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Brandon Teena

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Brandon Teena
BrandonTeena.jpg
Born
Teena Renae Brandon
December 12, 1972
Lincoln, Nebraska
Died
December 31, 1993 (aged 21)
Humboldt, Nebraska
Cause of death
Murder by gunshot
Resting place
Lincoln Memorial Park[1]
Nationality
American
Other names
Billy Brinson
 Teena Ray
Parents
Patrick and JoAnn Brandon
Brandon Teena (December 12, 1972 – December 31, 1993) was an American trans man, a female to male transgender person, who was raped and murdered in Humboldt, Nebraska.[2][3][4] His life and death were the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1999 film Boys Don't Cry, which was based on the documentary film The Brandon Teena Story. Teena's violent death, along with the murder of Matthew Shepard, led to increased lobbying for hate crime laws in the United States.[5]

Contents
  [hide] 1 Life 1.1 Sexual assault and murder
2 Cultural and legal legacy
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Life[edit]
Teena was born Teena Renae Brandon in Lincoln, Nebraska, the younger of two children to Patrick and JoAnn Brandon. His father died in a car accident eight months before he was born, and he was raised by his mother.[6] JoAnn named her second child after their German shepherd dog, Tina Marie.[6] Teena and his older sister Tammy lived with their maternal grandmother in Lincoln, before they were reclaimed by their mother when Teena was three years old and Tammy was six years old. The family resided in the Pine Acre Mobile Home Park in northeast Lincoln, and JoAnn worked as a clerk in a women's retail store in Lincoln to support the family. As young children, Teena and Tammy were sexually abused by their uncle for several years,[6][7] and Teena and his mother JoAnn sought counselling for this in 1991.[8] JoAnn remarried once from 1975 to 1980, with the marriage having failed due to her husband's alcoholism.[6] Teena's family described him as being a tomboy since early childhood; Teena began identifying as male during adolescence and dated a female student during this period. His mother rejected his male identity and continued referring to him as her daughter. On several occasions Teena claimed to be intersex though this assertion was later disproved.[9]
Teena and his sister attended St. Mary's Elementary School and Pius X High School in Lincoln, where Teena was remembered as being socially awkward.[6] During his sophomore year, Teena rejected Christianity after he protested to a priest at Pius X regarding Christian views on abstinence and homosexuality.[6] He also began rebelling at school by violating the school dress-code policy to dress more masculine. During the first semester of his senior year, a U.S. Army recruiter visited the high school, encouraging students to enlist in the armed forces. Teena enlisted in the United States Army shortly after his eighteenth birthday, and hoped to serve a tour of duty in Operation Desert Shield. However, he failed the written entrance exam by listing his sex as male.[6]
In December 1990, Teena went to Holiday Skate Park with his friends, binding his breasts to pass as a boy. The 18-year-old Teena went on a date with a 13-year old girl. He also met the girl's 14-year-old friend, Heather,[6] and began cross-dressing regularly in an attempt to attract teenage women. In the months nearing his high school graduation, Teena became unusually outgoing and was remembered by classmates as a "class clown".[6] Teena also began skipping school and receiving failing grades, and was expelled from Pius X High School in June 1991, three days before high school graduation.[6]
In the summer of 1991, Teena began his first major relationship, with Heather. Shortly after, Teena was first employed as a gas station attendant in an attempt to purchase a trailer home for himself and his girlfriend. His mother, however, did not approve of the relationship, and convinced her daughter to follow Teena in order to know if the relationship was platonic or sexual.[6]
In January 1992 Teena underwent a psychiatric evaluation, which concluded that Teena was suffering from a severe "sexual identity crisis".[6] He was later taken to the Lancaster County Crisis Center to ensure that he was not suicidal. Teena later confessed to his mother that he had been raped by a male relative as a young child. He was released from the center three days later and began attending therapy sessions with his mother four times per week, which ended two weeks later.[6]
In 1993, after some legal trouble, Teena moved to the Falls City region of Richardson County, Nebraska, where he identified solely as a man. He became friends with several local residents. After moving into the home of Lisa Lambert, Teena began dating her friend, 19-year-old Lana Tisdel, and began associating with ex-convicts John L. Lotter (born May 31, 1971) and Marvin Thomas "Tom" Nissen (born October 22, 1971).
On December 19, 1993, Teena was arrested for forging checks; Tisdel paid his bail. Because Teena was in the female section of the jail, Tisdel learned that he was transgender. When Tisdel later questioned Teena about his gender, he told her he was a hermaphrodite pursuing a sex change operation, and they continued dating.[9] In a lawsuit regarding the film adaptation Boys Don't Cry, this was disputed by Tisdel.[10][11] Teena's arrest was posted in the local paper under his birth name and his acquaintances subsequently learned that he was anatomically female.
Sexual assault and murder[edit]
