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The Gates of the Forest

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The Gates of the Forest is a 1966 book written by Elie Wiesel.
Preface[edit]
The preface of the book includes a story often referred to as "God made man because He loves stories". The story imagines that a series of historical Hasidic leaders each followed a tradition, incompletely transmitted from generation to generation, for accomplishing the rescue of his respective community through a miracle. Rabbi Israel Baal Shem-Tov is described as doing this by use of three elements, meditation in a specific area of a forest, a specific prayer, and lighting a fire. Later leaders, namely the Maggid of Mezeritch, Rabbi Moshe-leib of Sasov, and Rabbi Israel of Rizhin supposedly each knew how to fulfill one fewer of these elements, so that the last of them had to say to God "...All I can do is to tell the story...." of the tradition, and found that that was, as he hoped, sufficient for obtaining the needed miracle. Wiesel explains this sufficiency by closing his story by the statement "God made man because He loves stories.



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The Gates of the Forest

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The Gates of the Forest is a 1966 book written by Elie Wiesel.
Preface[edit]
The preface of the book includes a story often referred to as "God made man because He loves stories". The story imagines that a series of historical Hasidic leaders each followed a tradition, incompletely transmitted from generation to generation, for accomplishing the rescue of his respective community through a miracle. Rabbi Israel Baal Shem-Tov is described as doing this by use of three elements, meditation in a specific area of a forest, a specific prayer, and lighting a fire. Later leaders, namely the Maggid of Mezeritch, Rabbi Moshe-leib of Sasov, and Rabbi Israel of Rizhin supposedly each knew how to fulfill one fewer of these elements, so that the last of them had to say to God "...All I can do is to tell the story...." of the tradition, and found that that was, as he hoped, sufficient for obtaining the needed miracle. Wiesel explains this sufficiency by closing his story by the statement "God made man because He loves stories.



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The Oath

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This article is about the novel. For other uses, see The Oath (disambiguation).


 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)
The Oath
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Original title
Le serment de Kolvillàg
Country
France
Language
French
Genre
Novel
Publisher
Éditions du Seuil

Publication date
 1973
Media type
Print (Hardcover)
Pages
253 pp
ISBN
2-02-001207-3
OCLC
246834038
The Oath is the English title of Le serment de Kolvillag, a novel by Elie Wiesel. It tells the story of Azriel, the only surviving Jewish member of the small Hungarian town of Kolvillag after a pogrom perpetrated by neighboring Christians. Azriel carries the secret of Kollvilag's destruction within him, forbidden to share his experiences. However, when Azriel meets a young man on the brink of suicide fifty years later, he realizes that he must pass on his secret to save the young man's life - yet he is bound by his promise to the dead.
Le serment de Kolvillag is a powerful work told in fragments - the point of view changes from present-day Azriel, the Azriel of the past, the young man in the present, and the young man's past. It is unstructured to the point where it borders on Surrealism. Some of the themes of Le serment de Kolvillag include pogroms, death, old age, secrecy, silence, and modernity.
See also[edit]

Portal icon Novels portal
Dawn (Wiesel novel)
Night
Twilight



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Categories: 1973 novels
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The Oath

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the novel. For other uses, see The Oath (disambiguation).


 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)
The Oath
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Original title
Le serment de Kolvillàg
Country
France
Language
French
Genre
Novel
Publisher
Éditions du Seuil

Publication date
 1973
Media type
Print (Hardcover)
Pages
253 pp
ISBN
2-02-001207-3
OCLC
246834038
The Oath is the English title of Le serment de Kolvillag, a novel by Elie Wiesel. It tells the story of Azriel, the only surviving Jewish member of the small Hungarian town of Kolvillag after a pogrom perpetrated by neighboring Christians. Azriel carries the secret of Kollvilag's destruction within him, forbidden to share his experiences. However, when Azriel meets a young man on the brink of suicide fifty years later, he realizes that he must pass on his secret to save the young man's life - yet he is bound by his promise to the dead.
Le serment de Kolvillag is a powerful work told in fragments - the point of view changes from present-day Azriel, the Azriel of the past, the young man in the present, and the young man's past. It is unstructured to the point where it borders on Surrealism. Some of the themes of Le serment de Kolvillag include pogroms, death, old age, secrecy, silence, and modernity.
See also[edit]

Portal icon Novels portal
Dawn (Wiesel novel)
Night
Twilight



Stub icon This article about a novel on The Holocaust is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.



 
Stub icon This article about a historical novel of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




  


Categories: 1973 novels
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Twilight (Wiesel novel)

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Twilight
Twilight (Elie Wiesel novel).jpg
Cover of Twilight
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Language
German
Twilight, originally published in 1988 in French as Le crépuscule, au loin, is a novel by Elie Wiesel. Twilight is the fictional story of a Holocaust survivor named Raphael Lipkin who is now a psychologist living in America. He visits a psychiatric ward called "The Mountain Clinic," where he interviews several psychiatric patients who believe themselves to be various characters from the Old Testament. Interwoven with these accounts are Raphael's own memories of his life before and during the Holocaust.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Other work by Elie Wiesel[edit]
Dawn
Night
The Oath
The Gates of the Forest
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Holocaust Literature, ed. David Patterson, Alan L. Berger, Sarita Cargas 1573562572 2002 Page 216 "Titled Twilight, the novel suggests a return to some of the themes in Night, Dawn, and The Accident. It also contains an important character whose voice played a highly significant role in The Town Beyond the Wall: Pedro. In both novels, Pedro is closely connected to the madman and the ways in which the madman challenges our truths."
2.Jump up ^ Carole J. Lambert Is God Man's Friend?: Theodicy and Friendship in Elie Wiesel 2006 0820479268-- Page 40 "Some of Heschel's perspectives on God may be found in Wiesel's Twilight."
3.Jump up ^ David Patterson The Shriek of Silence: A Phenomenology of the Holocaust Novel 2015 0813161495 "... sanatorium patient in Wiesel's Twilight. “His face appeared before me. . . . "
4.Jump up ^ Richard Bauckham - Theology of Jürgen Moltmann - 1995 0567251438 Page 91 Appendix to Chapter Four: Elie Wiesel's Twilight : After this chapter was first written, Wiesel published a novel which contains his most mature reflections on the themes of theodicy which he first tackled in Night. The French title Le Crépuseule, ...
5.Jump up ^ David Patterson - Sun Turned to Darkness: Memory and Recovery in the ... 1998 -0815605307 Page 2 "And so one sees that couched in these texts of memory is the outcry of the Rav condemned to death in Elie Wiesel's Twilight: "Here is my prayer. God of Israel: Listen to the people of Israel]" (1987, 34). When people turn their backs on their ..."
6.Jump up ^ ALONG THE EDGE OF ANNIHILATION 0295803371- Page 283 ""When I killed my brother," says Cain in Elie Wiesel's Twilight, "it was really Him I wanted to kill. And He knows it. Any fool knows that whoever kills, kills God" (58). 5"
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Twilight (Wiesel novel)

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Jump to: navigation, search

Twilight
Twilight (Elie Wiesel novel).jpg
Cover of Twilight
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Language
German
Twilight, originally published in 1988 in French as Le crépuscule, au loin, is a novel by Elie Wiesel. Twilight is the fictional story of a Holocaust survivor named Raphael Lipkin who is now a psychologist living in America. He visits a psychiatric ward called "The Mountain Clinic," where he interviews several psychiatric patients who believe themselves to be various characters from the Old Testament. Interwoven with these accounts are Raphael's own memories of his life before and during the Holocaust.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Other work by Elie Wiesel[edit]
Dawn
Night
The Oath
The Gates of the Forest
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Holocaust Literature, ed. David Patterson, Alan L. Berger, Sarita Cargas 1573562572 2002 Page 216 "Titled Twilight, the novel suggests a return to some of the themes in Night, Dawn, and The Accident. It also contains an important character whose voice played a highly significant role in The Town Beyond the Wall: Pedro. In both novels, Pedro is closely connected to the madman and the ways in which the madman challenges our truths."
2.Jump up ^ Carole J. Lambert Is God Man's Friend?: Theodicy and Friendship in Elie Wiesel 2006 0820479268-- Page 40 "Some of Heschel's perspectives on God may be found in Wiesel's Twilight."
3.Jump up ^ David Patterson The Shriek of Silence: A Phenomenology of the Holocaust Novel 2015 0813161495 "... sanatorium patient in Wiesel's Twilight. “His face appeared before me. . . . "
4.Jump up ^ Richard Bauckham - Theology of Jürgen Moltmann - 1995 0567251438 Page 91 Appendix to Chapter Four: Elie Wiesel's Twilight : After this chapter was first written, Wiesel published a novel which contains his most mature reflections on the themes of theodicy which he first tackled in Night. The French title Le Crépuseule, ...
5.Jump up ^ David Patterson - Sun Turned to Darkness: Memory and Recovery in the ... 1998 -0815605307 Page 2 "And so one sees that couched in these texts of memory is the outcry of the Rav condemned to death in Elie Wiesel's Twilight: "Here is my prayer. God of Israel: Listen to the people of Israel]" (1987, 34). When people turn their backs on their ..."
6.Jump up ^ ALONG THE EDGE OF ANNIHILATION 0295803371- Page 283 ""When I killed my brother," says Cain in Elie Wiesel's Twilight, "it was really Him I wanted to kill. And He knows it. Any fool knows that whoever kills, kills God" (58). 5"
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Dawn (Wiesel novel)

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Dawn
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Subject
British Mandate of Palestine terrorist group
Genre
War fiction
Publisher
Les Editions de Seuil

