The Host novel and film wikipedia pages

The Host (novel)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about Stephenie Meyer novel. For the movie based on the novel, see The Host (2013 film). For the Korean movie, see The Host (2006 film). For other books and uses, see The Host (disambiguation).

 This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2013)

The Host
The Host.jpg
First edition cover

Author
Stephenie Meyer
Cover artist
Juliana Lee
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
Book 1
Genre
Science Fiction, Romance novel, Thriller
Publisher
Little, Brown & Company
Publication date
May 6, 2008, April 13, 2010 (paperback)
Media type
Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
 e-Book (Kindle)
 Audio Book (CD)
Pages
619 pp
ISBN
0-316-06804-7
OCLC Number
163708271
Dewey Decimal
813/.6 22
LC Classification
PS3613.E979 H67 2008
The Host is a science fiction/romance novel by Stephenie Meyer. The book is about Earth being invaded by a parasitic alien race, known as "Souls", and follow one Soul's predicament when the consciousness of her human host refuses to cooperate with the takeover of her body.
The Host was released on May 6, 2008[1] with an initial print run of 750,000 copies.[2] An international version of the novel was released on April 2, 2008 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia, and Hong Kong by the UK publishing division.[3] It was translated into Norwegian, Finnish, Estonian, Catalan, Chinese, Japanese, Croatian, Arabic, Czech, Dutch, Persian, Swedish, German, Polish, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Hebrew, Turkish and Danish among others.
The prologue and the fourth chapter of the book can be found on Meyer's official website.[4]

