Rutherford, JF (October 1, 1917), "Part II", Harvest Siftings (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009.
Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4.
Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959
Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1975
Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993
External links[edit]
 Media related to Bible Students at Wikimedia Commons
  


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Student_movement









Bible Student movement

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 A simplified chart of historical developments of major groups within Bible Students
Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
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Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
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The Bible Student movement is the name adopted by a Millennialist[1] Restorationist Christian movement that emerged from the teachings and ministry of Charles Taze Russell, also known as Pastor Russell. Members of the movement have variously referred to themselves as Bible Students, International Bible Students, Associated Bible Students, or Independent Bible Students. The origins of the movement are associated with the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881.
A number of schisms developed within the congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society between 1909 and 1932.[2][3] The most significant split began in 1917 following the election of Joseph Franklin Rutherford as president of the Watch Tower Society two months after Russell's death. The schism began with Rutherford's controversial replacement of four of the Society's board of directors and publication of The Finished Mystery.
Thousands of members left congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society throughout the 1920s prompted in part by Rutherford's failed predictions for the year 1925, increasing disillusionment with his on-going doctrinal and organizational changes, and his campaign for centralized control of the movement.[2] William Schnell, author and former Jehovah's Witness, claims that three-quarters of the original Bible Students who had been associating with the Watch Tower Society in 1921 had left by 1931.[4][a][b][5] In 1930 Rutherford stated that "the total number of those who have withdrawn from the Society... is comparatively large."[6]
Between 1918 and 1929, several factions formed their own independent fellowships, including the Standfast Movement, the Pastoral Bible Institute, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement founded by PSL Johnson, and the Dawn Bible Students Association. These groups range from conservative, claiming to be Russell's true followers, to more liberal, claiming that Russell's role is not as important as once believed.[7] Rutherford's faction of the movement retained control of the Watch Tower Society[7] and adopted the name Jehovah's witnesses in July 1931.[c] The cumulative worldwide membership of the various Bible Students groups independent of the Watch Tower Society is estimated at less than 75,000.[8][9]


Contents  [hide]
1 Foundation 1.1 Watch Tower Society
1.2 International Bible Students Association
2 Formative influences
3 First schism
4 Leadership dispute
5 Associated Bible Students 5.1 Pastoral Bible Institute
5.2 Berean Bible Institute
5.3 StandFast Bible Students Association
5.4 Dawn Bible Students Association
5.5 Independent Bible Students
6 Free Bible Students 6.1 New Covenant Believers
6.2 Christian Discipling Ministries International
6.3 Free Bible Students Association
7 Jehovah's Witnesses
8 Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
9 Other groups 9.1 Friends of Man
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links

Foundation[edit]



 Charles Russell in 1911
In 1869 Charles Russell viewed a presentation by Advent Christian preacher Jonas Wendell[10][11] (influenced by the Millerites)[12] and soon after began attending an Adventist Bible study group in Allegheny, Pennsylvania led by George Stetson. Russell acknowledged the influence of Adventist ministers including George Storrs, an old acquaintance of William Miller and semi-regular attendee at the Bible study group in Allegheny.[13]
In early January 1876 Russell met independent Adventist preachers Nelson H. Barbour and John H. Paton, publishers of the Herald of the Morning, who convinced him that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874.[12][d][14][e] Russell provided financial backing for Barbour and became co-editor of Barbour's magazine, Herald of the Morning; the pair jointly issued Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World (1877), written mostly by Barbour.[f][15] Various concepts in the book are still taught by the Bible Student movement and Jehovah's Witnesses, including a 2520-year period termed "the Gentile Times" predicted to end in 1914. Deviating from most Second Adventists the book taught that the earth would not be burned up when Christ returned, but that humankind since Adam would eventually be resurrected to the earth and given the opportunity to attain eternal perfect human life if obedient. It also revealed an expectation that all of the "saints" would be taken to heaven in April, 1878.[16][17]
