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Charles Taze Russell

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Charles Taze Russell
Charles Taze Russell sharp.jpg
Russell in 1911.

Born
February 16, 1852
Allegheny, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died
October 31, 1916 (aged 64)
Pampa, Texas, U.S.
Spouse(s)
Maria Frances Ackley
Parent(s)
Joseph Lytel Russell
 Ann Eliza Birney



 A simplified chart of historical developments of major groups within Bible Students
Charles Taze Russell (February 16, 1852 – October 31, 1916), or Pastor Russell, was an American prominent early 20th century Christian restorationist minister from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, and founder of what is now known as the Bible Student movement,[1][2] from which Jehovah's Witnesses and numerous independent Bible Student groups emerged after his death.
Beginning in July 1879 he began publishing a monthly religious journal, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence. The journal is now published by Jehovah's Witnesses on a semi-monthly basis under the name, The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom. In 1881 he co-founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society with William Henry Conley as president and in 1884 the corporation was officially registered, with Russell as president. Russell wrote many articles, books, tracts, pamphlets and sermons, totaling approximately 50,000 printed pages. From 1886 to 1904, he published a six-volume Bible study series originally entitled Millennial Dawn, later renamed Studies in the Scriptures, nearly 20 million copies of which were printed and distributed around the world in several languages during his lifetime.[3] (A seventh volume was commissioned by his successor as society president, Joseph Rutherford, and published in 1917.) The Watch Tower Society ceased publication of Russell's writings in 1927,[4] though his books are still published by several independent groups.
Russell was a charismatic figure, but claimed no special revelation or vision for his teachings and no special authority on his own behalf.[5] He stated that he did not seek to found a new denomination, but instead intended merely to gather together those who were seeking the truth of God's Word "during this harvest time".[6][7][8] He wrote that the "clear unfolding of truth" within his teachings was due to "the simple fact that God's due time has come; and if I did not speak, and no other agent could be found, the very stones would cry out."[9] He viewed himself—and all other Christians anointed with the Holy Spirit—as "God's mouthpiece" and an ambassador of Christ.[9] Later in his career he accepted without protest that many Bible Students viewed him as the "faithful and wise servant" of Matthew 24:45,[10] and was described by the Watch Tower after his death as having been made "ruler of all the Lord's goods".[10]
After Russell's death, a crisis arose surrounding Rutherford's leadership of the society, culminating in a movement-wide schism. As many as three-quarters of the approximately 50,000[11] Bible Students who had been associating in 1917 had left by 1931, resulting in the formation of several groups that retained variations on the name Bible Students. Those who maintained fellowship with the Watch Tower Society adopted the name Jehovah's witnesses in 1931, while those who severed ties with the Society formed their own groups including the Pastoral Bible Institute in 1918, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919, and the Dawn Bible Students Association in 1929.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Marriage
3 Ministry 3.1 Beginnings
3.2 Split with Barbour
3.3 Watch Tower Society
3.4 Publications 3.4.1 Studies in the Scriptures
3.4.2 Photo Drama of Creation

4 Theology and teachings
5 Death
6 Legacy
7 Controversies 7.1 Leadership style
7.2 Allegation of immoral conduct
7.3 'Miracle Wheat'
7.4 Qualifications
7.5 Use of Masonic symbolism
8 References
9 External links

Early life[edit]

Part of a series on
Bible Students
Communities
Free Bible Students
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement
Publishing houses
Dawn Bible Students Association
Pastoral Bible Institute
Publications
The Dawn·The New Creation
Frank and Ernest (broadcast)
Studies in the Scriptures
The Photo-Drama of Creation

Biographies
Charles Taze Russell
Jonas Wendell · William Henry Conley
Nelson H. Barbour · Paul S. L. Johnson
A. H. Macmillan · J. F. Rutherford
Conrad C. Binkele
Beliefs
Jehovah · Nontrinitarianism · Atonement
Dispensationalism · Sheol and Hades
Resurrection · Annihilationism
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Charles Taze Russell was born to Scotch-Irish parents,[12] immigrant Joseph Lytel Russell /ˈlɪtəl/ (d. December 17, 1897) and Ann Eliza Birney (d. January 25, 1861), on February 16, 1852 in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Russell was the second of five children, and was one of only two to survive into adulthood. His mother died when he was 9 years old.[13]
The Russells lived in Philadelphia, as well as Allegheny, before moving to Pittsburgh, where they became members of the Presbyterian Church. In his early teens, Charles' father made him partner of his Pittsburgh haberdashery store. By age twelve, Russell was writing business contracts for customers and given charge of some of his father's other clothing stores.[14] At age thirteen, Russell left the Presbyterian Church to join the Congregational Church. In his youth he was known to chalk Bible verses on fence boards and city sidewalks to draw attention to the punishment of hell awaiting the unfaithful in an attempt to convert unbelievers.[15]
At age sixteen, a discussion with a childhood friend on faults perceived in Christianity (such as contradictions in creeds, along with medieval traditions) led Russell to question his faith. He then investigated various other religions, but concluded that they did not provide the answers he was seeking.[16] In 1870, at age eighteen, he attended a presentation by Adventist minister Jonas Wendell. During his presentation Wendell outlined his belief that 1873 or 1874 would be the date for Christ's Second Coming. He later stated that although he did not entirely agree with the arguments presented by Wendell, the presentation was sufficient to inspire within him a renewed zeal and re-establish his belief that the Bible is the word of God.[17]
Marriage[edit]
On March 13, 1879, Russell married Maria Frances Ackley (/məˈraɪ.ə/; 1850–1938) after a few months' acquaintance.[18] The couple separated in 1897. Russell blamed the marriage breakup on disagreements over Maria Russell's insistence for a greater editorial role in Zion's Watch Tower magazine,[19] though a later court judgment noted that he had labelled the marriage "a mistake" three years before the dispute over her editorial ambitions had arisen.[20] Maria Russell filed a suit for legal separation in the Court of Common Pleas at Pittsburgh in June 1903 and three years later filed for divorce under the claim of mental cruelty.[21] She was granted a divorce from bed and board, with alimony, in 1908.[22] Maria Russell died at the age of 88 in St. Petersburg, Florida on March 12, 1938 from complications related to Hodgkin's disease.[23]
Ministry[edit]
Beginnings[edit]
Part of a series on
Jehovah's Witnesses

Overview

Organizational structure
Governing Body
Watch Tower Bible
 and Tract Society
Corporations

History
Bible Student movement
Leadership dispute
Splinter groups
Doctrinal development
Unfulfilled predictions

Demographics
By country


Beliefs ·
 Practices
 
Salvation ·
 Eschatology

The 144,000
Faithful and discreet slave
Hymns ·
 God's name

Blood ·
 Discipline


Literature

The Watchtower ·
 Awake!

New World Translation
List of publications
Bibliography

Teaching programs

Kingdom Hall ·
 Gilead School


People

Watch Tower presidents

W. H. Conley ·
 C. T. Russell

J. F. Rutherford ·
 N. H. Knorr

F. W. Franz ·
 M. G. Henschel

D. A. Adams

Formative influences

William Miller ·
 Henry Grew

George Storrs ·
 N. H. Barbour

John Nelson Darby


Notable former members

Raymond Franz ·
 Olin Moyle


Opposition

Criticism ·
 Persecution

Supreme Court cases
 by country

v ·
 t ·
 e
   
About 1870, Russell and his father established a group with a number of acquaintances to undertake an analytical study of the Bible and the origins of Christian doctrine, creed, and tradition. The group, strongly influenced by the writings of Millerite Adventist ministers George Storrs and George Stetson, themselves frequent attendees, came to the conclusion that many of the primary doctrines of the established churches, including the trinity, hellfire and inherent immortality of the soul, were not substantiated by the scriptures.[24][25][26][27]
Around January 1876 Russell received a copy of Nelson Barbour's Herald of the Morning in the mail. Russell telegraphed Barbour to set up a meeting. The first response was a visit by Barbour and John Henry Paton in Allegheny in March 1876 at Russell's expense to hear their arguments, and compare the conclusions that each side had made in their studies. Russell sponsored a speech by Barbour in St. George's Hall, Philadelphia in August 1876 and attended other lectures by Barbour.
Among the teachings Barbour introduced to Russell was the view that Christians who had died would be raised in April 1878.[28] Russell, who had previously rejected prophetic chronology, was moved to devote his life to what he was convinced were now the last two years before the invisible, spiritual return of Christ. He sold his five clothing stores for approximately $300,000 (current value $6,644,000). With Russell's encouragement and financial backing, Barbour wrote an outline of their views in Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World, published in 1877. A text Russell had previously written, entitled The Object and Manner of our Lord's Return, was published concurrently through the offices of the Herald of the Morning.[29] Russell was eager to lead a Christian revival and called two separate meetings of Christian leaders in Pittsburgh. Russell's ideas, particularly stressing the imminence of the rapture and the second advent of Christ, were rejected both times.[30][31]
Split with Barbour[edit]
See also: Nelson H. Barbour
When 1878 arrived, failure of the expected rapture of the saints brought great disappointment for Barbour and Russell, and their associates and readers. According to one of Russell's associates, A.H. Macmillan:

While talking with Russell about the events of 1878, I told him that Pittsburgh papers had reported he was on the Sixth Street bridge dressed in a white robe on the night of the Memorial of Christ's death, expecting to be taken to heaven together with many others. I asked him, "Is that correct?" Russell laughed heartily and said: "I was in bed that night between 10:30 and 11:00 P.M. However, some of the more radical ones might have been there, but I was not. Neither did I expect to be taken to heaven at that time, for I felt there was much work to be done preaching the Kingdom message to the peoples of the earth before the church would be taken away.
—A.H. Macmillan, Faith on the March, 1957, page 27
Confused by what was perceived to be an error in calculation, Russell re-examined the doctrine to see if he could determine whether it had biblical origins or was simply Christian tradition. He concluded that it was Christian tradition and so he began teaching, through the pages of the Herald, what he believed to have discovered on the subject. Barbour, embarrassed by the failure of their expectations, rejected Russell's explanation and a debate ensued in successive issues of the journal from early 1878 to mid-1879. In a matter of months, Barbour's embarrassment led to a recanting of some of the views he and Russell had previously shared, including any reliance upon prophetic chronology. Their disagreements turned into a debate over Christ's ransom, resulting in a split between the two. Russell removed his financial support and started his own journal, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, with the first issue published in July 1879. Barbour formed The Church of the Strangers that same year, continuing to publish Herald of the Morning.[32][33][34]
Watch Tower Society[edit]
In 1881, he founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, with William Henry Conley as president and Russell as secretary-treasurer, for the purpose of disseminating tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises and Bibles. All materials were printed and bound by Russell's privately owned Tower Publishing Company for an agreed price,[35] then distributed by "colporteurs" (persons who travel to sell or publicize Bibles, religious tracts, etc.). The Society was incorporated in 1884, with Russell as president, and in 1886 its name was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.
In 1908, Russell transferred the headquarters of the Watch Tower Society to its current location in Brooklyn, New York.
Publications[edit]
With the formation of the Watch Tower Society, Russell's ministry intensified. His Bible study group had grown to hundreds of local members, with followers throughout New England, the Virginias, Ohio, and elsewhere, who annually re-elected him "Pastor", and commonly referred to him as "Pastor Russell". Congregations that eventually formed in other nations also followed this tradition.[36][37]
In 1881, he published his first prominent work entitled Food for Thinking Christians. The 162-page "pamphlet" was published using donated funds amounting to approximately $40,000 (current value $977,517).[38] It had a circulation of nearly 1.5 million copies over a period of four months distributed throughout the United States, Canada and Great Britain by various channels.[39][40] During the same year he published Tabernacle and its Teachings which was quickly expanded and reissued as Tabernacle Shadows of the "Better Sacrifices" outlining his interpretation of the various animal sacrifices and Tabernacle ceremonies instituted by Moses. Russell claimed that the distribution of these works and other tracts by the Watch Tower Society during 1881 exceeded by eight times that of the American Tract Society for the year 1880.[41]
In 1903, newspapers began publishing his written sermons. These newspaper sermons were syndicated worldwide in as many as 4,000 newspapers, eventually reaching an estimated readership of some 15 million in the United States and Canada.[36]
In 1910 the secular journal Overland Monthly calculated that by 1909 Russell's writings had become the most distributed privately produced English-language works in the United States, and that the entire corpus of his works were the third most circulated on earth, after the Bible and the Chinese Almanac.[42] In 1912 The Continent, a Presbyterian journal, stated that in North America his writings had achieved a greater circulation "than the combined circulation of the writings of all the priests and preachers in North America."[43]
Russell, however, had many critics and was often labeled a heretic.[44]
Studies in the Scriptures[edit]
Russell devoted nearly a tenth of his fortune, along with contributed funds, in publishing and distributing Food for Thinking Christians in 1881. In the same year followed The Tabernacle and its Teachings and Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices. In 1886, after reportedly not making back most of the money spent publishing these three titles, he began publication of what was intended to be a seven-volume series. The volumes were collectively called Millennial Dawn, later renamed Studies in the Scriptures to clarify that they were not novels. Russell published six volumes in the series:[citation needed]
The Plan of the Ages – later renamed The Divine Plan of the Ages (1886)
The Time is at Hand (1889)
Thy Kingdom Come (1891)
The Day of Vengeance – later renamed The Battle of Armageddon (1897)
The At-one-ment Between God and Men (1899)
The New Creation (1904)
The delayed publication of the seventh volume became a source of great anticipation and mystery among Bible Students. Following Russell's death in 1916, a seventh volume entitled The Finished Mystery was published in 1917, which was advertised as his "posthumous work". This seventh volume was a detailed interpretation of the Book of Revelation, but also included interpretations of Ezekiel and the Song of Solomon. Immediate controversy surrounded both its publication and content, and it soon became known that much of the contents were written and compiled by two of Russell's associates, Clayton J. Woodworth and George H. Fisher, and edited by Joseph Rutherford, by then the new president of the Watch Tower Society.[45]
Photo Drama of Creation[edit]
Main article: The Photo-Drama of Creation
Russell directed the production of a worldwide roadshow presentation entitled The Photo-Drama of Creation, an innovative eight-hour religious film in four parts, incorporating sound, moving film, and color slides. It was the first major screenplay to synchronize sound with moving film. Production began as early as 1912, and the Drama was introduced in 1914 by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[46][47] A book by the same name was also published. The project's expenses put the organization under some financial pressures; the full cost was estimated at about US$300,000 (current value $7,060,000).[48][49][50]
Theology and teachings[edit]
Following his analytical examination of the Bible, Russell and other Bible Students came to believe that Christian creeds and traditions were harmful errors, believing they had restored Christianity to the purity held in the first century. Such views and conclusions were viewed as heresy by many Church leaders and scholars in his day. Russell agreed with other Protestants on the primacy of the Bible, and justification by faith alone, but thought that errors had been introduced in interpretation. Russell agreed with many 19th century Protestants, including Millerites, in the concept of a Great Apostasy that began in the first century AD. He also agreed with many other contemporary Protestants in belief in the imminent Second Coming of Christ, and Armageddon. Some of the areas in which his Scriptural interpretations differed from those of Catholics, and many Protestants, include the following:



 The Chart of the AgesHell. He maintained that there was a heavenly resurrection of 144,000 righteous, as well as a "great multitude", but believed that the remainder of mankind slept in death, awaiting an earthly resurrection, rather than experiencing torment in a literal Hell.
The Trinity. Russell believed in the divinity of Christ, but differed from orthodoxy by teaching Jesus had received that divinity as a gift from the Father, after dying on the cross. He also taught that the Holy Spirit is not a person, but the manifestation of God's power.
Christ's Second Coming. Russell believed that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874, and that he had been ruling from the heavens since that date. He predicted that a period known as the "Gentile Times" would end in 1914, and that Christ would take power of Earth's affairs at that time. He interpreted the outbreak of World War I as the beginning of Armageddon, which he viewed to be both a gradual deterioration of civilized society, and a climactic multi-national attack on a restored Israel accompanied by worldwide anarchy.
Pyramidology. Following views first taught by Christian writers such as John Taylor, Charles Piazzi Smyth and Joseph Seiss, he believed the Great Pyramid of Giza was built by the Hebrews (associated to the Hyksos) under God’s direction, but to be understood only in our day. He adopted and used Seiss's phrase referring to it as "the Bible in stone". He believed that certain biblical texts, including Isaiah 19:19–20 and others, prophesied a future understanding of the Great Pyramid and adopted the view that the various ascending and descending passages represented the fall of man, the provision of the Mosaic Law, the death of Christ, the exultation of the saints in heaven, etc. Calculations were made using the pattern of an inch per year. Dates such as 1874, 1914, and 1948 were purported to have been found through the study of this monument.[51]
Christian Zionism. Expanding upon an idea suggested by Nelson Barbour, Russell taught as early as 1879 that God's favor had been restored to Jews as the result of a prophetic "double" which had ended in 1878 (favor from Jacob to Jesus, then disfavor from Jesus until 1878). In 1910, he conducted a meeting at the New York Hippodrome Theatre, with thousands of Jews attending. Jews and Christians alike were shocked by his teaching that Jews should not convert to Christianity. Russell believed that the land of Palestine belonged exclusively to the Jewish race, that God was now calling them back to their land, and that they would be the center of earthly leadership under God's Kingdom. Early in Russell's ministry, he speculated that the Jews would possibly flock to Palestine and form their own nation by the year 1910. Shortly before his death, he utilized the Jewish press to stress that 1914 prophetically marked the time when Gentile nations no longer had earthly authority with the result that all Jews were, from that time onward, permitted and guided by God to gather to Palestine and boldly reclaim the land for themselves.
Climate change. In writings as early as 1883 (and through to the end of his life) Russell repeatedly expressed the view that the world's climate would gradually but significantly change as a prelude to the re-establishment of Eden-like conditions. These changes, he said, would include the gradual melting of the Greenland ice sheet, the Arctic and Antarctic polar ice caps, and the general warming of the earth.[52]
Spiritualism and the occult. The Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology notes that Russell's supporters, along with other Christian churches have "shown a marked aversion to Spiritualism and other occult phenomena. Very early in the group’s history Russell attacked Spiritualism (which he called Spiritism)".[53]
Death[edit]