Contents
  [hide] 1 Plot summary
2 Main characters
3 Major themes
4 Background
5 References to other works
6 Sequels
7 Reception
8 Film adaptation
9 See also
10 References
Plot summary[edit]
"Souls", a species of parasitic aliens, have invaded Earth, deeming the humans too violent to deserve the planet. When a Soul is implanted into a host body, the consciousness of the original owner is eventually erased, leaving only their memories and knowledge. Wanderer, a Soul who was given her name for not living more than one host's life on any of eight previous planets, is placed in the body of Melanie Stryder, one of the last few humans who've managed to avoid capture. Melanie tried to commit suicide by jumping down an elevator shaft when pursued by Seekers, but was revived by the Souls' advanced medicine. Wanderer is asked by a Seeker to look through Melanie's memories and see if there's anything that can lead them to other humans, but she is being mentally blocked, leading the Seeker to realize Melanie's consciousness is still alive and resisting control.
As time goes by, Melanie's consciousness grows stronger and begins to communicate with Wanderer. Wanderer manages to uncover some of Melanie's memories, mainly about her younger brother Jamie and her boyfriend Jared Howe, another human she met while stealing food some years back. Through Melanie's memories Wanderer begins to love Jared and Jamie as well. Eventually, Melanie's presence becomes too much and Wanderer contemplates being re-implanted in another host, but as she's driving through the desert on the way to consult a Healer on her decision, Melanie inspires her to follow a series of landmarks she remembers to find her Uncle Jeb, hoping that Jared and Jamie will now be with him.
Their quest seems fruitless, however, and Wanderer almost dies of dehydration, until she's happened upon by Uncle Jeb. He realizes Melanie's body has been taken over, but saves her life anyway. He takes her to his hideout; a large set of secret caves housing over thirty humans, including Jared and Jamie. Most of them demand she be killed, fearing she'll escape and tell the rest of the Souls where they are, but Jared stops them, not being able to bear the thought of Melanie's body being harmed. After fainting, Wanderer wakes up in a tiny cave with Jared guarding her. Brothers Ian and Kyle O'Shea come to kill her, but Jeb intervenes and tells them that Jared is the one who gets to decide Wanderer's fate.
She's kept in the cramped cave for a week, until Jared has to lead a raid and leaves her in Jeb's care. With Jared gone, Jeb gives her a real room to stay in and lets her help out around the caves. As the weeks go by, the rest of the humans grow used to the Soul living in their community, and Wanderer grows particularly close to Jamie, Jeb, Ian, and Doc, who all come to believe that Melanie is still present inside her. She's given the nickname "Wanda", and with some encouragement from Jeb begins to tell stories about the previous worlds she's lived on to the group at meal times.
Jared, Kyle, and the others return, and are furious that their group would let themselves trust an alien. Jared decides he wants to shoot her, but Jeb insists Wanda belongs to Jamie as well, and Jared eventually agrees not to harm her. After hearing Doc, Jamie, and Jeb insist that Melanie's consciousness is still alive, he kisses Wanderer to test if it's true, causing Melanie to take control enough to punch him. He takes this as confirmation.
Walter, one of the older humans who is slowly dying of bone cancer, asks to see Wanda. She sits by him in the hospital as he talks to her, thinking she's his wife Gladys. After a while she takes a break and goes for a bath. In the bathing area Kyle appears and attacks her. He first tries to drown her, then throw her down a cavern into the river below. In the ensuing struggle she causes him to hit his head and black out, but the ledge gives way and the two nearly plummet to their death. She manages to cling to the edge, but risks her life by holding onto unconscious Kyle. Ian hears Wanda's cries for help and pulls them up. Wanda is moved back to the hospital to be treated for her injuries, and comforts Walter as Doc gives him a morphine overdose. After Walter's funeral, a trial is held for Kyle. Ian, Jared, and a few others want to kick him out for attempted murder, but Wanda lies to protect him, and the majority vote decides he should stay. Ian confesses that he has romantic feelings for Wanda – not her host body, but her – and kisses her, but Melanie's repulsion and her own feelings for Jared make her confused, and she asks for time to think about it.
Jared goes out on another raid and takes Jamie with him. Afterwards, they intentionally keep Wanda away from the hospital, just as they did after the previous raid, making her suspicious. She goes to see what the secret is, and discovers mutilated Souls who've been cut out of their hosts. The image is so traumatic that she hides for three days, remaining silent and not eating anything as a form of mourning. Jeb eventually convinces her to snap out of it and explains that they've been looking for a way to safely remove Souls from human bodies, but each time has proven to be fatal for both parties, and he agrees to make sure it never happens again.
Wanda then learns that a large cut Jamie got while on the raid has become infected, and remembering what happened when Walter couldn't be treated, desperately tries to convince the community to steal medication for him. She suggests they use her, as she could acquire it easily and would never be suspected of anything, but the group still doesn't trust her enough. Jared sneaks her out at night, and they're successful in their mission. Now sure where Wanda's loyalties lie, they allow her to go out on another raid and return with a vast amount of food, all given freely by stores.
Upon returning they learn Wanda's Seeker found the caves and fatally shot one of the humans before she could be subdued. Not wanting the Seeker to be killed, Wanda realizes there's a way to spare her and the host body – by revealing how to remove a Soul properly. She agrees to tell Doc this secret, on condition that all Souls be sent to other planets rather than killed. Tired of stealing lives from people, she also asks to be taken out of Melanie and left to die, to which Doc grudgingly agrees, under pledge of secrecy. After the Seeker's human host is restored, Kyle runs off to find the body of his girlfriend, Jodi. He returns with her, now inhabited by a Soul called Sunny (Sunlight Passing Through the Ice), who has feelings for Kyle the same way Wanda loved Jared. They plan to remove her and revive Jodi, although Sunny does not want to leave Earth. Wanda then reveals her intentions to give Melanie back her body and Ian, believing Wanda is leaving for another planet, tries to convince her to stay. He expresses his love for her and she tells him she loves him too, then sneaks out when he falls asleep. Jared confronts her as she's going to see Doc, but Wanda manages to keep her resolve. As Doc is putting her under she says goodbye to him and Melanie, and peacefully accepts death.