Russell continued to develop his interpretations of biblical chronology. In 1877, he published 50,000 copies of the pamphlet The Object and Manner of Our Lord's Return, teaching that Christ would return invisibly before the battle of Armageddon. By 1878 he was teaching the Adventist view that the "time of the end" had begun in 1799,[18] and that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874[19] and had been crowned in heaven as king in 1878. Russell believed that 1878 also marked the resurrection of the "sleeping saints" (all faithful Christians who had died up to that time) and the "fall of Babylon" which he taught to be God's final judgment of unfaithful Christendom.[20][21] October 1914 was held as the end of a harvest period that would culminate in the beginning of Armageddon, manifested by the emergence of worldwide anarchy and the decline and destruction of civilized society.[22][23]
Russell broke with Barbour in July 1879 over the doctrine of substitutionary atonement and began publishing his own monthly magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence (now known as The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom), and the pair competed through their rival publications for the minds of their readers.[16][24] (Semi-monthly publication of the magazine began in 1892.)[g][25]
In early 1881, Russell predicted that the churches ('Babylon') would begin to fall apart and that the rapture of the saints would take place that year, although they would remain on earth as materialized spirit beings.[16] In 1882 he outlined his nontrinitarian views concluding that the doctrine is not taught in the Bible.[16]
Readers of Zion's Watch Tower formed thirty Bible study groups in seven states in the United States in 1879–80, with each congregation electing its own elders. In 1880 Russell visited the congregations to conduct six-hour study sessions, teaching each congregation how to carry out topical Bible study.[16][26]
Watch Tower Society[edit]
In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed as an unincorporated administrative agency for the purpose of disseminating tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles, with Russell as secretary and William Henry Conley as president.[25] Three years later, on December 15, 1884, Russell became president of the society when it was legally incorporated in Pennsylvania.[27] (The society was renamed Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in September 1896).[28] Russell wrote many articles, books, pamphlets and sermons, which by his death totaled 50,000 printed pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world.[16] In 1886, he wrote the first of what would become a six-volume Bible textbook series called Millennial Dawn, later renamed Studies in the Scriptures,[29][h] which presented his fundamental doctrines. As a consequence, the Bible Students were sometimes called Millennial Dawnists.
Russell advertised for 1000 preachers in 1881, and encouraged all who were members of "the body of Christ" to preach to their neighbors, to gather the "little flock" of saints while the vast majority of mankind would be given the opportunity to gain salvation during Christ's 1000-year reign.[12] Russell's supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible and his writings. Russell rejected the concept of a formal organization as "wholly unnecessary" for his followers and declared that his group had no record of its members' names, no creeds, and no sectarian name.[30] He wrote in February 1884: "By whatsoever names men may call us, it matters not to us... we call ourselves simply Christians."[31] Elders and deacons were elected by congregations and Russell tolerated a great latitude of belief among members. He opposed formal disciplinary procedures by congregation elders, claiming this was beyond their authority,[32] instead recommending that an individual who continued in a wrong course be judged by the entire congregation, which could ultimately "withdraw from him its fellowship" if the undesirable behavior continued.[i] Disfellowshipping did not mean the wrongdoer was to be shunned in all social circumstances or by all Bible Students, though fellowship would be limited.[33] From 1895, Russell encouraged congregations to study his Bible textbook series, Studies in the Scriptures, paragraph by paragraph to properly discern God's plan for humanity. In 1905 he recommended replacing verse-by-verse Bible studies with what he called "Berean Studies" of topics he chose.[12]
The Watch Tower Society opened overseas branches in London (1900),[34] Germany (1903), and Australia and Switzerland (1904).[35] The Society's headquarters were transferred to Brooklyn, New York in 1909.[36]
In January 1914 the Bible Students began public showings of The Photo-Drama of Creation.[37] It presented Russell's views of God's plan from the creation of the earth through to the establishment and administration of God's kingdom on earth. The Photo-Drama represented a significant advancement in film production, as the first major presentation to synchronize motion pictures with audio by use of phonograph records.[38][39] Worldwide attendance in 1914 exceeded nine million.[citation needed]
International Bible Students Association[edit]
In 1910 Russell introduced the name International Bible Students Association as a means of identifying his worldwide community of Bible study groups. He wrote:

Now in the Lord's providence we have thought of a title suitable, we believe, to the Lord's people everywhere, and free from objection, we believe, on every score—the title at the head of this article (IBSA). It fairly represents our sentiments and endeavors. We are Bible students. We welcome all of God's people to join with us in the study. We believe that the result of such studies is blessed and unifying. We recommend therefore that the little classes everywhere and the larger ones adopt this unobjectionable style and that they use it in the advertising columns of their newspapers. Thus friends everywhere will know how to recognize them when visiting strange cities.[40]
Russell explained that the Association would be directed and managed by the Peoples [sic] Pulpit Association which, in turn, represented the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. All Bible Student classes using Watch Tower Society publications could consider themselves identified with the Association and were authorized to use the name International Bible Students Association in connection with their meetings. The name was also used when advertising and conducting Bible Students conventions.[citation needed]
Formative influences[edit]
In addition to Russell other early influences include:
Nelson H. Barbour (1824–1905)
John Nelson Darby (1800–1882)
Henry Dunn (1801–1878)
Henry Grew (1781–1862)
Dunbar Isidore Heath (1816–1888)
William Miller (1782–1849)
George Stetson (1814–1879)
George Storrs (1796–1879)
R. E. Streeter (1847–1924)
Jonas Wendell (1815–1873)
Joseph Seiss (1823–1904)
First schism[edit]
See also: Free Bible Students
In 1905 Paul S. L. Johnson, one of the traveling "Pilgrim" speakers and a former Lutheran minister, pointed out to Russell that his doctrines on the New Covenant had undergone a complete reversal: until 1880 he had taught that the New Covenant would be inaugurated only after the last of the 144,000 anointed Christians had been taken to heaven,[41] but since 1881 he had written that it was already in force.[42][43] Russell reconsidered the question and in January 1907 wrote several Watch Tower articles reaffirming his 1880 position—that "the new covenant belongs exclusively to the coming age"[44]—adding that the church had no mediator, but that Christ was the "advocate". He also taught that Christians making up the 144,000 would join Christ as a "joint heir" and assistant mediator during the millennium.[45]
On October 24, 1909 former Watch Tower Society secretary-treasurer E.C. Henninges, who was by then the Australian branch manager based in Melbourne, wrote Russell an open letter of protest trying to persuade him to abandon the teaching, and calling on Bible Students to examine its legitimacy. When Russell refused, Henninges and most of the Melbourne congregation left Russell's movement to form the New Covenant Fellowship. Hundreds of the estimated 10,000 U.S. Bible Students also left, including pilgrim M. L. McPhail, a member of the Chicago Bible Students, and A. E. Williamson of Brooklyn, forming the New Covenant Believers.[43][46] The group, which informally referred to members as Free Bible Students, published The Kingdom Scribe magazine until 1975. The group is currently known as the Berean Bible Students Church, with fewer than 200 members.
Leadership dispute[edit]
Main article: Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)



 Joseph Rutherford
Russell died on October 31, 1916, in Pampa, Texas during a cross-country preaching trip. On January 6, 1917, board member and society legal counsel Joseph Franklin Rutherford was elected president of the Watch Tower Society, unopposed, at the Pittsburgh convention. Rutherford then announced publication of The Finished Mystery, which he claimed was a posthumous volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures.[47] By-laws passed by both the Pittsburgh convention and the board of directors stated that the president would be the executive officer and general manager of the society, giving him full charge of its affairs worldwide.[48]
By June, four of the seven Watch Tower Society directors—Robert H. Hirsh, Alfred I. Ritchie, Isaac F. Hoskins and James D. Wright— had decided they had erred in endorsing Rutherford's expanded powers of management,[49] claiming Rutherford had become autocratic.[49] In June Hirsch attempted to rescind the new by-laws and reclaim the powers of management from the president,[50] but Rutherford later claimed he had by then detected a conspiracy among the directors to seize control of the society.[51] In July, Rutherford gained a legal opinion from a Philadelphia corporation lawyer that the four were not legally directors of the society. On July 12, Rutherford filled what he claimed were four vacancies on the board, appointing A. H. Macmillan and Pennsylvania Bible Students W. E. Spill, J. A. Bohnet and George H. Fisher as directors.[52] Between August and November the society and the four ousted directors published a series of pamphlets, with each side accusing the other of ambitious, disruptive and dishonest conduct. The former directors also claimed Rutherford had required all headquarters workers to sign a petition supporting him and threatened dismissal for any who refused to sign.[53] The former directors were forcibly escorted by police from the Brooklyn headquarters on August 8.[54] On January 5, 1918 Rutherford was returned to office.