40°30′35.27″N 80°0′56.65″W



 Pyramid memorial at Russell's gravesite in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania


 Russell's tombstone in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Russell's health had become increasingly poor in the last three years leading up to his death. During his final ministerial tour of the western and southwestern United States he became increasingly ill with cystitis,[54] but ignored advice to abandon the tour. He suffered severe chills during his last week, and at times had to be held in position in bed to prevent suffocation. He was forced to deliver some of his Bible discourses sitting in a chair, and on a few occasions his voice was so weak as to be barely audible.[55] Russell died on October 31, 1916 at age 64 near Pampa, Texas, while returning to Brooklyn by train.[54][56][57][58][59][60] An associate of Russell's stated that at age 64 his body was more worn out than that of his father who died at age 89.[61] He was buried in Rosemont United Cemetery, Pittsburgh. The gravesite (vide coordinates above) is marked by a headstone, nearby stands a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) pyramid memorial erected by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1921.[62][63]
Legacy[edit]
See also: Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)
For more details on this topic, see Watch Tower Society Reorganization.
In January 1917, Joseph Franklin Rutherford was elected president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, despite disputes over the election process. Further disputes arose over interpretation of sections of Russell's will dealing with the future contents of Zion's Watch Tower magazine, as well as who, if anyone, had authority to print new literature. By the end of the 1920s, nearly three quarters of the Bible Student congregations had rejected[64][65] Rutherford's on-going changes in organizational structure, doctrinal interpretations, and congregational practices,[66][67][68] some of which began to appear in material printed by the Watch Tower Society as early as 1917. Many Bible Students were disaffected by Rutherford's rejection of Russell's views regarding his role in the restoration of the "truth"[69] and support of the Great Pyramid as having been built under God's direction.[70][71]
Those remaining supportive of Rutherford adopted the new name "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931, and changed the keyword of their magazine from "Watch Tower" to "The Watchtower". Many of the most prominent Bible Students who had ceased association with the changing Watch Tower Society attempted a regathering of disaffected Bible Students in October 1929 by holding the First Annual Bible Students Reunion Convention in the old Pittsburgh "Bible House" long used by Russell.[72] These conventions were held yearly, but the process of regathering took nearly twenty years.[73]
Controversies[edit]
Leadership style[edit]
As early as 1892, Russell's views and management style were strongly criticized by certain individuals associated with his ministry. In 1893 a paper was written and circulated to Bible Students in Pittsburgh by associates Otto van Zech, Elmer Bryan, J.B. Adamson, S.G. Rogers, Paul Koetitz, and others. It accused Russell of being a dictatorial leader, a shrewd businessman who appeared eager to collect funds from the selling of the Millennial Dawn books, that he had cheated one of them out of financial gains, and that he issued thousands of Millennial Dawn books under a female pseudonym. A booklet entitled A Conspiracy Exposed and Harvest Siftings was written by Russell and issued as an extra to the April 1894 Zion's Watch Tower magazine in order to preempt attempts to have their views circulated to a wider audience of Bible Students. Russell printed copies of letters he had received from these former associates in order to show that their claims were false, and that those involved 'were guided by Satan in an attempt to subvert his work' as a "minister of the gospel".[74][75]
Allegation of immoral conduct[edit]
In 1897 Russell's wife, Maria, left him after a disagreement over the management of Zion's Watch Tower magazine. She believed that, as his wife, she should have equal control over its administration and equal privilege in writing articles, preaching, and traveling abroad as his representative.[76] In 1903 she filed for legal separation on the grounds of mental cruelty, because of what she considered to be forced celibacy and frequent cold, indifferent treatment. The separation was granted in 1906, with Russell charged to pay alimony.
During the trial Mrs. Russell's attorney alleged that in 1894 Mr. Russell had engaged in "improper intimacy" with Rose Ball, by then a 25-year-old woman whom the Russells had previously cared for as a foster daughter after claiming to be an orphan. Mrs. Russell alleged that Ball had told her Mr. Russell claimed to be an amorous "jellyfish floating around" to different women until someone responded to his advances. Mr. Russell denied the accusations and stated that he had never used such terminology to describe himself.[77] When the judge asked Mrs. Russell if she was accusing her husband of adultery, she replied, "No".[78]
The Washington Post[79] and the Mission Friend of Chicago reprinted the "jellyfish" story while also accusing Russell of immoral conduct. Russell sued the papers for libel; the jury decided in his favor, awarding him one dollar. Following an appeal, Russell received a cash settlement of $15,000 (current value $394,000) plus court costs, and an agreement that the two papers publish his weekly syndicated sermons as well as a retraction defending his character.[80][81][82]
Rose Ball Henninges died November 22, 1950 at the age of 81 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, having for several years been an author for The People's Paper and remained associated with the Bible Students in Australia until her death.[83][84]
'Miracle Wheat'[edit]
On March 22, 1911, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle published articles accusing Russell of gaining profit from a strain of wheat named "Miracle Wheat" by its alleged discoverer, K.B. Stoner of Fincastle, Virginia, which Russell sold for $60 per bushel, far above the average cost of wheat at the time. Throughout 1912 and 1913, the Eagle continued to report on Russell's alleged fraud. Russell sued the Eagle for libel, but lost. A government expert investigated the "Miracle Wheat" and said it "was low in the Government tests". Prior to entering the court, the Eagle declared that "at the trial it will show that "Pastor" Russell's religious cult is nothing more than a money-making scheme."[85] Russell defended himself publicly, and in writing, claiming that the wheat was donated to the Watch Tower Society, and although sold for $1 per pound, Mr. Stoner routinely sold it for a $1.25 per pound. Russell claimed to have no financial connection to the wheat, and that no one claimed a refund despite such an offer for up to a year later for any who were dissatisfied with their purchase.[86] In 1975, the Watch Tower Society stated that gross receipts from the "Miracle Wheat" fundraiser totaled "about $1800" (current value $46,000), of which "Russell himself did not get a penny". It also said that "the Society itself made no claim for the wheat on its own knowledge and the money received went as a donation into Christian missionary work."[87]
Qualifications[edit]
In June 1912 Rev. J. J. Ross (1871–1935), Pastor of the James Street Baptist Church in Hamilton, Ontario, published and widely distributed a four-page leaflet entitled, Some facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame), alleging that Russell was involved in questionable business practices, had defrauded his estranged wife, and denounced his qualifications, legitimacy and moral example as a Pastor.[88] Russell in turn sued Ross for defamatory libel on December 2, 1912.[89] After several delays the case came before Police Court Magistrate G. F. Jelfs on March 17, 1913. During cross-examination Russell stated that he had attended public school for only seven years having left when he was about fourteen years of age after which he received instruction through private tutors.[90] He responded that he was versed in Latin terms "to an extent" but did not know Hebrew or Greek, that he had never been ordained by any bishop or minister, and had never attended a theological seminary or any schools of higher learning.[91][92] The Hamilton and Toronto Ontario newspapers reported the claims made by Ross and provided a brief outline of the court proceedings, but made no reference to misconduct on the part of Russell, and criticized Ross for having fled Ontario when summoned and not being present during any of the court proceedings.[93][94] On April 1, 1913 the High Court of Ontario returned a verdict of "No Bill" ruling that Russell was not entitled to damages because the libel was not likely to result in any violence within Canada.[95][96] Following the libel case Ross published an expanded edition of 48-pages entitled Some Facts and More Facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame). In this work Ross claimed that during the proceedings on March 17, 1913 Russell had repeatedly lied under oath by affirming that he was ordained but then denying the same when cross-examined, by affirming that he knew the Greek language, but when shown by Counselor Staunton an extract from the New Testament in Greek by Westcott & Hort he was unable to recognize it, and that he had not been divorced from his wife, but retracted the statement under cross-examination.[97] In response to Ross's accusations, Russell stated through various printed and public sources that he had never claimed knowledge of the Greek language, merely the alphabet[98] and that early Christians were also criticized by the religious authorities for being unlearned and ignorant.[99] He believed that his ordination was "of God" according to the biblical pattern, not requiring any denominational approval or theological training indicating that his annual election as "Pastor" by over 500 congregations worldwide constituted him as properly ordained.[100][101] Russell contended that Ross and others were attacking him because they were unable to answer his theological arguments preferring instead to resort to slander and character assassination.[102]
Use of Masonic symbolism[edit]


 This section may contain improper references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources, where they are used inappropriately. (May 2009)
Several decades after his death, it was alleged that Russell had links with Freemasonry.[103] Some have claimed that various symbols Russell employed in his published literature are Masonic in nature, and that such associations implied he engaged in occult activity. In later editions of the Studies in the Scriptures series a winged solar disk was stamped on the front cover, a symbol that is also associated with Freemasonry.[citation needed] However, Russell's use of the winged solar-disk originated from his understanding of Malachi 4:2, which denotes a sun with wings, as a symbol that Christ's millennial Kingdom had begun to emerge.[104] Some critics also claim that the pyramid near Russell's gravesite is Masonic,[63][105][106][107] because of its shape and its use of the Cross and Crown symbol, although this remains disputed.[108][109] Despite these claims, the Grand Lodge officially stated that Russell was not a Freemason,[110][111] and the symbols used are not exclusive to Masonry but pre-date the fraternity.[citation needed]
In June 1913, during his transcontinental speaking tour, Russell gave a discourse in a Masonic hall in San Francisco, where he stated: "Although I have never been a Mason ... Something I do seems to be the same as Masons do, I don't know what it is; but they often give me all kinds of grips and I give them back, then I tell them I don't know anything about it except just a few grips that have come to me naturally."[112] Throughout his ministry he stated that he believed Christian identity is incompatible with Freemasonry,[113] and that Freemasonry, Knights of Pythias, Theosophy, and other such groups are "grievous evils" and "unclean".[114][115] A Freemasonry website states: "Russell was not a Freemason. Neither the symbols found in the Watchtower nor the cross and crown symbol are exclusively Masonic."[116]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica – Russell, Charles Taze". Britannica.com. 1916-10-31. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
2.Jump up ^ Parkinson, James The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell, 1975
3.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 13–46. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
4.Jump up ^ WTB&TS, "God's Kingdom of a Thousand Years Has Approached" (1973) page 347
5.Jump up ^ moreorless. "George D. Chryssides, "Unrecognized charisma? A study of four charismatic leaders". Center of Studies on New Religions. Retrieved on 23 July 2008". Cesnur.org. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
6.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, Sept. 15, 1895, pg 216: "Beware of "organization." It is wholly unnecessary. The Bible rules will be the only rules you will need. Do not seek to bind others' consciences, and do not permit others to bind yours."
7.Jump up ^ Studies in the Scriptures, Volume 4 The Battle of Armageddon, 1897, pp 157–159
8.Jump up ^ Daschke, Dereck and W. Michael Ashcraft, eds. New Religious Movements. New York: New York UP, 2005. Print.
9.^ Jump up to: a b Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 229.
10.^ Jump up to: a b Watch Tower, March 1, 1923, pages 68 and 71.
11.Jump up ^ The New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1910, vol 7, pg 374. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
12.Jump up ^ "Part 1—Early Voices (1870–1878)". The Watchtower: 7. 1 January 1955. "Both parents were Presbyterians of Scottish-Irish lineage."
13.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, 1959, p. 17
14.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993, p. 42
15.Jump up ^ Overland Monthly February 1917 pg 129: "Up to the age of fifteen ... his favorite teacher was Spurgeon, because, as he said, "he peppered it hot," his claim being that if one believed a thing he should tell it with all his might. So at the age of fifteen he used to go about the city of Pittsburg on Saturday evenings with a piece of chalk writing on the fence boards and telling the people not to fail to attend church on Sunday, so that they might escape the terrible hell in which he so firmly believed."
16.Jump up ^ The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell, 1975, p. A–1
17.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, June 1, 1916 p. 170: "Though his Scripture exposition was not entirely clear, and though it was very far from what we now rejoice in, it was sufficient, under God, to reestablish my wavering faith in the Divine inspiration of the Bible, and to show that the records of the Apostles and the Prophets are indissolubly linked. What I heard sent me to my Bible to study with more zeal and care than ever before, and I shall ever thank the Lord for the leading; for although Adventism helped me to no single truth, it did help me greatly in the unlearning of errors, and thus prepared me for the Truth."
18.Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette, March 14, 1879
19.Jump up ^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 35–40. ISBN 978-0-8020-7973-2.
20.Jump up ^ Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Visions of Glory - A History and Memory of Jehovah's Witnesses, Simon & Schuster, 1978, chapter 2.
21.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada: Champions of Freedom of Speech and Worship by M. James Penton, Macmillan of Canada, 1976, page 313, "Mrs. Russell obtained her "divorce", or separation, on grounds of mental cruelty"
22.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses: Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, p. 642
23.Jump up ^ St. Petersburg Times, March 14, 1938. "Woman Religious Writer, Resident 16 Years, Passes". The Evening Independent. March 14, 1938.
24.Jump up ^ Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–17. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
25.Jump up ^ Alan Rogerson (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die. Constable. p. 6.
26.Jump up ^ Wills, Tony (2006). A People For His Name. Lulu Enterprises. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4.
27.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, June 1, 1916 pp. 170–175
28.Jump up ^ Herald of the Morning, July 1878 p.5
29.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, July 15, 1906, p. 230
30.Jump up ^ The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell, 1975, pp A–2
31.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, 1959, pp. 18–19
32.Jump up ^ Message to Herald of the Morning subscribers, Zion's Watch Tower, July 1, 1879, Supplement
33.Jump up ^ Rochester Union and Advertiser, October 5, 1895, p. 12
34.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, June 1, 1916 p. 171
35.Jump up ^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 42
36.^ Jump up to: a b Biography of Pastor Russell, Divine Plan of the Ages, 1918, p. 6
37.Jump up ^ Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, 1915
38.Jump up ^ Overland Monthly, January 1917 p. 128
39.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, December 1, 1916 p. 357
40.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, September 1881 p. 5
41.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, September 1881 p. 5: "As we were reaching Christians in the cities with the pamphlets, we sent the papers only with weekly and monthly journals, and hope thus to have reached many Christians in country districts. We sent out in this way over 400,000 copies. Thus you see that from an apparently small beginning, the tract work has spread to the immense proportions of 1,200,000 copies, or about 200,000,000 pages in four months, or about eight times as much (in number) as were distributed by the American Tract Society in the last year."
42.Jump up ^ Overland Monthly, January 1910 p. 130: "As a writer, Mr. Russell's books have enjoyed a larger circulation than any English work... Of his work entitled "Studies in the Scriptures," the average output is two thousand three hundred copies for each working day. We regret the records of 1909 are not yet complete, but in 1908 seven hundred and twenty-eight thousand, four hundred and seventy-four volumes were sold. Since publication, three million five hundred and thirty-four thousand volumes have been circulated. Last year, in addition to these there were three hundred and eight million pages of his tracts circulated. In all literature the Bible is about the only book that has had a larger circulation... In the literature of the world, the order would probably be as follows: The Bible, the Chinese Almanac, the "Studies in the Scriptures," "Don Quixote," "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and Hubbard's "Message to Garcia.""
43.Jump up ^ The Continent, McCormick Publishing Company, vol. 43, no. 40, October 3, 1912 p. 1354
44.Jump up ^ Millennial Dawnism: The Annihilation of Jesus Christ by I.M. Haldeman, 1913; "Pastor" Russell's Position and Credentials by J.H. Burridge; Some Facts about the self-styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell by J.J. Ross, 1912
45.Jump up ^ Franz, Raymond (2004). Crisis of Conscience. Atlanta, Georgia: Commentary Press. pp. 61–62, 206–211. ISBN 0-914675-23-0.
46.Jump up ^ IMDB article "Photo-Drama of Creation (1914), Retrieved 2009-04-15
47.Jump up ^ "Timeline of Influential Milestones...1910s", American Movie Classics, retrieved 2009-04-15[dead link]
48.Jump up ^ "Society Uses Many Means to Expand Preaching", Centennial of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania 1884–1984, page 24, "The Photo-Drama presented the explanation of Bible truth from the time of creation, the fall into sin, the promises of God to redeem man and His dealings through history until the millennial restitution. It is believed to have been viewed by more than 9,000,000 people throughout North America and Europe, as well as many others in places around the world. It took two years and $300,000 to complete the project, many of the scenes being hand colored. Yet admission was free and no collections were taken."
49.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 59
50.Jump up ^ The Warning Work (1909–1914)", The Watchtower, March 1, 1955, page 143
51.Jump up ^ "The Corroborative Testimony of God's stone witness and prophet, the Great Pyramid in Egypt". Pastor-russell.com. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
52.Jump up ^ 'Zion's Watch Tower' in the following issues: September 1883 page 8; September 1886 page 1; August 1896 page 189; May 1903 page 131; January 1913 page 11
53.Jump up ^ J. Gordon Melton, Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, Gale Group, 2001, Vol. 1, p. 829.
54.^ Jump up to: a b Wills, Tony (2006). A People For His Name. Lulu Enterprises. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4303-0100-4.
55.Jump up ^ "''Zion's Watch Tower'', December 1916, pages R6601: 360-R6006:366". Mostholyfaith.com. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
56.Jump up ^ Some early sources cited his death as November 1st.
57.Jump up ^ St. Paul Enterprise, November 14, 1916 p. 3 column 3, "The fact is he did not die of heart trouble, but of an inflammation of the bladder, and while writing you on Brother Bohnet’s desk I could not fail to see on the burial permit that the cause of death was given as ‘Cystitis’."
58.Jump up ^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-09-455940-0.
59.Jump up ^ "The Jehovah's Witnesses", Extraordinary groups by W. W. Zellner, William M. Kephart, ©2000, page 338, "On October 31, 1916, the stormy life of Charles Russell came to an end. While on a nationwide lecture tour, he died unexpectedly of heart failure in a Pullman car near Pampa, Texas." Online
60.Jump up ^ New York Times, November 1, 1916, as cited by A.H. Macmillan, Faith on the March, 1957, page 62, "October 31: Charles Taze Russell, pastor of the Brooklyn Tabernacle, and known all over the country as "Pastor Russell," died from heart disease at 2:30 o'clock this afternoon on an Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe train, en route from Los Angeles to New York."
61.Jump up ^ St. Paul Enterprise November 14, 1916, pg 1 col 2: "Is it any wonder he died a score of years ahead of his natural time? His father looked younger at 84 than did the son at 64."
62.Jump up ^ Pictures from Russell's Gravesite[dead link]
63.^ Jump up to: a b Pyramid. Retrieved 2009-5-4.
64.Jump up ^ Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave, William J. Schnell, Baker, Grand Rapids, 1956, as cited by Alan Rogerson, Millions Now Living Will Never Die, 1969, page 52. Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left. Joseph Rutherford wrote in 1934 that "of the great multitude that left the world to follow Jesus Christ only a few are now in God's organization".
65.Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune October 30, 1949 pg 18: "Pastor Russell died In 1916. In the 33 years since, the methods of this sect have deviated completely from those of Pastor Russell and his manner of teaching."
66.Jump up ^ Your Will Be Done on Earth. Watchtower. 1958. p. 337.
67.Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watchtower. 1959. p. 313.
68.Jump up ^ M. James Penton. Apocalypse Delayed—The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. p. 61. Attendance at the annual Memorial (statistics were published each year in the Watch Tower) shows the growth in the period before 1925. 1919: 17,961, 1922: 32,661, 1923: 42,000, 1924: 62,696, 1925: 90,434. 1926 marked the first decrease: 89,278. There are no published statistics from 1929–1934. In 1935, Memorial attendance was 63,146. "Watchtower". August 15, 1996. p. 31.
69.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, February 1927
70.Jump up ^ Watch Tower, November 1928
71.Jump up ^ Great Pyramid Passages, by John and Morton Edgar, Forward, 1928 edition
72.Jump up ^ Bible Student's Radio Echo, February 1929 p. 8
73.Jump up ^ When Pastor Russell Died, pp. 26-30
74.Jump up ^ A Conspiracy Exposed and Harvest Siftings, April 25, 1894
75.Jump up ^ The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell, 1975, pp P–1 to P–4
76.Jump up ^ J.F. Rutherford, A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, 1915, pg 17
77.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower July 15, 1906 pg 221: "The next day the husband [Mr. Russell] took the witness stand and swore that he had never used the language (and never had heard of it before) ... and that only an idiotic person would make such an uncomplimentary remark about himself."
78.Jump up ^ J.F. Rutherford, A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, 1915, pp 18-20
79.Jump up ^ The Washington Post May 4, 1906 pg 6, "The Rev. Jellyfish Russell"
80.Jump up ^ J. Parkinson The Bible Student Movement in the Days of CT Russell, 1975, pg 45
81.Jump up ^ J.F. Rutherford, A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, 1915, pg 20
82.Jump up ^ Russell v Washington Post Company Opinion of the Court, May 5, 1908: "We think the defense of privilege is not applicable to the article published by the defendant. The article is unquestionably libelous ... It is not confined to comment and criticism on his acts as a public man or his public life, but, so far as this record discloses, falsely asserts that he has committed certain acts of an immoral nature in his private life."
83.Jump up ^ Deaths in the District of Melbourne, in Victoria. Registered by Arthur Fegan. Certificate #13463
84.Jump up ^ The Bible Student Movement in the Days of C.T. Russell, 3rd edition, Notes
85.Jump up ^ The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, "Miracle Wheat Scandal," January 22, 1913, 2; "Testimony on Wheat," January 23, 1913, 3; "Financial Statements Proving Russell's Absolute Control," by Secretary-Treasurer Van Amberg, January 25, 1913, 16; "Government Experts Testify on 'Miracle Wheat' and Ascertain Its Ordinariness," January 27, 1913, 3; "Prosecution and Defense Closing Arguments," January 28, 1913, 2; "Russell Loses Libel Suit,” January 29, 1913, 16 (available on microfilm)
86.Jump up ^ A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, 1915, pp. 29–30
87.Jump up ^ "United States of America", 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, page 71
88.Jump up ^ Some facts about the Self-Styled "Pastor" Charles T. Russell (of Millennial Dawn Fame), 1912, pp. 1-3: "By thousands he is believed to be a religious fakir of the worst type... Years ago he gave himself the title of "Pastor" ... By "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle" he stands charged with ... having his name sensationally connected with those of numerous other women ... with publishing himself as giving addresses to great crowds in important places where he has not spoken at all ... with being illegally connected with lead, asphalt and turpentine companies, with selling or causing to be sold "Miracle Wheat" at $60 a bushel, with influencing the sick and dying to make their wills in his favor ... He is an eccentric individual and judging from his advertisements of himself, many do not think him normal, and some are persuaded that he is self-deceived."
89.Jump up ^ RG 22-329-0-6742 Record of Indictment: The King v. John Jacob Ross - Defamatory Libel, In the Supreme Court of Ontario, High Court Division and in the Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery in and for the County of Wentworth, pp. 1,5
90.Jump up ^ The King v. John Jacob Ross, cross-examination by King's Counselor George Lynch-Staunton, March 17, 1913, section II, p. 6
91.Jump up ^ The King v. John Jacob Ross, cross-examination by King's Counselor George Lynch-Staunton, March 17, 1913, section II, p. 4
92.Jump up ^ http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/apl/jw/jehwit34.txt
93.Jump up ^ The Hamilton Spectator, Dec. 9, 1912; also Feb. 7, and March 17,18,22 1913
94.Jump up ^ The Toronto Globe, March 18, 1913
95.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, October 15, 1914, p. 286: "The lower Court found him [Ross] guilty of libel. But when the case went to the second Judge he called up an English precedent, in which it was held that criminal libel would only operate in a case where the jury felt sure that there was danger of rioting or violence. As there was no danger that myself or friends would resort to rioting, the case was thrown out."
96.Jump up ^ A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, p. 31
97.Jump up ^ Some Facts and More Facts about the Self-Styled 'Pastor' Charles T. Russell, pp. 18-23
98.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, October 15, 1914, p. 286: "As respects my education in Greek and Hebrew: Not only do I not claim very special knowledge of either language, but I claim that not one minister in a thousand is either a Hebrew or a Greek scholar."
99.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, October 15, 1914, p. 287
100.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, December 1, 1915 p. 358–360
101.Jump up ^ "Preaching Publicly and From House to House", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993, WTB&TS, page 560
102.Jump up ^ The Watch Tower, October 15, 1914, p. 287: "What is the secret of the opposition and slander that is being raised up against me and against all who, like me, are Bible students? It is malice, hatred, envy, strife, on the part of those who are still hugging the nonsense of the Dark Ages and neglecting true Bible study. They see that their influence is waning. But they have not yet awakened to the true situation. They think that I am responsible for their smaller congregations and small collections. But not so. The real difficulty for them is that the people are becoming more intelligent and can no longer be driven with the crack of a merely man-made whip of fear."
103.Jump up ^ Springmeier, Fritz. The Watchtower & The Masons: A preliminary investigation. Portland, Or.: the author, 1990.[unreliable source?].
104.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, Dec 1, 1911 pp. 443–444
105.Jump up ^ Masonic. Retrieved 2009-5-4.
106.Jump up ^ Russell and The Great Pyramid. Retrieved 2009-5-6.
107.Jump up ^ 3pyramidology Retrieved 2009-5-4.
108.Jump up ^ Sec. 3, Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions. The cross and crown symbol does not appear on his gravestone in the Rosemont United Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania — it appears on a memorial erected some years later." Retrieved 2009-5-29.
109.Jump up ^ Masonic Emblem and Logo Collection. Retrieved 2009-5-29.
110.Jump up ^ Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon "Was Charles Taze Russell a freemason?" Retrieved 2013-2-17.
111.Jump up ^ 'Charles Taze Russell' Biography published by Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved 2013-2-17.
112.Jump up ^ Sermon title: "The Temple of God", Convention Report Sermons pages 359–365, "But now I am talking about this great order of masonry of which Jesus is the Grand Master. This Order is to be entered in a peculiar way. There are certain conditions, the low gate, the narrow way, the difficult path. Although I have never been a Mason, I have heard that in Masonry they have something which very closely illustrates all of this." 6MB download
113.Jump up ^ "Was Pastor Russell a Freemason?". Pastor-russell.com. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
114.Jump up ^ Zion's Watch Tower, June 1895, p. 143
115.Jump up ^ The New Creation, pages 580–581
116.Jump up ^ "Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions", from the web-site of the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved on January 21, 2008.
External links[edit]
 Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Author:Charles Taze Russell