Publication date
 1961
Pages
81
Followed by
Day
Dawn is a novel by Elie Wiesel, published in 1961. It is the second in a trilogy— Night, Dawn, and Day—describing Wiesel's experiences or thoughts during and after the Holocaust.[1]
Dawn is an original work of fiction.[2] It tells the story of Elisha, a Holocaust survivor. After the war, Elisha moves to the British Mandate of Palestine and joins the Irgun(in the book known as the Movement) determined to oust the British from the area. One night, he is told he must execute a British officer at dawn. The novel covers his internal struggle leading up to the execution, looking back on his life and those that have affected it.[3]
Film adaptations[edit]
Elie Wiesel's novel L'Aube (Dawn) was adapted twice to the screen:
1985 by Miklós Jancsó. The French-Hungarian coproduction Dawn is starring Michael York, Philippe Léotard and Christine Boisson.
2014 by Romed Wyder. The Swiss-UK-German-Israeli coproduction Dawn is starring Jason Isaacs, Joel Basman and Sarah Adler.
Other books by Elie Wiesel[edit]
Day (Wiesel novel)
Night (book)
The Oath
Twilight
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Blum, Harold. Elie Wiesel's Night. Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 69.
2.Jump up ^ Wiesel, Elie. The Night Trilogy. p. 139 ISBN 0-8090-7364-1
3.Jump up ^ Wiesel, Elie. The Night Trilogy. p. 140 ISBN 0-8090-7364-1



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Dawn (Wiesel novel)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Dawn
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Subject
British Mandate of Palestine terrorist group
Genre
War fiction
Publisher
Les Editions de Seuil

Publication date
 1961
Pages
81
Followed by
Day
Dawn is a novel by Elie Wiesel, published in 1961. It is the second in a trilogy— Night, Dawn, and Day—describing Wiesel's experiences or thoughts during and after the Holocaust.[1]
Dawn is an original work of fiction.[2] It tells the story of Elisha, a Holocaust survivor. After the war, Elisha moves to the British Mandate of Palestine and joins the Irgun(in the book known as the Movement) determined to oust the British from the area. One night, he is told he must execute a British officer at dawn. The novel covers his internal struggle leading up to the execution, looking back on his life and those that have affected it.[3]
Film adaptations[edit]
Elie Wiesel's novel L'Aube (Dawn) was adapted twice to the screen:
1985 by Miklós Jancsó. The French-Hungarian coproduction Dawn is starring Michael York, Philippe Léotard and Christine Boisson.
2014 by Romed Wyder. The Swiss-UK-German-Israeli coproduction Dawn is starring Jason Isaacs, Joel Basman and Sarah Adler.
Other books by Elie Wiesel[edit]
Day (Wiesel novel)
Night (book)
The Oath
Twilight
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Blum, Harold. Elie Wiesel's Night. Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 69.
2.Jump up ^ Wiesel, Elie. The Night Trilogy. p. 139 ISBN 0-8090-7364-1
3.Jump up ^ Wiesel, Elie. The Night Trilogy. p. 140 ISBN 0-8090-7364-1



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Day (Wiesel novel)

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Day, published in 1962, is the third book in a trilogy by Elie Wiesel—Night, Dawn, and Day—describing his experiences and thoughts during and after the Holocaust.[1]
Day is the fictional story of a Holocaust survivor who is struck by a taxicab in New York City. While recovering from his injuries, the character reflects on his relationships and experiences during the Second World War, coming to terms with his survival and the deaths of his family and friends. The book was published in the UK as The Accident.[1]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Bloom, Harold. Elie Wiesel's Night. Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 69.



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Day (Wiesel novel)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Day, published in 1962, is the third book in a trilogy by Elie Wiesel—Night, Dawn, and Day—describing his experiences and thoughts during and after the Holocaust.[1]
Day is the fictional story of a Holocaust survivor who is struck by a taxicab in New York City. While recovering from his injuries, the character reflects on his relationships and experiences during the Second World War, coming to terms with his survival and the deaths of his family and friends. The book was published in the UK as The Accident.[1]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Bloom, Harold. Elie Wiesel's Night. Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 69.



Stub icon This article about a historical novel of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.



 
Stub icon This article about a novel on The Holocaust is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




  


Categories: 1962 novels
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Day (Wiesel novel)

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Day, published in 1962, is the third book in a trilogy by Elie Wiesel—Night, Dawn, and Day—describing his experiences and thoughts during and after the Holocaust.[1]
Day is the fictional story of a Holocaust survivor who is struck by a taxicab in New York City. While recovering from his injuries, the character reflects on his relationships and experiences during the Second World War, coming to terms with his survival and the deaths of his family and friends. The book was published in the UK as The Accident.[1]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Bloom, Harold. Elie Wiesel's Night. Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 69.



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Night (book)

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Night
NightWiesel.jpg
1982 Bantam Books edition, with the original
 1960 English translation and cover adapted from the 1958 French edition
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Translator
Stella Rodway for Hill & Wang, 1960
 Marion Wiesel for Hill & Wang/Oprah Book Club, 2006
Language
Yiddish

Publication date
 1956: Un di Velt Hot Geshvign (Yiddish), Buenos Aires: Central Union of Polish Jews in Argentina, 245 pages.
First translation
1958 (adapted from the above): La Nuit, Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 178 pages.[1]

Published in English
 1960: Night, New York: Hill & Wang; London: MacGibbon & Kee, 116 pages.
ISBN
ISBN 0-8090-7350-1 (Stella Rodway translation – New York, Hill & Wang, 1960)
ISBN 0-553-27253-5 (Stella Rodway translation – New York: Bantam Books, 1982)
ISBN 0-374-50001-0 (Marion Wiesel translation – New York: Hill & Wang/Oprah Book Club, 2006)
LC Class
D811 W4823 1960 (Hill & Wang, 1960)
Followed by
Dawn (1961), Day (1962)
Night (1960) is a work by Elie Wiesel about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald in 1944–45, at the height of the Holocaust toward the end of the Second World War. In just over 100 pages of sparse and fragmented narrative, Wiesel writes about the death of God and his own increasing disgust with humanity, reflected in the inversion of the parent–child relationship as his father declines to a helpless state and Wiesel becomes his resentful teenage caregiver. "If only I could get rid of this dead weight ... Immediately I felt ashamed of myself, ashamed forever." In Night everything is inverted, every value destroyed. "Here there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends," a Kapo tells him. "Everyone lives and dies for himself alone."[2]
Wiesel was 16 when Buchenwald was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945, too late for his father, who died after a beating while Wiesel lay silently on the bunk above for fear of being beaten too. He moved to Paris after the war, and in 1954 completed an 862-page manuscript in Yiddish about his experiences, published in Argentina as the 245-page Un di velt hot geshvign ("And the World Remained Silent").[3] The novelist François Mauriac helped him find a French publisher. Les Éditions de Minuit published 178 pages as La Nuit in 1958, and in 1960 Hill & Wang in New York published a 116-page translation as Night.
Fifty years later the book had been translated into 30 languages, and now ranks as one of the bedrocks of Holocaust literature. It remains unclear how much of Night is memoir. Wiesel has called it his deposition, but scholars have had difficulty approaching it as an unvarnished account. The literary critic Ruth Franklin writes that the pruning of the text from Yiddish to French transformed an angry historical account into a work of art.[4]
Night is the first in a trilogy – Night, Dawn, Day – marking Wiesel's transition during and after the Holocaust from darkness to light, according to the Jewish tradition of beginning a new day at nightfall. "In Night," he said, "I wanted to show the end, the finality of the event. Everything came to an end – man, history, literature, religion, God. There was nothing left. And yet we begin again with night."[5]


Contents  [hide]
1 Background
2 Synopsis 2.1 Moshe the Beadle
2.2 Sighet ghettos
2.3 Auschwitz
2.4 Buna
2.5 Death march
2.6 Buchenwald, liberation
3 Writing and publishing 3.1 Move to France
3.2 1954: Un di Velt Hot Geshvign
3.3 1958: La Nuit
3.4 1960: Night
3.5 Reception
4 References
5 Further reading

Background
Further information: Hungary in World War II and History of the Jews in Hungary

photograph

 Sighet, Transylvania, now Sighetu Marmației, Romania, 2009
Elie Wiesel was born on 30 September 1928 in Sighet, a town in the Carpathian mountains of northern Transylvania, to Chlomo Wiesel, a shopkeeper, and his wife, Sarah, née Feig. The family lived in a community of 10,000–20,000 mostly Orthodox Jews. Northern Transylvania had been annexed by Hungary in 1940, and restrictions on Jews were already in place, but the period Wiesel discusses at the beginning of the book, 1941–1943, was a relatively calm one for the Jewish population.[6]
That changed at midnight on Sunday, 18 March 1944, with the invasion of Hungary by Nazi Germany, and the arrival in Budapest of SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann to oversee the deportation of the country's Jews. From 5 April Jews over the age of six had to wear a 3.8 x 3.8 inch (10 x 10 cm) yellow badge on the upper left side of their coats or jackets.[7] Jews had to declare the value of their property, and were forbidden from moving home, travelling, owning cars or radios, listening to foreign radio stations, or using the telephone. Jewish authors could no longer be published, their books were removed from libraries, and Jewish civil servants, journalists and lawyers were sacked.[8]

map

 Sighetu Marmației, Romania
As the Allies prepared for the liberation of Europe, the mass deportations began at a rate of four trains a day from Hungary to the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland, each train carrying around 3,000 people.[9] Between 15 May and 8 July 1944, 437,402 Hungarian Jews are recorded as having been sent there on 147 trains, most gassed on arrival. The transports comprised most of the Jewish population outside Budapest, the Hungarian capital.[10]
Between 16 May and 27 June, 131,641 Jews were deported from northern Transylvania.[11] Wiesel, his parents and sisters – older sisters Hilda and Beatrice and seven-year-old Tzipora – were among them. On arrival Jews were "selected" for the gas chamber or forced labour; to be sent to the left meant work, to the right, the gas chamber.[12] Sarah and Tzipora were sent to the gas chamber. Hilda and Beatrice survived, separated from the rest of the family. Wiesel and Chlomo managed to stay together, surviving forced labour and a death march to another concentration camp, Buchenwald, near Weimar in Germany. Chlomo died there in January 1945, three months before the 6th Armored Division of the United States Army arrived to liberate the camp.[13]
Synopsis
Moshe the Beadle
Further information: Kamianets-Podilskyi Massacre