By mid-1919, about one in seven Bible Students had chosen to leave rather than accept Rutherford's leadership,[55] forming groups such as The Standfast Movement, Paul Johnson Movement, and the Pastoral Bible Institute of Brooklyn.[56] It is estimated that as many as three quarters of the Bible Students associating in 1921 left the movement by 1931 in protest to Rutherford's rejection of Pastor Russell's teachings. To reduce public confusion regarding the existence of several groups of Bible Students no longer associated with the Watch Tower Society, Rutherford's faction of Bible Students adopted the name Jehovah's witnesses on July 26, 1931 at a convention in Columbus, Ohio.[57][58]
Associated Bible Students[edit]
The Associated Bible Students groups, which adhere to Charles Taze Russell's teachings, include the Independent Bible Students, StandFast Bible Students and Dawn Bible Students. Congregations are autonomous, and may not necessarily have contact with other congregations, though many do. The Dawn Bible Students collectively form the largest segment of the Bible Student movement separate from the Watch Tower Society.[59]
Pastoral Bible Institute[edit]
In 1918, the former directors held the first Bible Student Convention independent of the Watch Tower Society. At the second convention a few months later, the informal Pastoral Bible Institute was founded. They began publishing The Herald of Christ's Kingdom, edited by RE Streeter. An editorial committee continues publication of the magazine[60] in a reduced capacity, and reproduces other Bible Student movement literature, including Russell's six-volume Studies in the Scriptures.[59]
Berean Bible Institute[edit]
The Australian Berean Bible Institute (BBI) formally separated from the Watch Tower Society in 1918. It published The Voice, and continues to publish the People's Paper magazine. There are several 'classes' of Bible students in Australia that hold similar beliefs to those promulgated by the BBI, but there is no official affiliation. Two conventions are held annually in Anglesea, Victoria and Alexandra Headlands, Queensland. There is no official creed; members are allowed to come to their own conclusions regarding interpretations of the Bible; the role of fellowship is to provide mutual help and stimulation. The number of Bible Students in Australia is estimated at approximately 100.[59]
StandFast Bible Students Association[edit]
In December 1918, Charles E. Heard and others considered[citation needed] Rutherford's indifference[61] regarding the purchase of war bonds to be a perversion of Russell's pacifist teachings, and contrary to scripture.[62] As a result, they founded the StandFast Bible Students Association in Portland, Oregon, USA. The name originated from their decision to "stand fast" on principles involving war that Russell had espoused. Membership dwindled and the group was eventually disbanded. A splinter group known as the Elijah Voice Society, was founded by John A. Herdersen and C. D. McCray in 1923. They were especially noted for their preaching and pacifist activity.[citation needed]
Dawn Bible Students Association[edit]
Main article: Dawn Bible Students Association
See also: Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
In 1928, Norman Woodworth, cousin of Clayton J. Woodworth, left the Watch Tower Society after having been in charge of their radio ministry. Woodworth created an independent Bible Students radio program called Frank and Ernest.[63] Funding was provided by the Brooklyn congregation of Bible Students and broadcasting continued into the 1980s. In 1929 the station sponsored the First Annual Reunion Convention of Bible Students at the old Bible House used by Russell in Pittsburgh.