 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Taze Russell.
JW.org Official website of Jehovah's Witnesses
Pastor-Russell.com Pastor Russell website
Faith on the March, A. H. Macmillan, (1957)
Biography of Charles Taze Russell from Zion's Watch Tower obituary issue, December 1, 1916
International Bible Students Souvenir Convention Report for 1916, "Pastor Russell Passes Through the Gates of Glory", Chicago, 1917
Laodicean Messenger (1923) Chicago: The Bible Students Book Store; Memoirs of the Life of Charles Taze Russell.
Message to Herald of the Morning subscribers 1879 Pittsburgh, Pa; Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, July 1, 1879, Supplement
The Messenger of Laodicea, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1919
Pyramid at Russell's Grave
North Side: People: Charles Taze Russell – information page at the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh’s website.
CT Russell Database – Database of Russell's writings
Russell's Last Will & Testament
Studies in the Scriptures Online
Studies in the Scriptures from Biblestudents.com
St. Paul Enterprise Nov 7, 14, 21 and 28, 1916 articles "Regarding the Death and Burial of, and Memorial Services for, Pastor Russell"
Chapter II. Organizational Beginnings: (1873–1912) Charles Taze Russell from Barbara G. Harrison's Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah’s Witnesses, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1978. See also chapters IV and VI.
Works of Charles Taze Russell and their effect upon Religion in America 1974 Bob Chastain, Master's Thesis
Preceded by
William Henry Conley President of Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
 December 15, 1884–October 31, 1916 Succeeded by
Joseph F. Rutherford


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Murder of Laree Slack

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Laree A. Slack (July 4, 1989 – November 11, 2001) was the victim of child abuse that led to her death. She was whipped with "an inch-thick section of rubberized electrical cable filled with strands of wire"[1] repeatedly [2] and died from internal bleeding several hours later.
Her father, Larry Slack Sr., was convicted of first-degree murder in 2006 as a result of the beating.[3] He received a life sentence for the murder and a 30-year sentence for aggravated battery of a child.[4] The mother, Constance Slack, received a 25-year sentence after pleading guilty to murder.[5] The beatings of Laree and her eight-year-old brother started because of a claimed failure to properly clear away laundry, leading to difficulty finding a credit card. The father's interpretation of Biblical injunctions regarding the punishment of children were a factor in the severity of the beating. The parents were devout Jehovah's Witnesses who home-schooled their six children. Investigators said the parents decided to administer Biblical discipline in the form of "40 lashes minus one, three times".[1]
The crime was used as an illustration in the 2005 edition of the textbook Delinquency in society that an "intact two parent family" with strong religious values is not so important as having a "loving family" in preventing violence toward children.[6]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Maureen O'Donnell, Ana Mendieta, Annie Sweeney. "Biblical beating kills girl: cops". Chicago Sun-Times; Chicago, Illinois. November 13, 2001.
2.Jump up ^ Kirsten Scharnberg and Eric Ferkenhoff. "Girl died after parents hit her 160 times, court told". Chicago Tribune; Chicago, Illinois. November 14, 2001, News Section, page 1.
3.Jump up ^ Jeff Coen. "Fatal beating by dad called 'torture' ; Father convicted in daughter's murder". Chicago Tribune; Chicago, Illinois. April 28, 2006, Metro Section, page 8.
4.Jump up ^ Esposito, Stefano (June 2, 2006). "Man gets life in prison for whipping death: Judge: 'You beat your own daughter like a slave master hitting a slave'". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
5.Jump up ^ Esposito, Stefano (May 2, 2006). "Mom gets 25 years for helping beat 12-year-old to death". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
6.Jump up ^ Regoli, Robert M.; Hewitt, John D. (2005-06-22). Delinquency in society (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-07-298968-7. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
External links[edit]
Man Convicted in Whipping Death Of Daughter, 12.
  


Categories: Whipping
Corporal punishments
Child abuse resulting in death
Religiously motivated violence in the United States
2001 in Illinois
Murdered American children
People murdered in Illinois
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2001 murders in the United States





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Murder of Laree Slack

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  (Redirected from Constance Slack)
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Laree A. Slack (July 4, 1989 – November 11, 2001) was the victim of child abuse that led to her death. She was whipped with "an inch-thick section of rubberized electrical cable filled with strands of wire"[1] repeatedly [2] and died from internal bleeding several hours later.
Her father, Larry Slack Sr., was convicted of first-degree murder in 2006 as a result of the beating.[3] He received a life sentence for the murder and a 30-year sentence for aggravated battery of a child.[4] The mother, Constance Slack, received a 25-year sentence after pleading guilty to murder.[5] The beatings of Laree and her eight-year-old brother started because of a claimed failure to properly clear away laundry, leading to difficulty finding a credit card. The father's interpretation of Biblical injunctions regarding the punishment of children were a factor in the severity of the beating. The parents were devout Jehovah's Witnesses who home-schooled their six children. Investigators said the parents decided to administer Biblical discipline in the form of "40 lashes minus one, three times".[1]
The crime was used as an illustration in the 2005 edition of the textbook Delinquency in society that an "intact two parent family" with strong religious values is not so important as having a "loving family" in preventing violence toward children.[6]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Maureen O'Donnell, Ana Mendieta, Annie Sweeney. "Biblical beating kills girl: cops". Chicago Sun-Times; Chicago, Illinois. November 13, 2001.
2.Jump up ^ Kirsten Scharnberg and Eric Ferkenhoff. "Girl died after parents hit her 160 times, court told". Chicago Tribune; Chicago, Illinois. November 14, 2001, News Section, page 1.
3.Jump up ^ Jeff Coen. "Fatal beating by dad called 'torture' ; Father convicted in daughter's murder". Chicago Tribune; Chicago, Illinois. April 28, 2006, Metro Section, page 8.
4.Jump up ^ Esposito, Stefano (June 2, 2006). "Man gets life in prison for whipping death: Judge: 'You beat your own daughter like a slave master hitting a slave'". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
5.Jump up ^ Esposito, Stefano (May 2, 2006). "Mom gets 25 years for helping beat 12-year-old to death". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
6.Jump up ^ Regoli, Robert M.; Hewitt, John D. (2005-06-22). Delinquency in society (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-07-298968-7. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
External links[edit]
Man Convicted in Whipping Death Of Daughter, 12.
  


Categories: Whipping
Corporal punishments
Child abuse resulting in death
Religiously motivated violence in the United States
2001 in Illinois
Murdered American children
People murdered in Illinois
American torture victims
Deaths by person
Deaths by beating in the United States
2001 murders in the United States





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Allisson Lozz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Lozano and the second or maternal family name is Núñez.

Allisson Lozz

Born
Allisson Marian Lozano Núñez
 August 11, 1992 (age 22)
Chihuahua, Mexico
Other names
Allisson Lozano
Occupation
Singer, Actress, Model
Years active
2002-2009
Spouse(s)
Eliu Gutierrez (2011-present)
Children
London Rose (b. 2012)
Website
www.allissonlozz.com
Allisson Lozz (born Allisson Marian Lozano Núñez on August 11, 1992 in Chihuahua, Mexico) known also as Allisson Lozano is a former Mexican actress, model and singer. She is best known for her roles in the Mexican telenovelas Mision S.O.S as Diana, in Rebelde as Bianca, in Al Diablo con los Guapos as Milagros, and in En Nombre del Amor as Paloma.
Lozz started her career on television with the program Codigo Fama. She received her first opportunity to play an adult main character on Al Diablo con los Guapos[1] which became a popular daytime telenovela. Lozz performed her song, No Me Supiste Querer, with K-Paz de la Sierra on May 4, 2008 at Premios TV y Novelas.
She appears in the videoclip for Carita Bonita by reggaeton duo Erre XI. In 2009, after the success of En Nombre del Amor, Lozz retired from acting. On January 15, 2011 she married Eliu Gutierrez. In January 2012 she gave birth to a girl.


Contents  [hide]
1 Telenovelas
2 TV Programs
3 Discography
4 Awards & Nominations 4.1 Premios TVyNovelas
4.2 Premios People en Español
5 References
6 External links

Telenovelas[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003-04 Alegrijes y Rebujos Allison Rebolledo Antagonist
2004-05 Mision S.O.S Diana Lozano Protagonist
2004-06 Rebelde Bianca Delay Abril Recurring Character
2006-07 Las Dos Caras de Ana Paulina Gardel Durán Supporting Role
2007-08 Al Diablo con los Guapos Milagros "Mili, Miligol" Ballesteros/Milagros Belmonte Ramos Arango de Miranda Protagonist
2008-09 En Nombre del Amor Paloma Gamboa Espinoza de los Monteros de Sáenz Protagonist
TV Programs[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002–03 Código F.A.M.A. Herself Contestant
2005 La energía de Sonric'slandia Leta 
2005-10 Vecinos Brenda 1 episode
2006 Amor Mío Luz Valenzuela 
2007 Objetos Perdidos Various Characters 
RBD: La Familia Barbara 1 episode
50 Años de la telenovela: Mentiras y Verdades Invited 
2008 La Rosa De Guadalupe Kika 
Discography[edit]
Misión S.O.S. Especial de Navidad
Misión S.O.S
Disco Alegrije
Disco Rebujo
Navidad Alegrije
Navidad Rebujo
Código F.A.M.A.
Proyecto Estrella
Awards & Nominations[edit]
Premios TVyNovelas[edit]

Year
Category
Telenovela
Result
2009 Best Young Lead Actress Al diablo con los guapos Nominated
Premios People en Español[edit]

Year
Category
Telenovela
Result
2009 Best Couple with Sebastián Zurita En nombre del amor Nominated
Best Young Actress
2009: Named by the magazine People en español as one of "Los 50 más bellos".[2]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Lanza Allison Lozz fragancia infantil" (in Spanish). January 8, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
2.Jump up ^ People en español "Alisson Lozz uno de los 50 más bellos" - actualizado en agosto de 2013
External links[edit]
Allisson Lozz at the Internet Movie Database
Official site



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stub icon This article about a Mexican actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




Stub icon This article about a Mexican singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




  


Categories: 1992 births
Living people
Mexican child actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican female singers
Mexican pop singers
Actresses from Chihuahua (state)
Singers from Chihuahua (state)
People from Chihuahua, Chihuahua
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
Mexican actor stubs
Mexican singer stubs






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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allisson_Lozz









Allisson Lozz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Lozano and the second or maternal family name is Núñez.