Wanda wakes up, now in a new host. She learns that Jared had coerced Doc into saving Wanda and went out with Melanie and Jamie to get a new body for her. Wanda is upset, but they explain that the host didn't wake up after they took the Soul out, meaning Wanda isn't a parasite. She learns that Jodi didn't wake up after Sunny was removed either, so Kyle decided to return Sunny to Jodi's body. In her new body, Wanda finally gains wide acceptance from the humans and is free to be in a relationship with Ian. Months later, Wanda is heading out on a raid with Ian, Jared, and Melanie, when they meet another group of humans who also have a Soul in their group. The story concludes with Wanda and the Soul Burns (Burns Living Flowers), agreeing on the strangeness of Earth.
Main characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Host characters
Wanderer "Wanda"  – Wanderer is the protagonist, a parasitic alien Soul who is inserted into Melanie Stryder's body. She received her name due to the number of planets she has lived on, having never settled on one she truly liked. She is later nicknamed "Wanda" by Mel's Uncle Jeb. Initially only interested in enjoying her new life, Melanie's love for her brother and boyfriend spills over to Wanda and she finds herself abandoning her kind to seek them out in the desert. She slowly develops sympathy for humans, eventually acknowledging that they have a right to their own lives, and attempting to sacrifice herself so that Melanie can have her life back. Like all Souls, she is naturally altruistic, horrified by violence, and finds it difficult to believably lie (to humans). She hates upsetting people and so suffers endlessly trying to be as little of a burden as possible.
Melanie Stryder  – Melanie is a human rebel who was captured and implanted with a Soul after years of evading the Seekers. Melanie's consciousness survives and resists Wanderer's control as best she can. She likes the feeling of being physically strong and berates Wanderer for neglecting to keep her that way. She has a temper and is often quick to use threats of violence, much to Wanda's displeasure. Melanie is passionately in love with Jared and shares a strong bond with her brother, Jamie, of whom she is fiercely protective. Despite initial anger at Wanderer for stealing her life, their shared love of Jamie and Jared turns them into unwilling allies. Their relationship grows to the point where Melanie tearfully begs Wanda not to give her body back, knowing the alien plans to kill herself once removed. Melanie is described as having hazel eyes, dark hair and tan skin and is half Latina on her mother's side.[5]
Ian O'Shea – Wanderer calls Ian "as kind as a Soul, but strong as only a human could be." Like most of the group, he has a strong dislike of the Souls in the beginning, but quickly abandons it once he begins to empathize with Wanderer. Other characters seem to view him as mostly level-headed. Ian befriends Wanderer and gradually falls in love with her due to her personality, insisting he cares very little about Mel's body. He is constantly annoyed at how selfless and self-sacrificing she is, worrying that she's willing to do things she doesn't want because she thinks it will make others happy. Once Wanda is put into a new host they begin a relationship. He doesn't help Melanie find a new body for Wanda, which surprises Melanie. Ian said he didn't care what she looked like; he loved Wanda for her personality. He is described as being tall and muscular, with black hair, sapphire blue eyes, and fair skin.
Jared Howe – Melanie's lover. Jared met Melanie while they were both stealing food from the same house, each believing the other to be a Soul; when he realized he'd found another human he was so excited he kissed her. Loving, aggressive, and somewhat excitable in Melanie's memories, by the time Wanderer meets him he has become bitter and hardened. He originally despises Wanda for taking Mel's life, but he cannot bring himself to let Doc experiment on her. He starts to change his views on the Soul when he sees her comforting a dying friend. His survival skills are an asset to the group, and he's often charged with leading the raids due to his rationality and levelheadedness. He has a somewhat parental relationship with Jamie, whom he continued to care for after Melanie's capture. He is described as being muscular and tall, with tan skin, sienna-colored eyes and naturally dark, but sun-bleached hair.
Jamie Stryder – Jamie is Melanie's younger brother. Unlike most characters, he holds no animosity towards Wanderer for stealing his sister's body or life, quickly comes to view her as a substitute sibling. He is fascinated with Wanda's stories about the other planets and the species that live on them. Despite his apparent innocence and naivete, Jamie wants to be treated like an adult; he yearns to go on raids with the others, and is uncomfortable with the coddling he receives when he is injured.
Uncle Jeb – Jebediah "Jeb" is Melanie's eccentric uncle. A paranoid survivalist before the invasion, Jeb had constructed an elaborate hide-out in caves beneath the Arizona desert. He maintains strict control over the hideout by virtue of having the only firearm. He believes Wanderer can fit in with the humans, and pushes for this to the point of creating great strain within the group. He is calm and deliberate in his decision-making, and despite being one of the most welcoming towards Wanderer, nonetheless does not hesitate to explain and justify the human perspective to her.
The Seeker – The Soul who originally caught Melanie. Her calling is to search for and track down humans who've managed to avoid implantation, although she takes her job more seriously than most others. Mutual spite towards the Seeker is the basis of Melanie and Wanderer's early relationship. She is unusually irritable and edgy for her species, at one point even shooting a human in cold blood, despite most Souls not being able to even pick up a gun. She mocks Wanderer for not being able to completely drive out Melanie's conscious. This is later revealed to be due to her insecurity at having failed to subdue her own host, Lacey, who speaks to her like Melanie does to Wanda. It's noted that Lacey is just as abrasive as the Seeker.
Kyle O'Shea – Kyle, Ian's brother, who is impulsive, quick-tempered, and often considered a pain by the others. His hate for Souls is extreme, even among the group. He tries to kill Wanda, despite being warned not to hurt her, and ironically has to be saved by her from falling to his death after he gets knocked out in the struggle. When he realizes the Seeker's host was able to get her body back, he leaves to kidnap Sunny, the Soul now inhabiting Jodi's body, and takes her back to the cave to see if he can get Jodi back. He's shocked to discover Sunny isn't scared and feels an attachment to him, the way Wanderer did to Jared. When Jodi doesn't wake up after Sunny is removed, he allows Sunny to stay. Although still wishing Jodi could return, he becomes close to Sunny and they are described as being inseparable.
Doc – A tall, slim human who was a surgeon and serves as the group's doctor. Wanda's initial impression of him is that he is a cold-hearted torturer, but he is later shown as being deeply affected by the suffering of his patients and is one of the first humans to accept Wanda. He's fascinated by how effective Soul medicine is and is desperate to find a way to remove Souls without killing either the parasite or the host. Doc is prone to alcoholic binges when he fails in these endeavors. His real name is Eustace. A man of his word, Doc is only stopped from letting Wanda die like he promised her because Jared threatens him with a hunting knife. Some of his characteristics were influenced by Meyer's younger brother, Seth.[6]
Major themes[edit]