During a Christmas Eve party, Nissen and Lotter grabbed Teena and forced him to remove his pants, proving to Tisdel that Teena was anatomically female. Tisdel said nothing and looked only when they forced her to. Lotter and Nissen later assaulted Teena, and forced him into a car. They drove to an area by a meat-packing plant in Richardson County, where they assaulted and raped him. They then returned to Nissen's home where the two men ordered Teena to take a shower. Teena escaped from Nissen's bathroom by climbing out the window, and went to Tisdel's house. He was convinced by Tisdel to file a police report, though Nissen and Lotter had warned Teena not to tell the police about the rape or they would "silence him permanently". Teena also went to the emergency room where a standard rape kit was assembled, and later lost. Sheriff Charles B. Laux questioned Teena about the rape; reportedly, he seemed especially interested in Teena's transsexuality, to the point that Teena found his questions rude and unnecessary, and refused to answer. Nissen and Lotter learned of the report, and they began to search for Teena. They did not find him, and three days later the police questioned them. The sheriff declined to have them arrested due to lack of evidence.
Around 1:00am on December 31, 1993, Nissen and Lotter drove to Lambert’s house and broke in. They found Lambert in bed and demanded to know where Teena was. Lambert refused to tell them. Nissen searched and found Teena under the bed. The men asked Lambert if there was anyone else in the house, and she replied that Phillip DeVine, who at the time was dating Tisdel's sister,[9] was staying with her. They then shot and killed DeVine, Lambert and Teena in front of Lambert's toddler.[12] Nissen would later testify in court that he noticed that Teena was twitching, and asked Lotter for a knife, with which Nissen stabbed him, to ensure that he was dead.[13][14] Nissen and Lotter then left, later being arrested and charged with murder.[12]
Brandon Teena is buried in Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in Lincoln, Nebraska, his headstone inscribed with his birth name and the epitaph daughter, sister, & friend.[1]
Nissen accused Lotter of committing the murders. In exchange for a reduced sentence, Nissen admitted to being an accessory to the rape and murder. Nissen testified against Lotter and was sentenced to life in prison. Lotter proceeded to deny the veracity of Nissen’s testimony, and his testimony was discredited. The jury found Lotter guilty of murder and he received the death penalty. Lotter and Nissen both appealed their convictions, and their cases have gone to review. In September 2007, Nissen recanted his testimony against Lotter. He claimed that he was the only one to shoot Teena and that Lotter had not committed the murders.[15] In 2009, Lotter's appeal, using Nissen's new testimony to assert a claim of innocence, was rejected by the Nebraska Supreme Court, which held that since—even under Nissen's revised testimony—both Lotter and Nissen were involved in the murder, the specific identity of the shooter was legally irrelevant.[16] In August 2011, a three-judge panel of the Eighth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals rejected John Lotter's appeal in a split decision.[14] In October 2011, the Eighth Circuit rejected Lotter's request for a rehearing by the panel or the full Eighth Circuit en banc.[17] Lotter next petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for a review of his case. The Supreme Court declined to review Lotter's case, denying his petition for writ of certiorari on March 19, 2012, and a further petition for rehearing on April 23, 2012,[18][19] leaving his conviction to stand.
Cultural and legal legacy[edit]
Because Teena had neither commenced hormone replacement therapy nor had sex reassignment surgery, he has sometimes been identified as a lesbian by media reporters.[20] However, some reported that Teena had stated that he planned to have sex reassignment surgery.[21]
JoAnn Brandon sued Richardson County and Sheriff Laux for failing to prevent Teena's death, as well as being an indirect cause. She won the case, and was awarded $80,000. District court judge Orville Coady reduced the amount by 85 percent based on the responsibility of Nissen and Lotter, and by one percent for Brandon's alleged contributory negligence. This led to a remaining judgment of responsibility against Richardson County and Laux of $17,360.97.[22] In 2001, the Nebraska Supreme Court reversed the reductions of the earlier award reinstating the full $80,000 award for "mental suffering", plus $6,223.20 for funeral costs. In October 2001, the same judge awarded the plaintiff an additional $12,000: $5,000 for wrongful death, and $7,000 for the intentional infliction of emotional distress.[22][23] Laux was also criticized after the murder for his attitude – at one point Laux referred to Teena as "it".[24]
In 1999, Teena became the subject of a biopic entitled Boys Don't Cry, directed by Kimberly Peirce and starring Hilary Swank as Teena and Chloë Sevigny as Tisdel. For their performances, Swank won and Sevigny was nominated for an Academy Award. Tisdel sued the producers of the film for unauthorized use of her name and likeness before the film's release. She claimed the film depicted her as "lazy, white trash, and a skanky snake". Tisdel also claimed that the film falsely portrayed that she continued the relationship with Teena after she discovered Teena was not anatomically male. She eventually settled her lawsuit against the movie's distributor for an undisclosed sum.[10][11]
JoAnn Brandon publicly objected to the media referring to her child as "he" and "Brandon". Following Hilary Swank's Oscar acceptance speech, JoAnn Brandon took offense at Swank for thanking "Brandon Teena" - the name Teena Brandon adopted - and for referring to her as a man. "That set me off," said JoAnn Brandon. "She should not stand up there and thank my child. I get tired of people taking credit for what they don't know."[25]
The British duo Pet Shop Boys released a song called "Girls Don't Cry" (a bonus track on U.K. issue of I'm with Stupid) about Teena in 2006.
Teena's violent death, along with the murder of Matthew Shepard, led to increased lobbying for hate crime laws in the United States.[5]
See also[edit]