In 1931 Woodworth and others founded the Dawn Bible Students Association to resume publication of Studies in the Scriptures, which the Watch Tower Society had officially ceased printing in 1927. The Dawn Bible Students published a leaflet, The Bible Students Radio Echo, to follow up interest in the radio program. The leaflet was soon developed into a 16-page magazine and renamed The Dawn—A Herald of Christ's Presence, which they continue to publish, along with radio, television, and Internet radio programs.[63]
Independent Bible Students[edit]


 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
Over the past thirty-five years, controversy surrounded the Dawn Bible Students Association as their publishing and editorial committee began to promote more-liberal points of view, distancing themselves from some of Russell's viewpoints, alienating many Bible Students as a result.[citation needed] In 1974, a group of Bible Students meeting at a convention in Fort Collins, Colorado formally ceased their spiritual fellowship with, and financial support of, the Dawn Bible Students Association. They refer to themselves as Independent Bible Students. The split was not intended to eliminate or restrict personal fellowship, but was viewed as a "stand for the truth"[citation needed] by ceasing sponsorship of elders associated with the Dawn Bible Students, and avoiding attendance at their conventions. In recent years, attempts have been made to reintegrate the groups. The Independent Bible Students publishes a non-doctrinal magazine, The Bible Students Newsletter.[citation needed]
Free Bible Students[edit]
Main article: Free Bible Students
The Free Bible Students separated very early from the Watchtower Society, as Russell began to change some teachings.
New Covenant Believers[edit]
In 1909, M. L. McPhail, a traveling elder ("Pilgrim") and member of the Chicago Bible Students, disassociated from Russell's movement when controversy arose over Russell's expanded view of the application and timing of the "New Covenant" mentioned by Jeremiah, and led the New Covenant Bible Students in the United States, founding the New Covenant Believers in that year. The community, which members informally refer to as Free Bible Students, published The Kingdom Scribe magazine until 1975.[64] The founding group is now known as the Berean Bible Students Church in Lombard.[65]
Christian Discipling Ministries International[edit]
In 1928 the Italian Bible Students Association[clarification needed] in Hartford, Connecticut withdrew its support from the Watch Tower Society and changed its name to the Millennial Bible Students Church or Christian Millennial Fellowship and later to Christian Discipling Ministries International. They came to reject many of Russell's writings as erroneous. Now located in New Jersey, the group is known as the Free Bible Students; it has published The New Creation magazine since 1940.[64]
Free Bible Students Association[edit]
Conrad C. Binkele the former Branch Manager of Watchtower Society founded in 1928 the community of "Free Bible Students Association" in the German region (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) with other brethren and began publishing "Der Pilgrim" a religious magazine from 1931 to 1934. Free Bible Students in Germany were persecuted during World War II. Only after the war, were rehabilitated in the Bible Students and approved the publication again.
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses
Bible Students who submitted to Rutherford's leadership of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society became known as Jehovah's witnesses in 1931. The Watch Tower Society remains the religion's primary administrative body, and their beliefs and organizational structure have diverged considerably from Russell's.[66] Their literature states that Bible Students is the former name for their group,[67] and does not acknowledge the continued existence of other Bible Student groups. In 1955, the Watch Tower Society claimed that those who separated from the movement during Rutherford's presidency constituted the "evil slave" of Matthew 24:48-51.[68] (The Society altered its view in 2013, calling the "evil slave" a hypothetical warning to the 'faithful slave'.[69]) Jehovah's Witnesses report worldwide membership of approximately 8 million.[70]
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement[edit]
Main article: Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Paul S. L. Johnson founded the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919. Johnson's death in 1950 led to an internal disagreement over his role as a teacher chosen by God, and resulted in the formation of new splinter groups, such as the Epiphany Bible Students Association, and the Laodicean Home Missionary Movement. Johnson believed he had been appointed by God as Russell's official spiritual successor, that he was the last member of the 144,000 of Revelation 7, and that hope of a heavenly reward of immortality for the Christian faithful would cease after his death. His associate and successor, Raymond Jolly, taught that he himself was the last member of the "great multitude", also of Revelation 7. After Jolly's death, remaining members of the fellowship believed they would live on a perfected earth in God's kingdom as a group referred to as the "modern worthies", as associates of the "ancient worthies"—the ancient Jewish prophets God would resurrect to guide and instruct the world in his kingdom.[citation needed]
Other groups[edit]
Friends of Man[edit]
Main article: Friends of Man
Alexander FL Freytag, manager of the branch office of the Watch Tower Society in Switzerland since 1898, had disagreed with Russell's teachings before Russell's death in 1916. He began publishing his own views using the Watch Tower Society's printing equipment in 1917, and was ousted from the Watch Tower Society by Rutherford in 1919. In 1920, Freytag founded the Angel of Jehovah Bible and Tract Society, also known as the Philanthropic Assembly of the Friends of Man and The Church of the Kingdom of God. He published two journals, the monthly The Monitor of the Reign of Justice and the weekly Paper for All.[71]
See also[edit]
History of Jehovah's Witnesses
International Bible Students Association
Notes[edit]
a.Jump up ^ Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left, but quotes Rutherford (Jehovah, 1934, page 277) as saying "only a few" who left other religions were then "in God's organisation".