Allisson Lozz

Born
Allisson Marian Lozano Núñez
 August 11, 1992 (age 22)
Chihuahua, Mexico
Other names
Allisson Lozano
Occupation
Singer, Actress, Model
Years active
2002-2009
Spouse(s)
Eliu Gutierrez (2011-present)
Children
London Rose (b. 2012)
Website
www.allissonlozz.com
Allisson Lozz (born Allisson Marian Lozano Núñez on August 11, 1992 in Chihuahua, Mexico) known also as Allisson Lozano is a former Mexican actress, model and singer. She is best known for her roles in the Mexican telenovelas Mision S.O.S as Diana, in Rebelde as Bianca, in Al Diablo con los Guapos as Milagros, and in En Nombre del Amor as Paloma.
Lozz started her career on television with the program Codigo Fama. She received her first opportunity to play an adult main character on Al Diablo con los Guapos[1] which became a popular daytime telenovela. Lozz performed her song, No Me Supiste Querer, with K-Paz de la Sierra on May 4, 2008 at Premios TV y Novelas.
She appears in the videoclip for Carita Bonita by reggaeton duo Erre XI. In 2009, after the success of En Nombre del Amor, Lozz retired from acting. On January 15, 2011 she married Eliu Gutierrez. In January 2012 she gave birth to a girl.


Contents  [hide]
1 Telenovelas
2 TV Programs
3 Discography
4 Awards & Nominations 4.1 Premios TVyNovelas
4.2 Premios People en Español
5 References
6 External links

Telenovelas[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003-04 Alegrijes y Rebujos Allison Rebolledo Antagonist
2004-05 Mision S.O.S Diana Lozano Protagonist
2004-06 Rebelde Bianca Delay Abril Recurring Character
2006-07 Las Dos Caras de Ana Paulina Gardel Durán Supporting Role
2007-08 Al Diablo con los Guapos Milagros "Mili, Miligol" Ballesteros/Milagros Belmonte Ramos Arango de Miranda Protagonist
2008-09 En Nombre del Amor Paloma Gamboa Espinoza de los Monteros de Sáenz Protagonist
TV Programs[edit]

Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002–03 Código F.A.M.A. Herself Contestant
2005 La energía de Sonric'slandia Leta 
2005-10 Vecinos Brenda 1 episode
2006 Amor Mío Luz Valenzuela 
2007 Objetos Perdidos Various Characters 
RBD: La Familia Barbara 1 episode
50 Años de la telenovela: Mentiras y Verdades Invited 
2008 La Rosa De Guadalupe Kika 
Discography[edit]
Misión S.O.S. Especial de Navidad
Misión S.O.S
Disco Alegrije
Disco Rebujo
Navidad Alegrije
Navidad Rebujo
Código F.A.M.A.
Proyecto Estrella
Awards & Nominations[edit]
Premios TVyNovelas[edit]

Year
Category
Telenovela
Result
2009 Best Young Lead Actress Al diablo con los guapos Nominated
Premios People en Español[edit]

Year
Category
Telenovela
Result
2009 Best Couple with Sebastián Zurita En nombre del amor Nominated
Best Young Actress
2009: Named by the magazine People en español as one of "Los 50 más bellos".[2]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Lanza Allison Lozz fragancia infantil" (in Spanish). January 8, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
2.Jump up ^ People en español "Alisson Lozz uno de los 50 más bellos" - actualizado en agosto de 2013
External links[edit]
Allisson Lozz at the Internet Movie Database
Official site



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stub icon This article about a Mexican actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




Stub icon This article about a Mexican singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




  


Categories: 1992 births
Living people
Mexican child actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican female singers
Mexican pop singers
Actresses from Chihuahua (state)
Singers from Chihuahua (state)
People from Chihuahua, Chihuahua
Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses
Mexican actor stubs
Mexican singer stubs






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Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Featured content
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Random article
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Download as PDF
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Languages
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Français
Hrvatski
Magyar
Polski
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Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Tagalog
Edit links
This page was last modified on 30 May 2015, at 00:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Nazario Moreno González

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Jump to: navigation, search


Nazario Moreno González
Nazario-MORENO-GONZALEZ.jpg
Mug shot of Moreno González

Born
8 March 1970
Apatzingán, Michoacán, Mexico
Died
9 March 2014 (aged 44)
Tumbiscatío, Michoacán, Mexico

Cause of death
 Two gunshot wounds on his thorax
Other names
El Chayo
El Dulce ('The Candy')
El Doctor
El Más Loco ('The Craziest One')
Víctor Nazario Castrejón Peña
Emiliano Morelos Guervara
Occupation
Drug Lord
Known for
Leader of La Familia Michoacana and the Knights Templar Cartel
Predecessor
Carlos Rosales Mendoza
Successor
José de Jesús Méndez Vargas
Dionicio Loya Plancarte
Servando Gómez Martínez
Enrique Plancarte Solís
Notes
$2.2 million dollar reward was offered.

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Moreno and the second or maternal family name is González.
Nazario Moreno González (8 March 1970 – 9 March 2014), commonly referred to by his alias El Chayo ("Nazario" or "The Rosary") and/or El Más Loco ("The Craziest One"), was a Mexican drug lord who headed La Familia Michoacana before heading the Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel headquartered in the state of Michoacán. He was one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords.
Very few details are known of Moreno González's early life, but the authorities believe that religion played a major role in his upbringing. Although born in Michoacán, Moreno González moved to the United States as a teenager, but fled back into Mexico about a decade later to avoid prosecution on drug trafficking charges. In 2004, the drug boss Carlos Rosales Mendoza was captured, and Moreno González, alongside José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, took control of La Familia Michoacana. Unlike other traditional drug trafficking organizations in Mexico, his organization also operated like a religious cult, where its own members were given "bibles" with sayings and conduct guidelines. Moreno González reportedly carried out several philanthropic deeds to help the marginalized in Michoacán. Such deeds helped him craft an image of protector, saint, and Christ-like messianic figure among the poor, and gave La Familia Michoacana a level of influence among some natives.
The Mexican government reported that Moreno González was killed during a two-day gunfight with the Mexican federal police in his home state in December 2010. After the shootout, however, no body was recovered. Rumors thus persisted that Moreno González was still alive and leading the Knights Templar Cartel, the split-off group of La Familia Michoacana. Four years later, on 9 March 2014, his survival was confirmed. Mexican authorities located him again, this time in the town of Tumbiscatío, Michoacán, and attempted to apprehend him. A gunfight ensued resulting in Moreno González's death. Subsequent forensic examination confirmed his identity.


Contents  [hide]
1 Criminal career 1.1 Early life
1.2 Organized crime
1.3 Philanthropy
2 Alleged 2010 death 2.1 Background and aftermath
2.2 Allegations of having survived the attempted police capture
3 Veneration
4 Death
5 Personal life and family
6 Published works
7 See also
8 Sources 8.1 Footnotes
8.2 References
8.3 Bibliography
9 External links

Criminal career[edit]
Early life[edit]
Moreno González was born in the ranchería of Guanajuatillo in Apatzingán, Michoacán, Mexico at around 5:00 a.m. on 8 March 1970.[1][2] There are few details of Moreno González's upbringing, but religion may have played an important role in his early life.[3] His parents had 13 children (including Moreno González). His father Manuel Moreno was reportedly an alcoholic and had several mistresses, and one day he left his family when Moreno González was still very young, forcing his mother to singlehandedly raise the whole family. With their father gone, Moreno González and his siblings lived under the strict discipline of their mother. According to his autobiography, Moreno González had a love-hate relationship with his mother; as a child, he was beaten by his mother for being troublesome and getting into fights. In one occasion, he recalled that his mother once forced him to make his way back to his house by walking on his knees while keeping his arms stretched like a cross throughout the whole day for stealing an animal. Such treatments helped him develop resentment as to partially explain his violent behavior as an adult, he argued. He admitted, however, that he often got into fist fights with other kids from Guanajuatillo and the surrounding rancherías. Moreno González recalled that he would not always win and that he once got into 10 fights in a single day. His violent reputation as a child helped him earn the nickname El Más Loco ("The Craziest One")—which he held onto for the rest of his life—among his siblings and other kids from the area where he grew up.[2][4]
He never attended school and was illiterate for some years of his early life. He learned to read and write reportedly out of curiosity after reading and hearing comic books and stories of Kalimán and Porfirio Cadena, El Ojo del Vidrio on the local radio station.[5] In his autobiography, Moreno González said that as a child he believed he had the superhuman ability of speaking telepathically with animals like Kalimán did in the comics. He said he wanted to be a hero like the comic characters. As a child, he was accustomed to seeing gunmen near his home, and played las guerritas ("war games") for fun. While playing the game, he often pretended to be dead, only to say later on that he had been wounded in the game but that he had managed to survive. At the age of twelve, he moved to Apatzingán and made a living by selling matches, peeling onions, working at a melon field, and throwing out the trash from several booths at a marketplace.[2][6] As a teenager in the late 1980s, Moreno González migrated illegally to the United States, settling in California, where he eventually began selling marijuana.[7][8] After some years, he moved to Texas and in 1994 was arrested for drug trafficking charges in McAllen. Nearly a decade later in 2003, the U.S. government charged him with conspiracy to distribute five tons of narcotics and issued an arrest warrant. Moreno González then fled back to Mexico.[8][9]
Organized crime[edit]
Although raised Catholic, Moreno González became a Jehovah's Witness during his time in the United States.[10][11] In Apatzingán, Moreno González preached to the poor and always carried a bible with him. With time, he won the loyalty of several locals, and many started to see him as a "messiah" for preaching religious principles and forming La Familia Michoacana, a drug cartel that posed as a vigilante group.[3] When Carlos Rosales Mendoza was arrested in 2004, Moreno González ascended to the apex of La Familia Michoacana, a drug trafficking organization based in western Mexico, along with José de Jesús Méndez Vargas.[12] In 2006, La Familia Michoacana broke relations with the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, and Moreno González heralded the organization's independence when several of his gunmen tossed five human heads on a discothèque dance floor in Uruapan. Near the severed heads lay a message that read, "La Familia doesn't kill for money, doesn't kill women, doesn't kill innocents. Only those who deserve to die will die."[8]
In 2009, the Mexican government published a list of its 37 most-wanted drug lords and offered a $2.2 million reward for information that led to Moreno González's capture.[13] His three partners – José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, Servando Gómez Martínez and Dionicio Loya Plancarte – were also on the list.[14] In 2010, he was sanctioned under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the "Kingpin Act") by the United States Department of the Treasury for his involvement in drug trafficking. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing business with Moreno González, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.[15]
Los Zetas eventually broke off from the Gulf Cartel in 2010, after serving in the armed wing of the organization for more than a decade. But in opposition to Los Zetas, Moreno González's cartel rejoined with the Gulf Cartel and allied with the Sinaloa Cartel to fight them off.[16] Since then, La Familia Michoacana became one of the fastest-growing cartels involved in Mexico's drug war. It stood out for its promotion of "family values" and religious agenda, unlike traditional cartels.[17][18] Although deeply involved in the methamphetamine business, Moreno González's cartel diversified its criminal agenda by controlling numerous "counterfeiting, extortion, kidnapping, armed robbery, prostitution and car dealership" rings in Michoacán and its neighboring states.[12][18] By mid-2009, La Familia had managed to establish a foothold in about 20 to 30 urban areas across the United States.[18]
Moreno González required his men to carry a "spiritual manual" that he wrote himself, "[containing] pseudo-Christian aphorisms for self-improvement."[19][20] In his "bible," Moreno González prohibited his men from consuming alcoholic beverages or other drugs, and stated that he would severely punish those who mistreated women. His writings encouraged the corporal punishment of thieves by beating them and making them walk naked with billboards in the city streets.[21][22] He prohibited members of his cartel from consuming or selling methamphetamines in Michoacán, arguing that the drug was only to be smuggled into the U.S. for American consumers.[23] Moreno González justified drug trafficking by stating that La Familia Michoacana allegedly regulated the drug trade to prevent exploitation of the people.[24] The book, sometimes known as "The Sayings of the Craziest One", also talks about humility, service, wisdom, brotherhood, courage, and God.[22][25] His second book, titled "They Call Me The Craziest One", is 13 chapters long and talks about his life, idealism, the origins of La Familia Michoacana, their battle against Los Zetas, and his rationale behind joining organized crime. The text reads like a diary and justifies his criminal activities under the rationale that just like others in Michoacán, the limited opportunities and his poor financial situation pushed him to get involved in the drug trade. In addition to that, Moreno González blamed the government for the existence of criminals.[26]
As leader of La Familia Michoacana, Moreno González was in charge of forging alliances with other cartels. Reportedly, Moreno González met with several other high-ranking drug lords, including Fernando Sánchez Arellano of the Tijuana Cartel; Juan José Esparragoza Moreno of the Sinaloa Cartel; and Ezequiel Cárdenas Guillén of the Gulf Cartel.[27] In these agreements, the cartels allowed La Familia Michoacana to move drugs freely in their territories in exchange for their support in fighting off rival gangs like Los Zetas. In 2008, Moreno González agreed to send armed men to help Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Ismael Zambada García fight off rival cartels, a favor which granted him access to the drug corridors in Sinaloa and Sonora. In addition, his friendship with the Gulf Cartel leader Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez allowed him access to the northeastern state of Tamaulipas.[27]
Philanthropy[edit]
During his tenure as leader of La Familia Michoacana, Moreno González reportedly gave loans to farmers, funded schools and churches, financed drainage projects, and carried out several aid campaigns to help out the disadvantaged in the state of Michoacán. This, along with the manpower of the organization, allowed him get the support of several rural sectors in the state, where many served as informants and collaborators for the cartel.[28][29] His wife was also known for organizing several self-help seminars in Apatzingán.[30] The support of La Familia Michoacana is rooted in family connections and local communities in Michoacán, and in the supposed exploitation of its citizens by the government.[31]
Alleged 2010 death[edit]
On 9 December 2010, the Mexican federal police surrounded the village of El Alcalde in Apatzingán, Michoacán with more than 2,000 officers. Reportedly, Moreno González was at a local festival handing out Christmas presents to the villagers when he was tracked down by the authorities.[32][33]
As the police troops drove into town, gunmen of La Familia Michoacana blocked the entrances with more than 40 burning trucks and cars. La Familia gunmen also surrounded the state capital of Morelia in an attempt to prevent the police from receiving reinforcements.[34] The shootout lasted about two days, and at least 11 deaths were confirmed.[A 1] During the gun battle, the gunmen managed to carry out the bodies of their fallen comrades up the hills. The government reported at the time that Moreno González had been killed, but that the cartel took his body away.[35] This triggered rumors that he was alive and leading his cartel. However, the Mexican government denied such claims. Elías Álvarez, the commander of the 2010 police operation, said González's grave was in the mountains.[36] 2014 reports from the Mexican government stated that Moreno González was possibly injured (but not killed) during the shootout.[37] For four years, the drug lord took advantage of the government's mistake to fall off the authorities's radar and continue to command the cartel behind the scenes.[38]
Background and aftermath[edit]
The alleged death of Moreno González was considered one of the most significant government victories since the start of the drug war in 2006. La Familia Michoacana was the focus of the government because their stronghold, Michoacán state, is just about four hours away from the country's capital, Mexico City. In addition, Michoacán is the homestate of former President Felipe Calderón, who made it a top priority to pacify it.[39]
A few days after the shootout, several people carried out a peace march in Apatzingán expressing their support for the cartel with banners that read "Nazario will always live in our hearts," among others.[40] Others protested against the presence of the federal forces in the state, and argued that the federal government—not the cartels—were responsible for increasing the violence in the country.[40] Through several banners hung on bridges throughout the state of Michoacán, La Familia Michoacana publicly announced that they were open to the possibility of creating a "truce" (ceasefire) with the Mexican government throughout December 2010 and January 2011 to prove that they were not the source of the violence. The Mexican authorities "summarily rejected" the agreement.[39][41]
After Moreno Gonzalez was reported dead, José de Jesús Méndez Vargas took the lead of La Familia Michoacana. The other cartel leader, Servando Gómez Martínez (alias "La Tuta"), fought Méndez Vargas for control of the group and eventually formed the Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel and pseudo-religious splinter group.[42] The cartel was headed by Moreno González, followed by Gómez Martínez, Dionisio Loya Plancarte (alias "El Tío"), and Enrique Plancarte Solís (alias "Kike Plancarte"), in that order. However, given that the Mexican government believed that Moreno González had been killed in 2010, Gómez Martínez was regarded as the first-in-command.[43] Since its creation, the Knights Templar Cartel became a greater security concern for the Mexican government; it began to extort lime farmers, cutters, and packers,[44] as well as people who worked in the avocado business in Michoacán.[45] The cartel also stole minerals from the state's reserves to later ship them to China and sell them in the black market.[46] Killings, extortions, kidnappings, and arson attacks against Michoacán residents and local businesses increased.[47] In response to the cartel's activities, autodefensa (vigilante/self-defense) groups began to emerge in Michoacán in 2011,[48] and gained significant momentum in February 2013 when they began to push the cartel outside of the Tierra Caliente region.[44] President Enrique Peña Nieto sent in more federal troops to Michoacán on January 2014 initially with the intent to disarm the informal groups. However, that plan was quickly abandoned following some resistance, and the government decided to sign an agreement that month with the autodefensas to combat insecurity together.[49][50]
Allegations of having survived the attempted police capture[edit]
Given that Moreno González's body was never recovered from the December 2010 shootout where officials said he was killed, there were rumors that he was alive and secretly leading the Knights Templar Cartel, the split-off group of La Familia Michoacana. On June 2011, members of La Familia Michoacana set up several public banners throughout the state of Guerrero with written messages directed to the former President Calderón and his security spokesman Alejandro Poiré. The banners proclaimed that Moreno González was in fact alive and leading the Knights Templar Cartel, and that the government was allegedly covering him up. The rumors were immediately denied by the Mexican government, which stood firm that the drug lord was killed by federal forces on December 9, 2010.[51][52] Rumors sparked again in October 2011 following the arrest of Mario Buenrostro Quiroz, a drug trafficker who headed a Mexico City-based gang known as Los Aboytes. In a videotaped police confession, he told authorities that Moreno González was still alive and heading the cartel. Intelligence agency InSight Crime said the rumors were probably part of a campaign of the Knights Templar Cartel to win prestige from La Familia Michoacana by saying that their leader is in fact alive and still supporting the group.[52] On 27 October 2012, the Mexican Army raided a safe house in Apatzingán where they believed the drug lord Enrique Plancarte Solís was hiding. Though the raid was ultimately unsuccessful because Plancarte Solís managed to avoid capture by sending several gunmen from his inner circle to battle off the soldiers, the authorities discovered several documents written for Moreno González. The Army gave the documents to the intelligence agency SIEDO for further investigation.[53][54]
Many Michoacán natives believed that Moreno González was alive; he was widely believed to have made a public appearance in Morelia in 2012 after his son was killed in a motorcycle accident. According to an unnamed official, his sister went to the morgue to reclaim the body of his son before the autopsy. When the coroner refused to give her the body, Moreno González paid him a visit and convinced him to give up the body. In fears of reprisals, local media outlets self-censored and did not report on the death of his son. Those who wrecked his son were reportedly kidnapped by Moreno González men and killed. In addition, one militia leader from the town of Coalcomán reported seeing him dressed as Saint Francis of Assisi, baptizing people, and leading his henchmen. There was no concrete evidence of Moreno González being alive. However, since no autopsy was performed, there was no evidence of him being dead either.[55] In January 2014, Gregorio López, a priest of Apatzingán, reported that that Moreno González ordered a self-imposed curfew in the city and threatened to burn down businesses that did not comply with the order. That week Michoacán had a series of violent episodes after the state's autodefensa (vigilante) groups—which emerged in February 2013 to fight the Knights Templar Cartel—attempted to move into several municipalities to fight the cartel. The priest said in an interview that there were rumors that the drug lord met with "La Tuta" for lunch in La Cucha, a ranch outside of Apatzingán.[56][57] In an interview with Noticias MVS in February 2014, the former self-defense group leader José Manuel Mireles Valverde stated that Moreno González celebrated Christmas Day (25 December 2013) with the cartel leader Enrique Plancarte Solís and his daughter and banda singer Melissa at the drug lord's house.[58] Mireles claimed in March 2014 that the self-defense groups nearly captured Moreno González at a ranch close to Tumbiscatío, Michoacán, but that he managed to escape 20 minutes before their arrival.[59]
Rumors surrounding these allegations were around since Moreno González was declared dead by the Mexican government in 2010. The mysticism and spiritual teachings of the drug lord have played an important role in the Knights Templar Cartel's propaganda and recruitment in Michoacán. By spreading such rumors, the cartel hoped to gain a level of consensus from the public in their fight against the self-defense militias and state forces in the state.[60][61]
Veneration[edit]
After Moreno González's reported death in 2010, Michoacán natives reportedly began to worship him as a saint, "drawing attention to the links between narco-culture and religion."[62] In the region of Apatzingán, people created altars with statues and photos in honor of him. The figurines are often dressed in tunics similar to the Knights Templar, and had prayers calling him Saint Nazario. Reforma newspaper reported that Moreno González had his own prayer: "Oh Lord Almighty, free me from all sins, give me protection through Saint Nazario."[63] These altars are found in the village of Holanda, on the hill of El Cerrito de la Cruz, and in Apatzingán.[63] Villagers have noted that they had been forced to venerate the criminal under threat of armed force by the gang members.[64]
Throughout his criminal career, Moreno González promoted La Familia Michoacana as an organization that existed to protect the people in Michoacán, where he carried out several campaigns that implemented curfews, punished drinkers, and attacked Los Zetas, whom he claimed had corroded the morality of the state and community. The prayers that are now dedicated to Moreno González now refer to him as the "Representative of God," the "Protector of the poorest," and as the "Knight of the towns."[62] Such behavior proves that La Familia Michoacana's religious campaign influenced the local area.[62]
The area where the altars are located is reportedly patrolled by Los 12 apóstoles ('12 apostles'), the security body that allegedly protected Moreno González.[7]
Death[edit]
At around 7:00 a.m. on 9 March 2014, the Mexican Army and Navy pinpointed Moreno González's whereabouts in Tumbiscatío, Michoacán.[65] When they tried to apprehend him, the drug lord opened fire at the security forces before being killed in the fire exchange.[66] Mexico's Procuraduría General de la República (PGR) officially confirmed his identity through DNA examinations and fingerprint identification. The results were consistent with law enforcement files.[67][68] While investigators conducted the autopsy at a hospital in Apatzingán, more than 150 law enforcement officers from the Army, Navy, Federal Police, and the PGR cordoned the area to prevent organized crime members from attempting to steal his body.[69][70] Post-mortem reports indicated that Moreno González died of two gunshot wounds on his thorax.[71] On 12 March 2014, his corpse was transferred to Morelia under tight security for further testing.[72] At the time of his death, the drug lord was wanted by the Mexican government for charges relating to drug trafficking, organized crime, kidnapping, murder, and theft.[73]
On the evening of 14 March 2014, his corpse was handed over to his sister and two nephews in Morelia by state authorities. As they left the forensic installations, they covered their faces in front of cameras and did not specify if they had plans to carry out a funeral for Moreno González.[74][75] His family and friends, however, held a funeral for him at the Santa Cruz funeral home in Altozano, Morelia.[76] They did not comment where the corpse was to be taken,[77] but unconfirmed reports suggested that there were plans to cremate him and scatter his ashes at a village in the Tierra Caliente region in Michoacán.[78]
Personal life and family[edit]
Moreno González enjoyed watching the Godfather Trilogy and the drama film Braveheart.[79]
He went by several nicknames, including but not limited to El Chayo (hypocorism for "Nazario" or "Rosario", the Spanish word for Rosary),[39] Víctor Nazario Castrejón Peña,[80] El Dulce ("The Candy"), El Doctor ("The Doctor"), and El Más Loco ("The Craziest One"),[28][81][82] In 2014, the Mexican government discovered that the drug lord also held the alias Emiliano Morelos Guevara in reference to revolutionary figures Emiliano Zapata, José María Morelos, and Che Guevara.[83]
His father was reportedly Manuel Moreno, who died on July 2013, according to intelligence reports from Mexican federal agents.[4] The drug lord was the uncle or cousin of Uriel Chávez Mendoza, the municipal president (equivalent of mayor) of Apatzingán.[84][85] He was arrested by Mexican authorities on 15 April 2014 for his alleged ties to organized crime.[86] The city councilman Isidro Villanueva Moreno may also be his cousin too.[87] His half brother and cousin of Plancarte Solís, Antonio Magaña Pantoja, was arrested by Mexican authorities in Apatzingán on 9 February 2014.[88] His half brother Heliodoro Moreno Anguiano (alias "El Yoyo") was arrested by Mexican authorities in Apatzingán, Michoacán on 18 February 2014.[89] His nephew Faustino Andrade González was arrested by the Mexican Federal Police in Apatzingán with four other suspected criminals on 5 June 2014.[90]
Published works[edit]
Pensamientos Del Más Loco (The Sayings of the Craziest One)[26]
Me Dicen: El Más Loco (They Call Me The Craziest One) (2010)[91]
See also[edit]
Jesús Malverde
Sources[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Since the gunmen carried away the bodies of their partners during the firefight, it is impossible to know the exact number of people who were killed.[92] The police commander, Elías Álvarez, who led the 2010 operation in Apatzingán, estimated that more than 50 people were killed.[32]
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90.Jump up ^ "Caen familiares de 'El Chayo' y 'El Kike' Plancarte en Apatzingán" (in Spanish). Proceso (magazine). 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
91.Jump up ^ Vargas, J.C. (19 January 2014). "Exhiben excesos de 'templarios'". Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
92.Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (11 December 2012). "La Familia cartel leader believed killed in Michoacan violence". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Lyman, Michael D. (2010). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control (6th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 1437744508.
Levy, David A. (2011). Echoes of Mind: Thinking Deeply about Humanship (1st ed.). Enso Books. ISBN 0982018576.
Longmire, Sylvia (2011). Cartel: The Coming Invasion of Mexico's Drug Wars (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0230111378.
External links[edit]
La Familia: Another Deadly Mexican Syndicate (archive) — Foreign Policy Research Institute