Portal icon LGBT portal
List of transgender-related topics
Transphobia
Violence against LGBT people
Corrective rape
Notes[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "Teena R. "Brandon Teena" Brandon". Find A Grave. August 28, 2000. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
2.Jump up ^ Note: – as Brandon Teena was never his legal name, it is uncertain the extent to which this name was used prior to his death. It is the name most commonly used by the press and other media. Other names may include his legal name, as well as "Billy Brenson" and "Teena Ray"
3.Jump up ^ "U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals – JoAnn Brandon v Charles B. Laux". FindLaw. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
4.Jump up ^ Howey, Noelle (March 22, 2000). "Boys Do Cry". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
5.^ Jump up to: a b "Hate crimes legislation updates and information: Background information on the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act (LLEHCPA)". National Youth Advocacy Coalition. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Death of a Deceiver from January 1995 edition of Playboy
7.Jump up ^ Sloop, John Rhetorics of sex identity in contemporary U.S. culture, page 77 at Google Books
8.Jump up ^ Chasing the Frog.com
9.^ Jump up to: a b c Ramsland, Katherine. "Teena Brandon". TruTV. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
10.^ Jump up to: a b "Brandon film lawsuit settled". Chicago Sun-Times. March 11, 2000. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-22.[dead link]
11.^ Jump up to: a b Hawker, Philippa (March 1, 2002). "Seeing doubles". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
12.^ Jump up to: a b Ramsland, Katherine. "Teena Brandon". TruTV. p. 5. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
13.Jump up ^ Directed by Susan Muska and Gréta Olafsdóttir (1998). The Brandon Teena Story (film). Bless Bless Productions.
14.^ Jump up to: a b Beck, Margery A. "Panel rejects death row inmate Lotter's appeal". Lincoln Journal Star. August 24, 2011
15.Jump up ^ Jenkins, Nate (September 20, 2007). "Inmate Recants Teena Brandon Story". Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
16.Jump up ^ State of Nebraska v. Lotter, 771 N.W.2d 551, 564 (Neb. 2009) (“[B]ecause of the joint participation in the felony and the reckless indifference to human life, it is irrelevant to the degree of culpability by whose hand the victims actually died.”).
17.Jump up ^ Pilger, Lori (31 October 2011). "8th Circuit denies Lotter's request for rehearing". Lincoln Journal Star (Lincoln, Nebraska). Retrieved March 28, 2013.
18.Jump up ^ Pilger, Lori (26 March 2012). "Supreme Court turns down review of Lotter case". Lincoln Journal Star (Lincoln, Nebraska). Retrieved 28 March 2013.
19.Jump up ^ "John L. Lotter, Petitioner v. Robert Houston, Warden". Supreme Court of the United States. 23 April 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
20.Jump up ^ "Brandon Teena Gets Dunne Wrong". Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. January 24, 1997. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2006-12-07. "A New Yorker writer does not understand Brandon Teena's transgender identity, and describes him as a 'predatory' butch lesbian, referring to him as 'her' for most of the piece."
21.Jump up ^ Griffy, Anna M. (July 4, 2004). "The Brandon Teena Story: Chapter 2: Brandon". The Brandon Teena Story. Justice Junction. p. 2. Retrieved 2006-12-07. "Teena made her decision for good: she was going to live as a man and began to tell people she was having a sex change operation."
22.^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Herbert J. "Brandon – An American Tragedy". Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
23.Jump up ^ The victims of prejudice, B.B.C. News, December 26, 2003
24.Jump up ^ O'Hanlon, Kevin. "Sheriff Negligent in 'Boys Don't Cry' Death". ABC News. April 20, 2001
25.Jump up ^ "Nebraska and India slam Oscar injustices". The Guardian. March 29, 2000
References[edit]
The Brandon Teena Archive, Judith Halberstam
"Nebraska Inmate Details: John Lotter". Nebraska Department of Correction Services. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
"Nebraska Inmate Details: Thomas Nissen". Nebraska Department of Correction Services. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
External links[edit]
Brandon Teena Murderer Sentenced
Brandon – An American Tragedy. By Herbert J. Friedman, Friedman Law Offices, Nebraska
Tom Nissen confesses to the murders of Teena Brandon, Lisa Lambert and Phillip DeVine. By Crimelibrary's Katherine Ramsland
"The Brandon Teena Story". IMDB. Retrieved 2006-12-07.