photograph

Elie Wiesel, c. 1943, aged 15
Night opens in Sighet in 1941. The book's narrator is Eliezer, an Orthodox Jewish teenager who studies the Talmud by day, and by night "weep[s] over the destruction of the Temple." To the disapproval of his father, Eliezer spends time discussing the Kabbalah with Moshe the Beadle, caretaker of the Hasidic shtiebel (house of prayer).
In June 1941 the Hungarian government expelled Jews unable to prove their citizenship. Moshe is crammed onto a cattle train and taken to Poland. He manages to escape, saved by God, he believes, so that he might save the Jews of Sighet. He returns to the village to tell what he calls the "story of his own death," running from one house to the next: "Jews, listen to me! It's all I ask of you. No money. No pity. Just listen to me!"[14]
When the train crossed into Poland, he tells them, it was taken over by the Gestapo, the German secret police. The Jews were transferred to trucks, then driven to a forest in Galicia, near Kolomaye, where they were forced to dig pits. When they had finished, each prisoner had to approach the hole, present his neck, and was shot. Babies were thrown into the air and used as targets by machine gunners. He tells them about Malka, the young girl who took three days to die, and Tobias, the tailor who begged to be killed before his sons; and how he, Moshe, was shot in the leg and taken for dead. But the Jews of Sighet would not listen, making Moshe Night's first unheeded witness.[15]
Sighet ghettos
Further information: Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe
The Germans arrived in Sighet around 21 March 1944, and shortly after Passover (8–14 April that year) arrested the community leaders. Jews had to hand over their valuables, were not allowed to visit restaurants or leave home after six in the evening, and had to wear the yellow star at all times. Eliezer's father makes light of it:

The yellow star? Oh well, what of it? You don't die of it ...
(Poor Father! Of what then did you die?)[16]

photograph

 Wiesel's father, Chlomo
The SS transfer the Jews to one of two ghettos, each with its own council or Judenrat. Eleizer's house on a corner of Serpent Street was in the larger ghetto in the town centre, so his family was able to stay at home, though the windows on the non-ghetto side had to be boarded up.

The barbed wire which fenced us in did not cause us any real fear. ... We appointed a Jewish Council, a Jewish police, an office for social assistance, a labor committee, a hygiene department – a whole government machinery. Everyone marveled at it. We should no longer have before our eyes those hostile faces, those hate-laden stares. Our fear and anguish were at an end. We were living among Jews, among brothers ...
The general opinion was that we were going to remain in the ghetto until the end of the war, until the arrival of the Red Army. Then everything would be as before. It was neither German nor Jew who ruled the ghetto – it was illusion.[17]
In May 1944 the Judenrat is told the ghettos will be closed with immediate effect and the residents deported. Eleizer's family is first moved to the smaller ghetto, but they are not told their final destination, only that they may each take a few personal belongings. The Hungarian police, wielding truncheons and rifle butts, march Eleizer's neighbours through the streets. "It was from that moment that I began to hate them, and my hate is still the only link between us today."[14]
Here came the Rabbi, his back bent, his face shaved ... His mere presence among the deportees added a touch of unreality to the scene. It was like a page torn from some story book ... One by one they passed in front of me, teachers, friends, others, all those I had been afraid of, all those I once could have laughed at, all those I had lived with over the years. They went by, fallen, dragging their packs, dragging their lives, deserting their homes, the years of their childhood, cringing like beaten dogs.[18]
Auschwitz
Further information: Auschwitz concentration camp

 

 Tracks leading to Auschwitz-Birkenau
Eliezer and his family are crammed into a closed cattle wagon with 80 others. On the third night one woman, Madame Schächter – Night's second unheeded witness – becomes hysterical, screaming that she can see flames, until the others beat her. Men and women are separated on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the reception and extermination camp within the Auschwitz complex. Eliezer and his father are "selected" to go to the left, which meant forced labour; his mother, Hilda, Beatrice and Tzipora to the right, the gas chamber. Hilda and Beatrice managed to survive.

Men to the left! Women to the right!
Eight words spoken quietly, indifferently, without emotion. Eight short, simple words. ... For a part of a second I glimpsed my mother and my sisters moving away to the right. Tzipora held Mother's hand. I saw them disappear into the distance; my mother was stroking my sister's fair hair ... and I did not know that in that place, at that moment, I was parting from my mother and Tzipora forever.[19]
The remainder of Night describes Eliezer's efforts not to be parted from his father, not even to lose sight of him; his grief and shame at witnessing his father's decline into helplessness; and as their relationship changes and the young man becomes the older man's caregiver, his resentment and guilt, because his father's existence threatens his own. The stronger Eliezer's need to survive, the weaker the bonds that tie him to other people.
His loss of faith in human relationships is mirrored in his loss of faith in God. During the first night, as he and his father wait in line, he watches a lorry deliver its load of children into the fire. While his father recites the Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead – Wiesel writes that in the long history of the Jews, he does not know whether people have ever recited the prayer for the dead for themselves – Eliezer considers throwing himself against the electric fence.
At that moment he and his father are ordered to go to their barracks. But Eliezer is already destroyed. "[T]he student of the Talmud, the child that I was, had been consumed in the flames. There remained only a shape that looked like me."[20] There follows a passage that Ellen Fine writes contains the main themes of Night – the death of God and innocence, and the défaite du moi, or dissolution of the self, a recurring motif in Holocaust literature:[21]

photograph

 Hungarian Jews arrive at Auschwitz-Birkenau, May or June 1944[22]
Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky.
Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever.
Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.[23]
With the loss of self goes Eliezer's sense of time: "I glanced at my father. How he had changed! ... So much had happened within such a few hours that I had lost all sense of time. When had we left our houses? And the ghetto? And the train? Was it only a week? One night – one single night?"[24]
Buna
Further information: Monowitz concentration camp
In or around August 1944 Eliezer and his father are transferred from Birkenau to the work camp at Monowitz (also known as Buna and Auschwitz III), their lives reduced to the avoidance of violence and the search for food. "Bread, soup – these were my whole life. I was a body. Perhaps less than that even: a starved stomach."[25] Their only joy is when the Americans bomb the camp.
God is not lost to Eliezer entirely. During the hanging of a child, which the camp is forced to watch, he hears someone ask: Where is God? Where is he?[26] Not heavy enough for the weight of his body to break his neck, the boy dies slowly. Wiesel files past him, sees his tongue still pink and his eyes clear.

Behind me, I heard the same man asking: Where is God now?
And I heard a voice within me answer him:  ... Here He is – He is hanging here on this gallows.[27]
Fine writes that this is the central event in Night, a religious sacrifice – the binding of Isaac and crucifixion of Jesus – described by Alfred Kazin as the literal death of God.[28] Afterwards the inmates celebrate Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year, but Eliezer cannot take part.

Blessed be God's name? Why, but why would I bless Him? Every fiber in me rebelled. Because He caused thousands of children to burn in His mass graves? Because He kept six crematoria working day and night, including Sabbath and the Holy Days? Because in His great might, He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many other factories of death? How could I say to Him: Blessed be Thou, Almighty, Master of the Universe, who chose us among all nations to be tortured day and night, to watch as our fathers, our mothers, our brothers end up in the furnaces? ...
But now, I no longer pleaded for anything. I was no longer able to lament. On the contrary, I felt very strong. I was the accuser, God the accused. My eyes had opened and I was alone, terribly alone in a world without God, without man. Without love or mercy.[29]
Death march
Further information: Death marches (Holocaust)

photograph

Buchenwald concentration camp
In January 1945, with the Soviet army approaching, the Germans decide to flee, taking 60,000 inmates on a death march to concentration camps in Germany. Eliezer and his father are marched to Gleiwitz to be put on a freight train to Buchenwald, a camp near Weimar, 350 miles (563 km) from Auschwitz.

Pitch darkness. Every now and then, an explosion in the night. They had orders to fire on any who could not keep up. Their fingers on the triggers, they did not deprive themselves of this pleasure. If one of us had stopped for a second, a sharp shot finished off another filthy son of a bitch.
Near me, men were collapsing in the dirty snow. Shots.[30]
Resting in a shed after marching 50 miles (80 km), Rabbi Eliahou asks if anyone has seen his son. They had stuck together for three years, "always near each other, for suffering, for blows, for the ration of bread, for prayer," but the rabbi had lost sight of him in the crowd and was now scratching through the snow looking for his son's corpse. "I hadn't any strength left for running. And my son didn't notice. That's all I know."[31] Eleizer does not tell the man that his son had indeed noticed his father limping, and had run faster, letting the distance between them grow.
And, in spite of myself, a prayer rose in my heart, to that God in whom I no longer believed. My God, Lord of the Universe, give me strength never to do what Rabbi Eliahou's son has done.[32]
The inmates spend two days and nights in Gleiwitz locked inside cramped barracks without food, water or heat, sleeping on top of one another, so that each morning the living wake with the dead underneath them. There is more marching to the train station and onto a cattle wagon with no roof. They travel for ten days and nights, with only the snow falling on them for water. Of the 100 in Eleizer's wagon, 12 survive the journey. The living make space by throwing the dead onto the tracks:

I woke from my apathy just at the moment when two men came up to my father. I threw myself on top of his body. He was cold. I slapped him. I rubbed his hand, crying:
Father! Father! Wake up. They're trying to throw you out of the carriage ...
His body remained inert ...
I set to work to slap him as hard as I could. After a moment, my father's eyelids moved slightly over his glazed eyes. He was breathing weakly.
You see, I cried.
The two men moved away.[33]
Buchenwald, liberation
Further information: Buchenwald concentration camp

photograph

 Buchenwald, 16 April 1945: Wiesel, second row, seventh from the left
The Germans are waiting with loudhailers and orders to head for a hot bath. Wiesel is desperate for the heat of the water, but his father sinks into the snow. "I could have wept with rage ... I showed him the corpses all around him; they too had wanted to rest here ... I yelled against the wind ... I felt I was not arguing with him, but with death itself, with the death he had already chosen."[34] An alert sounds, the camp lights go out, and Eliezer, exhausted, follows the crowd to the barracks, leaving his father behind. He wakes at dawn on a wooden bunk, remembering that he has a father, and goes in search of him.
But at that same moment this thought came into my mind. Don't let me find him! If only I could get rid of this dead weight, so that I could use all my strength to struggle for my own survival, and only worry about myself. Immediately I felt ashamed of myself, ashamed forever.[35]
His father is in another block, sick with dysentery. The other men in his bunk, a Frenchman and a Pole, attack him because he can no longer go outside to relieve himself. Eliezer is unable to protect him. "Another wound to the heart, another hate, another reason for living lost."[34]
Begging for water one night from his bunk, where he has lain for a week, Chlomo is beaten on the head with a truncheon by an SS officer for making too much noise. Eliezer lies in the bunk above and does nothing for fear of being beaten too. He hears his father make a rattling noise, "Eliezer." In the morning, 29 January 1945, he finds another man in his father's place. The Kapos had come before dawn and taken Chlomo to the crematorium.[36]

His last word was my name. A summons, to which I did not respond.
I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep. But I had no more tears. And, in the depths of my being, in the recesses of my weakened conscience, could I have searched for it, I might perhaps have found something like – free at last![37]
Chlomo missed his freedom by three months. The Soviets had liberated Auschwitz 11 days earlier, and the Americans were making their way towards Buchenwald. Eliezer is transferred to the children's block where he stays with 600 others, dreaming of soup. On 5 April 1945 the inmates are told the camp is to be liquidated and they are to be moved – another death march. On 11 April, with 20,000 inmates still inside, a resistance movement inside the camp attacks the remaining SS officers and takes control. At six o'clock that evening, an American tank arrives at the gates, and behind it the Sixth Armored Division of the United States Third Army.[38]
Writing and publishing
Move to France

photograph

Elie Wiesel, 1987
Wiesel wanted to move to Palestine after his release, but because of British immigration restrictions was sent instead by the Oeuvre au Secours aux Enfants (Children's Rescue Service) to Belgium, then Normandy. In Normandy he learned that his two older sisters, Hilda and Beatrice, had survived.[13] From 1947 to 1950 he studied the Talmud, philosophy and literature at the Sorbonne, where he was influenced by the existentialists, attending lectures by Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Buber. He also taught Hebrew, and worked as a translator for the Yiddish weekly Zion in Kamf. In 1948, when he was 19, he was sent to Israel as a war correspondent by the French newspaper L'arche, and after the Sorbonne became chief foreign correspondent of the Tel Aviv newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth.[13]
1954: Un di Velt Hot Geshvign
Wiesel wrote in 1979 that he kept his story to himself for ten years. In 1954 he wanted to interview the French prime minister, Pierre Mendès-France, and approached the novelist François Mauriac, a friend of Mendès-France, for an introduction.[39] He writes: "The problem was that [Mauriac] was in love with Jesus. He was the most decent person I ever met in that field ... and he was in love with Jesus. ... Whatever I would ask – Jesus. Finally, I said, 'What about Mendès-France?' He said that Mendès-France, like Jesus, was suffering ..."[40]
When he said Jesus again I couldn't take it, and for the only time in my life I was discourteous, which I regret to this day. I said, "Mr. Mauriac," we called him Maître, "ten years or so ago, I have seen children, hundreds of Jewish children, who suffered more than Jesus did on his cross and we do not speak about it." I felt all of a sudden so embarrassed. I closed my notebook and went to the elevator. He ran after me. He pulled me back; he sat down in his chair, and I in mine, and he began weeping. ... And then, at the end, without saying anything, he simply said, "You know, maybe you should talk about it."[40]
Wiesel started writing on board a ship to Brazil, where he had been assigned to cover Christian missionaries within Jewish communities, and by the end of the journey had completed an 862-page manuscript.[41] He was introduced on the ship to Yehudit Moretzka, a Yiddish singer travelling with Mark Turkov, a publisher of Yiddish texts. Turkov asked if he could read Wiesel's manuscript.[42] It is unclear who edited the text for publication. Wiesel wrote in All Rivers Run to the Sea (1995) that he handed Turkov his only copy and that it was never returned, but also that he (Wiesel) "cut down the original manuscript from 862 pages to the 245 of the published Yiddish edition."[43]
Turkov's Tzentral Varband fun Polishe Yidn in Argentina (Central Union of Polish Jews in Argentina) published the book in 1956 in Buenos Aires as the 245-page Un di velt hot geshvign ("And the World Remained Silent"). It was the 117th book in a 176-volume series of Yiddish memoirs of Poland and the war, Dos poylishe yidntum (Polish Jewry, 1946–1966).[44] Ruth Wisse writes that Un di Velt Hot Geshvign stood out from the rest of the series, which survivors wrote as memorials to their dead, as a "highly selective and isolating literary narrative".[45]
1958: La Nuit
Wiesel translated Un di Velt Hot Geshvign into French, and in 1955 sent it to Mauriac. Even with Mauriac's help they had difficulty finding a publisher; Wiesel has said they found it too morbid.[40] Jérôme Lindon of Les Éditions de Minuit, Samuel Beckett's publisher, agreed to handle it. Lindon edited the text down to 178 pages. Published as La Nuit, a title chosen by Lindon, it had a preface by Mauriac, and was dedicated to Chlomo, Sarah and Tzipora.[46]
1960: Night

photograph

 The house in Sighet where Wiesel was born, photographed in 2007
Wiesel's New York agent, Georges Borchardt, encountered the same difficulty finding a publisher in the United States.[47] In 1960 Arthur Wang of Hill & Wang in New York – who Wiesel writes "believed in literature as others believe in God" – paid a $100 pro-forma advance, and published a 116-page English translation by Stella Rodway that year as Night.[48] The first 18 months saw 1,046 copies sell at $3 each, and it took three years to sell the first print run of 3,000 copies, but the book attracted interest from reviewers, leading to television interviews and meetings with literary figures like Saul Bellow.[49]
By 1997 Night was selling 300,000 copies a year in the United States. By 2011 it had sold six million copies in that country, and was available in 30 languages.[50] Sales increased in January 2006 when it was chosen for Oprah's Book Club. Republished with a new translation by Marion Wiesel, Wiesel's wife, and a new preface by Wiesel, it sat at no. 1 in The New York Times bestseller list for paperback non-fiction for 18 months from 13 February 2006, until the newspaper decided to remove it.[51] It became the club's third bestseller to date, with over two million sales of the Book Club edition by May 2011.[52]
Reception
Reviewers have had difficulty reading Night as an eyewitness account.[53] It has been categorized as a novel, autobiography, autobiographical novel, non-fictional novel, semi-fictional memoir, fictional-autobiographical novel, fictionalized autobiographical memoir and memoir-novel.[54] Ellen Fine described it as témoignage (testimony).[55] Wiesel called it his deposition.[56]
Literary critic Ruth Franklin writes that Night's impact stems from its minimalist construction. The 1956 Yiddish version, at 865 pages, was a long and angry historical work. In preparation for the French edition, Wiesel's editors pruned without mercy.[57] Franklin argues that the power of the narrative was achieved at the cost of literal truth, and that to insist that the work is purely factual is to ignore its literary sophistication.[58] Holocaust scholar Lawrence Langer argues similarly that Wiesel evokes, rather than describes:
Weisel's account is ballasted with the freight of fiction: scenic organization, characterization through dialogue, periodic climaxes, elimination of superfluous or repetitive episodes, and especially an ability to arouse the empathy of his readers, which is an elusive ideal of the writer bound by fidelity to fact."[59]
Franklin writes that Night is the account of the 15-year-old Eliezer, a "semi-fictional construct," told by the 25-year-old Elie Wiesel. This allows the 15-year-old to tell his story from "the post-Holocaust vantage point" of Night's readers.[60] In a comparative analysis of the Yiddish and French texts, Naomi Seidman, professor of Jewish culture, concludes that there are two survivors in Wiesel's writing, a Yiddish and French. In re-writing rather than simply translating Un di Velt Hot Geshvign, Wiesel replaced an angry survivor who regards "testimony as a refutation of what the Nazis did to the Jews," with one "haunted by death, whose primary complaint is directed against God ..." Night transformed the Holocaust into a religious event.[61]
Seidman argues that the Yiddish version was for Jewish readers, who wanted to hear about revenge, but the anger was removed for the largely Christian readership of the French translation. In the Yiddish edition, for example, when Buchenwald was liberated: "Early the next day Jewish boys ran off to Weimar to steal clothing and potatoes. And to rape German shiksas [un tsu fargvaldikn daytshe shikses]." In the 1958 French and 1960 English editions: "On the following morning, some of the young men went to Weimar to get some potatoes and clothes – and to sleep with girls [coucher avec des filles]. But of revenge, not a sign."[62]

photograph

 Elie Wiesel, May 2010
Franklin writes that Oprah Winfrey's promotion of Night came at a difficult time for the genre of memoir, after a previous book-club author, James Frey, was found to have fabricated parts of his autobiography, A Million Little Pieces. She argues that Winfrey's choice of Night may have been intended to restore the book club's credibility. Night has a useful lesson to teach, Franklin writes, about the complexities of memoir and memory.[63]
Wiesel tells a story about a visit to a Rebbe, a Hasidic rabbi, he had not seen for 20 years. The Rebbe is upset to learn that Wiesel has become a writer, and wants to know what he writes. "Stories," Wiesel tells him, " ... true stories":
About people you knew? "Yes, about people I might have known." About things that happened? "Yes, about things that happened or could have happened." But they did not? "No, not all of them did. In fact, some were invented from almost the beginning to almost the end." The Rebbe leaned forward as if to measure me up and said with more sorrow than anger: That means you are writing lies! I did not answer immediately. The scolded child within me had nothing to say in his defense. Yet, I had to justify myself: "Things are not that simple, Rebbe. Some events do take place but are not true; others are – although they never occurred."[64]