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Nazario Moreno González

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Nazario Moreno González
Nazario-MORENO-GONZALEZ.jpg
Mug shot of Moreno González

Born
8 March 1970
Apatzingán, Michoacán, Mexico
Died
9 March 2014 (aged 44)
Tumbiscatío, Michoacán, Mexico

Cause of death
 Two gunshot wounds on his thorax
Other names
El Chayo
El Dulce ('The Candy')
El Doctor
El Más Loco ('The Craziest One')
Víctor Nazario Castrejón Peña
Emiliano Morelos Guervara
Occupation
Drug Lord
Known for
Leader of La Familia Michoacana and the Knights Templar Cartel
Predecessor
Carlos Rosales Mendoza
Successor
José de Jesús Méndez Vargas
Dionicio Loya Plancarte
Servando Gómez Martínez
Enrique Plancarte Solís
Notes
$2.2 million dollar reward was offered.

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Moreno and the second or maternal family name is González.
Nazario Moreno González (8 March 1970 – 9 March 2014), commonly referred to by his alias El Chayo ("Nazario" or "The Rosary") and/or El Más Loco ("The Craziest One"), was a Mexican drug lord who headed La Familia Michoacana before heading the Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel headquartered in the state of Michoacán. He was one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords.
Very few details are known of Moreno González's early life, but the authorities believe that religion played a major role in his upbringing. Although born in Michoacán, Moreno González moved to the United States as a teenager, but fled back into Mexico about a decade later to avoid prosecution on drug trafficking charges. In 2004, the drug boss Carlos Rosales Mendoza was captured, and Moreno González, alongside José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, took control of La Familia Michoacana. Unlike other traditional drug trafficking organizations in Mexico, his organization also operated like a religious cult, where its own members were given "bibles" with sayings and conduct guidelines. Moreno González reportedly carried out several philanthropic deeds to help the marginalized in Michoacán. Such deeds helped him craft an image of protector, saint, and Christ-like messianic figure among the poor, and gave La Familia Michoacana a level of influence among some natives.
The Mexican government reported that Moreno González was killed during a two-day gunfight with the Mexican federal police in his home state in December 2010. After the shootout, however, no body was recovered. Rumors thus persisted that Moreno González was still alive and leading the Knights Templar Cartel, the split-off group of La Familia Michoacana. Four years later, on 9 March 2014, his survival was confirmed. Mexican authorities located him again, this time in the town of Tumbiscatío, Michoacán, and attempted to apprehend him. A gunfight ensued resulting in Moreno González's death. Subsequent forensic examination confirmed his identity.


Contents  [hide]
1 Criminal career 1.1 Early life
1.2 Organized crime
1.3 Philanthropy
2 Alleged 2010 death 2.1 Background and aftermath
2.2 Allegations of having survived the attempted police capture
3 Veneration
4 Death
5 Personal life and family
6 Published works
7 See also
8 Sources 8.1 Footnotes
8.2 References
8.3 Bibliography
9 External links