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 ­VIAF: 70934083·
 ­LCCN: no00043519
 



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

Categories: 1972 births
1993 deaths
American murder victims
Burials in Nebraska
Deaths by firearm in Nebraska
Transgender and transsexual men
Transphobic violence
People murdered in Nebraska
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
1990s in LGBT history
American victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes
Rapes in the United States
LGBT people from Nebraska
Deaths by stabbing in the United States
Rape victims
1993 murders in the United States






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Boys Don't Cry (film)

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Jump to: navigation, search

Boys Don't Cry
Boys Don't Cry movie.jpg
Theatrical release poster

Directed by
Kimberly Peirce
Produced by
Christine Vachon
Eva Kolodner
Written by
Kimberly Peirce
 Andy Bienen
Starring
Hilary Swank
Chloë Sevigny
Peter Sarsgaard
Brendan Sexton III
Alicia Goranson
Jeanetta Arnette
Matt McGrath
Music by
Nathan Larson
Cinematography
Jim Denault
Editing by
Tracy Granger
Distributed by
Fox Searchlight Pictures
Release date(s)
October 8, 1999

Running time
118 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2 million
Box office
$11,533,945
Boys Don't Cry is a 1999 American independent romantic drama film directed by Kimberly Peirce and co-written by Andy Bienen. The film is a dramatization of the real-life story of Brandon Teena, a trans man played in the film by Hilary Swank, who is beaten, raped and murdered by his male acquaintances after they discover he is anatomically female. The picture explores the themes of freedom, courage, identity and empowerment. The film was distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures and was released theatrically in October 1999.
After reading about the murder of Brandon Teena while in college, Peirce intently researched the case—as well as Teena's life—and worked on a screenplay for the film for almost five years. All She Wanted, the 1993 book about the case written by Aphrodite Jones, inspired Peirce, but she chose to focus the story on the relationship between Teena and his girlfriend Lana Tisdel. Many actors campaigned for the lead over the course of three years; a then unknown Swank was cast because her personality seemed similar to Teena's. The film also stars Chloë Sevigny, Peter Sarsgaard, Brendan Sexton III, Alicia Goranson, Jeanetta Arnette, and Matt McGrath. The majority of characters were based on real-life people, while some were composites. Shooting lasted from October until November 1998 and filming took place in the area of Dallas, Texas.
Boys Don't Cry premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 8, 1999 to overwhelmingly positive acclaim from critics. Praise was generally focused on the two lead performances by Swank and Sevigny. The film received a limited nationwide release on October 22, 1999, and performed moderately well at the North American box office. At the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000, Swank was awarded an Oscar for Best Actress, while Sevigny was nominated for Best Supporting Actress. The film has been cited as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of 1999, initially being assigned an NC-17 rating, later modified to an R rating. The release of the film was concurrent with the murder of a young gay man, Matthew Shepard, which sparked additional public interest.[1] The film was named after the song of the same name by The Cure, and a cover version of the song appears in the film.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Plot
2 Production 2.1 Background
2.2 Casting
2.3 Filming 2.3.1 Principal photography
2.4 Cinematography
2.5 Music
3 Themes
4 Release 4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Awards and nominations
4.3 Home media
5 Controversy
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Brandon Teena (Hilary Swank) is a young female-to-male non-operative transgender man, whose birth name was Teena Ray Brandon. When Brandon is discovered to be anatomically female by the brother of a former girlfriend, he becomes the target of physical threats. Not long after, he is involved in a bar fight and is evicted from his cousin's trailer. Brandon moves to Falls City, Nebraska, where he cultivates friendships with ex-convicts John Lotter (Peter Sarsgaard) and Tom Nissen (Brendan Sexton III), and their friends Candace (Alicia Goranson) and Lana Tisdel (Chloë Sevigny). Brandon becomes romantically involved with Lana, who is unaware of his biological sex and troubled past. The two make plans to move to Memphis, where Brandon will manage Lana in a karaoke career.
Brandon is detained for charges that arose prior to his relocation and placed in the women's section of the Falls City prison. Lana bails Brandon out. After Lana asks why Brandon was in a women's prison, Brandon lies to her, saying he was born a hermaphrodite and will soon receive a sex change. Lana declares her love for Brandon, "no matter what he is." Tom and John become suspicious after they read a newspaper article about Brandon that refers to him by his birth name, Teena Brandon. Tom and John force Brandon to remove his pants, revealing his genitals. They try to make Lana look, but she shields her eyes and turns away. After this confrontation Tom and John drag Brandon into Lotter's car and drive out to an isolated location, where they beat and violently rape him. Afterward, they take Brandon to Nissen's house. Though injured, Brandon escapes through a bathroom window. Having been threatened by his assailants and told not to report the attack to the police, a distressed Brandon is nonetheless convinced by Lana to file a report.
One evening, John and Tom get drunk, and decide to kill Brandon. Despite Lana's attempts to stop them, John and Tom drive to Candace's remote house where they find Brandon, who has been hiding in a shed on Candace's property. John shoots Brandon under the chin, and Tom shoots Candace in the head while Lana fights them and screams for them to stop. John stabs Brandon's lifeless body and Tom attempts to shoot Lana, but is stopped by John. John and Tom flee the scene, while Lana lies with Brandon's dead body.
The next morning, Lana wakes up on Brandon's dead body. Her mother arrives and takes an emotionally wrenched Lana away from the scene. The film ends with Lana leaving Falls City while a letter Brandon wrote to her is read in a voice-over.
Production[edit]
Background[edit]
Brandon Teena was a trans man who was raped and murdered by two male acquaintances in December 1993, when he was 21.[nb 1][2][3][4] Kimberly Peirce, at the time a Columbia University film student, became interested in the case after reading a 1994 Village Voice article by Donna Minkowitz.[5][6] Peirce became engrossed in Brandon's life and death and recalls; "the minute I read about Brandon, I fell in love. With the intensity of his desire to turn himself into a boy, the fact that he did it with no role models. The leap of imagination that this person took was completely overwhelming to me."[7] The sensational publicity and coverage generated by the case prolonged her interest.[5] Peirce stated she looked beyond the brutality of the case and instead viewed the positive aspects of Brandon's life as hopeful and full of goodwill. She admired Brandon's "audacity", compassion, free spirit, and passionate "generosity" toward women.[8][nb 2]
Peirce wanted to tell the story from Brandon's perspective. She felt there was an inspirational, tragic story behind the ordeal that was different from the one presented to the public. Peirce wanted to use the film as an opportunity to present Brandon's search for freedom rather than capitalize on his sexual identity crisis. She was familiar with Brandon's desire to wear men's clothing: "I started looking at all the other coverage and a great deal of it was sensational. People were focusing on the spectacle of a girl who had passed as a boy because that is so unfamiliar to so many people. Where to me, I knew girls who had passed as boys, so Brandon was not some weird person to me. Brandon was a very familiar person."[9] Peirce was influenced by the public perception of the case, believing the American public were generally misinformed: "People were also focusing on the crime without giving it much emotional understanding and I think that's really dangerous, especially with this culture of violence that we live in."[9] Peirce began working on a concept for the film and gave it the working title Take It Like a Man.
The project drew interest from various production bodies. Diane Keaton's production company showed interest in the screenplay in the mid-1990s, with Drew Barrymore an early candidate to star. Initially the film was to be largely based on Aphrodite Jones' 1993 true crime book All She Wanted, which told the story of Brandon's final few weeks alive.[10] Rather than focusing on Brandon's early life and background, the screenplay was subsequently modified closer to Peirce's vision, which focused the majority of the film on the relationship between Brandon and girlfriend Lana Tisdel[11] and the events that led to Brandon's murder. Peirce felt there was a "great love story" at the center of the case.[5] In order to fund the writing and development of the feature, Peirce worked as a paralegal on a midnight shift and as a 35mm film projectionist, and received a New York Foundation for the Arts grant.[12] The project attracted the attention of producer Christine Vachon, who had seen Peirce's short film she had made for her thesis in 1995.[7] Peirce co-wrote the screenplay with Andy Bienen. They worked together for a year and a half on the final drafts and made sure they didn't "mythologize" Brandon; the aim was to keep him as human as possible.
Prior to filming, Peirce conducted extensive research into the case which lasted almost five-and-a-half years.[13] She immersed herself in the extensive information available about the murder, including trial transcripts. She met Lana Tisdel at a convenience store and subsequently interviewed her at her home. Peirce also interviewed Tisdel's mother. She also interviewed Brandon's friends, but was unable to interview Brandon's mother or any of his biological family.[5][9] Much factual information was incorporated into Boys Don't Cry, including Nissen being an arsonist, and the games of chicken and joy riding that were a common pastime of the real Lotter, Nissen, and Brandon.
Casting[edit]



Hilary Swank had initially lied to Kimberly Peirce about her background. When confronted about the lies, Swank told Peirce "but that's what Brandon would do" and she was eventually cast in the film. To prepare for the role, Swank lived as a man for one month.
The filmmakers retained the names of most of the real-life protagonists. Several supporting characters were given different names, including Candace's character, who in real life was named Lisa Lambert. The casting process for Boys Don't Cry was extensive and lasted for almost four years.[14] Peirce scouted the LGBT community, looking mainly for masculine lesbian women for the role of Brandon Teena. The LGBT community was highly interested in the project because of all the publicity the murder had received.[5] High profile actors were not sent to auditions at the request of their agents because of the stigma associated with the role. The project was almost abandoned because Peirce was not satisfied with most of the people who auditioned.[15] In 1996, after a hundred actresses had been considered and rejected, a then relatively unknown Hilary Swank sent a videotape to Peirce and was signed on to the project.[5][16] During her audition, Swank, who was 22 at the time, presented Peirce with a lie about her age. Swank claimed that, like Brandon, she was also 21 years of age. When Peirce later confronted her about the lies, Swank responded, "But that's what Brandon would do."[17] Swank's anonymity as an actress persuaded Peirce to cast her; Peirce said that she did not want a "known actor" to portray Teena.[18]