References
1.Jump up ^ For 178 pages, Elie Wiesel, All Rivers Run to the Sea, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010 [1995], p. 319; Annette Wieviorka, The Era of the Witness, Cornell University Press, 2006, p. 34.
2.Jump up ^ Elie Wiesel, Night, Bantam Books, 1982, pp. 101, 105; Ellen S. Fine, Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel, State University of New York Press, 1982, p. 7.
3.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 319; Ruth Franklin, A Thousand Darknesses: Lies and Truth in Holocaust Fiction, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 73.
4.Jump up ^ Ruth Franklin, "A Thousand Darknesses", The New Republic, 23 March 2006; "Elie Wiesel", Academy of Achievement, 29 June 1996.
5.Jump up ^ Sanford V. Sternlicht, Student Companion to Elie Wiesel, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 29; for the quote, Morton A. Reichek, "Elie Wiesel: Out of the Night," Present Tense, Spring 1976, p. 46, cited in Fine 1982.
6.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, p. 13.
7.Jump up ^ Randolph Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, Wayne State University Press, 2000 [1981], p. 102.
8.Jump up ^ Braham 2000, p. 101.
9.Jump up ^ Braham 2000, p. 135.
10.Jump up ^ Michael Berenbaum, "Foreword," in Randolph L. Braham, Scott Miller (eds.), The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary, Wayne State University Press, 2002, p. 9.
11.Jump up ^ "Transylvania", Yad Vashem.
12.Jump up ^ "The Auschwitz Album", Yad Vashem.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c Fine 1982, p. 5.
14.^ Jump up to: a b Night 1982, p. 17.
15.Jump up ^ Sternlicht 2003, p.  30; Fine 1982, p. 13.
16.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 9.
17.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 9–10.
18.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 14–15.
19.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 27.
20.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 34.
21.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, pp. 15–16.
22.Jump up ^ "The Auschwitz Album", Yad Vashem.
23.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 32.
24.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 34; Fine 1982, pp. 15–16.
25.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 50.
26.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 61.
27.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 61–62.
28.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, p. 28, citing Alfred Kazin, Contemporaries, Little, Brown & Co, 1962, p. 297.
29.Jump up ^ Night 1998, p. 64; Franklin 2011, p. 80.
30.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 81.
31.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 86.
32.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 87.
33.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 94.
34.^ Jump up to: a b Night 1982, p. 100.
35.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 101.
36.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 102–105.
37.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 105.
38.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 107–109.
39.Jump up ^ Elie Wiesel, "An Interview Unlike Any Other", 1979, in A Jew Today, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010, p. 23.
40.^ Jump up to: a b c "Elie Wiesel", interview with Wiesel, Academy of Achievement, 29 June 1996.
41.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], pp. 240, 319.
42.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 241.
43.Jump up ^ Naomi Seidman, Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation, University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 312, n. 69.
Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 241: "As we talked, Turkov noticed my manuscript, from which I was never separated. ... It was my only copy, but Turkov assured me that it would be safe with him."
p. 277: "In December I received from Buenos Aires the first copy of my Yiddish testimony, And the World Stayed Silent, which I had finished on the boat to Brazil. The singer Yehudit Moretzka and her editor friend Mark Turkov had kept their word – except that they never did send back the manuscript."
p. 319: "I had cut down the original manuscript from 862 pages to the 245 of the published Yiddish edition."
44.Jump up ^ Alan Rosen, "Elie Wiesel," in S. Lillian Kremer (ed.), Holocaust Literature: An Encyclopedia of Writers and Their Work, Volume III, Taylor & Francis, 2002, pp. 1315–1316.
45.Jump up ^ Ruth R. Wisse, The Modern Jewish Canon: A Journey Through Language and Culture, University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 212–213.
46.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], pp. 319, 333.
47.Jump up ^ Gary Weissman, Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Efforts to Experience the Holocaust, Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 65.
48.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 325; Gertrude Samuels, "When Evil Closed in: Night", The New York Times, 13 November 1960.
49.Jump up ^ "Winfrey selects Wiesel's 'Night' for book club", Associated Press, 16 January 2006.
50.Jump up ^ Weissman 2004, p. 65; Franklin 2011, p. 69.
51.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 71.
Carol Memmott, "Oprah picks 'Night'", USA Today, 16 January 2006.
52.Jump up ^ Jason Boog, "Oprah Winfrey Closes Her TV Book Club", GalleyCat, 23 May 2011.
53.Jump up ^ Edward Wyatt, "The Translation of Wiesel's 'Night' Is New, but Old Questions Are Raised", The New York Times, 19 January 2006.
54.Jump up ^ Weissman 2004, pp. 65–67.
55.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, p. 7.
56.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 79.
57.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 71; Franklin 2006.
58.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 16.
59.Jump up ^ Lawrence L. Langer, "The Dominion of Death," in Harold Bloom (ed.), Elie Wiesel's Night, Infobase Publishing, 2001, p. 16.
60.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 82.
61.Jump up ^ Naomi Seidman, "Elie Wiesel and the Scandal of Jewish Rage", Jewish Social Studies, New Series, 3(1), Autumn 1996, pp. 1–19.; for interview with Seidman, see Peter Manseau, "Revising Night: Elie Wiesel and the Hazards of Holocaust Theology", Killing the Buddha, April 2001.
62.Jump up ^ Seidman 1996, p. 6.
Mark Roseman, "Holocaust Perpetrators in Victims' Eyes," in Christian Wiese, Paul Betts (eds.), Years of Persecution, Years of Extermination, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010, p. 89.
63.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, pp. 71, 73.
64.Jump up ^ Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011 [1967], p. viii.
Further reading
The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity
Hernandez, Alexander A. "Telling the Tale: Sharing Elie Wiesel's Night with Middle-School Readers", The English Journal, 91(2), November 2001, pp. 54–60.
Rosenthal, Albert. "Memories of the Holocaust", part 1, part 2 (a description of the deportations from Sighet).
Sibelman, Simon P. Silence in the Novels of Elie Wiesel, St. Martin's Press, 1995.
Young, James E. Writing and Rewriting the Holocaust, Indiana University Press 1998.


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Night (book)

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Night
NightWiesel.jpg
1982 Bantam Books edition, with the original
 1960 English translation and cover adapted from the 1958 French edition
 
Author
Elie Wiesel
Translator
Stella Rodway for Hill & Wang, 1960
 Marion Wiesel for Hill & Wang/Oprah Book Club, 2006
Language
Yiddish

Publication date
 1956: Un di Velt Hot Geshvign (Yiddish), Buenos Aires: Central Union of Polish Jews in Argentina, 245 pages.
First translation
1958 (adapted from the above): La Nuit, Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 178 pages.[1]

Published in English
 1960: Night, New York: Hill & Wang; London: MacGibbon & Kee, 116 pages.
ISBN
ISBN 0-8090-7350-1 (Stella Rodway translation – New York, Hill & Wang, 1960)
ISBN 0-553-27253-5 (Stella Rodway translation – New York: Bantam Books, 1982)
ISBN 0-374-50001-0 (Marion Wiesel translation – New York: Hill & Wang/Oprah Book Club, 2006)
LC Class
D811 W4823 1960 (Hill & Wang, 1960)
Followed by
Dawn (1961), Day (1962)
Night (1960) is a work by Elie Wiesel about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald in 1944–45, at the height of the Holocaust toward the end of the Second World War. In just over 100 pages of sparse and fragmented narrative, Wiesel writes about the death of God and his own increasing disgust with humanity, reflected in the inversion of the parent–child relationship as his father declines to a helpless state and Wiesel becomes his resentful teenage caregiver. "If only I could get rid of this dead weight ... Immediately I felt ashamed of myself, ashamed forever." In Night everything is inverted, every value destroyed. "Here there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends," a Kapo tells him. "Everyone lives and dies for himself alone."[2]
Wiesel was 16 when Buchenwald was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945, too late for his father, who died after a beating while Wiesel lay silently on the bunk above for fear of being beaten too. He moved to Paris after the war, and in 1954 completed an 862-page manuscript in Yiddish about his experiences, published in Argentina as the 245-page Un di velt hot geshvign ("And the World Remained Silent").[3] The novelist François Mauriac helped him find a French publisher. Les Éditions de Minuit published 178 pages as La Nuit in 1958, and in 1960 Hill & Wang in New York published a 116-page translation as Night.
Fifty years later the book had been translated into 30 languages, and now ranks as one of the bedrocks of Holocaust literature. It remains unclear how much of Night is memoir. Wiesel has called it his deposition, but scholars have had difficulty approaching it as an unvarnished account. The literary critic Ruth Franklin writes that the pruning of the text from Yiddish to French transformed an angry historical account into a work of art.[4]
Night is the first in a trilogy – Night, Dawn, Day – marking Wiesel's transition during and after the Holocaust from darkness to light, according to the Jewish tradition of beginning a new day at nightfall. "In Night," he said, "I wanted to show the end, the finality of the event. Everything came to an end – man, history, literature, religion, God. There was nothing left. And yet we begin again with night."[5]