b.Jump up ^ Annual Memorial attendance figures in 1925 (90, 434) with 1928 (17, 380).[72]
c.Jump up ^ 'witnesses' was not capitalised until the 1970s
d.Jump up ^ Barbour had originally predicted a visible return of Christ for 1873, but when that failed to eventuate, he concluded that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874 based on a reference in Benjamin Wilson's Emphatic Diaglott.[73]
e.Jump up ^ Russell explains how he accepted the idea of an invisible return of Christ in 1874 from N.H. Barbour[74]
f.Jump up ^ Though the book bore the names of both men as authors, James Penton (Apocalypse Delayed) points out that in early issues of the Watch Tower, Russell repeatedly referred to Barbour as its author. In the July 15, 1906 Watch Tower Russell said it was "mostly written by Mr Barbour"[75]
g.Jump up ^ Online copies of the Watch Tower from 1879–1916 can be viewed by issue at Most holy faith or by article at AGS Consulting . These are taken from the 7 volume Watch Tower Reprints published by the Watch Tower Society in 1920 which reprinted all the issues from 1879–1919.
h.Jump up ^ The titles of the six volumes are: 1) The Divine Plan of the Ages, 2)The Time is At Hand, 3)Thy Kingdom Come, 4)The Battle of Armageddon, 5)The At-one-ment Between God and Man, 6) The New Creation (PDF) (study) 6, Bible Students.
i.Jump up ^ Russell directed that an unrepentant person be judged by the entire ecclesia, rather than the elders. He directed that the ecclesia not make the wrongdoer's faults public.[76]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Crompton, Robert (1996). Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. p. 12. ISBN 0-227-67939-3.
2.^ Jump up to: a b Penton 1997, pp. 43–62.
3.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 52.
4.Jump up ^ Schnell, William J (1956), Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave, Grand Rapids: Baker[page needed], as cited by Rogerson 1969, pp. 52.
5.Jump up ^ Wills 2006, p. 167 cites The Watch Tower December 1, 1927 (p 355) in which Rutherford states, "the larger percentage" of original Bible Students had by then departed.
6.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower November 15, 1930 p. 342 col 1.
7.^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson 1969, pp. 39.
8.Jump up ^ Present Truth February, 2006 pp 9–13.
9.Jump up ^ Blankman, Drew; Augustine, Todd, eds. (2004), Pocket Dictionary of North American Denominations, p. 79, "A smaller group rejected Rutherford's leadership and became the Dawn Bible Student's Association and in the late 1980s had a membership of about 60000."
10.Jump up ^ Watchtower 1993, pp. 43.
11.Jump up ^ Wendell, Jonas, The Present Truth or Meat in Due Season (PDF) (treatise), Pastor Russell, pp. 35–36 pointed to 1873 for the time of Christ's visible return.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d Penton 1997, pp. 13–46.
13.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, 1906, as cited by Penton 1997, p. 17.