Chloë Sevigny had initially sought after the role of Brandon Teena. Kimberly Peirce, however, believed she would be better suited playing Lana Tisdel.
Swank underwent significant preparation for the role by dressing and living as a man for at least a month, including wrapping her chest in tension bandages and putting socks down the front of her pants in much the same way as Brandon Teena had done. Her masquerade became particularly convincing. Swank's neighbors believed the "young man" coming and going from her home was Swank's visiting brother. She reduced her body fat to seven percent to accentuate her facial structure and refused to let the cast and crew see her out of costume.[18][19] Swank earned only $75 per day for her work on Boys Don't Cry, culminating in a total of $3,000.[20][21][22] Her earnings were so low that she did not earn enough to qualify for health insurance.[23]
Peirce had envisioned only two actors for the role of Lana Tisdel: a young Jodie Foster and Chloë Sevigny, who had prior credits in mostly independent films. Peirce had decided to cast Sevigny based on her impressive performance in The Last Days of Disco (1998).[24] Sevigny had auditioned for the role of Brandon,[25] but Peirce decided that Sevigny would be suited playing Tisdel.[26][27] Sevigny dyed her hair red for the role to match the real Lana's strawberry blonde hair. Peirce later said: "Chloë just surrendered to the part. She watched videos of Lana. She just became her very naturally. She's not one of those Hollywood actresses who diets and gets plastic surgery. You never catch her acting". Peter Sarsgaard plays John Lotter, Lana's charismatic former boyfriend and the man responsible for Teena's rape and murder. Sarsgaard was one of the first choices for the role. He later commented that he wanted his character to be "likable, sympathetic even", because he wanted the audience "to understand why they would hang out with me. If my character wasn't necessarily likable, I wanted him to be charismatic enough that you weren't going to have a dull time if you were with him."[28] In another interview, Sarsgaard said he felt "empowered" by playing Lotter.[29] Peirce cast Alicia Goranson, known for playing Becky on the sitcom Roseanne, as Candace because of her likeness to Lisa Lambert, who was 24 when she was shot by John Lotter.[5] Like Sevigny, Goranson had initially auditioned for the lead role.[25]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography[edit]
Principal photography for Boys Don't Cry lasted from October 19 to November 24, 1998. The small budget dictated some of the filming decisions, including omitting incidents to speed up the overall pacing. Timing constraints put limits on what could be achieved with the narrative.[5][30] The film portrays a double murder when in actuality a third person, Phillip DeVine, a black disabled man, was killed at the scene. At the time he had been dating Lana Tisdel's sister, Leslie Tisdel.[31][32] Peirce produced the film independently on a $2 million budget. Boys Don't Cry was primarily filmed in Greenville, Texas, a small town about 45 miles northeast of Dallas. Most of the actual incidents took place in Nebraska,[33][34] but the Texas locations were chosen due to budget constraints.[5] Peirce incorporated filming techniques that gave the audience an opportunity to delve into Brandon's perspective, his imagination, and the way he perceived things. "The work was informing me about how I wanted to represent it. I wanted the audience to enter deeply into this place, this character, so they could entertain these contradictions in Brandon's own mind and would not think she was crazy, would not think she was lying, but would see her as more deeply human."[5][9] Peirce took inspiration from other true crime films, including In Cold Blood (1967), directed by Richard Brooks and the fictional love-on-the-run tale Badlands (1973), directed by Terrence Malick. She also drew some inspiration from the story of Pinocchio. Peirce chose to not show how Brandon looked before he began cross-dressing, so the audience could recognise Brandon the way he perceived himself—as a male.[35]
Boys Don't Cry featured various scenes which required emotional and physical intensity and thus were allocated extended periods of filming. The bumper-skiing scene was delayed when a police officer, just arriving at a shift change, required that a large lighting crane be moved from one side of the road to the other. The scenes took six hours to shoot and ended up being filmed at sunrise, which resulted in a blue sky in the background.[5] A flood gave the cast and crew a "mud bath" and resulted in some of the filming equipment being stuck in mud. Radio wires in some of the scenes conflicted with the sound production. Swank required a stunt double for the scene in which she falls off the back of a truck. Teena's rape scene was given an extended filming time, and Sexton, who portrayed the attacker, walked away in tears afterward.[5] Swank also found portraying her character daunting and felt the need to "keep a distance" from the fact that the event actually occurred. When scenes became difficult, Swank requested the company of her husband on set.[15]
Initially, the restricted budget gave Boys Don't Cry five weeks of filming (32 days). When Fox Searchlight purchased the film in 1998 and IFC Films agreed to distribute it, the project gained an additional day of photography the following Spring, the most significant part of which was the scene of Lana driving from the beginning of the film.[36]
Cinematography[edit]