Contents  [hide]
1 Background
2 Synopsis 2.1 Moshe the Beadle
2.2 Sighet ghettos
2.3 Auschwitz
2.4 Buna
2.5 Death march
2.6 Buchenwald, liberation
3 Writing and publishing 3.1 Move to France
3.2 1954: Un di Velt Hot Geshvign
3.3 1958: La Nuit
3.4 1960: Night
3.5 Reception
4 References
5 Further reading

Background
Further information: Hungary in World War II and History of the Jews in Hungary

photograph

 Sighet, Transylvania, now Sighetu Marmației, Romania, 2009
Elie Wiesel was born on 30 September 1928 in Sighet, a town in the Carpathian mountains of northern Transylvania, to Chlomo Wiesel, a shopkeeper, and his wife, Sarah, née Feig. The family lived in a community of 10,000–20,000 mostly Orthodox Jews. Northern Transylvania had been annexed by Hungary in 1940, and restrictions on Jews were already in place, but the period Wiesel discusses at the beginning of the book, 1941–1943, was a relatively calm one for the Jewish population.[6]
That changed at midnight on Sunday, 18 March 1944, with the invasion of Hungary by Nazi Germany, and the arrival in Budapest of SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann to oversee the deportation of the country's Jews. From 5 April Jews over the age of six had to wear a 3.8 x 3.8 inch (10 x 10 cm) yellow badge on the upper left side of their coats or jackets.[7] Jews had to declare the value of their property, and were forbidden from moving home, travelling, owning cars or radios, listening to foreign radio stations, or using the telephone. Jewish authors could no longer be published, their books were removed from libraries, and Jewish civil servants, journalists and lawyers were sacked.[8]

map

 Sighetu Marmației, Romania
As the Allies prepared for the liberation of Europe, the mass deportations began at a rate of four trains a day from Hungary to the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland, each train carrying around 3,000 people.[9] Between 15 May and 8 July 1944, 437,402 Hungarian Jews are recorded as having been sent there on 147 trains, most gassed on arrival. The transports comprised most of the Jewish population outside Budapest, the Hungarian capital.[10]
Between 16 May and 27 June, 131,641 Jews were deported from northern Transylvania.[11] Wiesel, his parents and sisters – older sisters Hilda and Beatrice and seven-year-old Tzipora – were among them. On arrival Jews were "selected" for the gas chamber or forced labour; to be sent to the left meant work, to the right, the gas chamber.[12] Sarah and Tzipora were sent to the gas chamber. Hilda and Beatrice survived, separated from the rest of the family. Wiesel and Chlomo managed to stay together, surviving forced labour and a death march to another concentration camp, Buchenwald, near Weimar in Germany. Chlomo died there in January 1945, three months before the 6th Armored Division of the United States Army arrived to liberate the camp.[13]
Synopsis
Moshe the Beadle
Further information: Kamianets-Podilskyi Massacre

photograph

Elie Wiesel, c. 1943, aged 15
Night opens in Sighet in 1941. The book's narrator is Eliezer, an Orthodox Jewish teenager who studies the Talmud by day, and by night "weep[s] over the destruction of the Temple." To the disapproval of his father, Eliezer spends time discussing the Kabbalah with Moshe the Beadle, caretaker of the Hasidic shtiebel (house of prayer).
In June 1941 the Hungarian government expelled Jews unable to prove their citizenship. Moshe is crammed onto a cattle train and taken to Poland. He manages to escape, saved by God, he believes, so that he might save the Jews of Sighet. He returns to the village to tell what he calls the "story of his own death," running from one house to the next: "Jews, listen to me! It's all I ask of you. No money. No pity. Just listen to me!"[14]
When the train crossed into Poland, he tells them, it was taken over by the Gestapo, the German secret police. The Jews were transferred to trucks, then driven to a forest in Galicia, near Kolomaye, where they were forced to dig pits. When they had finished, each prisoner had to approach the hole, present his neck, and was shot. Babies were thrown into the air and used as targets by machine gunners. He tells them about Malka, the young girl who took three days to die, and Tobias, the tailor who begged to be killed before his sons; and how he, Moshe, was shot in the leg and taken for dead. But the Jews of Sighet would not listen, making Moshe Night's first unheeded witness.[15]
Sighet ghettos
Further information: Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe
The Germans arrived in Sighet around 21 March 1944, and shortly after Passover (8–14 April that year) arrested the community leaders. Jews had to hand over their valuables, were not allowed to visit restaurants or leave home after six in the evening, and had to wear the yellow star at all times. Eliezer's father makes light of it:

The yellow star? Oh well, what of it? You don't die of it ...
(Poor Father! Of what then did you die?)[16]

photograph

 Wiesel's father, Chlomo
The SS transfer the Jews to one of two ghettos, each with its own council or Judenrat. Eleizer's house on a corner of Serpent Street was in the larger ghetto in the town centre, so his family was able to stay at home, though the windows on the non-ghetto side had to be boarded up.

The barbed wire which fenced us in did not cause us any real fear. ... We appointed a Jewish Council, a Jewish police, an office for social assistance, a labor committee, a hygiene department – a whole government machinery. Everyone marveled at it. We should no longer have before our eyes those hostile faces, those hate-laden stares. Our fear and anguish were at an end. We were living among Jews, among brothers ...
The general opinion was that we were going to remain in the ghetto until the end of the war, until the arrival of the Red Army. Then everything would be as before. It was neither German nor Jew who ruled the ghetto – it was illusion.[17]
In May 1944 the Judenrat is told the ghettos will be closed with immediate effect and the residents deported. Eleizer's family is first moved to the smaller ghetto, but they are not told their final destination, only that they may each take a few personal belongings. The Hungarian police, wielding truncheons and rifle butts, march Eleizer's neighbours through the streets. "It was from that moment that I began to hate them, and my hate is still the only link between us today."[14]
Here came the Rabbi, his back bent, his face shaved ... His mere presence among the deportees added a touch of unreality to the scene. It was like a page torn from some story book ... One by one they passed in front of me, teachers, friends, others, all those I had been afraid of, all those I once could have laughed at, all those I had lived with over the years. They went by, fallen, dragging their packs, dragging their lives, deserting their homes, the years of their childhood, cringing like beaten dogs.[18]
Auschwitz
Further information: Auschwitz concentration camp

 

 Tracks leading to Auschwitz-Birkenau
Eliezer and his family are crammed into a closed cattle wagon with 80 others. On the third night one woman, Madame Schächter – Night's second unheeded witness – becomes hysterical, screaming that she can see flames, until the others beat her. Men and women are separated on arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the reception and extermination camp within the Auschwitz complex. Eliezer and his father are "selected" to go to the left, which meant forced labour; his mother, Hilda, Beatrice and Tzipora to the right, the gas chamber. Hilda and Beatrice managed to survive.

Men to the left! Women to the right!
Eight words spoken quietly, indifferently, without emotion. Eight short, simple words. ... For a part of a second I glimpsed my mother and my sisters moving away to the right. Tzipora held Mother's hand. I saw them disappear into the distance; my mother was stroking my sister's fair hair ... and I did not know that in that place, at that moment, I was parting from my mother and Tzipora forever.[19]
The remainder of Night describes Eliezer's efforts not to be parted from his father, not even to lose sight of him; his grief and shame at witnessing his father's decline into helplessness; and as their relationship changes and the young man becomes the older man's caregiver, his resentment and guilt, because his father's existence threatens his own. The stronger Eliezer's need to survive, the weaker the bonds that tie him to other people.
His loss of faith in human relationships is mirrored in his loss of faith in God. During the first night, as he and his father wait in line, he watches a lorry deliver its load of children into the fire. While his father recites the Kaddish, the Jewish prayer for the dead – Wiesel writes that in the long history of the Jews, he does not know whether people have ever recited the prayer for the dead for themselves – Eliezer considers throwing himself against the electric fence.
At that moment he and his father are ordered to go to their barracks. But Eliezer is already destroyed. "[T]he student of the Talmud, the child that I was, had been consumed in the flames. There remained only a shape that looked like me."[20] There follows a passage that Ellen Fine writes contains the main themes of Night – the death of God and innocence, and the défaite du moi, or dissolution of the self, a recurring motif in Holocaust literature:[21]

photograph

 Hungarian Jews arrive at Auschwitz-Birkenau, May or June 1944[22]
Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky.
Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever.
Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.[23]
With the loss of self goes Eliezer's sense of time: "I glanced at my father. How he had changed! ... So much had happened within such a few hours that I had lost all sense of time. When had we left our houses? And the ghetto? And the train? Was it only a week? One night – one single night?"[24]
Buna
Further information: Monowitz concentration camp
In or around August 1944 Eliezer and his father are transferred from Birkenau to the work camp at Monowitz (also known as Buna and Auschwitz III), their lives reduced to the avoidance of violence and the search for food. "Bread, soup – these were my whole life. I was a body. Perhaps less than that even: a starved stomach."[25] Their only joy is when the Americans bomb the camp.
God is not lost to Eliezer entirely. During the hanging of a child, which the camp is forced to watch, he hears someone ask: Where is God? Where is he?[26] Not heavy enough for the weight of his body to break his neck, the boy dies slowly. Wiesel files past him, sees his tongue still pink and his eyes clear.

Behind me, I heard the same man asking: Where is God now?
And I heard a voice within me answer him:  ... Here He is – He is hanging here on this gallows.[27]
Fine writes that this is the central event in Night, a religious sacrifice – the binding of Isaac and crucifixion of Jesus – described by Alfred Kazin as the literal death of God.[28] Afterwards the inmates celebrate Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year, but Eliezer cannot take part.