In an interview with Vogue Magazine, Meyer stated that body image was a major aspect of her novel. She noted that she is "very critical" of her body, but not others'. In The Host, she tried to convey "what a gift it is to just have a body, and really love it." This is something most humans would take for granted before being captured, and something that Melanie is all-too aware of once she loses control of her body.[7] Other themes Meyer explored were the mother/child bond, the need to change our lives for the ones we love or because our community expects something different of us than what we want, and not fitting in.[8] In other interviews, various themes were noted including the value of the Soul and faith in a world that has been destroyed,[6] tolerance, forgiveness, and understanding.[9] Identity issues are also frequently mentioned, as Wanderer notes whether other characters differentiate between her personality and Melanie's identity as they interact with her.
Background[edit]
The idea for The Host originated on a trip from Phoenix to Salt Lake City. Bored, Meyer made up stories to entertain herself, and was halfway through outlining the story of The Host in her head before realizing what she had created. She notes that the story grabbed her attention, and that she "could tell there was something compelling in the idea of such a complicated triangle." As soon as she got to her computer, she typed the outline that she had written in her notebook. Originally meant to be a side project, The Host eventually became a priority, as she favored it above the ideas of other stories she had saved on her computer.[10]
It took Meyer a year to write The Host as she was still editing Eclipse and, as Meyer considers herself a storyteller, she needed something to remind her that she was still a writer, not just an editor.[8] Therefore, after editing Eclipse, she took two days to read through 'what she had already written for The Host to get back into what she calls The Host mode.[6] The character of Ian was originally meant to play a small role' Meyer had no plans for a romance between Ian and Wanderer until Jared "got on [her] last nerve", and Ian "refused to be ignored", and as a result, the ending was changed to allow for Ian.[11]
The title "The Host" comes from the perspective of the main character, Wanderer, because her "host" Melanie forever changes the way she sees the world.[11]
References to other works[edit]
True to Meyer's other books, The Host includes a poem at the beginning of the novel. The poem is titled Question, by May Swenson, and ties into the idea of the mind's reliance on the existence of the body, just as Melanie experiences when inhabited by Wanderer.
Sequels[edit]
Meyer has said that she is working on additional books in The Host series and that she intends to write a trilogy. She said in an interview that, if published, the first sequel would be entitled The Seeker and the second The Soul.[12] In November 2009, she said, "I'd like to eventually have The Host be part of a trilogy."[13] In a Q&A session in Kansas City, Meyer stated that she has outlines for the sequels and has done some writing on them, but she has some qualms since The Host universe is a "dangerous place" where characters might die, and she is not sure if she wants to kill them off.[8]
Reception[edit]
In a review of the book for The Guardian, Keith Brooke stated, "When it's good, the novel works well, and will appeal to fans of the author's hugely bestselling Twilight series, but it is little more than a half-decent doorstep-sized chunk of light entertainment."[14]
The Host was also a #1 New York Times Best Seller,[15] and remained on this list for 26 weeks,[16] and also spent over 36 weeks on the Los Angeles Times bestseller list.[17] The novel was named #1 on Maclean's Magazine's list of 10 top-selling fiction books in Canada.[18] The Host was named one of the "Best Books of May" by Amazon.com.[19]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: The Host (2013 film)
The Host was developed into a film with Andrew Niccol as director and Saoirse Ronan as Melanie.[20][21] The project was first announced in September 2009 when producers Nick Wechsler, Steve Schwartz, and Paula Mae Schwartz used independent financing to acquire film rights to The Host. Niccol was hired to write the screenplay and to direct the film.[22] In early 2011, before the start of filming, Susanna White had replaced Niccol as the director,[23] but Niccol resumed his role of director in May 2011.[20] In the same month, Ronan was cast to play Melanie in the adaptation.[21] On June 27, it was announced that the film would be released on March 29, 2013 with principal photography to start in February 2012 in Louisiana and New Mexico.[24] Open Road Films acquired the U.S. distribution rights for the film and Meyer served as producer along with Wechsler, Steve Schwartz, and Paula Mae Schwartz.[25]
See also[edit]
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "StephenieMeyer.com:The Host". Retrieved 2007-10-24.
2.Jump up ^ "Stephenie Meyer By the Numbers". Publishers Weekly. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-11-07.[dead link]
3.Jump up ^ Twilight Lexicon | The Host in multiple forms
4.Jump up ^ The Host excerpt
5.Jump up ^ Luciano, LeAura (March 28, 2013). "5 Things You Should Know About 'The Host'". Latina (magazine). Retrieved March 28, 2013.
6.^ Jump up to: a b c "The Host Tour - Frisco, Texas". The Host Lexicon. February 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
7.Jump up ^ "Vogue Magazine Interview". Vogue Magazine. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
8.^ Jump up to: a b c "The Host Tour - Kansas City". The Host Lexicon. February 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
9.Jump up ^ "The Host Tour - Portland, Oregon". The Host Lexicon. February 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
10.Jump up ^ "Official Hachette The Host Q&A". The Host Lexicon. February 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
11.^ Jump up to: a b "The Host Tour - Phoenix". The Host Lexicon. February 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
12.Jump up ^ 'Twilight' Writer Stephenie Meyer Wants Matt Damon For 'Host' Movie - Movie News Story | MTV Movie News
13.Jump up ^ Extra chapter FAQ
14.Jump up ^ The Host by Stephenie Meyer -- book review
15.Jump up ^ Books - Best-Seller Lists - New York Times
16.Jump up ^ "The 25 Entertainers of the Year". Entertainment Weekly. 2008-11-13. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
17.Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Times bestsellers for May 3, 2009". Los Angeles Times. 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
18.Jump up ^ The Canadian Press: "Careless in Red" by Elizabeth George tops Maclean's fiction list[dead link]
19.Jump up ^ Best of the Month
20.^ Jump up to: a b McNary, Dave (May 12, 2011). "Meyer's 'Host' finds a helmer". Variety.
21.^ Jump up to: a b Staskiewicz, Keith (Mayt 3, 2011). "Saoirse Ronan cast in film of Stephenie Meyer's 'The Host'". Entertainment Weekly.
22.Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (September 22, 2009). "Producers acquire Meyer's 'Host'". Variety.
23.Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (February 10, 2011). "Director set for 'Twilight' author's 'Host'". Variety.
24.Jump up ^ "'The Host' Lands Release Date: Here's What We Know About Stephenie Meyer Adaptation". MTV.com. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
25.Jump up ^ "'The Host' to be Released by Open Road Films in March 2013". Hollywood Reporter.com. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
 