 Peirce set up a sequence to make the viewer feel like they are walking with Brandon while on his date. The three-shot structure was inspired by a scene from The Wizard of Oz (1939). After a shot of the character; he walks through the door; the viewer sees the door opening; the character goes through the door; the viewer goes through the door.[5]
Peirce had originally sought a career in photography, but chose to pursue a career in film making instead, which gave her the ability to apply techniques she had learned into the film.[37] She described the mood she was trying to evoke as "artificial night" —a mirror to the characters' mental states which was, in many cases, influenced by the use of chemical stimulants.[clarification needed] Director of Photography Jim Denault showed her the work of photographer Jan Staller, whose long exposure night photography under artificial lighting inspired Denault to avoid using "moonlight" effects for most of the film. As a way to further incorporate the sense of artificial night, John Pirozzi, who had been doing some experiments with time-lapse photography using non-motion-controlled moving camera, was invited to create the striking transition shots seen throughout the film. [38]
The visual style is often dark, saturated, and raw, depicting the harsh Midwestern United States in a "withdrawn",[39] dark and understated light to give a "surreal" effect.[40] Denault shot Boys Don't Cry in flat spherical format on 35 mm film using Kodak Vision film stock. The film was shot with a Moviecam Compact camera and Carl Zeiss super speed lenses. For the violent, emotionally charged scenes (such as the scene in which Brandon is stripped), a hand-held camera was used to give a sense of subjectivity to the scene.[41]
Many scenes were shot at night to give a muted palete. However, there is a significant use of color and brightness in certain scenes, such as both scenes featuring Brandon and Lana making love. During a very compressed prep period Peirce and Denault talked through the whole script and drew storyboards for the major scenes, many of which are representative of how the scene was finally shot. She also watched several of her favorite films and broke down certain scenes that she had liked. In addition, she took a significant portion of visual inspiration from older films, including Raging Bull (1980) and Bonnie and Clyde (1967). Peirce opened the film with a shot of Brandon traveling down the highway, as seen from the character's imaginative or dream perspective, similar to the beginning of Raging Bull.[5] Peirce also used the same shots in the opening roller rink scene (where Brandon pursues his first relationship with a young girl) that were used in The Wizard of Oz (1939) when Dorothy first left her house and entered the land of Oz. The scene consists of a three shot sequence meant to symbolize a metaphoric "entrance to manhood" for Brandon. Some scenes were given a prolonged shooting sequence to induce a hallucinatory feeling. An example is the sequence in which Lana has an orgasm, followed by a shot of her, Brandon, Candace, and Kate driving in a car against the backdrop of the city skyline.
Peirce drew inspiration from the filming style of John Cassavetes and the early work of Martin Scorsese, and incorporated neo-realism techniques in filming.[8] When a character expresses a dream or hopeful assertion about their dead-end existence, Peirce cuts to an "eerily lit" dream landscape, which one critic observed was "almost David Lynch-like in its beauty, dotted with simple elements like water towers, naked trees and low ceilings of clouds."[42] Time lapse photography is used in several sequences, most significantly in the scene where Brandon and Lana discuss plans to tell the family that she has "seen him in the full-flesh", and when Lana is seen driving on the highway after Brandon's murder, before the credits appear.
Music[edit]
The Boys Don't Cry soundtrack features a compilation of country and rock music from the film. Nathan Larson and Nina Persson of The Cardigans composed an instrumental version of Restless Heart's 1988 country-pop hit "The Bluest Eyes in Texas". A variation of the song was used as the film's "love theme" and score,[5] while the actual song appeared during a karaoke scene, sung by Sevigny and at the end of the film. The title of the film is taken from the song of the same name by British rock band The Cure. An American cover of the song plays in the background in two scenes: when Lana bails Brandon out of jail, and the scene in which the two make love in the car, where it is heard at a low volume in the background. However, the song is not included on the released soundtrack. In addition, songs from Lynyrd Skynyrd ("Tuesday's Gone"), Paisley Underground band Opal ("She's A Diamond") and The Charlatans ("Codine Blues") also appear, as well as various covers. The soundtrack was released on November 23, 1999, by record label Koch Records.
"The Bluest Eyes in Texas" was played when Hilary Swank went onstage to receive her Academy Award for Best Actress in 2000.
Themes[edit]
Boys Don't Cry has been regarded academically as a thematically rich love story between two ill-fated lovers, not unlike Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet or the story of Bonnie and Clyde.[43] Some critics regarded the film as being a "romantic tragedy" occurring in a working class American setting. Roger Ebert supported this view, calling the film a "Romeo and Juliet set in a Nebraska trailer park".[44] In trailers, the film was marketed as a non-fictional tale about "hope, fear and the courage that it takes to be yourself". This summarization strengthens the academic view that the film is about the search for freedom and identity in a society where diversity is rarely accepted.[35] The question of identity (particularly Brandon's) is alluded to frequently in Boys Don't Cry and the line "who are you?" is even uttered at one point in the film by Lana to Brandon. Peirce proposes this as the main question of the film.[45] Janet Maslin stated the film was about accepting identity, which in turn means accepting the fate predisposed for that identity.[46] Critics like Paula Nechak have called the film a "bold cautionary tale",[47] with references to the pressure of conformity and acceptance, and some critics even cite parallels to Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain (2005).[35] Nachak regarded the film as a negative, dismal depiction of Midwestern America: "[Peirce's film has] captured the mystique and eerie loneliness" and "isolation of the Midwest, with its dusty desolation and nowhere-to-go frustration that propels people to violence and despair."[47] Some critics noted that the film was about the illusions produced by love or a strong relationship: "Romance is built on illusion, and when we love someone, we love the illusion they have created for us", Roger Ebert noted.[44]
Critics and academics have attributed Boys Don't Cry's success to the fact that it ostensibly argued for tolerance of sexual diversity by depicting a relationship between two unlikely people. The film's significance has been linked to its portrayal of a same-sex relationship without any reference to the history of the gay civil rights movement. This emphasizes the tragic aspect of the love story, which led many commentators to compare Brandon and Lana's relationship and subsequent drama to classic and modern romances like Romeo and Juliet, often using the term star-crossed lovers.[48] Freedom is an obvious and dominant theme in Boys Don't Cry. Brandon was in search of a place to be himself, having been ostracized and judged by nearly everyone who discovered his biological sex. Critics have called the film a "sad song about a free spirit who tried to fly a little too close to the flame",[44] describing Brandon—heroic and fatally flawed—as this spirit who was murdered when angry townspeople discovered who he really was.
Maslin saw Boys Don't Cry as a tale of a trapped small town character's search for life beyond their rural existence and the high price they pay for their view of the "American dream".[46] Brandon yearns for the freedom of a new life, and Lana, who sees Brandon as an escape from her small town life, gains the ability to make the leap of faith. It is Brandon who provides Lana with the opportunity to escape. At one point in the film, Lana even discusses running away to Memphis with the intentions of starting a new life as a karaoke singer with Brandon as her manager. Most of the characters lead a dull and meaningless existence in a desolate small town. Many of them drink at the local bar and abuse recreational drugs to pass the time and block out their disappointing realities. Christine Vachon stated that "It's about these guys whose world is so tenuous and so fragile that they can't stand to have any of their beliefs shattered", in regards to John and Tom's views about their life, Brandon's aspirations and his biological sex. Along with other turn-of-the-millennium films such as Fight Club (1999), In the Company of Men (1997), American Psycho (2000) and American Beauty (1999), critics suggest Boys Don't Cry "raises the broader, widely explored issue of masculinity in crisis".[49] In addition, some scholars and authors have regarded the film as an exploration on "social problems", along with Patty Jenkins's Monster (2004).[50]
Release[edit]
Boys Don't Cry premiered in Canada at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in September 1999. It received its US premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 8, 1999, to critical acclaim. It was shown at the Reel Affirmations International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in early October to further praise. Boys Don't Cry was given a special screening at the Sundance Film Festival. The film received a limited release theatrically on October 22, 1999, in the United States, where it was distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures, a subsidiary of Twentieth Century Fox, that specializes in independent films. The film grossed $73,720 in its opening week, followed by an additional $237,504 by October 17, 1999. By December 5, the film had grossed in excess of $2 million. By May 2000, the film had a United States total gross of $12 million—more than threefold higher than its production budget. Internationally, the film was released on March 2, 2000 in Australia and April 7, 2000 in the United Kingdom.
The film won a variety of awards, with the majority of wins going to Swank for her performance. Swank won a Best Actress Oscar while Sevigny received a nomination in the category of Best Supporting Actress.[51] From the Hollywood Foreign Press, the film received two Golden Globe nominations in the same two categories (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress) for Swank and Sevigny, with one win (Best Actress). Swank and Sevigny both received Best Actress Awards from the New York Film Critics Circle, the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards, and an Independent Spirit Award. The film won three awards at the Boston Society of Film Critics Awards: Best Actress (Swank), Best Supporting Actress (Sevigny), and Best Director (Peirce). Swank and Sevigny won Satellite Awards for their performances, while the film itself was nominated in two other categories: Best Picture (Drama) and Best Director. It was named one of the best films of the year by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.[52] Boys Don't Cry's release was concurrent with the murder of a homosexual teenager, Matthew Shepard, who was killed on October 12, 1998, almost a year before the film's premiere. The murder sparked additional public interest in hate crime legislation in America and in Brandon Teena, and aided public interest in Boys Don't Cry.[53]
Critical reception[edit]