Blessed be God's name? Why, but why would I bless Him? Every fiber in me rebelled. Because He caused thousands of children to burn in His mass graves? Because He kept six crematoria working day and night, including Sabbath and the Holy Days? Because in His great might, He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many other factories of death? How could I say to Him: Blessed be Thou, Almighty, Master of the Universe, who chose us among all nations to be tortured day and night, to watch as our fathers, our mothers, our brothers end up in the furnaces? ...
But now, I no longer pleaded for anything. I was no longer able to lament. On the contrary, I felt very strong. I was the accuser, God the accused. My eyes had opened and I was alone, terribly alone in a world without God, without man. Without love or mercy.[29]
Death march
Further information: Death marches (Holocaust)

photograph

Buchenwald concentration camp
In January 1945, with the Soviet army approaching, the Germans decide to flee, taking 60,000 inmates on a death march to concentration camps in Germany. Eliezer and his father are marched to Gleiwitz to be put on a freight train to Buchenwald, a camp near Weimar, 350 miles (563 km) from Auschwitz.

Pitch darkness. Every now and then, an explosion in the night. They had orders to fire on any who could not keep up. Their fingers on the triggers, they did not deprive themselves of this pleasure. If one of us had stopped for a second, a sharp shot finished off another filthy son of a bitch.
Near me, men were collapsing in the dirty snow. Shots.[30]
Resting in a shed after marching 50 miles (80 km), Rabbi Eliahou asks if anyone has seen his son. They had stuck together for three years, "always near each other, for suffering, for blows, for the ration of bread, for prayer," but the rabbi had lost sight of him in the crowd and was now scratching through the snow looking for his son's corpse. "I hadn't any strength left for running. And my son didn't notice. That's all I know."[31] Eleizer does not tell the man that his son had indeed noticed his father limping, and had run faster, letting the distance between them grow.
And, in spite of myself, a prayer rose in my heart, to that God in whom I no longer believed. My God, Lord of the Universe, give me strength never to do what Rabbi Eliahou's son has done.[32]
The inmates spend two days and nights in Gleiwitz locked inside cramped barracks without food, water or heat, sleeping on top of one another, so that each morning the living wake with the dead underneath them. There is more marching to the train station and onto a cattle wagon with no roof. They travel for ten days and nights, with only the snow falling on them for water. Of the 100 in Eleizer's wagon, 12 survive the journey. The living make space by throwing the dead onto the tracks:

I woke from my apathy just at the moment when two men came up to my father. I threw myself on top of his body. He was cold. I slapped him. I rubbed his hand, crying:
Father! Father! Wake up. They're trying to throw you out of the carriage ...
His body remained inert ...
I set to work to slap him as hard as I could. After a moment, my father's eyelids moved slightly over his glazed eyes. He was breathing weakly.
You see, I cried.
The two men moved away.[33]
Buchenwald, liberation
Further information: Buchenwald concentration camp

photograph

 Buchenwald, 16 April 1945: Wiesel, second row, seventh from the left
The Germans are waiting with loudhailers and orders to head for a hot bath. Wiesel is desperate for the heat of the water, but his father sinks into the snow. "I could have wept with rage ... I showed him the corpses all around him; they too had wanted to rest here ... I yelled against the wind ... I felt I was not arguing with him, but with death itself, with the death he had already chosen."[34] An alert sounds, the camp lights go out, and Eliezer, exhausted, follows the crowd to the barracks, leaving his father behind. He wakes at dawn on a wooden bunk, remembering that he has a father, and goes in search of him.
But at that same moment this thought came into my mind. Don't let me find him! If only I could get rid of this dead weight, so that I could use all my strength to struggle for my own survival, and only worry about myself. Immediately I felt ashamed of myself, ashamed forever.[35]
His father is in another block, sick with dysentery. The other men in his bunk, a Frenchman and a Pole, attack him because he can no longer go outside to relieve himself. Eliezer is unable to protect him. "Another wound to the heart, another hate, another reason for living lost."[34]
Begging for water one night from his bunk, where he has lain for a week, Chlomo is beaten on the head with a truncheon by an SS officer for making too much noise. Eliezer lies in the bunk above and does nothing for fear of being beaten too. He hears his father make a rattling noise, "Eliezer." In the morning, 29 January 1945, he finds another man in his father's place. The Kapos had come before dawn and taken Chlomo to the crematorium.[36]

His last word was my name. A summons, to which I did not respond.
I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep. But I had no more tears. And, in the depths of my being, in the recesses of my weakened conscience, could I have searched for it, I might perhaps have found something like – free at last![37]
Chlomo missed his freedom by three months. The Soviets had liberated Auschwitz 11 days earlier, and the Americans were making their way towards Buchenwald. Eliezer is transferred to the children's block where he stays with 600 others, dreaming of soup. On 5 April 1945 the inmates are told the camp is to be liquidated and they are to be moved – another death march. On 11 April, with 20,000 inmates still inside, a resistance movement inside the camp attacks the remaining SS officers and takes control. At six o'clock that evening, an American tank arrives at the gates, and behind it the Sixth Armored Division of the United States Third Army.[38]
Writing and publishing
Move to France

photograph

Elie Wiesel, 1987
Wiesel wanted to move to Palestine after his release, but because of British immigration restrictions was sent instead by the Oeuvre au Secours aux Enfants (Children's Rescue Service) to Belgium, then Normandy. In Normandy he learned that his two older sisters, Hilda and Beatrice, had survived.[13] From 1947 to 1950 he studied the Talmud, philosophy and literature at the Sorbonne, where he was influenced by the existentialists, attending lectures by Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Buber. He also taught Hebrew, and worked as a translator for the Yiddish weekly Zion in Kamf. In 1948, when he was 19, he was sent to Israel as a war correspondent by the French newspaper L'arche, and after the Sorbonne became chief foreign correspondent of the Tel Aviv newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth.[13]
1954: Un di Velt Hot Geshvign
Wiesel wrote in 1979 that he kept his story to himself for ten years. In 1954 he wanted to interview the French prime minister, Pierre Mendès-France, and approached the novelist François Mauriac, a friend of Mendès-France, for an introduction.[39] He writes: "The problem was that [Mauriac] was in love with Jesus. He was the most decent person I ever met in that field ... and he was in love with Jesus. ... Whatever I would ask – Jesus. Finally, I said, 'What about Mendès-France?' He said that Mendès-France, like Jesus, was suffering ..."[40]
When he said Jesus again I couldn't take it, and for the only time in my life I was discourteous, which I regret to this day. I said, "Mr. Mauriac," we called him Maître, "ten years or so ago, I have seen children, hundreds of Jewish children, who suffered more than Jesus did on his cross and we do not speak about it." I felt all of a sudden so embarrassed. I closed my notebook and went to the elevator. He ran after me. He pulled me back; he sat down in his chair, and I in mine, and he began weeping. ... And then, at the end, without saying anything, he simply said, "You know, maybe you should talk about it."[40]
Wiesel started writing on board a ship to Brazil, where he had been assigned to cover Christian missionaries within Jewish communities, and by the end of the journey had completed an 862-page manuscript.[41] He was introduced on the ship to Yehudit Moretzka, a Yiddish singer travelling with Mark Turkov, a publisher of Yiddish texts. Turkov asked if he could read Wiesel's manuscript.[42] It is unclear who edited the text for publication. Wiesel wrote in All Rivers Run to the Sea (1995) that he handed Turkov his only copy and that it was never returned, but also that he (Wiesel) "cut down the original manuscript from 862 pages to the 245 of the published Yiddish edition."[43]
Turkov's Tzentral Varband fun Polishe Yidn in Argentina (Central Union of Polish Jews in Argentina) published the book in 1956 in Buenos Aires as the 245-page Un di velt hot geshvign ("And the World Remained Silent"). It was the 117th book in a 176-volume series of Yiddish memoirs of Poland and the war, Dos poylishe yidntum (Polish Jewry, 1946–1966).[44] Ruth Wisse writes that Un di Velt Hot Geshvign stood out from the rest of the series, which survivors wrote as memorials to their dead, as a "highly selective and isolating literary narrative".[45]
1958: La Nuit
Wiesel translated Un di Velt Hot Geshvign into French, and in 1955 sent it to Mauriac. Even with Mauriac's help they had difficulty finding a publisher; Wiesel has said they found it too morbid.[40] Jérôme Lindon of Les Éditions de Minuit, Samuel Beckett's publisher, agreed to handle it. Lindon edited the text down to 178 pages. Published as La Nuit, a title chosen by Lindon, it had a preface by Mauriac, and was dedicated to Chlomo, Sarah and Tzipora.[46]
1960: Night