Criminal career[edit]
Early life[edit]
Moreno González was born in the ranchería of Guanajuatillo in Apatzingán, Michoacán, Mexico at around 5:00 a.m. on 8 March 1970.[1][2] There are few details of Moreno González's upbringing, but religion may have played an important role in his early life.[3] His parents had 13 children (including Moreno González). His father Manuel Moreno was reportedly an alcoholic and had several mistresses, and one day he left his family when Moreno González was still very young, forcing his mother to singlehandedly raise the whole family. With their father gone, Moreno González and his siblings lived under the strict discipline of their mother. According to his autobiography, Moreno González had a love-hate relationship with his mother; as a child, he was beaten by his mother for being troublesome and getting into fights. In one occasion, he recalled that his mother once forced him to make his way back to his house by walking on his knees while keeping his arms stretched like a cross throughout the whole day for stealing an animal. Such treatments helped him develop resentment as to partially explain his violent behavior as an adult, he argued. He admitted, however, that he often got into fist fights with other kids from Guanajuatillo and the surrounding rancherías. Moreno González recalled that he would not always win and that he once got into 10 fights in a single day. His violent reputation as a child helped him earn the nickname El Más Loco ("The Craziest One")—which he held onto for the rest of his life—among his siblings and other kids from the area where he grew up.[2][4]
He never attended school and was illiterate for some years of his early life. He learned to read and write reportedly out of curiosity after reading and hearing comic books and stories of Kalimán and Porfirio Cadena, El Ojo del Vidrio on the local radio station.[5] In his autobiography, Moreno González said that as a child he believed he had the superhuman ability of speaking telepathically with animals like Kalimán did in the comics. He said he wanted to be a hero like the comic characters. As a child, he was accustomed to seeing gunmen near his home, and played las guerritas ("war games") for fun. While playing the game, he often pretended to be dead, only to say later on that he had been wounded in the game but that he had managed to survive. At the age of twelve, he moved to Apatzingán and made a living by selling matches, peeling onions, working at a melon field, and throwing out the trash from several booths at a marketplace.[2][6] As a teenager in the late 1980s, Moreno González migrated illegally to the United States, settling in California, where he eventually began selling marijuana.[7][8] After some years, he moved to Texas and in 1994 was arrested for drug trafficking charges in McAllen. Nearly a decade later in 2003, the U.S. government charged him with conspiracy to distribute five tons of narcotics and issued an arrest warrant. Moreno González then fled back to Mexico.[8][9]
Organized crime[edit]
Although raised Catholic, Moreno González became a Jehovah's Witness during his time in the United States.[10][11] In Apatzingán, Moreno González preached to the poor and always carried a bible with him. With time, he won the loyalty of several locals, and many started to see him as a "messiah" for preaching religious principles and forming La Familia Michoacana, a drug cartel that posed as a vigilante group.[3] When Carlos Rosales Mendoza was arrested in 2004, Moreno González ascended to the apex of La Familia Michoacana, a drug trafficking organization based in western Mexico, along with José de Jesús Méndez Vargas.[12] In 2006, La Familia Michoacana broke relations with the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, and Moreno González heralded the organization's independence when several of his gunmen tossed five human heads on a discothèque dance floor in Uruapan. Near the severed heads lay a message that read, "La Familia doesn't kill for money, doesn't kill women, doesn't kill innocents. Only those who deserve to die will die."[8]
In 2009, the Mexican government published a list of its 37 most-wanted drug lords and offered a $2.2 million reward for information that led to Moreno González's capture.[13] His three partners – José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, Servando Gómez Martínez and Dionicio Loya Plancarte – were also on the list.[14] In 2010, he was sanctioned under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the "Kingpin Act") by the United States Department of the Treasury for his involvement in drug trafficking. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing business with Moreno González, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.[15]
Los Zetas eventually broke off from the Gulf Cartel in 2010, after serving in the armed wing of the organization for more than a decade. But in opposition to Los Zetas, Moreno González's cartel rejoined with the Gulf Cartel and allied with the Sinaloa Cartel to fight them off.[16] Since then, La Familia Michoacana became one of the fastest-growing cartels involved in Mexico's drug war. It stood out for its promotion of "family values" and religious agenda, unlike traditional cartels.[17][18] Although deeply involved in the methamphetamine business, Moreno González's cartel diversified its criminal agenda by controlling numerous "counterfeiting, extortion, kidnapping, armed robbery, prostitution and car dealership" rings in Michoacán and its neighboring states.[12][18] By mid-2009, La Familia had managed to establish a foothold in about 20 to 30 urban areas across the United States.[18]
Moreno González required his men to carry a "spiritual manual" that he wrote himself, "[containing] pseudo-Christian aphorisms for self-improvement."[19][20] In his "bible," Moreno González prohibited his men from consuming alcoholic beverages or other drugs, and stated that he would severely punish those who mistreated women. His writings encouraged the corporal punishment of thieves by beating them and making them walk naked with billboards in the city streets.[21][22] He prohibited members of his cartel from consuming or selling methamphetamines in Michoacán, arguing that the drug was only to be smuggled into the U.S. for American consumers.[23] Moreno González justified drug trafficking by stating that La Familia Michoacana allegedly regulated the drug trade to prevent exploitation of the people.[24] The book, sometimes known as "The Sayings of the Craziest One", also talks about humility, service, wisdom, brotherhood, courage, and God.[22][25] His second book, titled "They Call Me The Craziest One", is 13 chapters long and talks about his life, idealism, the origins of La Familia Michoacana, their battle against Los Zetas, and his rationale behind joining organized crime. The text reads like a diary and justifies his criminal activities under the rationale that just like others in Michoacán, the limited opportunities and his poor financial situation pushed him to get involved in the drug trade. In addition to that, Moreno González blamed the government for the existence of criminals.[26]
As leader of La Familia Michoacana, Moreno González was in charge of forging alliances with other cartels. Reportedly, Moreno González met with several other high-ranking drug lords, including Fernando Sánchez Arellano of the Tijuana Cartel; Juan José Esparragoza Moreno of the Sinaloa Cartel; and Ezequiel Cárdenas Guillén of the Gulf Cartel.[27] In these agreements, the cartels allowed La Familia Michoacana to move drugs freely in their territories in exchange for their support in fighting off rival gangs like Los Zetas. In 2008, Moreno González agreed to send armed men to help Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Ismael Zambada García fight off rival cartels, a favor which granted him access to the drug corridors in Sinaloa and Sonora. In addition, his friendship with the Gulf Cartel leader Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez allowed him access to the northeastern state of Tamaulipas.[27]
Philanthropy[edit]
During his tenure as leader of La Familia Michoacana, Moreno González reportedly gave loans to farmers, funded schools and churches, financed drainage projects, and carried out several aid campaigns to help out the disadvantaged in the state of Michoacán. This, along with the manpower of the organization, allowed him get the support of several rural sectors in the state, where many served as informants and collaborators for the cartel.[28][29] His wife was also known for organizing several self-help seminars in Apatzingán.[30] The support of La Familia Michoacana is rooted in family connections and local communities in Michoacán, and in the supposed exploitation of its citizens by the government.[31]
Alleged 2010 death[edit]
On 9 December 2010, the Mexican federal police surrounded the village of El Alcalde in Apatzingán, Michoacán with more than 2,000 officers. Reportedly, Moreno González was at a local festival handing out Christmas presents to the villagers when he was tracked down by the authorities.[32][33]
As the police troops drove into town, gunmen of La Familia Michoacana blocked the entrances with more than 40 burning trucks and cars. La Familia gunmen also surrounded the state capital of Morelia in an attempt to prevent the police from receiving reinforcements.[34] The shootout lasted about two days, and at least 11 deaths were confirmed.[A 1] During the gun battle, the gunmen managed to carry out the bodies of their fallen comrades up the hills. The government reported at the time that Moreno González had been killed, but that the cartel took his body away.[35] This triggered rumors that he was alive and leading his cartel. However, the Mexican government denied such claims. Elías Álvarez, the commander of the 2010 police operation, said González's grave was in the mountains.[36] 2014 reports from the Mexican government stated that Moreno González was possibly injured (but not killed) during the shootout.[37] For four years, the drug lord took advantage of the government's mistake to fall off the authorities's radar and continue to command the cartel behind the scenes.[38]
Background and aftermath[edit]
The alleged death of Moreno González was considered one of the most significant government victories since the start of the drug war in 2006. La Familia Michoacana was the focus of the government because their stronghold, Michoacán state, is just about four hours away from the country's capital, Mexico City. In addition, Michoacán is the homestate of former President Felipe Calderón, who made it a top priority to pacify it.[39]
A few days after the shootout, several people carried out a peace march in Apatzingán expressing their support for the cartel with banners that read "Nazario will always live in our hearts," among others.[40] Others protested against the presence of the federal forces in the state, and argued that the federal government—not the cartels—were responsible for increasing the violence in the country.[40] Through several banners hung on bridges throughout the state of Michoacán, La Familia Michoacana publicly announced that they were open to the possibility of creating a "truce" (ceasefire) with the Mexican government throughout December 2010 and January 2011 to prove that they were not the source of the violence. The Mexican authorities "summarily rejected" the agreement.[39][41]
After Moreno Gonzalez was reported dead, José de Jesús Méndez Vargas took the lead of La Familia Michoacana. The other cartel leader, Servando Gómez Martínez (alias "La Tuta"), fought Méndez Vargas for control of the group and eventually formed the Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel and pseudo-religious splinter group.[42] The cartel was headed by Moreno González, followed by Gómez Martínez, Dionisio Loya Plancarte (alias "El Tío"), and Enrique Plancarte Solís (alias "Kike Plancarte"), in that order. However, given that the Mexican government believed that Moreno González had been killed in 2010, Gómez Martínez was regarded as the first-in-command.[43] Since its creation, the Knights Templar Cartel became a greater security concern for the Mexican government; it began to extort lime farmers, cutters, and packers,[44] as well as people who worked in the avocado business in Michoacán.[45] The cartel also stole minerals from the state's reserves to later ship them to China and sell them in the black market.[46] Killings, extortions, kidnappings, and arson attacks against Michoacán residents and local businesses increased.[47] In response to the cartel's activities, autodefensa (vigilante/self-defense) groups began to emerge in Michoacán in 2011,[48] and gained significant momentum in February 2013 when they began to push the cartel outside of the Tierra Caliente region.[44] President Enrique Peña Nieto sent in more federal troops to Michoacán on January 2014 initially with the intent to disarm the informal groups. However, that plan was quickly abandoned following some resistance, and the government decided to sign an agreement that month with the autodefensas to combat insecurity together.[49][50]
Allegations of having survived the attempted police capture[edit]
Given that Moreno González's body was never recovered from the December 2010 shootout where officials said he was killed, there were rumors that he was alive and secretly leading the Knights Templar Cartel, the split-off group of La Familia Michoacana. On June 2011, members of La Familia Michoacana set up several public banners throughout the state of Guerrero with written messages directed to the former President Calderón and his security spokesman Alejandro Poiré. The banners proclaimed that Moreno González was in fact alive and leading the Knights Templar Cartel, and that the government was allegedly covering him up. The rumors were immediately denied by the Mexican government, which stood firm that the drug lord was killed by federal forces on December 9, 2010.[51][52] Rumors sparked again in October 2011 following the arrest of Mario Buenrostro Quiroz, a drug trafficker who headed a Mexico City-based gang known as Los Aboytes. In a videotaped police confession, he told authorities that Moreno González was still alive and heading the cartel. Intelligence agency InSight Crime said the rumors were probably part of a campaign of the Knights Templar Cartel to win prestige from La Familia Michoacana by saying that their leader is in fact alive and still supporting the group.[52] On 27 October 2012, the Mexican Army raided a safe house in Apatzingán where they believed the drug lord Enrique Plancarte Solís was hiding. Though the raid was ultimately unsuccessful because Plancarte Solís managed to avoid capture by sending several gunmen from his inner circle to battle off the soldiers, the authorities discovered several documents written for Moreno González. The Army gave the documents to the intelligence agency SIEDO for further investigation.[53][54]
Many Michoacán natives believed that Moreno González was alive; he was widely believed to have made a public appearance in Morelia in 2012 after his son was killed in a motorcycle accident. According to an unnamed official, his sister went to the morgue to reclaim the body of his son before the autopsy. When the coroner refused to give her the body, Moreno González paid him a visit and convinced him to give up the body. In fears of reprisals, local media outlets self-censored and did not report on the death of his son. Those who wrecked his son were reportedly kidnapped by Moreno González men and killed. In addition, one militia leader from the town of Coalcomán reported seeing him dressed as Saint Francis of Assisi, baptizing people, and leading his henchmen. There was no concrete evidence of Moreno González being alive. However, since no autopsy was performed, there was no evidence of him being dead either.[55] In January 2014, Gregorio López, a priest of Apatzingán, reported that that Moreno González ordered a self-imposed curfew in the city and threatened to burn down businesses that did not comply with the order. That week Michoacán had a series of violent episodes after the state's autodefensa (vigilante) groups—which emerged in February 2013 to fight the Knights Templar Cartel—attempted to move into several municipalities to fight the cartel. The priest said in an interview that there were rumors that the drug lord met with "La Tuta" for lunch in La Cucha, a ranch outside of Apatzingán.[56][57] In an interview with Noticias MVS in February 2014, the former self-defense group leader José Manuel Mireles Valverde stated that Moreno González celebrated Christmas Day (25 December 2013) with the cartel leader Enrique Plancarte Solís and his daughter and banda singer Melissa at the drug lord's house.[58] Mireles claimed in March 2014 that the self-defense groups nearly captured Moreno González at a ranch close to Tumbiscatío, Michoacán, but that he managed to escape 20 minutes before their arrival.[59]
Rumors surrounding these allegations were around since Moreno González was declared dead by the Mexican government in 2010. The mysticism and spiritual teachings of the drug lord have played an important role in the Knights Templar Cartel's propaganda and recruitment in Michoacán. By spreading such rumors, the cartel hoped to gain a level of consensus from the public in their fight against the self-defense militias and state forces in the state.[60][61]
Veneration[edit]
After Moreno González's reported death in 2010, Michoacán natives reportedly began to worship him as a saint, "drawing attention to the links between narco-culture and religion."[62] In the region of Apatzingán, people created altars with statues and photos in honor of him. The figurines are often dressed in tunics similar to the Knights Templar, and had prayers calling him Saint Nazario. Reforma newspaper reported that Moreno González had his own prayer: "Oh Lord Almighty, free me from all sins, give me protection through Saint Nazario."[63] These altars are found in the village of Holanda, on the hill of El Cerrito de la Cruz, and in Apatzingán.[63] Villagers have noted that they had been forced to venerate the criminal under threat of armed force by the gang members.[64]
Throughout his criminal career, Moreno González promoted La Familia Michoacana as an organization that existed to protect the people in Michoacán, where he carried out several campaigns that implemented curfews, punished drinkers, and attacked Los Zetas, whom he claimed had corroded the morality of the state and community. The prayers that are now dedicated to Moreno González now refer to him as the "Representative of God," the "Protector of the poorest," and as the "Knight of the towns."[62] Such behavior proves that La Familia Michoacana's religious campaign influenced the local area.[62]
The area where the altars are located is reportedly patrolled by Los 12 apóstoles ('12 apostles'), the security body that allegedly protected Moreno González.[7]
Death[edit]
At around 7:00 a.m. on 9 March 2014, the Mexican Army and Navy pinpointed Moreno González's whereabouts in Tumbiscatío, Michoacán.[65] When they tried to apprehend him, the drug lord opened fire at the security forces before being killed in the fire exchange.[66] Mexico's Procuraduría General de la República (PGR) officially confirmed his identity through DNA examinations and fingerprint identification. The results were consistent with law enforcement files.[67][68] While investigators conducted the autopsy at a hospital in Apatzingán, more than 150 law enforcement officers from the Army, Navy, Federal Police, and the PGR cordoned the area to prevent organized crime members from attempting to steal his body.[69][70] Post-mortem reports indicated that Moreno González died of two gunshot wounds on his thorax.[71] On 12 March 2014, his corpse was transferred to Morelia under tight security for further testing.[72] At the time of his death, the drug lord was wanted by the Mexican government for charges relating to drug trafficking, organized crime, kidnapping, murder, and theft.[73]
On the evening of 14 March 2014, his corpse was handed over to his sister and two nephews in Morelia by state authorities. As they left the forensic installations, they covered their faces in front of cameras and did not specify if they had plans to carry out a funeral for Moreno González.[74][75] His family and friends, however, held a funeral for him at the Santa Cruz funeral home in Altozano, Morelia.[76] They did not comment where the corpse was to be taken,[77] but unconfirmed reports suggested that there were plans to cremate him and scatter his ashes at a village in the Tierra Caliente region in Michoacán.[78]
Personal life and family[edit]
Moreno González enjoyed watching the Godfather Trilogy and the drama film Braveheart.[79]
He went by several nicknames, including but not limited to El Chayo (hypocorism for "Nazario" or "Rosario", the Spanish word for Rosary),[39] Víctor Nazario Castrejón Peña,[80] El Dulce ("The Candy"), El Doctor ("The Doctor"), and El Más Loco ("The Craziest One"),[28][81][82] In 2014, the Mexican government discovered that the drug lord also held the alias Emiliano Morelos Guevara in reference to revolutionary figures Emiliano Zapata, José María Morelos, and Che Guevara.[83]
His father was reportedly Manuel Moreno, who died on July 2013, according to intelligence reports from Mexican federal agents.[4] The drug lord was the uncle or cousin of Uriel Chávez Mendoza, the municipal president (equivalent of mayor) of Apatzingán.[84][85] He was arrested by Mexican authorities on 15 April 2014 for his alleged ties to organized crime.[86] The city councilman Isidro Villanueva Moreno may also be his cousin too.[87] His half brother and cousin of Plancarte Solís, Antonio Magaña Pantoja, was arrested by Mexican authorities in Apatzingán on 9 February 2014.[88] His half brother Heliodoro Moreno Anguiano (alias "El Yoyo") was arrested by Mexican authorities in Apatzingán, Michoacán on 18 February 2014.[89] His nephew Faustino Andrade González was arrested by the Mexican Federal Police in Apatzingán with four other suspected criminals on 5 June 2014.[90]
Published works[edit]
Pensamientos Del Más Loco (The Sayings of the Craziest One)[26]
Me Dicen: El Más Loco (They Call Me The Craziest One) (2010)[91]
See also[edit]
Jesús Malverde
Sources[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Since the gunmen carried away the bodies of their partners during the firefight, it is impossible to know the exact number of people who were killed.[92] The police commander, Elías Álvarez, who led the 2010 operation in Apatzingán, estimated that more than 50 people were killed.[32]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Veneran a fundador de la Familia Michoacana". El Economista (in Spanish). 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c Becerra Acosta, Juan Pablo (16 March 2014). ""El más loco" jugó a la muerte y la resurrección... desde niño". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
3.^ Jump up to: a b Longmire 2011, p. 26.
4.^ Jump up to: a b "Fallece padre de ‘El Chayo’, fundador de los Templarios". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
5.Jump up ^ "El Chayo escribió un libro autobiográfico". Zócalo Saltillo (in Spanish). 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
6.Jump up ^ Herrera Cornejo, Arturo (10 March 2014). "El Chayo". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
7.^ Jump up to: a b Castellanos, Francisco J. (4 August 2012). "El Chayo, santo patrono de la tierra caliente". Proceso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
8.^ Jump up to: a b c Olson, Alexandra (11 December 2010). "Brutal Mexican La Familia cartel chief killed". The Independent. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
9.Jump up ^ Shoichet, Catherine E. (11 December 2010). "Mexican government: Slain drug lord was 'spiritual leader' of cartel". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
10.Jump up ^ "Cartel bosses behind Mexico's violent drug wars". MSNBC. NBC News. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
11.Jump up ^ Rivera, Alicia (13 December 2010). "Preocupa a católicos la conversión de "El Chayo". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
12.^ Jump up to: a b Benson, Rodney G. (4 October 2011). "Is Merida Antiquated? Part Two: Updating US Policy to Counter Threats of Insurgency and Narco-Terrorism" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. p. 6. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
13.Jump up ^ "Mexico offers $2 million for top drug lords". MSNBC. The Associated Press. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
14.Jump up ^ Olson, Alexandra (23 March 2009). "Mexico offers $2 million for top drug lords". El Paso Times. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
15.Jump up ^ "Federal Register Volume 75, Number 41". United States Department of the Treasury. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
16.Jump up ^ De la Luz González, María (13 April 2010). "PF: cártel del Golfo y "La Familia" son aliados". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
17.Jump up ^ "La Familia party leads Mexico police to Nazario Moreno". BBC News. 14 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
18.^ Jump up to: a b c Wilkinson, Tracy (31 March 2009). "Mexico drug traffickers corrupt politics". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
19.Jump up ^ Booth, William (13 June 2009). "A Mexican Cartel's Swift and Grisly Climb". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
20.Jump up ^ Chalk, Peter (18 June 2012). "Profiles of Mexico's Seven Major Drug Trafficking Organizations". Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
21.Jump up ^ Lyman 2010, p. 297.
22.^ Jump up to: a b "El Chayo, el pastor que creó un cartel de narcotráfico". Terra Networks (in Spanish). 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
23.Jump up ^ Fausset, Ricard (11 March 2014). "In life, Mexican cartel boss was revered as a saint". Chicago Tribune. Original story posted by Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
24.Jump up ^ "Personalities: El Chayo". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
25.Jump up ^ Ruiz, Gustavo (10 December 2010). "Mexican official: La Familia cartel chief is believed dead". Salon. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
26.^ Jump up to: a b Medrano, Marcos (20 January 2014). "Capo plasmó idearios en dos libros para reclutar adeptos". Red Política (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
27.^ Jump up to: a b Gómez, Francisco (17 December 2010). "El Chayo", clave en alianzas: expediente". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
28.^ Jump up to: a b "Nazario Moreno, 'El Chayo', un criminal en nombre de la justicia divina". CNNMéxico (in Spanish). 11 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
29.Jump up ^ Levy 2011, p. 132.
30.Jump up ^ "Mexicans March in Support of 'Craziest' Drug Lord". Fox News. 12 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
31.Jump up ^ Weissenstein, Michael (1 November 2011). "At launching point of Mexico's drug war, quasi-religious cartel rules 6 years later". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
32.^ Jump up to: a b Grillo, Ioan (18 June 2012). "Saint, knights and crystal meth; Mexico's bizarre cartel". MSNBC. Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
33.Jump up ^ Tuckerman, Jo (10 December 2012). "Mexican drug cartel chief reported dead in gun skirmish". The Guardian (Mexico City). Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
34.Jump up ^ "Cops: Chief of La Familia Cartel, Nazario Moreno, Believed Dead After Mexican Shootout". CBS News. 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
35.Jump up ^ Lange, Jason (10 December 2010). "Mexican drug lord Moreno gunned down". Reuters (Mexico City). Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
36.Jump up ^ Grillo, Ioan (18 July 2012). "Saint, knights and crystal meth; Mexico's bizarre cartel". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
37.Jump up ^ "La Tuta y Kike Plancarte asumen el control de Los Templarios". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
38.Jump up ^ "Era un secreto a voces que ‘El Chayo’ estaba vivo: Castillo". Milenio (in Spanish). 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
39.^ Jump up to: a b c Cave, Damian (10 December 2010). "Mexicans Suggest That They Killed a Drug Leader". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
40.^ Jump up to: a b Hernandez, Daniel (13 December 2010). "Michoacan peace march turns into rally for La Familia drug lord". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
41.Jump up ^ Hernandez, Daniel (4 January 2011). "Mexico: La Familia offers to cease January 'activities' in public letter". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
42.Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (23 June 2011). "Mexico arrest may do little to change the drug cartel equation". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
43.Jump up ^ "La Empresa que originó a Los Templarios". Milenio (in Spanish). 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
44.^ Jump up to: a b "'Slain' Mexico cartel leader dies a second time". The Washington Post. The Associated Press. 9 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
45.Jump up ^ Stevenson, Mark (22 May 2013). "Knights Templar Drug Cartel Burns Michoacan, Western State In Mexico". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
46.Jump up ^ "Controlan Caballeros templarios exportación de mineral de hierro". La Jornada (in Spanish). 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
47.Jump up ^ Althaus, Dudley (4 June 2014). "Who are Mexico's Knights Templar?". GlobalPost. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
48.Jump up ^ Grillo, Ioan (19 January 2014). "Mexican Vigilantes Beat Back Ruthless Knights Templar Cartel". TIME (magazine). Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
49.Jump up ^ LaFranchi, Howard (9 March 2014). "Mexico's vigilantes: the aftershocks of ousting a cartel (+video)". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
50.Jump up ^ McDermott, Jeremy (9 March 2014). "Breaking News: Mythical Leader of Mexico Cartel Dead - For Sure This Time". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
51.Jump up ^ "La Familia Michoacana deja mensaje para Calderón y Poiré". Blog del Narco (in Spanish). June 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
52.^ Jump up to: a b Ramsey, Geoffrey (12 October 2011). "Is Slain Drug Boss 'El Chayo' Still Alive?". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
53.Jump up ^ "Hallan indicios de vida de narco mexicano Nazario Moreno". Univision (in Spanish). 27 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
54.Jump up ^ Vega, Aurora (27 October 2012). "Hallan indicios de vida de El Chayo ex líder de La Familia Michoacana". Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
55.Jump up ^ Althaus, Dudley (11 June 2012). "Ghost of 'The Craziest One' is Alive in Mexico". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
56.Jump up ^ "La Tuta y Nazario comieron juntos justo cuando llegaron los federales a Michoacán: iglesia". El Diario de Coahuila (in Spanish). 20 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
57.Jump up ^ Johnson, Tim (17 January 2014). "Priests take the lead in fierce revolt against drug gang in Mexico's Michoacan". The McClatchy Company. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
58.Jump up ^ García, Dennis A. (6 February 2014). "Mireles acusa de templaria a la senadora perredista Iris Vianey". La Crónica de Hoy (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
59.Jump up ^ Sánchez, Julián (3 March 2014). "Estuvimos cerca de capturar al Chayo, dicen autodefensas". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
60.Jump up ^ Lohmuller, Michael (6 February 2014). "Rumors Fuel The Legend of the "Narco-Saint". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
61.Jump up ^ "Nazario Moreno: la leyenda de la resurrección del "primer santo narco". Terra Networks (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
62.^ Jump up to: a b c Knott, Tracy (12 July 2012). "Dead Drug Boss 'Sainted' in Mexico". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
63.^ Jump up to: a b "En Michoacán veneran al capo Nazario Moreno". Proceso (in Spanish). 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
64.Jump up ^ Archibold, Randal (14 January 2014). "A Quandary for Mexico as Vigilantes Rise". The New York Times (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
65.Jump up ^ Mosso, Rubén (10 March 2014). "Confirman muerte de 'El Chayo'". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
66.Jump up ^ Shoichet, Catherine E. (9 March 2014). "Notorious Mexican cartel leader Nazario Moreno dead — again". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
67.Jump up ^ Gómora, Doris (9 March 2014). "Huellas dactilares comprueban que abatido es El Chayo". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
68.Jump up ^ "¿Quién era Nazario Moreno 'El Chayo'?". Diario de Juárez (in Spanish). 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
69.Jump up ^ "Refuerzan vigilancia para evitar que roben el cuerpo de El Chayo". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). 9 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
70.Jump up ^ "Resguardan por tierra y aire cuerpo de 'El Chayo'". Red Política (in Spanish). El Universal (Mexico City). 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
71.Jump up ^ (subscription required) "Murió 'El Chayo' de dos impactos de bala". Reforma (in Spanish) (Mexico City). 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
72.Jump up ^ "Trasladan cuerpo de "El Chayo" a Morelia". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. 12 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
73.Jump up ^ Alvarado, Noel F. (10 March 2014). ""El Más Loco" gustaba torturar hasta la muerte a sus rivales". La Prensa (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
74.Jump up ^ (subscription required) García, Adán (14 March 2014). "Entregan cuerpo de 'El Chayo'". El Norte (Monterrey) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
75.Jump up ^ "Entregan cuerpo de "El Chayo" a sus familiares". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
76.Jump up ^ "Velan a 'El Chayo' en Morelia sin presencia militar ni policial". Diario de Juárez (in Spanish). 15 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
77.Jump up ^ "Realizan en Morelia funeral de ‘El Chayo’". Milenio (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. 15 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
78.Jump up ^ Martínez Elorriaga, Ernesto (15 March 2014). "Reducido grupo vela a Nazario Moreno 'El Chayo' en Morelia". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
79.Jump up ^ Grillo, Ioan (22 June 2011). "Top 10 Notorious Mexican Drug Lords: Nazario Moreno González". TIME. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
80.Jump up ^ Araizaga, Jorge Carrasco (21 June 2011). "La entrega del Chango Méndez" (in Spanish). Proceso (magazine). Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
81.Jump up ^ "Golpe a 'La Familia'; murió "El Chayo", uno de los líderes". Organización Editorial Mexicana (in Spanish). 11 December 2010. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
82.Jump up ^ "Perfil Nazario Moreno González, el adoctrinador". El Universal (in Spanish). 10 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
83.Jump up ^ Becerra Acosta, Juan Pablo (10 March 2014). "Nazario narra la muerte de Nazario". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
84.Jump up ^ Gil Olmos, José (29 January 2014). "Narcopolítica michoacana". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
85.Jump up ^ "Difunden nombres de funcionarios Michoacán presuntamente relacionados con Templarios". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). Notimex. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
86.Jump up ^ Martínez, Dalia (15 April 2014). "Caen ediles de Tacámbaro y de Apatzingán". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
87.Jump up ^ "Regidor en Apatzingán podría ser primo de Nazario Moreno González alias El Chayo". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
88.Jump up ^ Mosso, Rubén (9 February 2014). "Capturan a primo de ‘Kike’ Plancarte". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
89.Jump up ^ "Cacería de templarios: caen ‘El Nito’ y medio hermano de ‘El Chayo’". Proceso (magazine) (in Spanish). 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
90.Jump up ^ "Caen familiares de 'El Chayo' y 'El Kike' Plancarte en Apatzingán" (in Spanish). Proceso (magazine). 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
91.Jump up ^ Vargas, J.C. (19 January 2014). "Exhiben excesos de 'templarios'". Excélsior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
92.Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (11 December 2012). "La Familia cartel leader believed killed in Michoacan violence". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Lyman, Michael D. (2010). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control (6th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 1437744508.
Levy, David A. (2011). Echoes of Mind: Thinking Deeply about Humanship (1st ed.). Enso Books. ISBN 0982018576.
Longmire, Sylvia (2011). Cartel: The Coming Invasion of Mexico's Drug Wars (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0230111378.
External links[edit]
La Familia: Another Deadly Mexican Syndicate (archive) — Foreign Policy Research Institute