"There may not be a better acted film this year. Every inch of the character exudes a male sensibility so powerfully, and at times so vulnerably, that Swank's performance crosses into a realm of veracity rare in any film acting.
Peter Stack of The San Francisco Chronicle[54]
Boys Don't Cry received a highly favorable critical reception in 1999, with many critics declaring it one of the best films of the year.[39][52][55][56][57] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 88% out of 75 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with the site consensus being that "Hilary Swank's acclaimed performance pays fitting tribute to the tragic life of Brandon Teena."[54] Some critics called the film one of the most "sensational independent movies" in years. One reviewer said the film was a "critical knockout".[8] The performances of Swank and Sevigny were picked out as some of the film's strongest elements, with many critics declaring Swank's performance to be "one of the greatest" in recent years. Swank was considered an immediate favourite to win Best Actress at various film awards, including the 72nd Academy Awards.
Boys Don't Cry became one of the most applauded films of the year. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was particularly enthusiastic in his review: he called it "one of the best films of the year", and listed it as one of his five best films of 1999, stating "this could have been a clinical movie of the week, but instead it's a sad song about a free spirit who tried to fly a little too close to the flame".[44] Janet Maslin of The New York Times said the film was "stunning", and gave it four out of four stars. Maslin observed that "unlike most films about mind-numbing tragedy, this one manages to be full of hope".[46] She ended up calling Boys Don't Cry "the best film of the year". Kenneth Turan of The Los Angeles Times praised the lack of romanticization and dramatization of the characters and reported that "Peirce and Bienen and the expert cast engage us in the actuality of these rootless, hopeless, stoned-out lives without sentimentalizing or romanticizing them" and said that "Boys Don't Cry is an exceptional—and exceptionally disturbing film",[58] while Mike Clarke of USA Today commended Peirce's depth of knowledge of the case and the subject matter: "Peirce seems to have researched her subject with grad-school-thesis intensity".[54] Online film reviewer James Berardinelli gave the film three and a half stars out of four, praising the performances of Swank and Sevigny as the film's greatest success and likening the intensity of the film to that of a train wreck. Berardinelli stated that Swank "gives the performance of her career" and that "Sevigny's performance is more conventional than Swank's, but no less effective. She provides the counterbalance to the tide of hatred that drowns the last act of the film."[59] Emanuel Levy of Variety Magazine called the acting "flawless" and acknowledged that the "stunningly accomplished" and "candid" film could be "seen as a Rebel Without a Cause for these culturally diverse and complex times, with the two misfit girls enacting a version of the James Dean—Natalie Wood romance with utmost conviction, searching, like their '50s counterparts, for love, self-worth and a place to call home." Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post noted that the performances are of such "luminous humanity that they break your heart".[60] Premiere voted Swank's performance as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of All Time".[61] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called Swank a "revelation" and noted that "by the end, her Brandon/Teena is beyond male or female. It's as if we were simply glimpsing the character's soul, in all its yearning and conflicted beauty".[62]
The film was not without detractors, with most backlash focusing primarily on the adult themed subject matter. Elizabeth L. Bland of Time magazine was one of the film's negative reviewers, claiming that "the film lets down the material. It's too cool: all attitude, no sizzle". Peter Rainer of New York Magazine gave an unfavorable comparison to Rebel Without a Cause (1954), calling it a "transgendered" version.[54] In 2007, Premiere voted the film one of the "The 25 Most Dangerous Movies".[63]
The real Lana Tisdale declared her dislike for the film, claiming, among others, that Brandon never proposed to her, and in fact, when Tisdale discovered the truth about Brandon's gender, she ended the relationship on the spot and left Brandon. She did not like the way she herself was portrayed, and has said that this film is the 'second murder of Brandon Teena.'
Awards and nominations[edit]
The film won 43 awards and was nominated for 27 other awards. The majority of these nominations and wins were presented for Swank and Sevigny's performances.
 
Category — Recipient(s)

Academy Awards
Best Actress — Hilary Swank

Golden Globe Awards
Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama) — Hilary Swank
 Best Supporting Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama) — Chloë Sevigny

National Board of Review
Breakthrough Performance (Female) — Hilary Swank
 Outstanding Directorial Debut — Kimberly Peirce

Satellite Awards
Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture — Hilary Swank
 Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role — Chloë Sevigny

GLAAD Media Awards
GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Limited Release — Boys Don't Cry

 
Category — Nominee(s)