photograph

 The house in Sighet where Wiesel was born, photographed in 2007
Wiesel's New York agent, Georges Borchardt, encountered the same difficulty finding a publisher in the United States.[47] In 1960 Arthur Wang of Hill & Wang in New York – who Wiesel writes "believed in literature as others believe in God" – paid a $100 pro-forma advance, and published a 116-page English translation by Stella Rodway that year as Night.[48] The first 18 months saw 1,046 copies sell at $3 each, and it took three years to sell the first print run of 3,000 copies, but the book attracted interest from reviewers, leading to television interviews and meetings with literary figures like Saul Bellow.[49]
By 1997 Night was selling 300,000 copies a year in the United States. By 2011 it had sold six million copies in that country, and was available in 30 languages.[50] Sales increased in January 2006 when it was chosen for Oprah's Book Club. Republished with a new translation by Marion Wiesel, Wiesel's wife, and a new preface by Wiesel, it sat at no. 1 in The New York Times bestseller list for paperback non-fiction for 18 months from 13 February 2006, until the newspaper decided to remove it.[51] It became the club's third bestseller to date, with over two million sales of the Book Club edition by May 2011.[52]
Reception
Reviewers have had difficulty reading Night as an eyewitness account.[53] It has been categorized as a novel, autobiography, autobiographical novel, non-fictional novel, semi-fictional memoir, fictional-autobiographical novel, fictionalized autobiographical memoir and memoir-novel.[54] Ellen Fine described it as témoignage (testimony).[55] Wiesel called it his deposition.[56]
Literary critic Ruth Franklin writes that Night's impact stems from its minimalist construction. The 1956 Yiddish version, at 865 pages, was a long and angry historical work. In preparation for the French edition, Wiesel's editors pruned without mercy.[57] Franklin argues that the power of the narrative was achieved at the cost of literal truth, and that to insist that the work is purely factual is to ignore its literary sophistication.[58] Holocaust scholar Lawrence Langer argues similarly that Wiesel evokes, rather than describes:
Weisel's account is ballasted with the freight of fiction: scenic organization, characterization through dialogue, periodic climaxes, elimination of superfluous or repetitive episodes, and especially an ability to arouse the empathy of his readers, which is an elusive ideal of the writer bound by fidelity to fact."[59]
Franklin writes that Night is the account of the 15-year-old Eliezer, a "semi-fictional construct," told by the 25-year-old Elie Wiesel. This allows the 15-year-old to tell his story from "the post-Holocaust vantage point" of Night's readers.[60] In a comparative analysis of the Yiddish and French texts, Naomi Seidman, professor of Jewish culture, concludes that there are two survivors in Wiesel's writing, a Yiddish and French. In re-writing rather than simply translating Un di Velt Hot Geshvign, Wiesel replaced an angry survivor who regards "testimony as a refutation of what the Nazis did to the Jews," with one "haunted by death, whose primary complaint is directed against God ..." Night transformed the Holocaust into a religious event.[61]
Seidman argues that the Yiddish version was for Jewish readers, who wanted to hear about revenge, but the anger was removed for the largely Christian readership of the French translation. In the Yiddish edition, for example, when Buchenwald was liberated: "Early the next day Jewish boys ran off to Weimar to steal clothing and potatoes. And to rape German shiksas [un tsu fargvaldikn daytshe shikses]." In the 1958 French and 1960 English editions: "On the following morning, some of the young men went to Weimar to get some potatoes and clothes – and to sleep with girls [coucher avec des filles]. But of revenge, not a sign."[62]

photograph

 Elie Wiesel, May 2010
Franklin writes that Oprah Winfrey's promotion of Night came at a difficult time for the genre of memoir, after a previous book-club author, James Frey, was found to have fabricated parts of his autobiography, A Million Little Pieces. She argues that Winfrey's choice of Night may have been intended to restore the book club's credibility. Night has a useful lesson to teach, Franklin writes, about the complexities of memoir and memory.[63]
Wiesel tells a story about a visit to a Rebbe, a Hasidic rabbi, he had not seen for 20 years. The Rebbe is upset to learn that Wiesel has become a writer, and wants to know what he writes. "Stories," Wiesel tells him, " ... true stories":
About people you knew? "Yes, about people I might have known." About things that happened? "Yes, about things that happened or could have happened." But they did not? "No, not all of them did. In fact, some were invented from almost the beginning to almost the end." The Rebbe leaned forward as if to measure me up and said with more sorrow than anger: That means you are writing lies! I did not answer immediately. The scolded child within me had nothing to say in his defense. Yet, I had to justify myself: "Things are not that simple, Rebbe. Some events do take place but are not true; others are – although they never occurred."[64]

References
1.Jump up ^ For 178 pages, Elie Wiesel, All Rivers Run to the Sea, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010 [1995], p. 319; Annette Wieviorka, The Era of the Witness, Cornell University Press, 2006, p. 34.
2.Jump up ^ Elie Wiesel, Night, Bantam Books, 1982, pp. 101, 105; Ellen S. Fine, Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel, State University of New York Press, 1982, p. 7.
3.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 319; Ruth Franklin, A Thousand Darknesses: Lies and Truth in Holocaust Fiction, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 73.
4.Jump up ^ Ruth Franklin, "A Thousand Darknesses", The New Republic, 23 March 2006; "Elie Wiesel", Academy of Achievement, 29 June 1996.
5.Jump up ^ Sanford V. Sternlicht, Student Companion to Elie Wiesel, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 29; for the quote, Morton A. Reichek, "Elie Wiesel: Out of the Night," Present Tense, Spring 1976, p. 46, cited in Fine 1982.
6.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, p. 13.
7.Jump up ^ Randolph Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, Wayne State University Press, 2000 [1981], p. 102.
8.Jump up ^ Braham 2000, p. 101.
9.Jump up ^ Braham 2000, p. 135.
10.Jump up ^ Michael Berenbaum, "Foreword," in Randolph L. Braham, Scott Miller (eds.), The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary, Wayne State University Press, 2002, p. 9.
11.Jump up ^ "Transylvania", Yad Vashem.
12.Jump up ^ "The Auschwitz Album", Yad Vashem.
13.^ Jump up to: a b c Fine 1982, p. 5.
14.^ Jump up to: a b Night 1982, p. 17.
15.Jump up ^ Sternlicht 2003, p.  30; Fine 1982, p. 13.
16.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 9.
17.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 9–10.
18.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 14–15.
19.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 27.
20.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 34.
21.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, pp. 15–16.
22.Jump up ^ "The Auschwitz Album", Yad Vashem.
23.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 32.
24.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 34; Fine 1982, pp. 15–16.
25.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 50.
26.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 61.
27.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 61–62.
28.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, p. 28, citing Alfred Kazin, Contemporaries, Little, Brown & Co, 1962, p. 297.
29.Jump up ^ Night 1998, p. 64; Franklin 2011, p. 80.
30.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 81.
31.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 86.
32.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 87.
33.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 94.
34.^ Jump up to: a b Night 1982, p. 100.
35.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 101.
36.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 102–105.
37.Jump up ^ Night 1982, p. 105.
38.Jump up ^ Night 1982, pp. 107–109.
39.Jump up ^ Elie Wiesel, "An Interview Unlike Any Other", 1979, in A Jew Today, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010, p. 23.
40.^ Jump up to: a b c "Elie Wiesel", interview with Wiesel, Academy of Achievement, 29 June 1996.
41.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], pp. 240, 319.
42.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 241.
43.Jump up ^ Naomi Seidman, Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation, University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 312, n. 69.
Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 241: "As we talked, Turkov noticed my manuscript, from which I was never separated. ... It was my only copy, but Turkov assured me that it would be safe with him."
p. 277: "In December I received from Buenos Aires the first copy of my Yiddish testimony, And the World Stayed Silent, which I had finished on the boat to Brazil. The singer Yehudit Moretzka and her editor friend Mark Turkov had kept their word – except that they never did send back the manuscript."
p. 319: "I had cut down the original manuscript from 862 pages to the 245 of the published Yiddish edition."
44.Jump up ^ Alan Rosen, "Elie Wiesel," in S. Lillian Kremer (ed.), Holocaust Literature: An Encyclopedia of Writers and Their Work, Volume III, Taylor & Francis, 2002, pp. 1315–1316.
45.Jump up ^ Ruth R. Wisse, The Modern Jewish Canon: A Journey Through Language and Culture, University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 212–213.
46.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], pp. 319, 333.
47.Jump up ^ Gary Weissman, Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Efforts to Experience the Holocaust, Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 65.
48.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 325; Gertrude Samuels, "When Evil Closed in: Night", The New York Times, 13 November 1960.
49.Jump up ^ "Winfrey selects Wiesel's 'Night' for book club", Associated Press, 16 January 2006.
50.Jump up ^ Weissman 2004, p. 65; Franklin 2011, p. 69.
51.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 71.
Carol Memmott, "Oprah picks 'Night'", USA Today, 16 January 2006.
52.Jump up ^ Jason Boog, "Oprah Winfrey Closes Her TV Book Club", GalleyCat, 23 May 2011.
53.Jump up ^ Edward Wyatt, "The Translation of Wiesel's 'Night' Is New, but Old Questions Are Raised", The New York Times, 19 January 2006.
54.Jump up ^ Weissman 2004, pp. 65–67.
55.Jump up ^ Fine 1982, p. 7.
56.Jump up ^ Wiesel 2010 [1995], p. 79.
57.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 71; Franklin 2006.
58.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 16.
59.Jump up ^ Lawrence L. Langer, "The Dominion of Death," in Harold Bloom (ed.), Elie Wiesel's Night, Infobase Publishing, 2001, p. 16.
60.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, p. 82.
61.Jump up ^ Naomi Seidman, "Elie Wiesel and the Scandal of Jewish Rage", Jewish Social Studies, New Series, 3(1), Autumn 1996, pp. 1–19.; for interview with Seidman, see Peter Manseau, "Revising Night: Elie Wiesel and the Hazards of Holocaust Theology", Killing the Buddha, April 2001.
62.Jump up ^ Seidman 1996, p. 6.
Mark Roseman, "Holocaust Perpetrators in Victims' Eyes," in Christian Wiese, Paul Betts (eds.), Years of Persecution, Years of Extermination, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010, p. 89.
63.Jump up ^ Franklin 2011, pp. 71, 73.
64.Jump up ^ Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011 [1967], p. viii.
Further reading
The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity
Hernandez, Alexander A. "Telling the Tale: Sharing Elie Wiesel's Night with Middle-School Readers", The English Journal, 91(2), November 2001, pp. 54–60.
Rosenthal, Albert. "Memories of the Holocaust", part 1, part 2 (a description of the deportations from Sighet).
Sibelman, Simon P. Silence in the Novels of Elie Wiesel, St. Martin's Press, 1995.
Young, James E. Writing and Rewriting the Holocaust, Indiana University Press 1998.


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Categories: 1955 books
1958 books
1960 books
Books by Elie Wiesel
Holocaust literature
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