Categories: 2008 novels
American romance novels
2000s science fiction novels
Novels by Stephenie Meyer
Alien invasions in novels





Navigation menu


Create account
Log in


Article
Talk





Read
Edit
View history




 Search 



Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Toolbox





Print/export



Languages
العربية
Česky
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Edit links
This page was last modified on 10 October 2013 at 14:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
 Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   




List of The Host characters

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The Host is a novel by Stephanie Meyer released in 2008. It has since been adapted into a film directed by Andrew Niccol.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Main characters
2 Other humans
3 Other Souls
4 References
Main characters[edit]
Wanderer "Wanda"  – Wanderer is the main character, a parasitic alien "Soul" inserted into Melanie Stryder's body in the first scene. She received her name due to the number of planets she has lived on and having never lived more than one host's life on them. She is later nicknamed "Wanda" by Mel's Uncle Jeb and her brother, Jamie. On the Mists Planet she was known as Lives in the Stars and then briefly as "Rides the Beast" due to her riding a claw beast that had been implanted with a Soul, but she disliked the latter name. Initially only interested in enjoying her new life, Melanie's refusal to fade away as expected forces her to make choices she otherwise would not have, and she slowly develops sympathy for the human characters, eventually acknowledging that they have a right to their own lives, and attempting to sacrifice herself so that Melanie can have her life back. She is uncomfortable with violence, and enjoys being a storyteller, a role she indicates having held in previous hosts. Her physical capabilities are determined by her host. She is initially oblivious to Ian's growing affection for her, and so is surprised when she overhears Ian O'Shea and Jared Howe arguing about it just outside her door. Even though Wanda comes to dearly love Ian, she is limited because Melanie's body loves Jared. She hates upsetting people and so suffers endlessly trying to be as little of a burden as possible. At the end of The Host she is placed in Pet's body, allowing Wanda and Ian to finally be together. In the film she is portrayed by Saoirse Ronan (Melanie) and Emily Browning (Pet).
Melanie "Mel" Stryder  – Melanie is a 21 year old human (she was 17 when she met Jared) who was captured and infected with a Soul after years of evading the Seekers. Melanie survives Wanderer's implantation into her body, and resists the Soul's control as best she can. She likes the feeling of being physically strong and berates Wanderer for neglecting to keep her that way. She has a temper and may be considered volatile compared to docile Wanderer. Melanie is passionately in love with another human, Jared Howe, and shares a strong bond with her brother, Jamie. It is clear from their relationship and previous interactions that their years on the run made her extremely protective of him. Despite initial anger at Wanderer for stealing her life, they gradually become unwilling allies, and finally develop a friendship and a sister-like bond. Melanie, despite wanting her body back, sides with Ian when Wanda decides to give Melanie her body back by telling Doc how to take out a Soul. Wanda did not intend to go on living after she was removed from her head, and wanted to be buried next to Walter and Wes. Melanie ensured Doc had not done that part of his promise, and eventually Melanie found a suitable body for Wanda. Melanie is described as having hazel eyes, dark hair, and sun-browned skin.
Ian O'Shea – Wanderer calls Ian "as kind as a Soul, but strong as only a human could be." He has a strong dislike of the Souls in the beginning, but quickly abandons it once he begins to empathize with Wanderer. Other characters seem to view him as mostly level-headed. However he does have a temper; he shows violent and aggressive reactions when Wanderer is at risk, particularly when it is his brother attacking her. Ian befriends Wanderer and gradually falls in love with her, telling her that "[she] is beautiful", not just the body she wears. He doesn't help Melanie find a new body for Wanda, which surprises Melanie. Ian said he didn't care what she looked like; he loved Wanda for her personality. At the end of the book, he is in a relationship with Wanderer, who has been put into a new host body. He is described as being tall and muscular, with black hair, sapphire blue eyes, and fair skin. In the film he is portrayed by Jake Abel.
Jared Howe  – Melanie's lover. Jared is 26 years old when he and Melanie first meet (in most of the story, he is 29). Loving, aggressive, and somewhat excitable in Melanie's memories, by the time Wanderer meets him he has become quite bitter. He bears a grudge against Wanderer, and is unable to empathize with her for most of the book. He starts to change his views on the Soul, however, when he sees her comforting a dying friend. He is somewhat of a rival to Ian O'Shea, who sees him as competition for Wanderer's affections. He also has a parental relationship with Jamie, whom he continued to care for after Melanie's capture. He is described as being muscular and tall, with tan skin, sienna-colored eyes and naturally dark, but sun-bleached hair. His survival skills are an asset to the group, and he is considered responsible and capable by most other characters, but his rational thinking sometimes becomes a bother to the more sentimental humans. In the film he is portrayed by Max Irons.
Jamie Stryder  – Jamie is Melanie's brother and is 14 years old when he first meets Wanderer. His behavior and emotions are generally childish, representing an idealized innocence; unlike most characters, he holds no animosity towards Wanderer for stealing his sister's body or life. He quickly comes to view Wanderer as a substitute sibling, and draws her into the group with his interest in her stories and opinions. Despite his apparent innocence and naivete, Jamie wants to be treated like an adult; he yearns to go on raids with the others, and is uncomfortable with the coddling he receives when he is injured. He describes the medicine Wanda brings to save him as 'magic' and gets to choose Wanda's body in the end. Jamie is portrayed by Chandler Canterbury in the film.
Uncle Jeb  – Jebediah "Jeb" is Melanie's eccentric uncle. He was one of the first humans to suspect an alien invasion, and thus constructed an elaborate hide-out in caves beneath the Arizona desert. He maintains strict control over the hideout by virtue of having the only firearm. He believes Wanderer can fit in with the humans, and pushes for this to the point of creating great strain within the group. He is calm and deliberate in his decision-making, and despite being one of the most welcoming towards Wanderer, nonetheless does not hesitate to explain and justify the humans' perspective to her. William Hurt portrays Jeb in the film.
Terra The Seeker  – The Soul responsible for finding Melanie's family. Mutual spite towards Terra is the basis of Melanie and Wanderer's early relationship. She is described as unusually irritable and edgy for her species. She mocks Wanda for not being able to completely drive out Melanie's spirit. This is later revealed to be due to her insecurity at having failed to subdue her own host, who remembers her name and recovers most of her personality when Terra is finally removed. Both the Soul and the host are extremely unlikeable. She is portrayed by Diane Kruger in the film.