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Categories: 1970 births
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La Familia Michoacana traffickers
Mexican mob bosses
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazario_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez








Bria Valente

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Bria Valente
Bria v 2.jpg
Bria Valente in December 2006.

Background information

Birth name
Brenda Fuentes
Born
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Genres
R&B
Occupation(s)
Singer
Years active
2001–present
Labels
NPG
Associated acts
Prince
Bria Valente (born Brenda Fuentes)[1] is an American singer. A protégée of Prince, Valente released her debut album, Elixer, as part of a three-album set with Prince's LOtUSFLOW3R and MPLSoUND on March 29, 2009.[1] The collection debuted at #2 on the top Billboard albums chart.[2]
Valente was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She stated in an interview with Tavis Smiley that she first met Prince at the age of 17 at Paisley Park Studios while working with keyboardist Morris Hayes.[3] She later moved to Los Angeles, California, and worked as a model and background dancer for Usher.[1] She is credited with backing vocals on Usher's 2001 album 8701.[citation needed]
Valente returned to Minneapolis, where she began her association with Prince, contributing vocals to his 2007 album, Planet Earth.[1] Valente recorded Elixer in 2009; she sang lead vocals, with Prince on guitar, and Morris Hayes providing beats.[1][4] Prince described it as a quiet storm album.[5] The music review website Metacritic rated the album 49 out of 100, labeling it as having "mixed or average reviews", based on 12 reviews.[6] The album was released through the website lotusflow3r.com, as well as exclusively through U.S. retailer Target.[7]
As of 2010, Valente was Prince's girlfriend. She also became a Jehovah's Witness during this period.[8] Purple Music, a Swiss-based record label releases Bria Valente CD single "2 Nite" on February 23, 2012 as part of a Prince club remixes package including the single "Dance 4 Me" by Prince which was released February 23, 2012.[9]
Discography[edit]
Elixer (2009), NPG Records – debut album, produced by Prince.
2nite (single) (2012), Purple Music Switzerland - remixes by David Alexander and Jamie Lewis, produced by Prince.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bria Valente. Allmusic.
2.Jump up ^ "Keith Urban Scores First No. 1 Album". April 8, 2009. Access Hollywood. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
3.Jump up ^ Bria Valente interview. Tavis Smiley. April 28, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
4.Jump up ^ Michaels, Sean (January 2, 2009) "Prince to release three albums in 2009". The Guardian. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
5.Jump up ^ Edwards, Gavin (April 6, 2009). "Bria Valente: Elixir". Rolling Stone. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
6.Jump up ^ "Bria Valente: Elixir (2009)". Metacritic. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
7.Jump up ^ du Lac, J. Freedom (April 3, 2009). "Prince's new three-album set includes some winners". The San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
8.Jump up ^ Willis, Peter (July 5, 2010). "Prince - world exclusive interview: Peter Willis goes inside the star's secret world". Daily Mirror. Retrieved on July 6, 2010.
9.Jump up ^ Jamie Lewis, Purple Music Label (Feb 23rd, 2012)."[1]".



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American female singers
American rhythm and blues singers
Living people
Musicians from Minnesota
Prince (musician)








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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bria_Valente








Bria Valente

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Bria Valente
Bria v 2.jpg
Bria Valente in December 2006.

Background information

Birth name
Brenda Fuentes
Born
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Genres
R&B
Occupation(s)
Singer
Years active
2001–present
Labels
NPG
Associated acts
Prince
Bria Valente (born Brenda Fuentes)[1] is an American singer. A protégée of Prince, Valente released her debut album, Elixer, as part of a three-album set with Prince's LOtUSFLOW3R and MPLSoUND on March 29, 2009.[1] The collection debuted at #2 on the top Billboard albums chart.[2]
Valente was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She stated in an interview with Tavis Smiley that she first met Prince at the age of 17 at Paisley Park Studios while working with keyboardist Morris Hayes.[3] She later moved to Los Angeles, California, and worked as a model and background dancer for Usher.[1] She is credited with backing vocals on Usher's 2001 album 8701.[citation needed]
Valente returned to Minneapolis, where she began her association with Prince, contributing vocals to his 2007 album, Planet Earth.[1] Valente recorded Elixer in 2009; she sang lead vocals, with Prince on guitar, and Morris Hayes providing beats.[1][4] Prince described it as a quiet storm album.[5] The music review website Metacritic rated the album 49 out of 100, labeling it as having "mixed or average reviews", based on 12 reviews.[6] The album was released through the website lotusflow3r.com, as well as exclusively through U.S. retailer Target.[7]
As of 2010, Valente was Prince's girlfriend. She also became a Jehovah's Witness during this period.[8] Purple Music, a Swiss-based record label releases Bria Valente CD single "2 Nite" on February 23, 2012 as part of a Prince club remixes package including the single "Dance 4 Me" by Prince which was released February 23, 2012.[9]
Discography[edit]
Elixer (2009), NPG Records – debut album, produced by Prince.
2nite (single) (2012), Purple Music Switzerland - remixes by David Alexander and Jamie Lewis, produced by Prince.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bria Valente. Allmusic.
2.Jump up ^ "Keith Urban Scores First No. 1 Album". April 8, 2009. Access Hollywood. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
3.Jump up ^ Bria Valente interview. Tavis Smiley. April 28, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
4.Jump up ^ Michaels, Sean (January 2, 2009) "Prince to release three albums in 2009". The Guardian. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
5.Jump up ^ Edwards, Gavin (April 6, 2009). "Bria Valente: Elixir". Rolling Stone. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
6.Jump up ^ "Bria Valente: Elixir (2009)". Metacritic. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
7.Jump up ^ du Lac, J. Freedom (April 3, 2009). "Prince's new three-album set includes some winners". The San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved on June 26, 2009.
8.Jump up ^ Willis, Peter (July 5, 2010). "Prince - world exclusive interview: Peter Willis goes inside the star's secret world". Daily Mirror. Retrieved on July 6, 2010.
9.Jump up ^ Jamie Lewis, Purple Music Label (Feb 23rd, 2012)."[1]".



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American female singers
American rhythm and blues singers
Living people
Musicians from Minnesota
Prince (musician)








Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Contents
Featured content
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Random article
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About Wikipedia
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Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages

Edit links
This page was last modified on 3 January 2015, at 04:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
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Powered by MediaWiki
 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bria_Valente








Margaret Keane

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Margaret Keane

Born
Peggy Doris Hawkins
 1927 (age 87–88)
Nashville, Tennessee
Other names
Peggy Ulbrich, MDH Keane, Margaret McGuire
Occupation
Artist
Spouse(s)
Frank Richard Ulbrich,
Walter Keane (m. 1955; div. 1965),
 Daniel Francis McGuire (m. 1970)
Children
1
Website
www.keane-eyes.com
Margaret D. H. Keane (born Peggy Doris Hawkins; September 15, 1927) is an American artist who mainly paints women, children, and animals with big eyes in oil or mixed media.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career and style
3 Media portrayal
4 References
5 External links

Early life[edit]
Margaret Keane was born in Tennessee. She was well known at the local church for her sketches of angels with big eyes and floppy wings.
Career and style[edit]
Keane's works are recognizable by the oversized, doe-like eyes of her subjects.[1]
In the 1960s, her artwork was sold under the name of her husband, Walter Keane, who claimed credit for it.[2] On November 1, 1964, she left him and moved from San Francisco to Hawaii, where she met Honolulu sports writer Dan McGuire. She divorced Keane in 1965 and married McGuire in 1970.[3]
In 1970, Keane announced to the world, via radio broadcast, that she was the true creator of the paintings.
When she sued Walter in federal court for slander, the judge famously ordered both Margaret and Walter to each create a big-eyed child painting there in the courtroom in order to determine who was telling the truth. Walter declined, citing a sore shoulder, whereas she completed her painting in 53 minutes. After a three-week trial, the jury awarded her $4 million in damages.[1][4] A federal appeals court upheld the verdict of defamation in 1990, but overturned the $4 million damage award.[5]
The works Keane created while living in the shadow of her husband tended to depict sad-looking children in dark settings. After she left Walter Keane, moved to Hawaii, and became one of Jehovah's Witnesses, her work took on a happier, brighter style. Keane's website now advertises her work as having "tears of joy" or "tears of happiness".[6]
Actresses Joan Crawford and Natalie Wood commissioned Keane to paint their portraits.[7][8] In the 1990s, Tim Burton, a Keane artwork collector and later director of the film Big Eyes (about Keane), commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of his then-girlfriend Lisa Marie.[9]
As of 2015, Keane lives in Napa County, California.[10][11]
Media portrayal[edit]
In 1973, Woody Allen's comedy Sleeper features people of the future, who consider Keane to be one of the greatest artists in history.
In the 1980s, the television series Saturday Night Live aired a skit featuring Keane's work as a parody of the reaction against modern art (e.g., Cubism or the New York Armory Show). Additionally, in the sitcom Newhart, Bob looks at a Keane-inspired painting with his puzzled observation as, "Children with big ears?"
In 1998, cartoon series the Powerpuff Girls debuts by animator Craig McCracken, featuring leads based on Keane's "waifs" (and a character named "Ms. Keane").
In 1999, Matthew Sweet's album In Reverse features one of Keane's oil paintings on its cover.[12]
Keane and her former husband Walter are the main focus of the 2014 biographical film Big Eyes, in which Keane was portrayed by actress Amy Adams.[13] The film was directed by Tim Burton, a Keane collector.[9]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Tim Burton 'Big Eyes' Movie Tells The Story Of Art Couple Margaret and Walter Keane...". Huffington Post. April 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
2.Jump up ^ Ryzik, Melen (December 18, 2014). "The Artist Margaret Keane, Vindicated in Tim Burton's Film". The New York Times.
3.Jump up ^ "Big Eyes and All: The Unofficial Biography of Margaret Keane", page 27
4.Jump up ^ Kunen, James S. (23 June 1986). "Margaret Keane's Artful Case Proves That She—and Not Her Ex-Husband—made Waifs". People.
5.Jump up ^ "Keane left isles for California in '91". Honolulu Star Bulletin. August 6, 1997.
6.Jump up ^ "My Life as a Famous Artist", Awake!, July 8, 1975
7.Jump up ^ "Joan Crawford Awards, Art, and Other Personal Items". The Best of Everything: A Joan Crawford Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
8.Jump up ^ Bas, Borja (July 19, 2013). "El infierno de la artista que iluminó a Tim Burton" [The Artist Who Brightened Tim Burton Lived Through Hell]. El País. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
9.^ Jump up to: a b “The big-eyed children: the extraordinary story of an epic art fraud”, “The Guardian”, October 26, 2014, Retrieved 2014-10-28.
10.Jump up ^ Jesse Hamlin (December 14, 2014). "Artist Margaret Keane hasn’t lost wide-eyed enthusiasm for work". SF Chronicle.
11.Jump up ^ Keane Eyes Gallery
12.Jump up ^ Stratton, Jeff (February 2, 2000). "Matthew Sweet".
13.Jump up ^ "Harvey Weinstein Praises ‘Big Eyes’ Screenwriters-Producers at Film’s Premiere". Variety.
External links[edit]
##Margaret Keane info available on the Laguna Museum web site
##Official Collectors Gallery by Copper State Design
##Ask Art
##An excerpt transcribed from Awake! magazine of July 8, 1975 reposted by Megan Besmirched
##Keane Eyes Gallery


Authority control
VIAF: 125096410 ·
 GND: 142435619 ·
 ULAN: 500333900 ·
 RKD: 296851
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American women painters
Painters from California
Painters from Tennessee
1927 births
Living people
People from Nashville, Tennessee
20th-century American painters








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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Keane








Margaret Keane

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Jump to: navigation, search


Margaret Keane

Born
Peggy Doris Hawkins
 1927 (age 87–88)
Nashville, Tennessee
Other names
Peggy Ulbrich, MDH Keane, Margaret McGuire
Occupation
Artist
Spouse(s)
Frank Richard Ulbrich,
Walter Keane (m. 1955; div. 1965),
 Daniel Francis McGuire (m. 1970)
Children
1
Website
www.keane-eyes.com
Margaret D. H. Keane (born Peggy Doris Hawkins; September 15, 1927) is an American artist who mainly paints women, children, and animals with big eyes in oil or mixed media.