Academy Awards
Best Supporting Actress — Chloë Sevigny

Satellite Awards
Best Picture — Boys Don't Cry
 Best Director — Kimberly Peirce

Home media[edit]
A DVD version of Boys Don't Cry was released in April 2000 in the United States and Canada. In addition, the film was released on VHS in March 2000. The DVD contained an assortment of special features, including a commentary by Kimberly Peirce and a behind-the-scenes featurette, featuring interviews from Peirce, Swank and Sevigny. This same edition was re-released with different packaging in 2006 and again in 2009, once again with different cover art.
The film was released on Blu-ray on February 16, 2011 by 20th Century Fox Entertainment in conjunction with Fox Pathé Europa.[64] Exact technical specifications and exclusive special features are identical to the previous North American DVD release, with the exception of improved high definition picture quality.
Controversy[edit]
The accuracy of the film was disputed by real-life people involved in the murder. Lana Tisdel sued the film's producers for "invasion of privacy" and the unauthorized use of her name and likeness prior to the film's theatrical release. She claimed that the film depicted her as "lazy, white trash and a skanky snake". Tisdel claimed that the film falsely portrayed that she continued the relationship with Teena after she discovered Teena was anatomically and chromosomally female. She settled her lawsuit against Fox Searchlight for an undisclosed sum.[65][66] Swank received criticism from the family of Brandon Teena for her repeated use of the male gender pronoun "he" in her Oscar acceptance speech. Teena's mother, JoAnn Brandon, argued that her child's transgenderism was a defense mechanism that was developed in response to childhood sexual abuse, rather than being an expression of Teena's gendered sense of self: "She pretended she was a man so no other man could touch her."[67][68] Swank later apologized, but many transgender activists asserted that she was correct in referring to Teena as a man, as this was the gender in which Teena preferred to live and act.
Along with the portrayal of the actual ordeal and the people involved, the film garnered significant controversy for its graphic rape scene.[69] Initially assigned an NC-17 rating from the MPAA, the content was strongly toned down for the US release, where the film was rated R. Peirce was interviewed for the 2005 documentary This Film Is Not Yet Rated about the trouble the film had with the MPAA, particularly the censoring of the sex scenes.[70] The double rape caused significant problems with the MPAA and had to be trimmed to avoid the NC-17 rating.[71] The European version is more explicit, particularly with the first rape. Peirce displayed anger over the fact the MPAA wanted the sex scene between Brandon and Lana removed but were satisfied with the overall brutality and violence in the murder scene.[70]
See also[edit]
Transgender in film and television
New Queer Cinema
Gender identity disorder
A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story – A similar film detailing the transgender-related murder of Gwen Araujo.

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References[edit]
Notes
1.Jump up ^ Brandon Teena was never his legal name; it is uncertain the extent to which this name was used prior to his death. It is the name most commonly used by the press and other media. Other names may include his legal name, as well as "Billy Brenson" and "Teena Ray".
2.Jump up ^ In the Boys Don't Cry commentary contained on the 2000 and 2009 DVD release of the film, director Kimberly Peirce states that she admired the way Brandon behaved towards women, especially the good will and generosity he showed them.
Footnotes
1.Jump up ^ "A Transforming Role: For 'Boys Don't Cry', Hilary Swank Plumbed a Different Gender", The Dallas Morning News, October 23, 1999: 11
2.Jump up ^ Death of a Deceiver from January 1995 edition of Playboy
3.Jump up ^ JoAnn Brandon v John Lotter (8th Cir. August 28, 1998). Case Law Text
4.Jump up ^ Howey, Noelle (March 22, 2000), "Boys Do Cry", Mother Jones (Foundation For National Progress), retrieved October 7, 2010
5.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Peirce, Kimberly (2000), Boys Don't Cry DVD commentary, Fox Searchlight Pictures
6.Jump up ^ "Why Filmmaker Had to Create 'Boys Don't Cry'", San Jose Mercury News, November 19, 1999: 8
7.^ Jump up to: a b Meyer, Andrea (October 1, 1999), "NYFF '99: No Tears for First-timer Kimberly Peirce, Director of "Boys Don't Cry"", indieWire, retrieved October 7, 2010
8.^ Jump up to: a b c Sragow, Michael (March 9, 2000), "The Secret Behind "Boys Don't Cry"", Salon.com, retrieved October 7, 2010
9.^ Jump up to: a b c d Allen, Jamie (October 22, 1999), "'Boys Don't Cry' Filmmaker Saw Past Violence to Love", CNN, retrieved October 7, 2010
10.Jump up ^ "Another 'Boy's' Suit is Settled", The Hollywood Reporter (subscription required) (e5 Global Media), March 16, 2000
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12.Jump up ^ Hart, Hugh (June 28, 2009), "'Reel Truth' Gets to the Bottom off Indies", San Francisco Chronicle, retrieved October 7, 2010
13.Jump up ^ Cholodenko, Lisa (September 1999, Volume 8), "Femme Fatals: Kimberly Peirce's Midwestern Tragedy Boys Don't Cry", Filmmaker Magazine
14.Jump up ^ Vaughan, Robert (April 21, 2000), "'Boys' Director Keeps Looking into Girl's Life", Boston Herald Unknown parameter |page number= ignored (help)
15.^ Jump up to: a b Loos, Ted (October 3, 1999), "A Role Within a Role: A Girl Who Became a Boy", The New York Times, retrieved October 7, 2010
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64.Jump up ^ "Boys Don't Cry on Blu-ray". Retrieved December 2, 2010.
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Bibliography
Blessing, Kimberly Ann; Tudico, Paul J. (2005), Movies and the Meaning of Life: Philosophers Take on Hollywood, Chicago: Open Court Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8126-9575-5
Moss and Zeavin, Donald and Lynne (2001), The Real Thing? Some Thoughts on 'Boys Don't Cry'. In Gabbard, Glen O. Psychoanalysis and Film. International Journal of Psychoanalysis Key Paper Series., Karnac Books, ISBN 978-1-85575-275-7
Halberstam, Judith (2005), In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives, New York City: NYU Press, ISBN 978-0-8147-3585-5
Wood, Jason (2004), 100 American Independent Films, BFI Film Guides, ISBN 978-1-84457-005-8
Herz, Kathrin (2007), The Pressure to Conform to the "correct" Gender in 'Boys Don't Cry' and 'Brokeback Mountain', GRIN Verlag, ISBN 978-3-638-87308-6
External links[edit]
Official website
Boys Don't Cry at the Internet Movie Database
Boys Don't Cry at AllRovi
Boys Don't Cry at Box Office Mojo
Boys Don't Cry at Rotten Tomatoes

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Films directed by Kimberly Peirce


Boys Don't Cry (1999)·
 Stop-Loss (2008)·
 Carrie (2013)
 

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Categories: 1999 films
English-language films
1990s drama films
American independent films
American LGBT-related films
American romantic drama films
Directorial debut films
Docudramas
Films based on actual events
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award winning performance
Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in 1993
Films set in Nebraska
Films shot in Texas
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
LGBT in Nebraska
Transgender in film
Transphobic violence





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