Kyle O'Shea – Kyle, Ian's brother, is a fiery character with a strong dislike of Souls. This is implied to spring from the loss of his girlfriend, Jodi, who was caught and implanted early in the war. He is impulsive, and tends to take precipitous action without considering the group's opinion, which can lead to danger for himself. Due to this quality, he is not trusted to lead raiding missions. His hatred for Souls disappears when he realizes that his girlfriend cannot be saved, and he begins a relationship with Sunny, the Soul inside Jodi. Before finding Jodi's body, Kyle despised Wanda and caused a cave-in in the bathroom trying to kill her. Boyd Holbrook portrays Kyle in the film.
Doc – A tall, slim human rebel who was a surgeon and serves as the rebels' doctor. He is shown as deeply affected by his patient's suffering, which in combination with the conditions, places him under great strain; this drives him to alcoholism, such as they can afford. He is very interested in finding out how the Souls invaded, and their surgical practices, attempting to rescue the victims of the invasion. His real name is Eustace. He is a man of his word, and is only stopped from killing Wanda like she wanted by Jared's hunting knife at his neck. Some of his characteristics were influenced by Meyer's younger brother, Seth.[1] Scott Lawrence portrays Doc in the film.
Other humans[edit]
Magnolia "Maggie"  – Jeb's sister, Sharon's mother, and Melanie and Jamie's aunt. She shows great dislike towards Wanderer and never accepts her, though her attitude softens when Wanderer is moved into Pet's body. She is extremely tough and stubborn.
Sharon  - Maggie's daughter, Jeb's niece, and Melanie and Jamie's cousin. Melanie is captured on a trip to Chicago to find Sharon. Melanie remembers Sharon as a fun and vibrant girl in their childhood but the years have been hard on her and she is now cold and bitter. Like her mother, Sharon hates Wanderer and obsesses about the threat she poses, sometimes to the point of risking other priorities. Her dislike weakens when Wanderer is placed in Pet's body. She is in a relationship with Doc. However, the relationship is strained due to Doc's acceptance of Wanderer and Sharon's own prejudice, though she apparently reconciles with him at the end of the book.
Candy  – Candy is a human who held the Soul of a Healer, until Doc removed the Soul and placed it in a cryotank. At first, she shows signs of having lost most of her human memories, but she eventually manages to recall her name. Her more vivid memories of her Soul's healing activities allow her to help Doc.
Walter  – One of the older humans in the cave, he is slowly dying of cancer. He is very fond of Wanderer and defends her. When he nears his last leg, he grows disoriented and believes that Wanderer is his beloved wife Gladys. Wanderer stays at his bedside until it is time for him to die. Doc euthanizes him and the group holds a funeral for him. It is then that Wanderer comes to believe that the Souls coming to Earth was wrong. Wanderer's caring attitude with Walter helps endear her to the other humans, especially Jared.
Wes  – A young human in the caves, he is around 19 years old. He has a crush on Lily despite her being older than him. Lily is initially oblivious of his feelings but eventually enters a relationship with him. When the Seeker attacks the caves, she shoots Wes and kills him. Lily is devastated and his death is the catalyst for Wanderer to reveal her secret of getting a Soul out of a body and leave Melanie's body. When asking Wanda questions in her 'informal class', he is more interested in the way the Souls run the Earth than the Planets to which Wanda has been.
Lacey  –The Seeker's host. Lacey is described as an obnoxious whiner and is suspected to be the reason for the Seeker's intemperate attitude. Wanderer removes the Seeker and Lacey is fully restored. Lacey annoys almost everyone with her complaining about life in the caves but is immediately accepted, which slightly upsets the still sometimes shunned Wanderer.
Lucina  – A dark-skinned woman who has two young children, Isiah and Freedom. She tries to discourage her children from being around Wanda, though is less resistant after Wanda is placed in Pet's body.
Freedom  – Lucina's youngest child, who was delivered by Doc in the caves. He and his brother avoid Melanie even after Wanda is no longer in her body due to their mother's earlier urgings and begin following Wanda affectionately after she is in Pet's body.
Nate  – Member of another group of humans that show up at the end of the novel as Wanda is going on her first raid in her new body. He tells Jared about other groups of humans they have encountered.
Other Souls[edit]
Pet (Petals Open to the Moon) – She is originally from the Flowers Planet. After Wanda is removed from Melanie, Pet's host body was chosen by Melanie, Jared, and Jamie, to be used for Wanda, believing the body would have no human remnant. Petals Open to the Moon is eventually removed and placed in cryogenic storage to be shipped to another planet. When it appears that Pet's host body has indeed lost all traces of any human mind it had they use the body as a host for Wanderer. Her body is nearly 17 years old at the time she is caught and is small and weak, with pale skin, gray eyes, and wavy blonde hair. Her host body had a mother whose occupying Soul was named Cloud Spinner and Wanda feels remorse about being separated from Cloud due to Pet's lingering memories.
Sunny (Sunlight Passing Through the Ice)  – The Soul who inhabits Kyle's girlfriend Jodi's body. Sunny used to be a Bear from the Mist Planet before coming to Earth. She was put in Jodi's body six years previous and began dreaming about Kyle. Upon learning that Wanderer could remove souls, Kyle recklessly raced out to find her and brought her back to the caves. Kyle grows fond of her and when Jodi is not revived, he reinserts Sunny and begins a relationship with her. Sunny is still looking for Jodi inside her head at the end of the book.
Kathy  – Wanderer's Comforter in San Diego, who tries to help Wanda cope with Melanie's resistance and powerful emotions. She took the name of her host body and is partners with the Soul occupying her host's human companion. The Seeker interrogates her about Wanda's sessions.
Curt  – Wanderer's employer in San Diego and the partner of Kathy. Like Kathy he took the name of his human host. Together they were two of the first Souls to settle on Earth.
Harness Light  – A Soul Wanda saved during her time on the Mists Planet. Wanda was going with Harness and another Soul to one of the crystal cities when a claw beast attacked them, cutting the Bear host that Harness was using in two. Harness was placed into the body of the claw beast to save him. When Wanda rode his host body to a facility to be placed in a permanent host it lead to her being known by some there as Rides the Beast.
Faces Sunward  – One of Wanderer's students in San Diego, who was originally from the planet of the Flowers. He is upset by the stories of the Fire Planet, where similar flower-like creatures are eaten by the Fire Tasters that Souls used on the planet. Wanda later gives his name as that of a Healer as part of a ruse to take medicine from a Healing facility in Tucson.
Burns Living Flowers  – A "native" Soul who appears at the end of the novel. Burns has joined a group of humans, like Wanda, and helps other groups of humans they encounter. His host body is described as being that of a large ginger-haired male. His name indicated that he was once a Fire Taster from the Fire planet, to Wanda's surprise.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Host Tour - Frisco, Texas". The Host Lexicon. February 12, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
 