Contents  [hide]
1 Early life
2 Career and style
3 Media portrayal
4 References
5 External links

Early life[edit]
Margaret Keane was born in Tennessee. She was well known at the local church for her sketches of angels with big eyes and floppy wings.
Career and style[edit]
Keane's works are recognizable by the oversized, doe-like eyes of her subjects.[1]
In the 1960s, her artwork was sold under the name of her husband, Walter Keane, who claimed credit for it.[2] On November 1, 1964, she left him and moved from San Francisco to Hawaii, where she met Honolulu sports writer Dan McGuire. She divorced Keane in 1965 and married McGuire in 1970.[3]
In 1970, Keane announced to the world, via radio broadcast, that she was the true creator of the paintings.
When she sued Walter in federal court for slander, the judge famously ordered both Margaret and Walter to each create a big-eyed child painting there in the courtroom in order to determine who was telling the truth. Walter declined, citing a sore shoulder, whereas she completed her painting in 53 minutes. After a three-week trial, the jury awarded her $4 million in damages.[1][4] A federal appeals court upheld the verdict of defamation in 1990, but overturned the $4 million damage award.[5]
The works Keane created while living in the shadow of her husband tended to depict sad-looking children in dark settings. After she left Walter Keane, moved to Hawaii, and became one of Jehovah's Witnesses, her work took on a happier, brighter style. Keane's website now advertises her work as having "tears of joy" or "tears of happiness".[6]
Actresses Joan Crawford and Natalie Wood commissioned Keane to paint their portraits.[7][8] In the 1990s, Tim Burton, a Keane artwork collector and later director of the film Big Eyes (about Keane), commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of his then-girlfriend Lisa Marie.[9]
As of 2015, Keane lives in Napa County, California.[10][11]
Media portrayal[edit]
In 1973, Woody Allen's comedy Sleeper features people of the future, who consider Keane to be one of the greatest artists in history.
In the 1980s, the television series Saturday Night Live aired a skit featuring Keane's work as a parody of the reaction against modern art (e.g., Cubism or the New York Armory Show). Additionally, in the sitcom Newhart, Bob looks at a Keane-inspired painting with his puzzled observation as, "Children with big ears?"
In 1998, cartoon series the Powerpuff Girls debuts by animator Craig McCracken, featuring leads based on Keane's "waifs" (and a character named "Ms. Keane").
In 1999, Matthew Sweet's album In Reverse features one of Keane's oil paintings on its cover.[12]
Keane and her former husband Walter are the main focus of the 2014 biographical film Big Eyes, in which Keane was portrayed by actress Amy Adams.[13] The film was directed by Tim Burton, a Keane collector.[9]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Tim Burton 'Big Eyes' Movie Tells The Story Of Art Couple Margaret and Walter Keane...". Huffington Post. April 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
2.Jump up ^ Ryzik, Melen (December 18, 2014). "The Artist Margaret Keane, Vindicated in Tim Burton's Film". The New York Times.
3.Jump up ^ "Big Eyes and All: The Unofficial Biography of Margaret Keane", page 27
4.Jump up ^ Kunen, James S. (23 June 1986). "Margaret Keane's Artful Case Proves That She—and Not Her Ex-Husband—made Waifs". People.
5.Jump up ^ "Keane left isles for California in '91". Honolulu Star Bulletin. August 6, 1997.
6.Jump up ^ "My Life as a Famous Artist", Awake!, July 8, 1975
7.Jump up ^ "Joan Crawford Awards, Art, and Other Personal Items". The Best of Everything: A Joan Crawford Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
8.Jump up ^ Bas, Borja (July 19, 2013). "El infierno de la artista que iluminó a Tim Burton" [The Artist Who Brightened Tim Burton Lived Through Hell]. El País. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
9.^ Jump up to: a b “The big-eyed children: the extraordinary story of an epic art fraud”, “The Guardian”, October 26, 2014, Retrieved 2014-10-28.
10.Jump up ^ Jesse Hamlin (December 14, 2014). "Artist Margaret Keane hasn’t lost wide-eyed enthusiasm for work". SF Chronicle.
11.Jump up ^ Keane Eyes Gallery
12.Jump up ^ Stratton, Jeff (February 2, 2000). "Matthew Sweet".
13.Jump up ^ "Harvey Weinstein Praises ‘Big Eyes’ Screenwriters-Producers at Film’s Premiere". Variety.
External links[edit]
##Margaret Keane info available on the Laguna Museum web site
##Official Collectors Gallery by Copper State Design
##Ask Art
##An excerpt transcribed from Awake! magazine of July 8, 1975 reposted by Megan Besmirched
##Keane Eyes Gallery


Authority control
VIAF: 125096410 ·
 GND: 142435619 ·
 ULAN: 500333900 ·
 RKD: 296851
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: American women painters
Painters from California
Painters from Tennessee
1927 births
Living people
People from Nashville, Tennessee
20th-century American painters








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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Keane








Ida Stover Eisenhower

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Jump to: navigation, search

Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower (May 1, 1862 – September 11, 1946) was the mother of U.S. President Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969), and university president Milton Stover Eisenhower (1899–1985) as well as Edgar N. Eisenhower (1889–1971), and Earl D. Eisenhower (1898–1968).
She was born in Mount Sidney, Virginia, the only daughter of Elizabeth Ida Judah Link and Simon P. Stover.
She was christened Elizabeth Ida in the Salem Lutheran Church, Mount Sidney, Virginia (currently the Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church). She was orphaned on the deaths of her mother, Elizabeth Link Stover (1822–1867), originally Elizabeth Juda according to Salem Church baptismal records but later changed to Elizabeth Ida, and father, Simon Stover (1822–1873).
She lived with her maternal grandparents, William Link and Esther Schindler Link, on their farm until William's death in 1879, and then with her maternal uncle and aunt, William J. Link and Susan Cook Link, on their farm until age twenty-one whereupon she joined two of her brothers Stover who had moved to Kansas. Ida was five years old when her mother died; she was sent to live with her maternal grandparents, then with maternal uncle and aunt, and on turning twenty-one years of age to her elder brothers in Kansas, as described in the preceding sentence. They did not believe girls should be educated, and instead pushed her to memorize the Bible. When Ida was ready to go to high school, she was told that she couldn't, so she ran away.
Stover graduated from high school at age 19 and taught for two years[citation needed] before entering Lane University, where she met her future husband, David Jacob Eisenhower.[1]
On September 23, 1885 in Lecompton, Kansas on the campus of their alma mater, Lane University, she married David Jacob Eisenhower (1863–1942), of German and Swiss ancestry. He was a college-educated engineer but had trouble making a living and the family was always poor.[2]
In the 1890s Ida left the River Brethren Christian group, and joined the International Bible Students, which would evolve into what is now known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall for the Bible Students from 1896 to 1915 but her sons, although raised there, never joined the movement.[3]
She was a lifelong pacifist,[4] so Dwight's decision to attend West Point saddened her. She felt that warfare was "rather wicked," but she did not overrule him.[5]
In 1945 Stover was named Kansas Mother of the Year.[6]
Dwight Eisenhower said of her:
"Many such persons of her faith, selflessness, and boundless consideration of others have been called saintly. She was that—but above all she was a worker, an administrator, a teacher and guide, a truly wonderful woman."[7]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "I Chose My Way". Time. Time, Inc. September 23, 1946. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
2.Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (1983) pp 13-14
3.Jump up ^ Jerry Bergman, "Steeped in Religion: President Eisenhower and the Influence of the Jehovah's Witnesses," Kansas History, (Aut. 1998)
4.Jump up ^ "Eisenhower: A Factual Sketch". time.com. Time. 1952-04-07. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
5.Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este, Eisenhower: a soldier's life (2002) p. 58
6.Jump up ^ "Women's Studies : A Guide to the Historical Holdings in the Eisenhower Library" (PDF). www.eisenhower.archives.gov. Eisenhower Library. April 1994. p. 11. Retrieved 2008-09-05.[dead link]
7.Jump up ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. At Ease. Doubleday, 1967, p. 306.
External links[edit]
Mrs. J.E. Johntz Papers regarding the Selection of Ida Stover Eisenhower as Kansas Mother of the Year (1945), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Dwight D. Eisenhower


October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969
 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) ·
 Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1951–1952) ·
 Chief of Staff of the Army (1945–1948) ·
 Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, 1943-1945
 

Military
 career
Military career ·
 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy ·
 Louisiana Maneuvers ·
 Operation Torch ·
 European Theater of Operations ·
 Allied invasion of Sicily ·
 Normandy landings ·
 Operation Veritable ·
 Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany  (Disarmed Enemy Forces ·
 European Advisory Commission)
   ·
 Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
 

Presidency
Presidency ·
 1953 inauguration ·
 1957 inauguration ·
 Korean War Armistice ·
 1953 Iranian coup d'état ·
 Chance for Peace speech ·
 Atoms for Peace speech ·
 Civil Rights Act of 1957 ·
 Cold War  (Domino theory ·
 Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization ·
 New Look policy ·
 1955 Geneva Summit ·
 1960 U-2 incident)
   ·
 NASA ·
 DARPA ·
 National Defense Education Act ·
 Interstate Highway System ·
 Suez Crisis ·
 Eisenhower Doctrine ·
 Little Rock Nine intervention ·
 Operation 40 ·
 Farewell address / "Military–industrial complex" ·
 Office of Food for Peace ·
 President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports ·
 People to People Student Ambassador Program ·
 State of the Union Address (1955 ·
 1956 ·
 1960) ·
 Cabinet ·
 Judicial appointments  (Supreme Court)
 
 

Books
Crusade in Europe (1948)
 

Elections
Draft Eisenhower movement ·
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948 ·
 1952 ·
 1956 ·
 Republican National Convention, 1952 ·
 1956 ·
 United States Presidential election, 1952 ·
 1956
 

Legacy
Birthplace ·
 Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite  (Boyhood home)
   ·
 Eisenhower National Historic Site ·
 Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial ·
 Eisenhower Executive Office Building ·
 Eisenhower Fellowships ·
 Eisenhower Institute ·
 Eisenhower Monument ·
 Eisenhower dollar  (commemorative)
   ·
 Postage stamps ·
 Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center ·
 Eisenhower Medical Center ·
 Eisenhower Trophy ·
 Eisenhower Golf Club ·
 Eisenhower Theater ·
 Places named for Eisenhower ·
 Other tributes and memorials
 

Popular
 culture
Eisenhower jacket ·
 Eisenhower Tree ·
 Crusade in Europe (1949 television series) ·
 Ike (1979 miniseries) ·
 Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004 film) ·
 Pressure (2014 play)
 

Family
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (wife) ·
 Doud Eisenhower (son) ·
 John Eisenhower (son) ·
 David Eisenhower (grandson) ·
 Susan Eisenhower (granddaughter) ·
 Mary Jean Eisenhower (granddaughter) ·
 Jennie Eisenhower (great-granddaughter) ·
 Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower (mother) ·
 David Jacob Eisenhower (father) ·
 Earl D. Eisenhower (brother) ·
 Edgar N. Eisenhower (brother) ·
 Milton S. Eisenhower (brother)
 

Related
Eisenhower baseball controversy ·
 Camp David ·
 "And I don't care what it is" ·
 Atoms for Peace Award ·
 Eddie Slovik ·
 Kay Summersby
 

← Harry S. Truman ·
 John F. Kennedy →
 Commons page Commons ·
 Wikibooks page Wikibooks ·
 Wikiquote page Wikiquote ·
 Wikisource page Wikisource texts
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1862 births
1946 deaths
American people of German descent
American Christian pacifists
Eisenhower family
People from Augusta County, Virginia







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This page was last modified on 17 April 2015, at 21:17.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Stover_Eisenhower








Ida Stover Eisenhower

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower (May 1, 1862 – September 11, 1946) was the mother of U.S. President Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969), and university president Milton Stover Eisenhower (1899–1985) as well as Edgar N. Eisenhower (1889–1971), and Earl D. Eisenhower (1898–1968).
She was born in Mount Sidney, Virginia, the only daughter of Elizabeth Ida Judah Link and Simon P. Stover.
She was christened Elizabeth Ida in the Salem Lutheran Church, Mount Sidney, Virginia (currently the Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church). She was orphaned on the deaths of her mother, Elizabeth Link Stover (1822–1867), originally Elizabeth Juda according to Salem Church baptismal records but later changed to Elizabeth Ida, and father, Simon Stover (1822–1873).
She lived with her maternal grandparents, William Link and Esther Schindler Link, on their farm until William's death in 1879, and then with her maternal uncle and aunt, William J. Link and Susan Cook Link, on their farm until age twenty-one whereupon she joined two of her brothers Stover who had moved to Kansas. Ida was five years old when her mother died; she was sent to live with her maternal grandparents, then with maternal uncle and aunt, and on turning twenty-one years of age to her elder brothers in Kansas, as described in the preceding sentence. They did not believe girls should be educated, and instead pushed her to memorize the Bible. When Ida was ready to go to high school, she was told that she couldn't, so she ran away.
Stover graduated from high school at age 19 and taught for two years[citation needed] before entering Lane University, where she met her future husband, David Jacob Eisenhower.[1]
On September 23, 1885 in Lecompton, Kansas on the campus of their alma mater, Lane University, she married David Jacob Eisenhower (1863–1942), of German and Swiss ancestry. He was a college-educated engineer but had trouble making a living and the family was always poor.[2]
In the 1890s Ida left the River Brethren Christian group, and joined the International Bible Students, which would evolve into what is now known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall for the Bible Students from 1896 to 1915 but her sons, although raised there, never joined the movement.[3]
She was a lifelong pacifist,[4] so Dwight's decision to attend West Point saddened her. She felt that warfare was "rather wicked," but she did not overrule him.[5]
In 1945 Stover was named Kansas Mother of the Year.[6]
Dwight Eisenhower said of her:
"Many such persons of her faith, selflessness, and boundless consideration of others have been called saintly. She was that—but above all she was a worker, an administrator, a teacher and guide, a truly wonderful woman."[7]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "I Chose My Way". Time. Time, Inc. September 23, 1946. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
2.Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (1983) pp 13-14
3.Jump up ^ Jerry Bergman, "Steeped in Religion: President Eisenhower and the Influence of the Jehovah's Witnesses," Kansas History, (Aut. 1998)
4.Jump up ^ "Eisenhower: A Factual Sketch". time.com. Time. 1952-04-07. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
5.Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este, Eisenhower: a soldier's life (2002) p. 58
6.Jump up ^ "Women's Studies : A Guide to the Historical Holdings in the Eisenhower Library" (PDF). www.eisenhower.archives.gov. Eisenhower Library. April 1994. p. 11. Retrieved 2008-09-05.[dead link]
7.Jump up ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. At Ease. Doubleday, 1967, p. 306.
External links[edit]
Mrs. J.E. Johntz Papers regarding the Selection of Ida Stover Eisenhower as Kansas Mother of the Year (1945), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Dwight D. Eisenhower


October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969
 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) ·
 Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1951–1952) ·
 Chief of Staff of the Army (1945–1948) ·
 Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, 1943-1945
 

Military
 career
Military career ·
 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy ·
 Louisiana Maneuvers ·
 Operation Torch ·
 European Theater of Operations ·
 Allied invasion of Sicily ·
 Normandy landings ·
 Operation Veritable ·
 Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany  (Disarmed Enemy Forces ·
 European Advisory Commission)
   ·
 Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
 

Presidency
Presidency ·
 1953 inauguration ·
 1957 inauguration ·
 Korean War Armistice ·
 1953 Iranian coup d'état ·
 Chance for Peace speech ·
 Atoms for Peace speech ·
 Civil Rights Act of 1957 ·
 Cold War  (Domino theory ·
 Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization ·
 New Look policy ·
 1955 Geneva Summit ·
 1960 U-2 incident)
   ·
 NASA ·
 DARPA ·
 National Defense Education Act ·
 Interstate Highway System ·
 Suez Crisis ·
 Eisenhower Doctrine ·
 Little Rock Nine intervention ·
 Operation 40 ·
 Farewell address / "Military–industrial complex" ·
 Office of Food for Peace ·
 President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports ·
 People to People Student Ambassador Program ·
 State of the Union Address (1955 ·
 1956 ·
 1960) ·
 Cabinet ·
 Judicial appointments  (Supreme Court)
 
 

Books
Crusade in Europe (1948)
 

Elections
Draft Eisenhower movement ·
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948 ·
 1952 ·
 1956 ·
 Republican National Convention, 1952 ·
 1956 ·
 United States Presidential election, 1952 ·
 1956
 

Legacy
Birthplace ·
 Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite  (Boyhood home)
   ·
 Eisenhower National Historic Site ·
 Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial ·
 Eisenhower Executive Office Building ·
 Eisenhower Fellowships ·
 Eisenhower Institute ·
 Eisenhower Monument ·
 Eisenhower dollar  (commemorative)
   ·
 Postage stamps ·
 Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center ·
 Eisenhower Medical Center ·
 Eisenhower Trophy ·
 Eisenhower Golf Club ·
 Eisenhower Theater ·
 Places named for Eisenhower ·
 Other tributes and memorials
 

Popular
 culture
Eisenhower jacket ·
 Eisenhower Tree ·
 Crusade in Europe (1949 television series) ·
 Ike (1979 miniseries) ·
 Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004 film) ·
 Pressure (2014 play)
 

Family
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (wife) ·
 Doud Eisenhower (son) ·
 John Eisenhower (son) ·
 David Eisenhower (grandson) ·
 Susan Eisenhower (granddaughter) ·
 Mary Jean Eisenhower (granddaughter) ·
 Jennie Eisenhower (great-granddaughter) ·
 Ida Elizabeth Stover Eisenhower (mother) ·
 David Jacob Eisenhower (father) ·
 Earl D. Eisenhower (brother) ·
 Edgar N. Eisenhower (brother) ·
 Milton S. Eisenhower (brother)
 

Related
Eisenhower baseball controversy ·
 Camp David ·
 "And I don't care what it is" ·
 Atoms for Peace Award ·
 Eddie Slovik ·
 Kay Summersby
 

← Harry S. Truman ·
 John F. Kennedy →
 Commons page Commons ·
 Wikibooks page Wikibooks ·
 Wikiquote page Wikiquote ·
 Wikisource page Wikisource texts
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Categories: 1862 births
1946 deaths
American people of German descent
American Christian pacifists
Eisenhower family
People from Augusta County, Virginia







Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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What links here
Related changes
Upload file
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Permanent link
Page information
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Cite this page

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Download as PDF
Printable version

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This page was last modified on 17 April 2015, at 21:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Stover_Eisenhower