14.Jump up ^ "The Midnight Cry and Herald of the Morning", Herald, March 1874 |chapter= ignored (help).
15.Jump up ^ Barbour, NH; Russell, Charles T (1877), "Three Worlds and The Harvest of This World" (PDF), Herald (magazine), retrieved March 15, 2006.
16.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Penton 1997, pp. 13–46
17.Jump up ^ Three Worlds, pp. 184–85.
18.Jump up ^ "The 'Time of the End,' a period of one hundred and fifteen (115) years, from A.D. 1799 to A.D. 1914, is particularly marked in the Scriptures." Thy Kingdom Come, 1890, p. 23.
19.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, pp. 631–32.
20.Jump up ^ Thy Kingdom Come (1890), Volume 3 of Studies in the Scriptures, pp. 305–8.
21.Jump up ^ "This spuing out, or casting off, of the nominal church as an organization in 1878, we then understood, and still proclaim, to be the date of the commencement of Babylon's fall..."—"The Consummation of Our Hope" in Zion's Watch Tower, April 1883. Reprints pp. 474–5.
22.Jump up ^ [1] The Watch Tower, July 1881, "Future Work and Glory"
23.Jump up ^ "Things to Come—And The Present European Situation", The Watch Tower, January 15, 1892, Reprints, p. 1355
24.Jump up ^ Russell explained his side of the break with Barbour in the first issue of the Watch Tower.
25.^ Jump up to: a b "Modern History of Jehovah’s Witnesses", Watchtower, January 15, 1955, page 14.
26.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, p. 12.
27.Jump up ^ Holden, A. (2002) Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. (p. 18)
28.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 22.
29.Jump up ^ Yearbook 1975, Watch Tower Society, 1975.
30.Jump up ^ Franz 2007, chapter 4.
31.Jump up ^ Watch Tower (reprint), Most holy faith, February 1984 and cited by Franz & 2007, chapter 4.
32.Jump up ^ Jones, Leslie W (1917), What Pastor Russell Said, p. 346, as cited by Penton 1997, p. 31, "The Lord's word does not authorize any court of Elders, or anyone else, to become busybodies. This would be going back to the practices of the Dark Ages during the Inquisition and we would be showing the same spirit as did the inquisitors."
33.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, p. 31.
34.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, page 32.
35.Jump up ^ "The First One a Hundred Years Ago", Awake, December 22, 2000.
36.Jump up ^ "Organized Testimony to the New World", Watchtower, July 15, 1950, page 215.
37.Jump up ^ Slides and film from the Photo-Drama can be viewed online at AGS Consulting; the book is available online at Herald.
38.Jump up ^ "Trivia", Photo-Drama of Creation (1914) (article), IMDb, retrieved 2009-04-15
39.Jump up ^ American Movie Classics, "Timeline of Influential Milestones... 1910s", Retrieved 2009-04-15.
40.Jump up ^ Watchtower, April 1910.
41.Jump up ^ "The Three Great Covenants", Zion's Watch Tower, March 1880.
42.Jump up ^ "The New Covenant vs the Law Covenant", Zion's Watch Tower, September 1887.
43.^ Jump up to: a b Wills, Tony (2006). A People For His Name. Lulu Enterprises. pp. 63–68. ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4.
44.Jump up ^ "The Mediator of the New Covernant", Zion's Watch Tower, January 1, 1907, pages 9, 10.
45.Jump up ^ "The Word Mediator Used Differently,", Watch Tower, January 1909.
46.Jump up ^ Penton 1997, pp. 42
47.Jump up ^ The Finished Mystery. p. reface, p. 5. "This book may properly be said to be a posthumous publication of Pastor Russell."
48.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 5,6
49.^ Jump up to: a b Pierson et al 1917, pp. 4
50.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 12
51.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 22–23
52.Jump up ^ Rutherford August 1917, pp. 14,15
53.Jump up ^ Pierson et al 1917, pp. 9
54.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1993, pp. 68
55.Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society 1975, pp. 93–94
56.Jump up ^ Rogerson 1969, pp. 39
57.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan, Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses, Constable, London, 1969. pp 55-56: "In 1931 came an important milestone in the history of the organisation. For many years Rutherford's followers had been called a variety of names: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', or 'Millennial Dawners'. In order to distinguish clearly his followers from the other groups who had separated in 1918 Rutherford proposed that they adopt an entirely new name - Jehovah's witnesses."
58.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, "A New Name", October 1, 1931 pp 291: "Since the death of Charles T. Russell there have arisen numerous companies formed out of those who once walked with him, each of these companies claiming to teach the truth, and each calling themselves by some name, such as "Followers of Pastor Russell", "those who stand by the truth as expounded by Pastor Russell", "Associated Bible Students", and some by the names of their local leaders. All of this tends to confusion and hinders those of good will who are not better informed from obtaining a knowledge of the truth."
59.^ Jump up to: a b c Daughters of the Tower
60.Jump up ^ Herald (magazine).
61.Jump up ^ "Could Not Talk of Loan", The New York Times, April 29, 1918, As Retrieved 2010-03-02, "Rutherford, the President, sa[id] that the buying of bonds was not a religious question, and that the [IBSA] association did not oppose the purchase of Liberty bonds by the members"
62.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, March 1, 1919:"'The International Bible Students’ Association is not against the Liberty Loan.; in Watch Tower, June 1, 1919 Rutherford indicated regret about making any comment on the matter.
63.^ Jump up to: a b Frank and Ernest
64.^ Jump up to: a b Who are the Free Bible Students and what is their history?
65.Jump up ^ Welcome to Berean Bible Students Church
66.Jump up ^ Whalen, William J. (1962). Armageddon Around the Corner: A Report on Jehovah's Witnesses. New York: John Day Company. pp. 207–209.
67.Jump up ^ "Right Choices Led to Lifelong Blessings". The Watchtower: 12. 1 January 2007. "One of the Bible Students, as Jehovah’s Witnesses were then known"
68.Jump up ^ The Watchtower, April 1, 1955, "Part 7—New Administration Amid World War I"
69.Jump up ^ The Watchtower: 24. July 15, 2013 http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/w20130715/who-is-faithful-discreet-slave/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
70.Jump up ^ 2014 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. p. 176.
71.Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Rolando. "Recent Bible Student History". The Herald of Christ's Kingdom. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
72.Jump up ^ Watchtower 1959, pp. 110, 312–13.
73.Jump up ^ Barbour, Nelson H (1871), Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873: or the Midnight Cry, retrieved February 20, 2006.
74.Jump up ^ "Harvest Gatherings and Siftings", Watch Tower (AGS Consulting), July 15, 1906: 3822 |chapter= ignored (help).
75.Jump up ^ "Emphatic Diaglott", Watch Tower (reprint) (Jehovah’s Witness truth).
76.Jump up ^ Russell, Charles T (1904), The New Creation, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, pp. 289–90.
Bibliography[edit]
Franz, Raymond (2007), In Search of Christian Freedom, Commentary Press.
Johnson, Paul SL (November 1, 1917), Harvest Siftings Reviewed (PDF), Pastor Russell, retrieved July 21, 2009
Macmillan, AH (1957), Faith on the March, Prentice-Hall
Penton, James M (1997), Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
Pierson, AN et al. (September 1, 1917), Light After Darkness (PDF), Pastor Russell, retrieved July 21, 2009.
Rogerson, Alan (1969), Millions Now Living Will Never Die, London: Constable, ISBN 978-0-09-455940-0.
Rutherford, JF (August 1, 1917), "Part I", Harvest Siftings (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009.
Rutherford, JF (October 1, 1917), "Part II", Harvest Siftings (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, retrieved July 19, 2009.
Wills, Tony (2006), A People For His Name, Lulu Enterprises, ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4.
Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose (PDF), Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959
Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1975
Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993
External links[edit]
 Media related to Bible Students at Wikimedia Commons
  


Categories: Bible Student movement
Christian groups with annihilationist beliefs
Nontrinitarianism
Premillennialism
















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