Categories: Lists of literary characters

Navigation menu


Create account
Log in


Article
Talk





Read
Edit
View history




 Search 



Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Toolbox





Print/export



Languages
Edit links
This page was last modified on 4 September 2013 at 03:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
 Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   




The Host (2013 film)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The Host
The Host Poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster

Directed by
Andrew Niccol
Produced by
Stephenie Meyer
Nick Wechsler
Steve Schwartz
Paula Mae Schwartz

Screenplay by
Andrew Niccol
Based on
The Host
 by Stephenie Meyer
Starring
Saoirse Ronan
Jake Abel
Max Irons
Frances Fisher
Chandler Canterbury
Diane Kruger
William Hurt

Music by
Antonio Pinto
Cinematography
Roberto Schaefer
Editing by
Thomas J. Nordberg
Studio
Nick Wechsler Productions
 Silver Reel
Distributed by
Open Road Films
Universal Pictures
 ChockStone Pictures
Release date(s)
March 29, 2013

Running time
125 minutes[1][2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[2]
Box office
$48,227,201[2]
The Host is a 2013 American romantic science fiction film adapted from Stephenie Meyer's novel of the same name. Written and directed by Andrew Niccol,[3] the film stars Saoirse Ronan, Max Irons, Jake Abel, William Hurt, and Diane Kruger. Released on March 29, 2013, the film has been generally panned by critics.

Contents
  [hide] 1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Development
4 Release
5 Reception 5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]

 This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2013)
The human race has been taken over by extraterrestrial parasitic aliens called "Souls," identifiable by silver rings that form in their eyes. Melanie Stryder, a human, is captured by a seeker (Diane Kruger) and infused with a soul called "Wanderer", in order to discover the location of one of the last pockets of non-assimilated humans. Melanie's personality survives the procedure and begins to struggle for control of her body. Wanderer learns that Melanie was captured while travelling with her brother, Jamie and her boyfriend, Jared Howe, to find Melanie's uncle Jeb in the desert. Wanderer loses control of Melanie and the Seeker decides to be inserted into Melanie to get the information herself. With the help of Melanie, Wanderer escapes and makes her way to the desert, where she is eventually found by Jeb, who takes her to a series of underground caves hidden inside a mountain, which he had built himself, and learns that Jared and Jamie have made it there safely.
Wanderer's presence in the shelter is met with hostility from the surviving humans, and only the threat of Jeb's shotgun prevents them from killing her. Seeing this, Melanie instructs Wanderer not to tell anyone she is still alive, since doing so would provoke them, although she later allows her to tell Jamie, to put his mind at ease. Over time, Wanderer begins interacting with the humans and participating in their harvest, and slowly begins to gain their trust, as well as forming a bond with Ian O'Shea, one of her former attackers. Through this, she begins to sympathise with them, and question her species' actions. Meanwhile, the Seeker manages to track Wanderer down, and leads a search party into the desert to find her. They eventually locate one of the shelter's supply teams, led by Jared and Ian's brother, Kyle, and in the ensuing chase, two of their friends commit suicide to avoid capture. While chasing Kyle and Jared, the Seeker accidentally kills another Soul with one of their firearms, leading her superiors to call off the search.
At the shelter, a vengeful Jared and Kyle move to kill Wanderer, and in the confrontation that ensues, Jamie reveals that Melanie is still alive, shocking everyone. Shaken, Jared at first refuses to accept this, but having a dream about Melanie, he finds Wanderer and kisses her, provoking Melanie to slap him away, and Jared realises that she is indeed still alive. Shortly after this, Kyle makes another attempt on Wanderer's life, but she manages to fight him off, accidentally knocking him into a hot spring. She barely manages to pull him to safety, and, when questioned, insists that he fell by accident. Although nobody believes her, Kyle is let off. After this incident, Ian admits to Wanderer that he has fallen for her, and insists that it is her and her personality that he loves, rather than Melanie's body. Wanderer admits that, while occupying Melanie's body, she must love Jared, but that she has feelings of her own, and the two share a kiss, to Melanie's anger.
Shortly after, Wanderer happens upon the community's medical facility, and learns that Doc, the community's medic, has been experimenting with ways to remove Souls and restore their hosts, killing many in the process. Traumatised, she rushes from the facility, yelling at a protesting Melanie to get out of her head. After isolating herself for several days, she learns that Jamie is critically ill from a wound he picked up while harvesting. She and Jared decide to infiltrate a Soul medical facility to steal some of their medicine. On the way home, they are ambushed by the Seeker, who had come looking for Wanderer on her own, and Jeb captures her, imprisoning her in Wanderer's cell. After Jamie is healed, Wanderer offers to show Doc the method of removing Souls, on the condition that he remove her from Melanie's body, and let her die. Melanie, who has grown to love Wanderer, is devastated.
Wanderer then demonstrates the technique, removing the Seeker from her host, and the original owner, Lacey, regains control of her body. They then send the Seeker to a planet far enough from Earth that it will never return within anyone's lifetime. After learning of her agreement with Doc, the humans are upset, but despite Ian and Melanie's protests, they ultimately accept her decision . As Doc prepares to go through with the procedure, Melanie and Wanderer share an emotional farewell. Melanie tells Wanderer that she is the "purest soul" that there is, and Wanderer responds that, having lived so many lives, she has finally found something to die for. She closes her eyes, and awaits death. The other humans intervene, and Doc instead inserts her into Pet (Emily Browning), a human who was left brain-dead after the Soul inside her was removed, thereby ensuring that Wanderer can live without harming another soul. Though initially dismayed, Wanderer accepts what they did. Now with a body of her own, she and Ian form a relationship, while Melanie is finally reunited with Jared.
A few months later, while on a supply-gathering trip, Wanderer, Melanie, Ian and Jared are caught by Souls who appear to be Seekers, but when confronted by one, do not notice his unusual practice of brandishing a gun. After being searched, they discover that the group are actually a team of surviving humans, who reveal that there are several other groups as well. The Soul who is with them reveals that he has sided with the flourishing human resistance, as Wanderer has, and they may not be the last to do so.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Host characters
Saoirse Ronan as Melanie Stryder/Wanderer/Wanda[4]
Jake Abel as Ian O'Shea[5]
Max Irons as Jared Howe[5]
Frances Fisher as Maggie Stryder[6]
Chandler Canterbury as Jamie Stryder[7]
Diane Kruger as The Seeker/Lacey[8]
William Hurt as Jeb Stryder
Boyd Holbrook as Kyle O'Shea[7]
Scott Lawrence as Doc
Shawn Carter Peterson as Wes
Lee Hardee as Aaron[9]
Phil Austin as Charles
Raeden Greer as Lily
Alexandria Morrow as Soul
Emily Browning as Pet/Wanderer
Mustafa Harris as Brandon
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Producers Nick Wechsler, Steve Schwartz, and Paula Mae Schwartz acquired the film rights to The Host in September 2009, but Open Road Films later acquired the film rights, and made Stephenie Meyer, Nick Wechsler, Steve Schwartz, and Paula Mae Schwartz the main producers.[10] Andrew Niccol was hired to write the screenplay and to direct the film. In February 2011, Susanna White was hired to replace Niccol as director, but he later resumed the role in May 2011.
Saoirse Ronan was also cast in May as Melanie Stryder/Wanderer. On June 27, the release date was set for the film for March 29, 2013, and it was also announced that principal photography would begin in February 2012, in Louisiana and New Mexico.[6][11]
Release[edit]
Distributed by Open Road Films, the film was released theatrically on March 29, 2013. The first official trailer was released on March 22, 2012 and was later shown before The Hunger Games.[12]  The Host was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 9, 2013.[13]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed $48,227,201 worldwide, of which $26,627,201 was from North America. It opened at #6 at the US box office, and for its opening weekend grossed $10,600,112; screened at 3,202 theaters it averaged $3,310 per theatre.[2]
Critical response[edit]
 The Host has been near universally panned by critics. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 8% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 118 reviews, with an average score of 3.6/10. The site's consensus states: "Poorly scripted and dramatically ineffective, The Host is mostly stale and tedious, with moments of unintentional hilarity.".[14] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 35 based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15]
CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B-" on a scale of A+ to F.[16]
Roth Cornet of IGN gave it a "mediocre" score of 5/10, stating that the movie is "unintentionally laughable" and "frustratingly absurd". Cornet says that it could have made an interesting story but that the contradictions of the peaceful but parasitic Souls were not fully explained, in the case of the character Seeker only given a shallow unsatisfying explanation. She praises Ronan for her performance and blames a "fundamentally flawed" script.[17] Ben Kenigsberg of Time Out magazine blames the source material, crediting Niccol for making the best of it, but primarily blaming the high-definition–video cinematography saying it makes "what once would have been a lush, grand-scale blockbuster appear cheap and televisual."[18]
The Host was the penultimate film to be reviewed by film critic Roger Ebert before his death on April 4, 2013, and the last major film to be published in his lifetime. He rated the film 2.5/4 stars, saying "The Host is top-heavy with profound, sonorous conversations, all tending to sound like farewells. The movie is so consistently pitched at the same note, indeed, that the structure robs it of possibilities for dramatic tension."[19]
See also[edit]
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
Twilight (series)
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "THE HOST (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Host (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
3.Jump up ^ Schutte, Lauren. "Andrew Niccol to Direct 'The Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
4.Jump up ^ Staskiewicz, Keith. "Saoirse Ronan cast in film of Stephenie Meyer's 'The Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
5.^ Jump up to: a b Bentley, Jean. "Max Irons, Jake Abel land male leads in Stephenie Meyer's 'The Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
6.^ Jump up to: a b Meyer, Stephenie. "The Host: The Movie". Retrieved 16 February 2012.
7.^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff. "Canterbury, Holbrook land 'Host'". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
8.Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. "Diane Kruger To Play The Seeker In Stephenie Meyer’s ‘The Host’". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
9.Jump up ^ "Review: Stephenie Meyer's 'The Host'". Retrieved 26 December 2012.
10.Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela. "'The Host' to be Released by Open Road Films in March 2013". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
11.Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy. "'The Host' Lands Release Date: Here's What We Know About Stephenie Meyer Adaptation". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
12.Jump up ^ The Host official trailer. YouTube. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
13.Jump up ^ http://www.amazon.com/The-Host-Saoirse-Ronan/dp/B0090SI4LU/
14.Jump up ^ "The Host (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
15.Jump up ^ "The Host Reviews - Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
16.Jump up ^ Brad Brevet (March 31, 2013). "G.I. Joe: Retaliation' Tops Weekend Box Office While 'The Host' Flops". Ropeofsilicon.com.
17.Jump up ^ Roth Cornet (2013-02-14). "IGN The Host Review". IGN. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
18.Jump up ^ Ben Kenigsberg. "The Host: movie review (PG-13)". Time out.
19.Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (27 March 2013). "The Host". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Host at the Internet Movie Database
Stephenie Meyer's The Host webpage
The Host soundtrack

[hide]
v·
 t·
 e
 
Andrew Niccol filmography


Director/writer
Gattaca (1997)·
 S1m0ne (2002)·
 Lord of War (2005)·
 In Time (2011)·
 The Host (2013)
 

Writer only
The Truman Show (1998)·
 The Terminal (2004)
 

 

Categories: 2013 films
English-language films
2010s adventure films
2010s fantasy films
2010s romantic drama films
2010s science fiction films
2010s thriller films
American films
American adventure films
American romantic drama films
American fantasy films
American science fiction films
American thriller films
Alien invasions in films
Apocalyptic films
Dystopian films
Films based on science fiction novels
Films based on works by Stephenie Meyer
Films shot in Louisiana
Films shot in New Mexico
Mind control in fiction
Post-apocalyptic films
Open Road Films films



Navigation menu


Create account
Log in


Article
Talk





Read
Edit
View history




 Search 



Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikimedia Shop

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Toolbox





Print/export



Languages
Català
Česky
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk bokmål
Português
Română
Русский
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last modified on 26 October 2013 at 16:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
 Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki