Doctor Zhivago Wikipedia film pages

Torn Between Two Lovers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

For the Mary MacGregor album, see Torn Between Two Lovers (album).


 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)

"Torn Between Two Lovers"

Single by Mary MacGregor

from the album Torn Between Two Lovers

B-side
"I Just Want to Love You"
Released
1976
Format
7" single
Recorded
1976
Genre
Soft rock
Length
3:40
Label
Ariola America
Writer(s)
Peter Yarrow
 Phillip Jarrell
Producer(s)
Peter Yarrow
Barry Beckett
Mary MacGregor singles chronology

 "Torn Between Two Lovers"
 (1976) "The Girl (Has Turned Into a Woman)"
 (1977)

"Torn Between Two Lovers" is the title of a pop song written by Peter Yarrow (of the folk music trio Peter, Paul & Mary) and Phillip Jarrell. It was inspired by Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel, Doctor Zhivago, which featured a man in love with two women. Yarrow originally intended the song to be sung by a man. The song was ultimately recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio by Mary MacGregor in 1976. The song became the title track of MacGregor's first album, Torn Between Two Lovers.
"Torn Between Two Lovers" reached #1 on the U.S. pop chart in February 1977 and the easy listening chart in the final week of 1976 and first week of 1977.[1] The song also peaked at #3 on the country charts.[2] In early 1977, the song peaked at #4 in the United Kingdom.[3]


Contents  [hide]
1 Covers
2 TV movie
3 Chart performance
4 See also
5 References

Covers[edit]
"Torn Between Two Lovers" has also been recorded by Johnny Rodriguez for his 1977 album Practice Makes Perfect, Anna-Lena Löfgren for her 1979 album Lev Som Du Lär and Anita Meyer for her 1984 album Face to Face. Connie Francis recorded "Torn Between Two Lovers" for her 1989 album release Where the Hits Are which was recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio and contained a number of songs whose original versions were Muscle Shoals recordings.
"Torn Between Two Lovers" has been rendered in a number of languages including German: "Zwischen Zwei Gefühlen" by Penny McLean, Portuguese: "Só, Entre Dois Amores" by Celly Campello (pt), Dutch: "Hulpeloos verloren" by Conny Vandenbos and Swedish: "Ge Mig Dina Tankar" by Wizex.
TV movie[edit]
"Torn Between Two Lovers" inspired the title of a television movie aired in 1979, starring Lee Remick, George Peppard and Joseph Bologna, in which the song is played.
Chart performance[edit]

Chart (1976/1977)
Peak
 position

Canadian RPM Top Singles[4] 1
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 3
UK Singles Chart 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 1
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 3

See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1976 (U.S.)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1977 (U.S.)
List of RPM number-one singles of 1977
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 152.
2.Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 211.
3.Jump up ^ MARY MacGREGOR | Artist | Official Charts
4.Jump up ^ Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada



Stub icon This 1970s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


Categories: 1976 singles
Mary MacGregor songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles
1970s pop song stubs






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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torn_Between_Two_Lovers













Torn Between Two Lovers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

For the Mary MacGregor album, see Torn Between Two Lovers (album).


 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)

"Torn Between Two Lovers"

Single by Mary MacGregor

from the album Torn Between Two Lovers

B-side
"I Just Want to Love You"
Released
1976
Format
7" single
Recorded
1976
Genre
Soft rock
Length
3:40
Label
Ariola America
Writer(s)
Peter Yarrow
 Phillip Jarrell
Producer(s)
Peter Yarrow
Barry Beckett
Mary MacGregor singles chronology

 "Torn Between Two Lovers"
 (1976) "The Girl (Has Turned Into a Woman)"
 (1977)

"Torn Between Two Lovers" is the title of a pop song written by Peter Yarrow (of the folk music trio Peter, Paul & Mary) and Phillip Jarrell. It was inspired by Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel, Doctor Zhivago, which featured a man in love with two women. Yarrow originally intended the song to be sung by a man. The song was ultimately recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio by Mary MacGregor in 1976. The song became the title track of MacGregor's first album, Torn Between Two Lovers.
"Torn Between Two Lovers" reached #1 on the U.S. pop chart in February 1977 and the easy listening chart in the final week of 1976 and first week of 1977.[1] The song also peaked at #3 on the country charts.[2] In early 1977, the song peaked at #4 in the United Kingdom.[3]


Contents  [hide]
1 Covers
2 TV movie
3 Chart performance
4 See also
5 References

Covers[edit]
"Torn Between Two Lovers" has also been recorded by Johnny Rodriguez for his 1977 album Practice Makes Perfect, Anna-Lena Löfgren for her 1979 album Lev Som Du Lär and Anita Meyer for her 1984 album Face to Face. Connie Francis recorded "Torn Between Two Lovers" for her 1989 album release Where the Hits Are which was recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio and contained a number of songs whose original versions were Muscle Shoals recordings.
"Torn Between Two Lovers" has been rendered in a number of languages including German: "Zwischen Zwei Gefühlen" by Penny McLean, Portuguese: "Só, Entre Dois Amores" by Celly Campello (pt), Dutch: "Hulpeloos verloren" by Conny Vandenbos and Swedish: "Ge Mig Dina Tankar" by Wizex.
TV movie[edit]
"Torn Between Two Lovers" inspired the title of a television movie aired in 1979, starring Lee Remick, George Peppard and Joseph Bologna, in which the song is played.
Chart performance[edit]

Chart (1976/1977)
Peak
 position

Canadian RPM Top Singles[4] 1
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 3
UK Singles Chart 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 1
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 3

See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1976 (U.S.)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1977 (U.S.)
List of RPM number-one singles of 1977
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 152.
2.Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 211.
3.Jump up ^ MARY MacGREGOR | Artist | Official Charts
4.Jump up ^ Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada



Stub icon This 1970s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


Categories: 1976 singles
Mary MacGregor songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles
1970s pop song stubs






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Lara's Theme
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

"Somewhere My Love" redirects here. For the Connie Francis album, see Somewhere, My Love.


 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010)
"Lara's Theme" is the generic name given to a leitmotif written for the film Doctor Zhivago (1965) by composer Maurice Jarre. Soon afterward, it became the basis of the song "Somewhere, My Love".[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Original composition
2 Variations
3 Vocal recordings
4 References
5 External links

Original composition[edit]
While working on the soundtrack for Doctor Zhivago, Maurice Jarre was asked by director David Lean to come up with a theme for the character of Lara, played by Julie Christie. Initially Lean had desired to use a well-known Russian song but could not locate the rights to it, and delegated responsibility to Jarre. After several unsuccessful attempts at writing it, Lean suggested to Jarre that he go to the mountains with his girlfriend and write a piece of music for her. Jarre says that the resultant piece was "Lara's Theme", and Lean liked it well enough to use it in numerous tracks for the film. In editing Zhivago, Lean and producer Carlo Ponti reduced or outright deleted many of the themes composed by Jarre; Jarre was angry because he felt that an over-reliance on "Lara's Theme" would ruin the soundtrack.
Jarre's esthetic fears proved unfounded commercially, however, as the theme became an instant success and gained fame throughout the world. By special request of Connie Francis, Paul Francis Webster later took the theme and added lyrics to it to create "Somewhere My Love". Francis, however, retired from the project when the lyrics were presented to her because she thought of them as too "corny". A few weeks later, Francis reconsidered her position and recorded the song nonetheless, but by then Ray Conniff had also recorded a version of his own, reaching #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1966. Conniff's version of the song also topped the "Easy listening" chart in the U.S. for four weeks. Despite Conniff's success, Francis also had her version released as a single, and although it failed to chart in the US, it became one of her biggest successes internationally, becoming one of the "Top 5" in territories such as Scandinavia and Asia. In Italy, her Italian version of the song, "Dove non so", became her last #1 success.
Various other versions of it have since been released. Italio-American tenor, Sergio Franchi covered the song as "Somewhere, My Love" in his 1967 RCA Victor album From Sergio – With Love.[2] "Lara's Theme" remains to this day one of the most recognizable movie themes ever written. A music box plays Lara's Theme at the beginning of the film The Spy Who Loved Me.
Variations[edit]
On the soundtrack album for Zhivago, there is no one track listed as "Lara's Theme". A variation of the piece appears in numerous sections, however. Some tracks briefly cite it, while others are composed entirely from the motif. The orchestration is varied, most notably with balalaika and orchestra.
One of the main reasons the theme is featured in so many tracks is that Lean had hired an impromptu balalaika orchestra from several Russian Orthodox Churches in Los Angeles; the musicians could only learn 16 bars of music at a time, and could not read written music. Although never credited, Edgar Stanistreet, a street musician of Philadelphia,[3] claimed that he was asked to play the song over the phone to an MGM executive, and was later taken into the studio to record.
Tracks which feature it include (from the 1995 Extended Soundtrack release):
1) Overture – a fast-paced march version of it plays during part of the pre-credits overture
2) Main Title – a significant portion of the Main Theme is devoted to "Lara's Theme"
3) Kontakion/Funeral Song – briefly cited at the end of the piece
12) After Deserters Killed The Colonel – again, a brief "quote" from it appears at the end of the song
14) Lara Says Goodbye To Yuri – The first extensive use of "Lara's Theme" is a sad version played with heavy balalaika and violin sections
23) Yuri Follows the Sound of the Waterfall
24) Tonya and Yuri Arrive At Varykino – briefly cited in the middle of the track
27) Yuri and the Daffodils – plays during the "changing of seasons" part of the film, the montonous winter theme builds into a full-fledged rendition of "Lara's Theme"
28) On A Yuriatin Street – a complete rendition with full orchestral backing
29) In Lara's Bedroom
30) Yuri Rides To Yuriatin
33) Yuri Is Escaping – a gloomy military march is punctuated by a quote from "Lara's Theme" which ultimately turns into a climax
37) Yuri Is Trying To Write
39) Lara Reads Her Poem
42) Then It's A Gift (End Title) – very similar to "On A Yuriatin Street", a complete, triumphant final rendition of the song
This soundtrack also includes jazz, rock 'n' roll, and swing versions of "Lara's Theme" which were performed by the MGM Studio Orchestra between takes.
Vocal recordings[edit]
Vocal versions include recordings by Connie Francis (in English as Somewhere, My Love, in Spanish as Sueño de Amor, and in Italian as Dove non so), by The Ray Conniff Singers (in English as Somewhere, My Love), by Karel Gott (in German as Weißt du, wohin), as well as by Tereza Kesovija, who sang it first in France, and then by John William and by Les Compagnons de la Chanson (in French as La Chanson de Lara). Tereza Kesovija also recorded Lara's Theme in Yugoslavia as Larina pjesma. Andy Williams released a version in 1967 on his album, Born Free.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition, 1996
2.Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com Sergio Franchi
3.Jump up ^ " One of the great things about the lessons, in fact, is the stories he tells. He goes back a long way. Some of his traveling stories, of course, not everyone necessarily believes:" Peter Taney, in interview, 1978 An Interview with Peter Taney by John McLaughlin
External links[edit]
Main Title of "Doctor Zhivago" (Rhapsody) Only available to United States Internet users.
Preceded by
"The Impossible Dream (The Quest)" by Jack Jones Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single (Ray Conniff & The Singers version)
 July 30, 1966 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"I Couldn't Live Without Your Love" by Petula Clark


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


Categories: 1965 compositions
Songs with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster
Songs with music by Maurice Jarre
Andy Williams songs
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Instrumentals
Songs from films





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This page was last modified on 14 September 2014 at 18:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara%27s_Theme












Lara's Theme
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

"Somewhere My Love" redirects here. For the Connie Francis album, see Somewhere, My Love.


 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010)
"Lara's Theme" is the generic name given to a leitmotif written for the film Doctor Zhivago (1965) by composer Maurice Jarre. Soon afterward, it became the basis of the song "Somewhere, My Love".[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Original composition
2 Variations
3 Vocal recordings
4 References
5 External links

Original composition[edit]
While working on the soundtrack for Doctor Zhivago, Maurice Jarre was asked by director David Lean to come up with a theme for the character of Lara, played by Julie Christie. Initially Lean had desired to use a well-known Russian song but could not locate the rights to it, and delegated responsibility to Jarre. After several unsuccessful attempts at writing it, Lean suggested to Jarre that he go to the mountains with his girlfriend and write a piece of music for her. Jarre says that the resultant piece was "Lara's Theme", and Lean liked it well enough to use it in numerous tracks for the film. In editing Zhivago, Lean and producer Carlo Ponti reduced or outright deleted many of the themes composed by Jarre; Jarre was angry because he felt that an over-reliance on "Lara's Theme" would ruin the soundtrack.
Jarre's esthetic fears proved unfounded commercially, however, as the theme became an instant success and gained fame throughout the world. By special request of Connie Francis, Paul Francis Webster later took the theme and added lyrics to it to create "Somewhere My Love". Francis, however, retired from the project when the lyrics were presented to her because she thought of them as too "corny". A few weeks later, Francis reconsidered her position and recorded the song nonetheless, but by then Ray Conniff had also recorded a version of his own, reaching #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1966. Conniff's version of the song also topped the "Easy listening" chart in the U.S. for four weeks. Despite Conniff's success, Francis also had her version released as a single, and although it failed to chart in the US, it became one of her biggest successes internationally, becoming one of the "Top 5" in territories such as Scandinavia and Asia. In Italy, her Italian version of the song, "Dove non so", became her last #1 success.
Various other versions of it have since been released. Italio-American tenor, Sergio Franchi covered the song as "Somewhere, My Love" in his 1967 RCA Victor album From Sergio – With Love.[2] "Lara's Theme" remains to this day one of the most recognizable movie themes ever written. A music box plays Lara's Theme at the beginning of the film The Spy Who Loved Me.
Variations[edit]
On the soundtrack album for Zhivago, there is no one track listed as "Lara's Theme". A variation of the piece appears in numerous sections, however. Some tracks briefly cite it, while others are composed entirely from the motif. The orchestration is varied, most notably with balalaika and orchestra.
One of the main reasons the theme is featured in so many tracks is that Lean had hired an impromptu balalaika orchestra from several Russian Orthodox Churches in Los Angeles; the musicians could only learn 16 bars of music at a time, and could not read written music. Although never credited, Edgar Stanistreet, a street musician of Philadelphia,[3] claimed that he was asked to play the song over the phone to an MGM executive, and was later taken into the studio to record.
Tracks which feature it include (from the 1995 Extended Soundtrack release):
1) Overture – a fast-paced march version of it plays during part of the pre-credits overture
2) Main Title – a significant portion of the Main Theme is devoted to "Lara's Theme"
3) Kontakion/Funeral Song – briefly cited at the end of the piece
12) After Deserters Killed The Colonel – again, a brief "quote" from it appears at the end of the song
14) Lara Says Goodbye To Yuri – The first extensive use of "Lara's Theme" is a sad version played with heavy balalaika and violin sections
23) Yuri Follows the Sound of the Waterfall
24) Tonya and Yuri Arrive At Varykino – briefly cited in the middle of the track
27) Yuri and the Daffodils – plays during the "changing of seasons" part of the film, the montonous winter theme builds into a full-fledged rendition of "Lara's Theme"
28) On A Yuriatin Street – a complete rendition with full orchestral backing
29) In Lara's Bedroom
30) Yuri Rides To Yuriatin
33) Yuri Is Escaping – a gloomy military march is punctuated by a quote from "Lara's Theme" which ultimately turns into a climax
37) Yuri Is Trying To Write
39) Lara Reads Her Poem
42) Then It's A Gift (End Title) – very similar to "On A Yuriatin Street", a complete, triumphant final rendition of the song
This soundtrack also includes jazz, rock 'n' roll, and swing versions of "Lara's Theme" which were performed by the MGM Studio Orchestra between takes.
Vocal recordings[edit]
Vocal versions include recordings by Connie Francis (in English as Somewhere, My Love, in Spanish as Sueño de Amor, and in Italian as Dove non so), by The Ray Conniff Singers (in English as Somewhere, My Love), by Karel Gott (in German as Weißt du, wohin), as well as by Tereza Kesovija, who sang it first in France, and then by John William and by Les Compagnons de la Chanson (in French as La Chanson de Lara). Tereza Kesovija also recorded Lara's Theme in Yugoslavia as Larina pjesma. Andy Williams released a version in 1967 on his album, Born Free.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition, 1996
2.Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com Sergio Franchi
3.Jump up ^ " One of the great things about the lessons, in fact, is the stories he tells. He goes back a long way. Some of his traveling stories, of course, not everyone necessarily believes:" Peter Taney, in interview, 1978 An Interview with Peter Taney by John McLaughlin
External links[edit]
Main Title of "Doctor Zhivago" (Rhapsody) Only available to United States Internet users.
Preceded by
"The Impossible Dream (The Quest)" by Jack Jones Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single (Ray Conniff & The Singers version)
 July 30, 1966 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"I Couldn't Live Without Your Love" by Petula Clark


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


Categories: 1965 compositions
Songs with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster
Songs with music by Maurice Jarre
Andy Williams songs
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Instrumentals
Songs from films





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Languages
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Hrvatski
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Edit links
This page was last modified on 14 September 2014 at 18:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara%27s_Theme














Yuri Zhivago
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Question book-new.svg
 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011)
Yuri Andreievich Zhivago is the protagonist and title character of the novel Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak.
Yuri Zhivago, a physician and poet, is sensitive nearly to the point of mysticism. Zhivago's idealism and principles stand in contrast to the successive brutality of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, the subsequent Russian Civil War, and the Red Terror. A major theme of the novel is how mysticism and idealism are destroyed by both the Bolsheviks and the White Army alike, as both sides commit horrible atrocities.
In popular culture[edit]
Yuri Zhivago has been portrayed by actors Omar Sharif, Hans Matheson, and Oleg Menshikov.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

Stub icon This article about a character from a novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


Categories: Fictional physicians
Fictional poets
Fictional Russian people in literature
Fictional World War I veterans
Characters in Russian novels of the 20th century
Fictional characters introduced in 1957
Novel character stubs






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This page was last modified on 5 November 2014 at 03:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Zhivago












Yuri Zhivago
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Question book-new.svg
 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011)
Yuri Andreievich Zhivago is the protagonist and title character of the novel Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak.
Yuri Zhivago, a physician and poet, is sensitive nearly to the point of mysticism. Zhivago's idealism and principles stand in contrast to the successive brutality of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, the subsequent Russian Civil War, and the Red Terror. A major theme of the novel is how mysticism and idealism are destroyed by both the Bolsheviks and the White Army alike, as both sides commit horrible atrocities.
In popular culture[edit]
Yuri Zhivago has been portrayed by actors Omar Sharif, Hans Matheson, and Oleg Menshikov.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

Stub icon This article about a character from a novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.




 


Categories: Fictional physicians
Fictional poets
Fictional Russian people in literature
Fictional World War I veterans
Characters in Russian novels of the 20th century
Fictional characters introduced in 1957
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Doctor Zhivago (musical)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical

Music
Lucy Simon
Lyrics
Michael Korie and Amy Powers
Basis
Based on the novel by Boris Pasternak of the same name
Productions
2011 Lyric Theatre, Sydney
Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical is a 2011 musical composed by Lucy Simon, lyrics by Michael Korie and Amy Powers, book by Michael Weller; it is based on Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel Doctor Zhivago.


Contents  [hide]
1 Production
2 Roles and original cast
3 Musical numbers
4 Recordings
5 Awards and nominations
6 References

Production[edit]
It originally premiered as Zhivago at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2006 where Ivan Hernandez played the title role.[1] It was revised and premiered as Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical at the Lyric Theatre, Sydney on 19 February 2011 with Anthony Warlow as Yuri Zhivago, Lucy Maunder as Lara, Taneel Van Zyl as Tonia and Martin Crewes as Pasha. The production was directed by Des McAnuff. The show received glowing reviews.[2][3] Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical ran from 19 February until 3 April 2011 in Sydney[4] before travelling to Melbourne in April until 29 May.[5] From there it was set down for a limited run in Brisbane from 6 July to 31 July[6] but the musical proved so popular with Brisbane audiences, the Queensland season was extended a further two weeks, with the final performance held on 14 August. A 2015 production is aimed for an April Broadway opening with Des McAnuff once again directing.[7] The musical will begin previews on March 27 and will open on April 21 at The Broadway Theatre.
Composer Lucy Simon has stated she always had Anthony Warlow in mind for the role of Yuri, after seeing him as Archibald Craven in the 1995 Australian production of her first musical, The Secret Garden.[8]
Roles and original cast[edit]
The cast for the Australian premiere of Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical at the Lyric Theatre in Sydney:[9]
Anthony Warlow (Yurii Zhivago)
Lucy Maunder (Lara Guisher/Antipova)
Taneel Van Zyl (Tonia Gromenko)
Peter Carroll (Alex Gromenko)
Trisha Noble (Anna Gromenko)
Martin Crewes (Pasha Antipov/Strelnikov)
Bartholomew John (Viktor Komarovsky)
Johanna Allen (Tusia's Fiancée) (Tonia Understudy)
Anton Berezin (Gints) (Yurii/Pasha/Strelnikov Understudy)
Caitlin Berry (Mrs Guisher) (Tonia Understudy)
Tony Cogin (Priest) (Alex/Komarovsky Understudy)
Mischana Delorra Cornish (Young Tonia/Sasha)
Tony Farrell (Bloodied Soldier) (Yurii Understudy)
Natalie Gamsu (Kubarika) (Anna Understudy)
Todd Goddard (Station Master) (Alex Understudy)
Frank Hansen (Tusia) (Pasha/Strelnikov Understudy)
Glenn Hill (Tolya) (Dance Captain)
Luke Joslin (Liberius)
Todd Keys (Kornakov) (Komarovsky Understudy)
Kathleen Moore (Yelenka) (Lara Understudy)
Shaun Murphy (Markel)
Stephanie Silcock (Young Lara/Katarina)
Annie Stanford (Gulyobova) (Anna Understudy)
Jamie Ward (Young Yurii/Yanko)
Jamie Way (Shulygin)
Belinda Wollaston (Nadia) (Lara Understudy)
Elise McCann (Swing)
Chris Scalzo (Swing)
Gavin D Andrew (Swing)
Emma Hawthorne (Swing)
Musical numbers[edit]

Act I
"Two Words" – Ensemble
"Komarovsky's Toast – Komarovosky, Alex, Anna and Ensemble
"Who is She?" – Yurii
"Wedding Vows" – Priest, Pasha, Lara and Ensemble
"Its a Godsend" – Pasha, Tolya, Tusia, Tusia's Fiancée and Students
"When the Music Played" – Lara
"Watch the Moon" – Yurii and Tonia
"Forward March for the Czar" – Gints and Soldiers
"Something in the Air" – Lara, Yurii, Tonia and Nurses
"Now" – Lara and Yurii
"Blood on the Snow" – Soldier and Ensemble
"The Perfect World" – Gulyobova, Shulygin, and Ensemble
"Komarovsky's Toast" (Reprise) – Komarovosky
"A Man Who Lives up to His Name" – Yurii
"In This House" – Sasha, Alex, Yurii, Tonia and Ensemble

Act II
"Women And Little Children/He's There" – Ensemble and Lara
"No Mercy at All" – Strelinikov
"In This House" (Reprise) – Alex
"Love Finds You" – Yurii, Lara, Komarovsky, Strelnikov and Tonia
"Nowhere to Run" – Liberius and Partisans
"It Comes as no Surprise" – Tonia and Lara
"Ashes and Tears" – Yurii and Partisans
"Watch the Moon" (Reprise) – Tonia
"On the Edge of Time" – Lara and Yurii
"Now" (Reprise) – Lara and Yurii
"Blood on the Snow" (Reprise) – Red Army
"On the Edge of Time" (Reprise) – Katarina, Lara, Yurii and Ensemble

Recordings[edit]
An Australian cast album was planned but not released in 2011, however two songs by Maunder and Warlow eventuated and are now able to be viewed on YouTube:[10]
"Now"
"On the Edge of Time"
Awards and nominations[edit]

Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Role
Result
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Musical John Frost, Anita Waxman/Tom Dokton, Latitude Link, Power Arts, Chun-Soo Shin, Corcoran Productions  Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Direction of a Musical Des McAnuff  Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Choreography in a Musical Kelly Devine  Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Male Actor in a Musical Anthony Warlow Yuri Zhivago Nominated
2011[12] Helpmann Awards Best Female Actor in a Musical Lucy Maunder Lara Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Martin Crewes Pasha Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Taneel Van Zyl Tonia Nominated
2011[13] Green Room Awards Design Nick Eltis  Nominated
2011[14] Sydney Theatre Awards Judith Johnson Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical Lucy Maunder Lara Nominated
2011[15] Sydney Theatre Awards Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Martin Crewes Pasha Won
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "La Jolla Playhouse premieres stirring, haunting Zhivago" by Charlene Baldridge, San Diego Community Newspaper
2.Jump up ^ "Dr Zhivago" by Jason Blake, The Sydney Morning Herald (21 February 2011)
3.Jump up ^ "Review of Dr Zhivago – a new musical at Sydney's Lric Theatre" by Alex Lalak, The Daily Telegraph (22 February 2011)
4.Jump up ^ David Kary (22 February 2011). "Dr Zhivago A New Musical". Retrieved 7 October 2013.
5.Jump up ^ Jo Litson (2 May 2011). "Dr Zhivago: the great Australian musical". Limelight. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
6.Jump up ^ "Musical Doctor Zhivago opens in Brisbane". The Courier-Mail. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
7.Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam. "Dr. Zhivago Musical Prepares for April Broadway Opening" Playbill.com, September 25, 2014
8.Jump up ^ Doctor Zhivago – The Show[dead link]
9.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago cast announced". Australian Stage. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Simon Parris (7 June 2011). "No Recording for Zhivago". Theatre People. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
11.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Helpmann Award Nominees 2011". Helpmann Awards. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
12.Jump up ^ "Helpmann Awards (2011)". Live Performance Australia. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
13.Jump up ^ "2011 Green Room Award Nominations". Australian Stage. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
14.Jump up ^ "2011 Sydney Theatre Awards nominations announced". Australian Stage. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
15.Jump up ^ Ian Nisbet (17 January 2012). "2011 Sydney Theatre Awards Announced". Theatre People. Retrieved 2 October 2013.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


Categories: 2011 musicals
Musicals based on novels






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This page was last modified on 2 October 2014 at 23:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(musical)









 



 
   
   




        

Doctor Zhivago (musical)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical

Music
Lucy Simon
Lyrics
Michael Korie and Amy Powers
Basis
Based on the novel by Boris Pasternak of the same name
Productions
2011 Lyric Theatre, Sydney
Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical is a 2011 musical composed by Lucy Simon, lyrics by Michael Korie and Amy Powers, book by Michael Weller; it is based on Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel Doctor Zhivago.


Contents  [hide]
1 Production
2 Roles and original cast
3 Musical numbers
4 Recordings
5 Awards and nominations
6 References

Production[edit]
It originally premiered as Zhivago at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2006 where Ivan Hernandez played the title role.[1] It was revised and premiered as Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical at the Lyric Theatre, Sydney on 19 February 2011 with Anthony Warlow as Yuri Zhivago, Lucy Maunder as Lara, Taneel Van Zyl as Tonia and Martin Crewes as Pasha. The production was directed by Des McAnuff. The show received glowing reviews.[2][3] Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical ran from 19 February until 3 April 2011 in Sydney[4] before travelling to Melbourne in April until 29 May.[5] From there it was set down for a limited run in Brisbane from 6 July to 31 July[6] but the musical proved so popular with Brisbane audiences, the Queensland season was extended a further two weeks, with the final performance held on 14 August. A 2015 production is aimed for an April Broadway opening with Des McAnuff once again directing.[7] The musical will begin previews on March 27 and will open on April 21 at The Broadway Theatre.
Composer Lucy Simon has stated she always had Anthony Warlow in mind for the role of Yuri, after seeing him as Archibald Craven in the 1995 Australian production of her first musical, The Secret Garden.[8]
Roles and original cast[edit]
The cast for the Australian premiere of Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical at the Lyric Theatre in Sydney:[9]
Anthony Warlow (Yurii Zhivago)
Lucy Maunder (Lara Guisher/Antipova)
Taneel Van Zyl (Tonia Gromenko)
Peter Carroll (Alex Gromenko)
Trisha Noble (Anna Gromenko)
Martin Crewes (Pasha Antipov/Strelnikov)
Bartholomew John (Viktor Komarovsky)
Johanna Allen (Tusia's Fiancée) (Tonia Understudy)
Anton Berezin (Gints) (Yurii/Pasha/Strelnikov Understudy)
Caitlin Berry (Mrs Guisher) (Tonia Understudy)
Tony Cogin (Priest) (Alex/Komarovsky Understudy)
Mischana Delorra Cornish (Young Tonia/Sasha)
Tony Farrell (Bloodied Soldier) (Yurii Understudy)
Natalie Gamsu (Kubarika) (Anna Understudy)
Todd Goddard (Station Master) (Alex Understudy)
Frank Hansen (Tusia) (Pasha/Strelnikov Understudy)
Glenn Hill (Tolya) (Dance Captain)
Luke Joslin (Liberius)
Todd Keys (Kornakov) (Komarovsky Understudy)
Kathleen Moore (Yelenka) (Lara Understudy)
Shaun Murphy (Markel)
Stephanie Silcock (Young Lara/Katarina)
Annie Stanford (Gulyobova) (Anna Understudy)
Jamie Ward (Young Yurii/Yanko)
Jamie Way (Shulygin)
Belinda Wollaston (Nadia) (Lara Understudy)
Elise McCann (Swing)
Chris Scalzo (Swing)
Gavin D Andrew (Swing)
Emma Hawthorne (Swing)
Musical numbers[edit]

Act I
"Two Words" – Ensemble
"Komarovsky's Toast – Komarovosky, Alex, Anna and Ensemble
"Who is She?" – Yurii
"Wedding Vows" – Priest, Pasha, Lara and Ensemble
"Its a Godsend" – Pasha, Tolya, Tusia, Tusia's Fiancée and Students
"When the Music Played" – Lara
"Watch the Moon" – Yurii and Tonia
"Forward March for the Czar" – Gints and Soldiers
"Something in the Air" – Lara, Yurii, Tonia and Nurses
"Now" – Lara and Yurii
"Blood on the Snow" – Soldier and Ensemble
"The Perfect World" – Gulyobova, Shulygin, and Ensemble
"Komarovsky's Toast" (Reprise) – Komarovosky
"A Man Who Lives up to His Name" – Yurii
"In This House" – Sasha, Alex, Yurii, Tonia and Ensemble

Act II
"Women And Little Children/He's There" – Ensemble and Lara
"No Mercy at All" – Strelinikov
"In This House" (Reprise) – Alex
"Love Finds You" – Yurii, Lara, Komarovsky, Strelnikov and Tonia
"Nowhere to Run" – Liberius and Partisans
"It Comes as no Surprise" – Tonia and Lara
"Ashes and Tears" – Yurii and Partisans
"Watch the Moon" (Reprise) – Tonia
"On the Edge of Time" – Lara and Yurii
"Now" (Reprise) – Lara and Yurii
"Blood on the Snow" (Reprise) – Red Army
"On the Edge of Time" (Reprise) – Katarina, Lara, Yurii and Ensemble

Recordings[edit]
An Australian cast album was planned but not released in 2011, however two songs by Maunder and Warlow eventuated and are now able to be viewed on YouTube:[10]
"Now"
"On the Edge of Time"
Awards and nominations[edit]

Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Role
Result
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Musical John Frost, Anita Waxman/Tom Dokton, Latitude Link, Power Arts, Chun-Soo Shin, Corcoran Productions  Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Direction of a Musical Des McAnuff  Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Choreography in a Musical Kelly Devine  Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Male Actor in a Musical Anthony Warlow Yuri Zhivago Nominated
2011[12] Helpmann Awards Best Female Actor in a Musical Lucy Maunder Lara Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Martin Crewes Pasha Nominated
2011[11] Helpmann Awards Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Taneel Van Zyl Tonia Nominated
2011[13] Green Room Awards Design Nick Eltis  Nominated
2011[14] Sydney Theatre Awards Judith Johnson Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical Lucy Maunder Lara Nominated
2011[15] Sydney Theatre Awards Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Martin Crewes Pasha Won
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "La Jolla Playhouse premieres stirring, haunting Zhivago" by Charlene Baldridge, San Diego Community Newspaper
2.Jump up ^ "Dr Zhivago" by Jason Blake, The Sydney Morning Herald (21 February 2011)
3.Jump up ^ "Review of Dr Zhivago – a new musical at Sydney's Lric Theatre" by Alex Lalak, The Daily Telegraph (22 February 2011)
4.Jump up ^ David Kary (22 February 2011). "Dr Zhivago A New Musical". Retrieved 7 October 2013.
5.Jump up ^ Jo Litson (2 May 2011). "Dr Zhivago: the great Australian musical". Limelight. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
6.Jump up ^ "Musical Doctor Zhivago opens in Brisbane". The Courier-Mail. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
7.Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam. "Dr. Zhivago Musical Prepares for April Broadway Opening" Playbill.com, September 25, 2014
8.Jump up ^ Doctor Zhivago – The Show[dead link]
9.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago cast announced". Australian Stage. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Simon Parris (7 June 2011). "No Recording for Zhivago". Theatre People. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
11.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Helpmann Award Nominees 2011". Helpmann Awards. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
12.Jump up ^ "Helpmann Awards (2011)". Live Performance Australia. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
13.Jump up ^ "2011 Green Room Award Nominations". Australian Stage. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
14.Jump up ^ "2011 Sydney Theatre Awards nominations announced". Australian Stage. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
15.Jump up ^ Ian Nisbet (17 January 2012). "2011 Sydney Theatre Awards Announced". Theatre People. Retrieved 2 October 2013.


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


Categories: 2011 musicals
Musicals based on novels






Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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Cite this page

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Languages
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This page was last modified on 2 October 2014 at 23:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Powered by MediaWiki
 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(musical)












Doctor Zhivago (TV miniseries)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Doctor Zhivago
ZhivagoDVD.jpg
DVD cover

Genre
Drama
Directed by
Giacomo Campiotti
Produced by
Anne Pivcevic
 Hugh Warren
Written by
Andrew Davies
Starring
Hans Matheson
Keira Knightley
Sam Neill
Kris Marshall
Music by
Ludovico Einaudi
Editing by
Joe Walker
Budget
£7 million [1]
Country
United Kingdom
 United States
 Germany
Language
English
Original channel
ITV
Original run
24 November 2002  – 8 December 2002
Running time
225 minutes
No. of episodes
2
Doctor Zhivago is a 2002 British television miniseries directed by Giacomo Campiotti and starring Hans Matheson, Keira Knightley and Sam Neill. The teleplay by Andrew Davies is based on the 1957 novel of the same title by Boris Pasternak.
The serial is the second English-language screen adaptation of the book, following the 1965 feature film. It was produced by Granada Television, with co-funding from the American PBS station WGBH Boston and the German company Evision. It was first broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom, beginning on 24 November 2002. In the United States, it aired as part of Masterpiece Theatre on 2 and 9 November 2003.


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Critical reception
5 Awards and nominations
6 DVD release
7 References
8 External links

Plot[edit]
Part I
The story begins in Tsarist Russia in the early 1900s and is set primarily against the backdrop of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War of 1918–1921. At its core is Larissa Guishar Antipova, a young woman from Moscow who has a profound effect on three men who become enamored with her.
Victor Komarovsky, an unctuous, wealthy businessman with political connections, is involved in a casual affair with Lara's bourgeois dressmaker mother Amalia, who encourages her teenaged daughter to accept his invitation to dinner in an attempt to retain his financial support of her household. Initially Lara is repelled by the thought, but she finally accepts and eventually uses her sexual power to seduce and ultimately control him.
Meanwhile, Lara is involved in an affair with the idealistic reformer Pasha Antipov who drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound. He asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration.
The title character is poet and doctor Yuri Zhivago, who first sees Lara from the window of a café. The two meet when Zhivago and his mentor are called to minister to Amalia after she attempts suicide in response to her daughter's relationship with Victor Komarovsky. When Komarovsky learns of Lara's intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, and then rapes her. In revenge, Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, but wounds another man by accident. It is here where Zhivago and Lara encounter each other again when he is called to tend to the wounded victim. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out. Upon meeting face to face, both Zhivago and Komarovsky take an instant dislike to each other. Komarovsky warns Zhivago to stay away from Lara.
Although enraged and devastated by Lara's affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya. Zhivago eventually marries his cousin, Tonya Gromeko, with whom he was raised after his father, who was involved in shady business dealings with Komarovsky, killed himself back in 1897. Together they have a son named Sasha.
In 1915, Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor. He and Lara are reunited over a year later in a makeshift field hospital, where she is serving as a nurse while searching for her missing husband. The two fall in love but do not consummate their relationship. Together they run a hospital for several months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia due to the communist takeover of the country. Lara leaves the hospital to return to her village while Zhivago returns to Moscow.
Part II
After Russia's involvement with the war ends in 1917, Zhivago returns to Moscow and to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and his uncle Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government. Zhivago briefly returns to work at a hospital where his old friend, Yevgraf, is the director of the hospital. Yevgraf arranges for travel passes and documents in order for Zhivago and his family to escape from the continuing unrest in Moscow to the far away Gromeko estate at Varykino in the Ural Mountains. Zhivago, Tonya, Sasha and Alexander now board a heavily guarded cattle train, at which time they are informed that they will be traveling through contested territory, which is being secured by the infamous Bolshevik commander named Strelnikov.
While the train is stopped, Zhivago wanders away. He stumbles across the armored train of Strelnikov himself. Yuri recognizes Strelnikov as the former Pasha Antipov. After a tense interview, Strelnikov informs Yuri that Lara is now living in the town of Yuriatin, then occupied by anti-Communist White Army. He allows Zhivago to return to his family.
The family lives a peaceful life in Varykino for the next year-and-a-half until Zhivago finds Lara in nearby Yuriatin, at which point they surrender to their long-repressed feelings and begin a secret affair. When Tonya becomes pregnant, Yuri breaks off with Lara, only to be abducted and conscripted into service by Communist partisans.
Lara is called to serve as the midwife when Tonya is ready to deliver her second child, and Tonya realizes who she is. When it becomes clear they are fighting a lost cause, Zhivago abandons the red partisans and treks across the mountains to Lara's house, where she nurses him back to health. Meanwhile, Tonya, her two children, and her father have returned to Moscow.
Pursued by Komarovsky, now a leader in the Communist party, Zhivago, Lara and her daughter flee to Varykino. Months later, Komarovsky, still obsessed with Lara, arrives and offers them safe passage out of Russia. They initially refuse, but Komarovsky persuades Zhivago it is in Lara's best interests to leave because of her connection to Strelnikov, who has fallen from grace and lost his position in the Red Army. Zhivago convinces Lara, who is expecting their child, to leave with Komarovsky, telling her he will follow her shortly.
Strelnikov, now a hunted man, arrives at Varykino in search of his family soon after they leave with Komarovsky. Zhivago assures him Lara and his daughter are safe, and Strelnikov kills himself.
Zhivago returns to Moscow and learns his wife, son, and father-in-law were removed from their home and their location is unknown. Several years later, while sitting in a café, he sees a young boy who reminds him of himself as a child passing on the street with his mother, who he realizes is Lara. Before he can reach the pair, he suffers a fatal heart attack. Lara brings young Yuri to view his father's body, and as the two near their home, she realizes that Joseph Stalin's NKVD is waiting to place her under arrest. Pretending they're playing a game, she urges her son to run away as quickly as he can before she surrenders to the authorities.
Cast[edit]
Hans Matheson ..... Yuri Zhivago
Keira Knightley ..... Lara Guishar Antipova
Sam Neill ..... Victor Komarovsky
Kris Marshall ..... Pasha Antipov/Strelnikov
Alexandra Maria Lara ..... Tonya Gromeko Zhivago
Bill Paterson ..... Alexander Gromeko
Celia Imrie ..... Anna Gromeko
Anne-Marie Duff ..... Olya Demina
Maryam d'Abo ..... Amalia Guishar
Hugh Bonneville ..... Andrey Zhivago
Gregg Sulkin ..... Seryozha
Jan Travnicek ..... Sasha Zhivago
Production[edit]
In discussing adapting the Boris Pasternak novel for television, screenwriter Andrew Davies revealed the task was "daunting because the book is reckoned to be a masterpiece and the film is a great movie and one that I admire very much. Robert Bolt is the king of epic screenplay writers in my book. But as I got further into the book I kept thinking that I didn't agree with Robert Bolt about how to tell the story... and I began to feel much more excited." He added, "It was also a relief to find so much in the book that hadn't found its way into the first movie and could make great drama.... I thought the film does the spectacle really well. Rather surprisingly, it also explains the politics very well, but I thought it could do a better job on the relationships. It's probably a bit controversial, but I thought we could say more about Lara and Yuri and how they get together; about Lara's extraordinary situation at the beginning of the story and Yuri having a dreadful start to his life with his parents dying. None of these things really came out in the movie, but they are there in the book. I think that if they look at both versions now, people will probably think that this version in a lot of ways works better for our time. It's more contemporary. I think they'll find the performances are more subtle yet speak to us in our time. Maybe my script will seem out of date in 20 years time because a lot of them do, but watching the original film, I think the central performances look stilted and dated now."[2]
Initially Davies and director Giacomo Campiotti clashed about how to present the material. Davies recalled, "The first couple of weeks after Giacomo joined this project were horrendous for me because Zhivago has always been one of his very favorite books. He has always dreamed about filming it and has his own interpretation in his head. I can actually remember thinking after one long, long day, where we just didn't agree about a single thing, that it wasn't going to work—it's either got to be him or me. Somehow, we arrived at a compromise and I have almost forgotten what we were arguing about now, as now we are both very pleased with the script. I always knew that he would make it look beautiful because he has got a poet's vision and now, having seen the rushes and some cut footage, I feel like he is my favourite director of all time. Everything is delightful now... Giacomo Campiotti's direction makes it extraordinary."[2]
Because so much of the story is set in the winter, it was crucial to film the series where it was likely snow would be available. Due to budget constraints, Russia, Norway, and Finland were deemed too expensive. Alberta, Canada was considered until the producers learned the previous year's snowfall had been minimal. Other Canadian provinces were rejected because the production crew was told it would be too cold to operate the needed equipment. Slovakia, where a 95% chance of snow was predicted, was selected for the March filming, and there was a blizzard two days before shooting began. But it quickly melted, and eventually the scenic designers had to utilize 1000 bags of artificial snow. Producer Hugh Warren recalled, "We had all the expense of going to Slovakia as well as the trouble of crossing the border, and then there was no snow. It was more than a little ironic."[2]
Costume designer Annie Symons and her staff of thirty had to create more than 3000 costumes and 35,000 individual items of clothing for the cast. The characters of Zhivago and Lara each had at least 90 costume combinations, and six other principal characters had an average of fifteen changes each. By the time principal photography ended, a total of 984 yards of fabric, 300,000 yards of thread, 1 million buttons, and 7,000 safety pins were used.[2]
Critical reception[edit]
Alessandra Stanley of the New York Times said, "By trying so hard for authenticity, this Doctor Zhivago drains the story of much of its lyricism.... Mr. Lean's grander, glossier version was a closer match to the romantic spirit of the novel's hero.... The Davies version is engrossing but more for the harrowing scenes set in the civil war after the revolution than for the novel's legendary love triangle. Black-and-white archival photographs - Moscow slums, newspaper shots of soldiers marching off to World War I - are interspersed throughout the film and slowly bleed into a scene of the television show. The visual trick gives the series a quasi-documentary feel and is quite effective. Yet Mr. Davies takes the same liberties with Pasternak's text as the original film did, focusing on the love story and discarding a lot of the politics, secondary plots and literary sidetracks.... This Doctor Zhivago can be watched as a useful history lesson and as a cautionary show business tale: it is a lot easier to adapt a Jane Austen novel than it is to remake a film by David Lean."[3]
Brian Lowry of Variety observed, "Some will rightfully pine for Maurice Jarre's Oscar-winning score, Julie Christie and Omar Sharif, yet this somewhat less epic take on Boris Pasternak's book is a creditable version, featuring outstanding performances and considerable romance. And hey, kids, it sure beats reading the Cliffs Notes."[4]
Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel called it "a stunning success" and continued, "Davies' screenplay is involving, the cinematography is captivating, the costuming and set designs evoke a sense of time and place, and the top-of-the-marquee performances are world-class." He concluded, "Doctor Zhivago is a hefty production, which demands a four-hour, commercial-free commitment from its audience. But the reward is a richly layered character study and love story, worthy of the franchise under which it airs."[5]
Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer graded the series B+ and commented it "manages to maintain true to the main story line, streamlining incidental characters to keep the film from becoming too unwieldy, which takes some effort considering the book's rich language and numerous characters.... Even so, this version, though a little better paced than the original, is still fairly sluggish. Given the book, perhaps that's unavoidable."[6]
Awards and nominations[edit]
In the UK, the serial was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Drama Serial but lost to Shackleton. Giacomo Campiotti was nominated Best New Director and Annie Symons was nominated for Best Costume Design.
In the US, the serial was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Miniseries but lost to Angels in America.
DVD release[edit]
Acorn Media released a Region 1 DVD on 4 November 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with an English audio track and subtitles. Bonus features include extensive interviews with the cast and crew, a photo gallery, a biography of Boris Pasternak, and cast filmographies.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The Guardian, 10 January 2002
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d Behind the scenes of Doctor Zhivago at PBS.org
3.Jump up ^ New York Times review
4.Jump up ^ Variety review
5.Jump up ^ South Florida Sun-Sentinel review
6.Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer review
External links[edit]
Doctor Zhivago at the Internet Movie Database
Masterpiece Theatre website
Interview with Hans Matheson
Cast and crew comments


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


Categories: English-language films
British drama television series
Period television series
ITV television programmes
Films shot in Slovakia
Screenplays by Andrew Davies
2002 British television programme debuts
2002 British television programme endings
Television shows set in Russia
Television programs based on novels





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Doctor Zhivago (TV miniseries)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search


Doctor Zhivago
ZhivagoDVD.jpg
DVD cover

Genre
Drama
Directed by
Giacomo Campiotti
Produced by
Anne Pivcevic
 Hugh Warren
Written by
Andrew Davies
Starring
Hans Matheson
Keira Knightley
Sam Neill
Kris Marshall
Music by
Ludovico Einaudi
Editing by
Joe Walker
Budget
£7 million [1]
Country
United Kingdom
 United States
 Germany
Language
English
Original channel
ITV
Original run
24 November 2002  – 8 December 2002
Running time
225 minutes
No. of episodes
2
Doctor Zhivago is a 2002 British television miniseries directed by Giacomo Campiotti and starring Hans Matheson, Keira Knightley and Sam Neill. The teleplay by Andrew Davies is based on the 1957 novel of the same title by Boris Pasternak.
The serial is the second English-language screen adaptation of the book, following the 1965 feature film. It was produced by Granada Television, with co-funding from the American PBS station WGBH Boston and the German company Evision. It was first broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom, beginning on 24 November 2002. In the United States, it aired as part of Masterpiece Theatre on 2 and 9 November 2003.


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Critical reception
5 Awards and nominations
6 DVD release
7 References
8 External links

Plot[edit]
Part I
The story begins in Tsarist Russia in the early 1900s and is set primarily against the backdrop of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War of 1918–1921. At its core is Larissa Guishar Antipova, a young woman from Moscow who has a profound effect on three men who become enamored with her.
Victor Komarovsky, an unctuous, wealthy businessman with political connections, is involved in a casual affair with Lara's bourgeois dressmaker mother Amalia, who encourages her teenaged daughter to accept his invitation to dinner in an attempt to retain his financial support of her household. Initially Lara is repelled by the thought, but she finally accepts and eventually uses her sexual power to seduce and ultimately control him.
Meanwhile, Lara is involved in an affair with the idealistic reformer Pasha Antipov who drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound. He asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration.
The title character is poet and doctor Yuri Zhivago, who first sees Lara from the window of a café. The two meet when Zhivago and his mentor are called to minister to Amalia after she attempts suicide in response to her daughter's relationship with Victor Komarovsky. When Komarovsky learns of Lara's intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, and then rapes her. In revenge, Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, but wounds another man by accident. It is here where Zhivago and Lara encounter each other again when he is called to tend to the wounded victim. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out. Upon meeting face to face, both Zhivago and Komarovsky take an instant dislike to each other. Komarovsky warns Zhivago to stay away from Lara.
Although enraged and devastated by Lara's affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya. Zhivago eventually marries his cousin, Tonya Gromeko, with whom he was raised after his father, who was involved in shady business dealings with Komarovsky, killed himself back in 1897. Together they have a son named Sasha.
In 1915, Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor. He and Lara are reunited over a year later in a makeshift field hospital, where she is serving as a nurse while searching for her missing husband. The two fall in love but do not consummate their relationship. Together they run a hospital for several months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia due to the communist takeover of the country. Lara leaves the hospital to return to her village while Zhivago returns to Moscow.
Part II
After Russia's involvement with the war ends in 1917, Zhivago returns to Moscow and to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and his uncle Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government. Zhivago briefly returns to work at a hospital where his old friend, Yevgraf, is the director of the hospital. Yevgraf arranges for travel passes and documents in order for Zhivago and his family to escape from the continuing unrest in Moscow to the far away Gromeko estate at Varykino in the Ural Mountains. Zhivago, Tonya, Sasha and Alexander now board a heavily guarded cattle train, at which time they are informed that they will be traveling through contested territory, which is being secured by the infamous Bolshevik commander named Strelnikov.
While the train is stopped, Zhivago wanders away. He stumbles across the armored train of Strelnikov himself. Yuri recognizes Strelnikov as the former Pasha Antipov. After a tense interview, Strelnikov informs Yuri that Lara is now living in the town of Yuriatin, then occupied by anti-Communist White Army. He allows Zhivago to return to his family.
The family lives a peaceful life in Varykino for the next year-and-a-half until Zhivago finds Lara in nearby Yuriatin, at which point they surrender to their long-repressed feelings and begin a secret affair. When Tonya becomes pregnant, Yuri breaks off with Lara, only to be abducted and conscripted into service by Communist partisans.
Lara is called to serve as the midwife when Tonya is ready to deliver her second child, and Tonya realizes who she is. When it becomes clear they are fighting a lost cause, Zhivago abandons the red partisans and treks across the mountains to Lara's house, where she nurses him back to health. Meanwhile, Tonya, her two children, and her father have returned to Moscow.
Pursued by Komarovsky, now a leader in the Communist party, Zhivago, Lara and her daughter flee to Varykino. Months later, Komarovsky, still obsessed with Lara, arrives and offers them safe passage out of Russia. They initially refuse, but Komarovsky persuades Zhivago it is in Lara's best interests to leave because of her connection to Strelnikov, who has fallen from grace and lost his position in the Red Army. Zhivago convinces Lara, who is expecting their child, to leave with Komarovsky, telling her he will follow her shortly.
Strelnikov, now a hunted man, arrives at Varykino in search of his family soon after they leave with Komarovsky. Zhivago assures him Lara and his daughter are safe, and Strelnikov kills himself.
Zhivago returns to Moscow and learns his wife, son, and father-in-law were removed from their home and their location is unknown. Several years later, while sitting in a café, he sees a young boy who reminds him of himself as a child passing on the street with his mother, who he realizes is Lara. Before he can reach the pair, he suffers a fatal heart attack. Lara brings young Yuri to view his father's body, and as the two near their home, she realizes that Joseph Stalin's NKVD is waiting to place her under arrest. Pretending they're playing a game, she urges her son to run away as quickly as he can before she surrenders to the authorities.
Cast[edit]
Hans Matheson ..... Yuri Zhivago
Keira Knightley ..... Lara Guishar Antipova
Sam Neill ..... Victor Komarovsky
Kris Marshall ..... Pasha Antipov/Strelnikov
Alexandra Maria Lara ..... Tonya Gromeko Zhivago
Bill Paterson ..... Alexander Gromeko
Celia Imrie ..... Anna Gromeko
Anne-Marie Duff ..... Olya Demina
Maryam d'Abo ..... Amalia Guishar
Hugh Bonneville ..... Andrey Zhivago
Gregg Sulkin ..... Seryozha
Jan Travnicek ..... Sasha Zhivago
Production[edit]
In discussing adapting the Boris Pasternak novel for television, screenwriter Andrew Davies revealed the task was "daunting because the book is reckoned to be a masterpiece and the film is a great movie and one that I admire very much. Robert Bolt is the king of epic screenplay writers in my book. But as I got further into the book I kept thinking that I didn't agree with Robert Bolt about how to tell the story... and I began to feel much more excited." He added, "It was also a relief to find so much in the book that hadn't found its way into the first movie and could make great drama.... I thought the film does the spectacle really well. Rather surprisingly, it also explains the politics very well, but I thought it could do a better job on the relationships. It's probably a bit controversial, but I thought we could say more about Lara and Yuri and how they get together; about Lara's extraordinary situation at the beginning of the story and Yuri having a dreadful start to his life with his parents dying. None of these things really came out in the movie, but they are there in the book. I think that if they look at both versions now, people will probably think that this version in a lot of ways works better for our time. It's more contemporary. I think they'll find the performances are more subtle yet speak to us in our time. Maybe my script will seem out of date in 20 years time because a lot of them do, but watching the original film, I think the central performances look stilted and dated now."[2]
Initially Davies and director Giacomo Campiotti clashed about how to present the material. Davies recalled, "The first couple of weeks after Giacomo joined this project were horrendous for me because Zhivago has always been one of his very favorite books. He has always dreamed about filming it and has his own interpretation in his head. I can actually remember thinking after one long, long day, where we just didn't agree about a single thing, that it wasn't going to work—it's either got to be him or me. Somehow, we arrived at a compromise and I have almost forgotten what we were arguing about now, as now we are both very pleased with the script. I always knew that he would make it look beautiful because he has got a poet's vision and now, having seen the rushes and some cut footage, I feel like he is my favourite director of all time. Everything is delightful now... Giacomo Campiotti's direction makes it extraordinary."[2]
Because so much of the story is set in the winter, it was crucial to film the series where it was likely snow would be available. Due to budget constraints, Russia, Norway, and Finland were deemed too expensive. Alberta, Canada was considered until the producers learned the previous year's snowfall had been minimal. Other Canadian provinces were rejected because the production crew was told it would be too cold to operate the needed equipment. Slovakia, where a 95% chance of snow was predicted, was selected for the March filming, and there was a blizzard two days before shooting began. But it quickly melted, and eventually the scenic designers had to utilize 1000 bags of artificial snow. Producer Hugh Warren recalled, "We had all the expense of going to Slovakia as well as the trouble of crossing the border, and then there was no snow. It was more than a little ironic."[2]
Costume designer Annie Symons and her staff of thirty had to create more than 3000 costumes and 35,000 individual items of clothing for the cast. The characters of Zhivago and Lara each had at least 90 costume combinations, and six other principal characters had an average of fifteen changes each. By the time principal photography ended, a total of 984 yards of fabric, 300,000 yards of thread, 1 million buttons, and 7,000 safety pins were used.[2]
Critical reception[edit]
Alessandra Stanley of the New York Times said, "By trying so hard for authenticity, this Doctor Zhivago drains the story of much of its lyricism.... Mr. Lean's grander, glossier version was a closer match to the romantic spirit of the novel's hero.... The Davies version is engrossing but more for the harrowing scenes set in the civil war after the revolution than for the novel's legendary love triangle. Black-and-white archival photographs - Moscow slums, newspaper shots of soldiers marching off to World War I - are interspersed throughout the film and slowly bleed into a scene of the television show. The visual trick gives the series a quasi-documentary feel and is quite effective. Yet Mr. Davies takes the same liberties with Pasternak's text as the original film did, focusing on the love story and discarding a lot of the politics, secondary plots and literary sidetracks.... This Doctor Zhivago can be watched as a useful history lesson and as a cautionary show business tale: it is a lot easier to adapt a Jane Austen novel than it is to remake a film by David Lean."[3]
Brian Lowry of Variety observed, "Some will rightfully pine for Maurice Jarre's Oscar-winning score, Julie Christie and Omar Sharif, yet this somewhat less epic take on Boris Pasternak's book is a creditable version, featuring outstanding performances and considerable romance. And hey, kids, it sure beats reading the Cliffs Notes."[4]
Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel called it "a stunning success" and continued, "Davies' screenplay is involving, the cinematography is captivating, the costuming and set designs evoke a sense of time and place, and the top-of-the-marquee performances are world-class." He concluded, "Doctor Zhivago is a hefty production, which demands a four-hour, commercial-free commitment from its audience. But the reward is a richly layered character study and love story, worthy of the franchise under which it airs."[5]
Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer graded the series B+ and commented it "manages to maintain true to the main story line, streamlining incidental characters to keep the film from becoming too unwieldy, which takes some effort considering the book's rich language and numerous characters.... Even so, this version, though a little better paced than the original, is still fairly sluggish. Given the book, perhaps that's unavoidable."[6]
Awards and nominations[edit]
In the UK, the serial was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Drama Serial but lost to Shackleton. Giacomo Campiotti was nominated Best New Director and Annie Symons was nominated for Best Costume Design.
In the US, the serial was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Miniseries but lost to Angels in America.
DVD release[edit]
Acorn Media released a Region 1 DVD on 4 November 2003. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with an English audio track and subtitles. Bonus features include extensive interviews with the cast and crew, a photo gallery, a biography of Boris Pasternak, and cast filmographies.
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The Guardian, 10 January 2002
2.^ Jump up to: a b c d Behind the scenes of Doctor Zhivago at PBS.org
3.Jump up ^ New York Times review
4.Jump up ^ Variety review
5.Jump up ^ South Florida Sun-Sentinel review
6.Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer review
External links[edit]
Doctor Zhivago at the Internet Movie Database
Masterpiece Theatre website
Interview with Hans Matheson
Cast and crew comments


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


Categories: English-language films
British drama television series
Period television series
ITV television programmes
Films shot in Slovakia
Screenplays by Andrew Davies
2002 British television programme debuts
2002 British television programme endings
Television shows set in Russia
Television programs based on novels





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Log in



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Talk









Read

Edit

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Languages
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Magyar
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Edit links
This page was last modified on 27 October 2014 at 08:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(TV_miniseries)












Doctor Zhivago (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Doctor Zhivago
Doctor Zhivago-1st edition.jpg
First Russian edition cover

Author
Boris Pasternak
Original title
Доктор Живаго
Country
Italy
Language
Russian
Genre
Historical, Romantic novel
Publisher
Feltrinelli (first edition), Pantheon Books

Publication date
 1957
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages
592 (Pantheon)
ISBN
N/A (Feltrinelli) & ISBN 0-679-77438-6 (Pantheon)
Doctor Zhivago (Russian: До́ктор Жива́го, Doktor Zhivago Russian pronunciation: [ˈdoktər ʐɪˈvaɡə]) is a novel by Boris Pasternak, first published in 1957 in Italy. The novel is named after its protagonist, Yuri Zhivago, a physician and poet, and takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War.
Due to its independent minded stance on the October Revolution, Doctor Zhivago was refused publication in the USSR. At the instigation of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, the manuscript was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature the following year, an event which both humiliated and enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
The novel was made into a film by David Lean in 1965, and since then has twice been adapted for television, most recently as a miniseries for Russian TV in 2006.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot summary 1.1 Part 1
1.2 Part 2
1.3 Part 3
1.4 Part 4
1.5 Part 5
1.6 Parts 6 to 9
1.7 Parts 10 to 13
1.8 Part 14
1.9 Part 15
1.10 Epilogue
2 Background
3 Themes 3.1 Loneliness
3.2 Individuality
3.3 Corrupted and misdirected revolution
4 Literary Criticism
5 Names and places
6 CIA use
7 Adaptations 7.1 Film and stage adaptations
7.2 Translations into English
8 References
9 External links

Plot summary[edit]



 Diagram of selected relationships in Doctor Zhivago
The plot of Doctor Zhivago is long and intricate. It can be difficult to follow for two main reasons: first, Pasternak employs many characters, who interact with each other throughout the book in unpredictable ways, and second, he frequently introduces a character by one of his/her three names, then subsequently refers to that character by another of the three names or a nickname, without expressly stating that he is referring to the same character. To avoid this confusion, the summary below uses a character's full name when the character is first introduced.
Part 1[edit]
Imperial Russia, 1903. The novel opens during a Russian Orthodox funeral liturgy, or panikhida, for Yuri's mother, Marya Nikolaevna Zhivago. Having long ago been abandoned by his father, Yuri is taken in by his maternal uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin, a philosopher and former Orthodox priest who now works for the publisher of a progressive newspaper in a provincial capital on the Volga River. Yuri's father, Andrei Zhivago, was once a wealthy member of Moscow's merchant gentry, but has squandered the family's millions in Siberia through debauchery and carousing.
That summer, Yuri (who is 11 years old) and Nikolai Nikolaevich travel to Duplyanka, the estate of Lavrenty Mikhailovich Kologrivov, a wealthy silk merchant. They are there not to visit Kologrivov, who is abroad with his wife, but to visit a mutual friend, Ivan Ivanovich Voskoboinikov, an intellectual who lives in the steward's cottage.[2] Kologrivov's daughters, Nadya (who is 15 years old) and Lipa (who is younger), are also living at the estate with a governess and servants. Innokenty (Nika) Dudorov, a 13-year-old boy who is the son of a convicted terrorist has been placed with Ivan Ivanovich by his mother and lives with him in the cottage. As Nikolai Nikolavich and Ivan Ivanovich are strolling in the garden and discussing philosophy, they notice that a train passing in the distance has come to a stop in an unexpected place, indicating that something is wrong. On the train, an 11-year-old boy named Misha Grigorievich Gordon is traveling with his father. They have been on the train for three days. During that time, a kind man had given Misha small gifts and had talked for hours with his father, Grigory Osipovich Gordon. However, encouraged by his attorney, who was traveling with him, the man had become drunk. Eventually, the man had rushed to the vestibule of the moving train car, pushed aside the boy's father, opened the door and thrown himself out, killing himself. Misha's father had then pulled the emergency brake, bringing the train to a halt. The passengers detrain and view the corpse while the police are called. The deceased's lawyer stands near the body and blames the suicide on alcoholism.
Part 2[edit]
During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Amalia Karlovna Guichard arrives in Moscow from the Urals with her two children: Rodion (Rodya) and Larissa (Lara). Mme. Guichard's late husband had been friends with Victor Ippolitovich Komarovsky, a lawyer and "cold-blooded businessman." Komarovksy sets them up in rooms at the seedy Montenegro hotel, enrolls Rodion in the Cadet Corps and enrolls Lara in a girls' high school. The girls' school is the same school that Nadya Kologrivov attends. On Komarovsky's advice, Amalia invests in a small dress shop. Amalia and her children live at the Montenegro for about a month before moving into the apartment over the dress shop. Despite an ongoing affair with Amalia, Komarovsky begins to court Lara behind her mother's back.
In early October, the workers of the Moscow-Brest railroad line go on strike. The foreman of the station is Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov. His friend Kiprian Savelyevich Tiverzin is called into one of the railroad workshops and stops a workman from beating his apprentice (whose name is Osip (Yusupka) Gimazetdinovich Galiullin). The police arrest Pavel Ferapontovich for his role in the strike. Pavel Ferapontovich's boy, Patulya (or Pasha or Pashka) Pavlovich Antipov, comes to live with Tiverzin and his mother. Tiverzin's mother and Patulya attend a demonstration which is attacked by dragoons, but they survive and return home. As the protestors flee the dragoons, Nikolai Nikolaevich (Yuri's uncle) is standing inside a Moscow apartment, at the window, watching the people flee. Some time ago, he moved from the Volga region to Petersburg, and at the same time moved Yuri to Moscow to live at the Gromeko household. Nikolai Nikolaevich had then come to Moscow from Petersburg earlier in the Fall, and is staying with the Sventitskys, who were distant relations. The Gromeko household consists of Alexander Alexandrovich Gromeko, his wife Anna Ivanovna, and his bachelor brother Nikolai Alexandrovich. Anna is the daughter of a wealthy steel magnate, now deceased, from the Yuryatin region in the Urals. They have a daughter Tonya.
In January 1906, the Gromekos host a chamber music recital at their home one night. One of the performers is a cellist who is a friend of Amalia's, and her next-door neighbor at the Montenegro.[3] Midway through the performance, the cellist is recalled to the Montenegro because, he is told, someone there is dying. Alexander Alexandrovich, Yuri and Misha come along with the cellist. At the Montenegro, the boys stand in a public corridor outside one of the rooms,[4] embarrassed, while Amalia, who has taken poison, is treated with an emetic. Eventually they are shooed into the room by the boarding house employees who are using the corridor. The boys are assured that Amalia is out of danger and, once inside the room, see her, half-naked and sweaty, talking with the cellist; she tells him that she had "suspicions" but "fortunately it all turned out to be foolishness." The boys then notice, in a dark part of the room, a girl (it is Lara) asleep on a chair. Unexpectedly, Komarovsky emerges from behind a curtain and brings a lamp to the table next to Lara's chair. The light wakes her up and she, unaware that Yuri and Misha are watching, shares a private moment with Komarovsky, "as if he were a puppeteer and she a puppet, obedient to the movements of his hand." They exchange conspiratorial glances, pleased that their secret was not discovered and that Amalia did not die. This is the first time Yuri sees Lara, and he is fascinated by the scene. Misha then whispers to Yuri that the man he is watching is the same one who got his father drunk on the train shortly before his father's suicide.
Part 3[edit]
In November 1911, Anna Ivanovna Gromeko becomes seriously ill with pneumonia. At this time, Yuri, Misha and Tonya are studying to be a doctor, philologist, and lawyer respectively. Yuri learns that his father had a child, a boy named Evgraf, by Princess Stolbunova-Enrizzi.
The narrative returns to the Spring of 1906. Lara is increasingly tormented by her affair with Komarovsky, which has now been going on for six months. In order to get away from him, she asks her classmate and friend Nadya Laurentovna Kologrivov to help her find work as a tutor. Nadya says she can work for Nadya's own family because her parents happen to be looking for a tutor for her sister Lipa. Lara spends more than three years working as a governess for the Kologrivovs. Lara admires the Kologrivovs, and they love her as if she were their own child. In her fourth year with the Kologrivovs, Lara is visited by her brother Rodya. He needs 700 rubles to cover a debt. Lara says she will try to get the money, and in exchange demands Rodya's cadet revolver along with some cartridges. She obtains the money from Kologrivov, but, rather than give it to her brother, uses it to help support her boyfriend Pasha Antipov (see above) and his father (who lives in exile), without Pasha's knowledge.
We move forward to 1911. Lara visits the Kologrivovs' country estate with them for the last time. She is becoming discontent with her situation, but she enjoys the pastimes of the estate anyway, and she becomes an excellent shot with Rodya's revolver. When she and the family return to Moscow, her discontent grows. Around Christmas time, she resolves to part from the Kologrivovs, and to ask Komarovsky for the money necessary to do that. She plans to kill him with Rodya's revolver should he refuse her. On 27 December, the date of the Sventitsky's Christmas party, she goes to Komarovsky's home but is informed that he is at a Christmas party. She gets the address of the party and starts toward it, but relents and pays Pasha a visit instead. She tells him that they should get married right away, and he agrees. At the same moment that Lara and Pasha are having this discussion, Yuri and Tonya are passing by Pasha's apartment in the street, on their way to the Sventitskys. They arrive at the party and enjoy the festivities. Later, Lara arrives at the party. She knows noone there other than Komarovsky, and is not dressed for a ball. She tries to get Komarovsky to notice her, but he is playing cards and either does not notice her or pretends not to. Through some quick inferences, she realizes that one of the men playing cards with Komarovsky is Kornakov, a prosecutor of the Moscow court. He prosecuted a group of railway workers that included Kiprian Tiverzin, Pasha's foster father.[5] Later, while Yuri and Tonya are dancing, a shot rings out. There is a great commotion and it is discovered that Lara has shot Kornakov (not Komarovsky) and Kornakov has received only a minor wound. Lara has fainted and is being dragged by some guests to a chair; Yuri recognizes her with amazement. Yuri goes to render medical attention to Lara, but then changes course to Kornakov because he is the nominal victim. He pronounces Kornakov's wound to be "a trifle", and is about to tend to Lara when Mrs. Sventitsky and Tonya urgently tell him that he must return home because something had gone wrong with Anna Ivanovna. When Yuri and Tonya return home, they find that Anna Ivanovna has died.
Part 4[edit]
Komarovksy uses his political connections to shield Lara from prosecution. Lara and Pasha marry, graduate from university, and depart by train for Yuriatin.
The narrative moves to the second autumn of the First World War. Yuri has married Tonya and is working as a doctor at a hospital in Moscow. Tonya gives birth to their first child, a son. Back in Yuriatin, the Antipovs also have their first child, a girl named Katenka. Although he loves Lara deeply, Pasha feels increasingly stifled by her love for him. In order to escape, he volunteers for the Imperial Russian Army. Lara starts to work as a nurse in Yuriatin. Some time later, she leaves Yuriatin and goes to a town in Galicia, to look for Pasha. The town happens to be where Yuri is now working as a military doctor. Elsewhere, Lt. Antipov is taken prisoner by the Austro-Hungarian Army, but is erroneously declared missing in action. Wounded by artillery fire, Yuri is sent to a battlefield hospital in the town of Meliuzeevo, where Lara is his nurse. Galiullin (the apprentice who was beaten in Part 2) is also in Lara's ward, recovering from injuries. He is now a lieutenant in Pasha's unit; he informs Lara that Pasha is alive, but she doubts him. Lara gets to know Yuri better but is not impressed with him. At the very end of this Part, it is announced in the hospital that there has been a revolution.
Part 5[edit]
After his recovery, Zhivago stays on at the hospital as a physician. This puts him at close quarters with Lara. They are both (along with Galiullin) trying to get permission to leave and return to their homes.
In Meliuzeevo, a newly arrived commissar for the Provisional Government, whose name is Gintz, is informed that a local military unit has deserted and is camped in a nearby cleared forest. Gintz decides to accompany a troop of Cossacks who have been summoned to surround and disarm the deserters. He believes he can appeal to the deserters' pride as "soldiers in the world's first revolutionary army." A train of mounted Cossacks arrives and the Cossacks quickly surround the deserters. Gintz enters the circle of horsemen and makes a speech to the deserters. His speech backfires so badly that the Cossacks who are there to support him gradually sheath their sabres, dismount and start to fraternize with the deserters. The Cossack officers advise Gintz to flee; he does; but he is pursued by the deserters and brutally murdered by them at the railroad station.
Shortly before he leaves, Yuri says goodbye to Lara. He starts by expressing his excitement over the fact that "the roof over the whole of Russia has been torn off, and we and all the people find ourselves under the open sky" with true freedom for the first time. Despite himself, he then starts to clumsily tell Lara that he has feelings for her. Lara stops him and they part. A week later, they leave by different trains, she to Yuriatin and he to Moscow. On the train to Moscow, Yuri reflects on how different the world has become, and on his "honest trying with all his might not to love [Lara]."
Parts 6 to 9[edit]
Following the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War, Yuri and his family decide to flee by train to Tonya's family's former estate (called Varykino), located near the town of Yuryatin in the Ural Mountains. During the journey, he meets with General Strelnikov ("The Shooter"), a fearsome commander who summarily executes both captured Whites and many civilians, who informs him that he is Lara's husband and Lara has returned to their daughter in Yuriatin. Yuri and his family settle in an abandoned house on the estate. Over the Winter, they read books to each other and Yuri writes poetry and journal entries. Spring comes and the family prepares for farm work. Yuri visits Yuriatin to use the public library, and during one of these visits sees Lara at the library. He decides to talk with her, but finishes up some work first, and when he looks up she is gone. He gets her home address from a request slip she had given the librarian. On another visit to town, he visits her at her apartment (which she shares with her daughter). She informs him that Strelnikov is indeed Pasha, her husband. During one of Yuri's subsequent visits to Yuriatin they consummate their relationship. They meet at her apartment regularly for more than two months, but then Yuri, while returning from one of their trysts to his house on the estate, is abducted by men loyal to Liberius, commander of the "Forest Brotherhood", the Bolshevik guerilla band.
Parts 10 to 13[edit]
Liberius is a dedicated Old Bolshevik and highly effective leader of his men. However, Liberius is also a cocaine addict, loud-mouthed and narcissistic. He repeatedly bores Yuri with his long-winded lectures about the glories of socialism and the inevitability of its victory. Yuri spends more than two years with Liberius and his partisans, then finally manages to escape. After a grueling journey back to Yuryatin, made largely on foot, Yuri goes into town to see Lara first, rather than to Varykino to see his family. In town, he learns that his wife, children, and father-in-law fled the estate and returned to Moscow. From Lara, he learns that Tonya delivered a daughter after he left. Lara assisted at the birth and she and Tonya became close friends. Yuri gets a job and stays with Lara and her daughter for a few months. Eventually, a townsperson delivers a letter to Yuri from Tonya, which Tonya wrote five months before and which has passed through innumerable hands to reach Yuri. In the letter, Tonya informs him that she, the children, and her father are being deported, probably to Paris. She says "The whole trouble is that I love you and you do not love me," and "We will never, ever see each other again." When Yuri finishes reading the letter, he has chest pains and faints.
Part 14[edit]
Komarovsky reappears. Having used his influence within the CPSU, Komarovsky has been appointed Minister of Justice of the Far Eastern Republic, a Soviet puppet state in Siberia. He offers to smuggle Yuri and Lara outside Soviet soil. They initially refuse, but Komarovsky states that Pasha Antipov is dead, having fallen from favor with the Party. Stating that this will place Lara in the Cheka's crosshairs, he persuades Yuri that it is in her best interests to leave for the West. Yuri convinces Lara to go with Komarovsky, telling her that he will follow her shortly. Meanwhile, the hunted General Strelnikov returns for Lara. Lara, however, has already left with Komarovsky. After expressing regret over the pain he has caused his country and loved ones, Pasha commits suicide. Yuri finds his body the following morning.
Part 15[edit]
After returning to Moscow, Zhivago's health declines; he cohabits with another woman and fathers two children with her. He also plans numerous writing projects which he never finishes. Yuri leaves his new family and his friends to live alone in Moscow and work on his writing. However, after living on his own for a short time, he dies of a heart attack while riding the tram. Meanwhile, Lara returns to Russia to learn of her dead husband and ends up attending Yuri Zhivago's funeral. She persuades Yuri's half-brother, NKVD General Yevgraf Zhivago, to assist her in her search for a daughter that she had conceived with Yuri, but had abandoned in the Urals. Ultimately, however, Lara is arrested during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and dies in the Gulag.
Epilogue[edit]
During World War II, Zhivago's old friends Nika Dudorov and Misha Gordon meet up. One of their discussions revolves around a local laundress named Tanya, a bezprizornaya, or war orphan, and her resemblance to both Yuri and Lara. Tanya tells both men of the difficult childhood she has had due to her mother abandoning her in order to marry Komarovsky. Much later, the two men meet over the first edition of Yuri Zhivago's poems.
Background[edit]



 First Italian edition cover
Although it contains passages written in the 1910s and 1920s, Doctor Zhivago was not completed until 1956. The novel was submitted to the literary journal Novy Mir ("Новый Мир"). However, the editors rejected Pasternak's novel because of its implicit rejection of socialist realism.[6] The author, like Zhivago, showed more concern for the welfare of individuals than for the welfare of society. Soviet censors construed some passages as anti-Soviet.[citation needed] They were also enraged by Pasternak's subtle criticisms of Stalinism, Collectivization, the Great Purge, and the Gulag.[citation needed]



 Copy of the original Russian-language edition of Doctor Zhivago, covertly published by the CIA. The front cover and the binding identify the book in Russian; the back of the book states that it was printed in France.
Pasternak sent several copies of the manuscript in Russian to friends in the West.[7] In 1957, Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli arranged for the novel to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union by Sergio D'angelo.[8] Upon handing his manuscript over, Pasternak quipped, "You are hereby invited to watch me face the firing squad."[citation needed] Despite desperate efforts by the Union of Soviet Writers to prevent its publication, Feltrinelli published an Italian translation of the book in November 1957.[9] So great was the demand for Doctor Zhivago that Feltrinelli was able to license translation rights into eighteen different languages well in advance of the novel's publication. The Communist Party of Italy expelled Feltrinelli from their membership in retaliation for his role in the publication of a novel they felt was critical of communism.[10]
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency quickly realized that the novel presented an opportunity to embarrass the Soviet government. An internal memo lauded the book's "great propaganda value": not only did the text have a central humanist message, but the Soviet government's having suppressed a great work of literature could make ordinary citizens "wonder what is wrong with their government". The CIA set out to publish a Russian-language edition and arranged for it to be distributed at the Vatican pavilion at the 1958 Brussels world's fair.[11]
Soon English and French translations were also printed. A small run of 1000 copies of an adulterated Russian-language version which included typos and truncated story lines was printed by Mouton, a publisher in the Netherlands, in August 1958, before Feltrinelli came out with their own Russian version.[12][13]
Author Ivan Tolstoi claims that the CIA lent a hand to ensure that Doctor Zhivago was submitted to the Nobel Committee in its original language, in order for Pasternak to win the Nobel prize and further harm the international credibility of the Soviet Union. He repeats and adds additional details to Fetrinelli's claims that CIA operatives intercepted and photographed a manuscript of the novel and secretly printed a small number of books in the Russian language.[7][13][14] Recently released CIA documents do not show that the agency's efforts in publishing a Russian-language edition were intended to help Pasternak win the Nobel, however.[11]
More recently, Anna Sergeyeva-Klyatis wrote that following the publication of Lazar Fleishman’s book Russian Emigration Discovers "Doctor Zhivago", the only possible conclusion is that the pirated edition of Doctor Zhivago was initiated by one of the biggest émigré organizations in Europe: the Central Association of Postwar Émigrées. While CAPE was known to engage in anti-Soviet activities, the printing of this edition was not an imposition of its own political will but rather a response to the spiritual demands of the Russian emigration that was greatly stirred by the release of Pasternak's novel in Italian without an original Russian edition.[12][15]
In 1958 Pasternak wrote to Renate Schweitzer,

Some people believe the Nobel Prize may be awarded to me this year. I am firmly convinced that I shall be passed over and that it will go to Alberto Moravia. You cannot imagine all the difficulties, torments, and anxieties which arise to confront me at the mere prospect, however unlikely, of such a possibility... One step out of place—and the people closest to you will be condemned to suffer from all the jealousy, resentment, wounded pride and disappointment of others, and old scars on the heart will be reopened...[16]
On 23 October 1958, Boris Pasternak was announced as the winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize for Literature. The citation credited Pasternak's contribution to Russian lyric poetry and for his role in, "continuing the great Russian epic tradition". On 25 October, Pasternak sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy:

Infinitely grateful, touched, proud, surprised, overwhelmed.[17]
On 26 October, the Literary Gazette ran an article by David Zaslavski entitled, "Reactionary Propaganda Uproar over a Literary Weed".[18]
Acting on direct orders from the Politburo, the KGB surrounded Pasternak's dacha in Peredelkino.[citation needed] Pasternak was not only threatened with arrest, but the KGB also vowed to send his mistress Olga Ivinskaya back to the gulag, where she had been imprisoned under Stalin. It was further hinted that, if Pasternak traveled to Stockholm to collect his Nobel Medal, he would be refused re-entry to the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
As a result, Pasternak sent a second telegram to the Nobel Committee:

In view of the meaning given the award by the society in which I live, I must renounce this undeserved distinction which has been conferred on me. Please do not take my voluntary renunciation amiss.[19]
The Swedish Academy announced:

This refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award. There remains only for the Academy, however, to announce with regret that the presentation of the Prize cannot take place.[20]
Despite his decision to decline the award, the Soviet Union of Writers continued to denounce Pasternak in the Soviet press. Furthermore, he was threatened at the very least with formal exile to the West. In response, Pasternak wrote directly to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, "Leaving the motherland will equal death for me. I am tied to Russia by birth, by life and work."[21][22]
As a result of this and the intercession of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Pasternak was not expelled from his homeland.[citation needed]
Ultimately, Bill Mauldin produced a political cartoon lampooning the Soviet State's campaign against Boris Pasternak. The cartoon depicts Pasternak and another convict splitting trees in the snow. In the caption, Pasternak says, "I won the Nobel Prize for literature. What was your crime?" The cartoon won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1959.[23]
Pasternak died of lung cancer in his dacha in Peredelkino on the evening of 30 May 1960. He first summoned his sons, and in their presence said, "Who will suffer most because of my death? Who will suffer most? Only Oliusha will, and I haven't had time to do anything for her. The worst thing is that she will suffer."[24] Pasternak's last words were, "I can't hear very well. And there's a mist in front of my eyes. But it will go away, won't it? Don't forget to open the window tomorrow."[24]
Shortly before his death, a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church had given Pasternak the last rites. Later, in the strictest secrecy, an Orthodox funeral liturgy, or Panikhida, was offered in the family's dacha.
Despite only a small notice appearing in the Literary Gazette,[24] handwritten notices carrying the date and time of the funeral were posted throughout the Moscow subway system.[24] As a result, thousands of admirers traveled from Moscow to Pasternak's civil funeral in Peredelkino. According to Jon Stallworthy, "Volunteers carried his open coffin to his burial place and those who were present (including the poet Andrey Voznesensky) recited from memory the banned poem 'Hamlet'."[22]
One of the dissident speakers at the graveside service said, "God marks the path of the elect with thorns, and Pasternak was picked out and marked by God. He believed in eternity and he will belong to it... We excommunicated Tolstoy, we disowned Dostoyevsky, and now we disown Pasternak. Everything that brings us glory we try to banish to the West... But we cannot allow this. We love Pasternak and we revere him as a poet... Glory to Pasternak!"[25]
Until the 1980s, Pasternak's poetry was only published in heavily censored form. Furthermore, his reputation continued to be pilloried in State propaganda until Mikhail Gorbachev proclaimed perestroika.
In 1988, after decades of circulating in samizdat, Doctor Zhivago was finally serialized in the pages of Novy Mir, which had changed to a more anti-communist position than in Pasternak's lifetime. The following year, Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak was at last permitted to travel to Stockholm to collect his father's Nobel Medal. At the ceremony, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich performed a Bach composition in honor of his fellow Soviet dissident.
Themes[edit]
Loneliness[edit]
In the shadow of all this grand political change we see that everything is governed by the basic human longing for companionship. Zhivago and Pasha, in love with the same woman, both traverse Russia in these volatile times in search of such stability. They are both involved on nearly every level of the tumultuous times that Russia faced in the first half of the 20th century, yet the common theme and the motivating force behind all their movement is a want of a steady home life. When we first meet Zhivago he is being torn away from everything he knows. He is sobbing and standing on the grave of his mother. We bear witness to the moment all stability is destroyed in his life and the rest of the novel is his attempts to recreate the security stolen from him at such a young age. After the loss of his mother, Zhivago develops a longing for what Freud called the "maternal object" (feminine love and affection), in his later romantic relationships with women.[26] His first marriage, to Tonya, is not one born of passion but from friendship. In a way, Tonya takes on the role of the mother-figure that Zhivago always sought but lacked. This, however, was not a romantic tie; while he feels loyal to her throughout his life, he never could find true happiness with her, for their relationship lacks the fervor that was integral to his relationship to Lara.[27]
Individuality[edit]
The Russian Revolution was at its core an ideological struggle, forcing young and old alike to align themselves or risk extermination. Its uncompromising nature put great strain on the ideals of individual thought and choice, represented in Yuri Zhivago's constant attempts to come to terms with the Revolution. Yuri is the ultimate individual, expressing himself through poetry and recognizing beauty in all aspects of life. He is frequently overcome by emotion, and is deeply introspective. His affair with Lara was primarily fueled by passion and romanticism. However, he gradually realizes that his commitment to his own unique philosophy is rapidly becoming untenable in the face of a crystallizing Soviet ideology. His attempts to exert control over his own individual self end in futility: in one pivotal scene, he wounds and possibly kills several White soldiers despite his best efforts to avoid doing so. The taking of lives is a betrayal of his personal core beliefs, and Yuri is horrified and demoralized by the incident. Ultimately, the revolution's refusal to acknowledge the fundamental nature of the individual ensured that regardless of which faction Yuri sided with, he would not be able to survive in the new Soviet era as a true individual.
Corrupted and misdirected revolution[edit]
When he was younger, Zhivago enjoyed having political discussions with educated people, like his uncle Nikolay. Zhivago's views were relatively neutral—though not a revolutionary zealot, he recognized that Russia needed serious reform. As the story progresses, however, Zhivago realizes that many political activists simply parrot the ideas they have heard, reciting their memorized lines in order to seem intellectual. Still others actively seek power for themselves, taking advantage of the people's thirst for betterment by promising more than they intended to deliver. Pasternak shows what he thought went wrong in the revolution: that initially, revolutionary leaders had good ideas, but because of human failings these ideas were warped or even forgotten as the revolution transformed itself into a full-scale civil war. Pasternak's strategy to convey this point is to introduce seemingly obvious villains into the plot, but show that in the context of the entire novel, the results of their bad behavior pale in comparison to the harm caused by the corrupted revolutionary effort. Komarovsky and Strelnikov are both antagonists in the sense that they cause harm to other characters in the book, but Pasternak cleverly uses them to show that their damage was temporary and relatively minor, whereas the trauma and suffering caused by the misled train wreck of the revolution was more permanent, often fatal, and certainly more devastating to Russian society.
Literary Criticism[edit]
Some literary critics "found that there was no real plot to the novel, that its chronology was confused, that the main characters were oddly effaced, that the author relied far too much on contrived coincidences."[28] Vladimir Nabokov said it was "a sorry thing, clumsy, trite and melodramatic, with stock situations, voluptuous lawyers, unbelievable girls, romantic robbers and trite coincidences."[29] On the other hand, some critics praised it for being things that, in the opinion of translator Richard Pevear, it was never meant to be: a moving love story, or a lyrical biography of a poet in which the individual is set against the grim realities of Soviet life.[28] Pasternak defended the numerous coincidences in the plot, saying that they are "traits to characterize that somewhat willful, free, fanciful flow of reality."[30]
Names and places[edit]



 Pushkin Library, PermZhivago (Живаго): the Russian root zhiv is similar to "life".[31]
Larissa: a Greek name suggesting "bright, cheerful".
Komarovsky (Комаровский): komar (комар) is the Russian for "mosquito".
Pasha (Паша): the diminutive form of "Pavel" (Павел), the Russian rendering of the name Paul.
Strelnikov (Стрельников): Pasha/Pavel Antipov's pseudonym, strelok means "the shooter"; he is also called Rasstrelnikov (Расстрельников), which means "executioner".
Yuriatin (Юрятин): the fictional town was based upon Perm, near by which Pasternak had lived for several months in 1916. Note that this can be understood in Russian as "Yuri's town".
The public reading room at Yuriatin was based on the Pushkin Library, Perm.
CIA use[edit]
In 2014 declassified documents show that the United States Central Intelligence Agency used Doctor Zhivago as a tool to provoke dissent in the USSR.[32] A CIA memo from April 1958 described the "great propaganda value" and discussed providing support for having the novel printed in Russian, and distributing Western translations within the Soviet Union.[33] The memo stated that the book was "a passive but piercing exposition of the effect of the Soviet system on the life of a sensitive intelligent citizen." The CIA memo noted that the book is valuable "not only for its intrinsic message and thought-provoking nature, but also for the circumstances of its publication: we have the opportunity to make Soviet citizens wonder what is wrong with their government, when a fine literary work by the man acknowledged to be the greatest living Russian writer is not even available in his own country in his own language for his own people to read". The documents describing the program were requested by Peter Finn and Petra Couvée as a part of their research for their 2014 book, The Zhivago Affair.[34]
Adaptations[edit]
Film and stage adaptations[edit]
A 1959 Brazilian television series (currently unavailable) was the first screen adaptation.[35]
The most famous adaptation is the 1965 film adaptation by David Lean, featuring the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif as Zhivago and English actress Julie Christie as Lara, with Geraldine Chaplin as Tonya and Alec Guinness as Yevgraf. The film was commercially successful and won five Oscars. Currently, it is widely considered to be a classic popular film. Maurice Jarre's score, featuring the romantic "Lara's Theme", enhances the film's appeal. Though faithful to the novel's plot, depictions of several characters and events are noticeably different.
A 2002 British television serial stars Hans Matheson, Keira Knightley, Alexandra Maria Lara, and Sam Neill. It was broadcast by ITV in the UK in November 2002 and on Masterpiece Theatre in the US in November 2003.
A 2006 Russian mini-series produced by Mosfilm. Its total running time is over 500 minutes (8 hours and 26 minutes).
A musical called Doktor Zhivago was scheduled to premiere in the city of Perm in the Urals on 22 March 2007, and to remain in the repertoire of Perm Drama Theatre throughout the 50th Anniversary year [4] [5].[36]
Doctor Zhivago is a musical adaptation of Pasternak’s novel rather than Lean’s film. It originally premiered as Zhivago at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2006. Ivan Hernandez played the title role.[37] It was revised and premiered as Doctor Zhivago at the Lyric Theatre, Sydney in February 2011, starring Anthony Warlow and produced by John Frost. The musical features a score by Lucy Simon (The Secret Garden), a book by Michael Weller (Hair, Ragtime screenplays), lyrics by Michael Korie (Doll and the Harvey Milk opera libretto) and Amy Powers (Lizzie Borden and songs for Sunset Boulevard). Both the 2006 and the 2011 productions were directed by Des McAnuff.[38]
Boy band 98 Degrees alludes to the novel in their hit song "The Hardest Thing".
The musical Zjivago in Swedish had premiere on Malmö Opera in Sweden on August 29, 2014.[39]
Translations into English[edit]
Max Hayward and Manya Harari (1958)
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (2010)

References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ IMDb Russian miniseries release date
2.Jump up ^ Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.4, p.7 (Voskoboinikov lives in the steward's cottage).
3.Jump up ^ Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.23 (Tyshkevich is a cellist who lives next to the Guichards at the Montenegro); p.62 (Tyshkevich is one of the performers at the Gromekos); p.63 (Fadai Kazimirovich Tyshkevich is his full name).
4.Jump up ^ The room is Room 24, the room in which the Guichards lived, but it appears they no longer live there at the time of this incident. Pasternak has told us that the Guichards moved to Moscow before the end of the Russo-Japanese War, which means they arrive in Moscow no later than early September 1905. Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.22. He also has told us that the Guichards started to live at the Montenegro immediately upon their arrival in Moscow, and that they stayed there "about a month" before they moved into the apartment over the dress shop. Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.22. That means they vacated the Montenegro in October – November at the latest. But the suicide incident is in January. Perhaps this an oversight on Pasternak's part. Another explanation is that Komarovksy has retained the Montenegro room for his assignations with Lara, and Amalia has discovered them there together. Pasternak says that the commotion among the servants started before the suicide incident, and "before Komarovsky arrived" but this does not clarify whether Amalia's suicide attempt was before Komarovsky's arrival, or because of it. Note also that Pasternak, adopting the perspective of the servants, says "this foolish Guichard woman was being pumped full in number 24" not, for example, "... being pumped full in her room." Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.22.
5.Jump up ^ Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.96 (Kornakov prosecuted Tiverzin's case); p.34 (Tiverzin was put on trial for involvement in a railroad strike); p.37 (Patulya [i.e. Pavel or Pasha] Antipov came to live with the Tiverzins after his father was arrested in connection with the railroad strike).
6.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago": Letter to Boris Pasternak from the Editors of Novyi Mir. Daedalus, Vol. 89, No. 3, The Russian Intelligentsia (Summer, 1960), pp. 648–668
7.^ Jump up to: a b How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel
8.Jump up ^ [1]
9.Jump up ^ [2]
10.Jump up ^ Il caso Pasternak, Granzotto, 1985.
11.^ Jump up to: a b Finn, Peter, and Couvée, Petra, "CIA Turned 'Zhivago' into Cold Warrior", The Washington Post, April 6, 2014, p. A1.
12.^ Jump up to: a b Social sciences – A Quarterly Journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences: INTERNATIONAL PROVOCATION: ON BORIS PASTERNAK’S NOBEL PRIZE
13.^ Jump up to: a b Was Pasternak's Path To The Nobel Prize Paved By The CIA?
14.Jump up ^ The Plot Thickens A New Book Promises an Intriguing Twist to the Epic Tale of 'Doctor Zhivago'
15.Jump up ^ The book referred to by Sergeyeva-Klyatis is Fleishman, Lazar. Встреча русской эмиграции с "Доктором Живаго": Борис Пастернак и "холодная война." Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 2009. ISBN 9781572010819
16.Jump up ^ Olga Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak, (1978), page 220.
17.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), page 221.
18.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), page 224.
19.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), page 232.
20.Jump up ^ Frenz, Horst (ed.) (1969). Literature 1901–1967. Nobel Lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier. (Via "Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 – Announcement". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 May 2007.)
21.Jump up ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Pasternak.html
22.^ Jump up to: a b Pasternak, Boris (1983). Pasternak: Selected Poems. trans. Jon Stallworthy and Peter France. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-042245-5.
23.Jump up ^ Bill Mauldin Beyond Willie and Joe (Library of Congress)
24.^ Jump up to: a b c d Ivinskaya (1978), pp. 323–326
25.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), pp. 331–332.
26.Jump up ^ Dillon, Kathleen (Winter 1995). "Depression as Discourse in Doctor Zhivago". The Slavic and East European Journal 39 (4): 517–523. JSTOR 309103.
27.Jump up ^ Doctor Zhivago, Boris Pasternak, 1957, Pantheon Books
28.^ Jump up to: a b Richard Pevear, Introduction, Pevear & Volokhonsky trans.
29.Jump up ^ Michael Scammell, The CIA's 'Zhivago', The New York Review of Books, July 10, 2014, p.40 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/jul/10/cias-zhivago/?insrc=hpss
30.Jump up ^ Richard Pevear, Introduction, Pevear & Volokhonsky trans. (quoting Letter (in English) from Boris Pasternak to John Harris, Feb. 8, 1959).
31.Jump up ^ Rowland, Mary F. and Paul Rowland. Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago. Southern Illinois University Press: 1967. The Rowlands present an exhaustive analysis of most of the names in the novel.
32.Jump up ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/during-cold-war-cia-used-doctor-zhivago-as-a-tool-to-undermine-soviet-union/2014/04/05/2ef3d9c6-b9ee-11e3-9a05-c739f29ccb08_story.html
33.Jump up ^ http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/the-cia-and-doctor-zhivago-memo-from-april-24-1958/922/
34.Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/07/300144121/book-news-cia-tried-to-use-doctor-zhivago-to-weaken-the-ussr?utm_content=buffer8dea6&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer
35.Jump up ^ Doutor Jivago (TV series 1959) at the Internet Movie Database
36.Jump up ^ Perm features in the novel under the name "Yuriatin" (which is a city invented by Pasternak for the book) and many locations for events in the book can be accurately traced there, since Pasternak left the street names mostly unchanged. For example, the Public Reading-Room in which Yuri and Larissa have their chance meeting in "Yuriatin" is exactly where the book places it in contemporary Perm.
37.Jump up ^ "La Jolla Playhouse premieres stirring, haunting Zhivago" by Charlene Baldridge, San Diego News
38.Jump up ^ "Sydney to host World Premiere of Doctor Zhivago musical", AustralianStage.com (21 July 2010)
39.Jump up ^ [3]
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doctor Zhivago (book).
Inside the Zhivago Storm, by Paolo Mancosu, the story of the first publication of Doctor Zhivago and of the subsequent Russian editions in the West, ISBN 9788807990687
Inside the Zhivago Storm, website accompanying Mancosu's book.
Homegrown Doctor Zhivago to Debut on Russian Television
"The 'Doctor Zhivago' caper" (editorial), The Boston Globe, 20 February 2007.
"The Wisest Book I Ever Read", by Robert Morgan from The Raleigh News & Observer.
'Pasternak – The Real Dr Zhivago A documentary in production'
'The Dr Zhivago Drawings' artist's rendering
"Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical"
'The Poems of Doctor Zhivago'


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Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


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Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
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 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

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"Lara's Theme"
 

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"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 



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Doctor Zhivago (novel)
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Doctor Zhivago
Doctor Zhivago-1st edition.jpg
First Russian edition cover

Author
Boris Pasternak
Original title
Доктор Живаго
Country
Italy
Language
Russian
Genre
Historical, Romantic novel
Publisher
Feltrinelli (first edition), Pantheon Books

Publication date
 1957
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages
592 (Pantheon)
ISBN
N/A (Feltrinelli) & ISBN 0-679-77438-6 (Pantheon)
Doctor Zhivago (Russian: До́ктор Жива́го, Doktor Zhivago Russian pronunciation: [ˈdoktər ʐɪˈvaɡə]) is a novel by Boris Pasternak, first published in 1957 in Italy. The novel is named after its protagonist, Yuri Zhivago, a physician and poet, and takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War.
Due to its independent minded stance on the October Revolution, Doctor Zhivago was refused publication in the USSR. At the instigation of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, the manuscript was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature the following year, an event which both humiliated and enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
The novel was made into a film by David Lean in 1965, and since then has twice been adapted for television, most recently as a miniseries for Russian TV in 2006.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot summary 1.1 Part 1
1.2 Part 2
1.3 Part 3
1.4 Part 4
1.5 Part 5
1.6 Parts 6 to 9
1.7 Parts 10 to 13
1.8 Part 14
1.9 Part 15
1.10 Epilogue
2 Background
3 Themes 3.1 Loneliness
3.2 Individuality
3.3 Corrupted and misdirected revolution
4 Literary Criticism
5 Names and places
6 CIA use
7 Adaptations 7.1 Film and stage adaptations
7.2 Translations into English
8 References
9 External links

Plot summary[edit]



 Diagram of selected relationships in Doctor Zhivago
The plot of Doctor Zhivago is long and intricate. It can be difficult to follow for two main reasons: first, Pasternak employs many characters, who interact with each other throughout the book in unpredictable ways, and second, he frequently introduces a character by one of his/her three names, then subsequently refers to that character by another of the three names or a nickname, without expressly stating that he is referring to the same character. To avoid this confusion, the summary below uses a character's full name when the character is first introduced.
Part 1[edit]
Imperial Russia, 1903. The novel opens during a Russian Orthodox funeral liturgy, or panikhida, for Yuri's mother, Marya Nikolaevna Zhivago. Having long ago been abandoned by his father, Yuri is taken in by his maternal uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin, a philosopher and former Orthodox priest who now works for the publisher of a progressive newspaper in a provincial capital on the Volga River. Yuri's father, Andrei Zhivago, was once a wealthy member of Moscow's merchant gentry, but has squandered the family's millions in Siberia through debauchery and carousing.
That summer, Yuri (who is 11 years old) and Nikolai Nikolaevich travel to Duplyanka, the estate of Lavrenty Mikhailovich Kologrivov, a wealthy silk merchant. They are there not to visit Kologrivov, who is abroad with his wife, but to visit a mutual friend, Ivan Ivanovich Voskoboinikov, an intellectual who lives in the steward's cottage.[2] Kologrivov's daughters, Nadya (who is 15 years old) and Lipa (who is younger), are also living at the estate with a governess and servants. Innokenty (Nika) Dudorov, a 13-year-old boy who is the son of a convicted terrorist has been placed with Ivan Ivanovich by his mother and lives with him in the cottage. As Nikolai Nikolavich and Ivan Ivanovich are strolling in the garden and discussing philosophy, they notice that a train passing in the distance has come to a stop in an unexpected place, indicating that something is wrong. On the train, an 11-year-old boy named Misha Grigorievich Gordon is traveling with his father. They have been on the train for three days. During that time, a kind man had given Misha small gifts and had talked for hours with his father, Grigory Osipovich Gordon. However, encouraged by his attorney, who was traveling with him, the man had become drunk. Eventually, the man had rushed to the vestibule of the moving train car, pushed aside the boy's father, opened the door and thrown himself out, killing himself. Misha's father had then pulled the emergency brake, bringing the train to a halt. The passengers detrain and view the corpse while the police are called. The deceased's lawyer stands near the body and blames the suicide on alcoholism.
Part 2[edit]
During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Amalia Karlovna Guichard arrives in Moscow from the Urals with her two children: Rodion (Rodya) and Larissa (Lara). Mme. Guichard's late husband had been friends with Victor Ippolitovich Komarovsky, a lawyer and "cold-blooded businessman." Komarovksy sets them up in rooms at the seedy Montenegro hotel, enrolls Rodion in the Cadet Corps and enrolls Lara in a girls' high school. The girls' school is the same school that Nadya Kologrivov attends. On Komarovsky's advice, Amalia invests in a small dress shop. Amalia and her children live at the Montenegro for about a month before moving into the apartment over the dress shop. Despite an ongoing affair with Amalia, Komarovsky begins to court Lara behind her mother's back.
In early October, the workers of the Moscow-Brest railroad line go on strike. The foreman of the station is Pavel Ferapontovich Antipov. His friend Kiprian Savelyevich Tiverzin is called into one of the railroad workshops and stops a workman from beating his apprentice (whose name is Osip (Yusupka) Gimazetdinovich Galiullin). The police arrest Pavel Ferapontovich for his role in the strike. Pavel Ferapontovich's boy, Patulya (or Pasha or Pashka) Pavlovich Antipov, comes to live with Tiverzin and his mother. Tiverzin's mother and Patulya attend a demonstration which is attacked by dragoons, but they survive and return home. As the protestors flee the dragoons, Nikolai Nikolaevich (Yuri's uncle) is standing inside a Moscow apartment, at the window, watching the people flee. Some time ago, he moved from the Volga region to Petersburg, and at the same time moved Yuri to Moscow to live at the Gromeko household. Nikolai Nikolaevich had then come to Moscow from Petersburg earlier in the Fall, and is staying with the Sventitskys, who were distant relations. The Gromeko household consists of Alexander Alexandrovich Gromeko, his wife Anna Ivanovna, and his bachelor brother Nikolai Alexandrovich. Anna is the daughter of a wealthy steel magnate, now deceased, from the Yuryatin region in the Urals. They have a daughter Tonya.
In January 1906, the Gromekos host a chamber music recital at their home one night. One of the performers is a cellist who is a friend of Amalia's, and her next-door neighbor at the Montenegro.[3] Midway through the performance, the cellist is recalled to the Montenegro because, he is told, someone there is dying. Alexander Alexandrovich, Yuri and Misha come along with the cellist. At the Montenegro, the boys stand in a public corridor outside one of the rooms,[4] embarrassed, while Amalia, who has taken poison, is treated with an emetic. Eventually they are shooed into the room by the boarding house employees who are using the corridor. The boys are assured that Amalia is out of danger and, once inside the room, see her, half-naked and sweaty, talking with the cellist; she tells him that she had "suspicions" but "fortunately it all turned out to be foolishness." The boys then notice, in a dark part of the room, a girl (it is Lara) asleep on a chair. Unexpectedly, Komarovsky emerges from behind a curtain and brings a lamp to the table next to Lara's chair. The light wakes her up and she, unaware that Yuri and Misha are watching, shares a private moment with Komarovsky, "as if he were a puppeteer and she a puppet, obedient to the movements of his hand." They exchange conspiratorial glances, pleased that their secret was not discovered and that Amalia did not die. This is the first time Yuri sees Lara, and he is fascinated by the scene. Misha then whispers to Yuri that the man he is watching is the same one who got his father drunk on the train shortly before his father's suicide.
Part 3[edit]
In November 1911, Anna Ivanovna Gromeko becomes seriously ill with pneumonia. At this time, Yuri, Misha and Tonya are studying to be a doctor, philologist, and lawyer respectively. Yuri learns that his father had a child, a boy named Evgraf, by Princess Stolbunova-Enrizzi.
The narrative returns to the Spring of 1906. Lara is increasingly tormented by her affair with Komarovsky, which has now been going on for six months. In order to get away from him, she asks her classmate and friend Nadya Laurentovna Kologrivov to help her find work as a tutor. Nadya says she can work for Nadya's own family because her parents happen to be looking for a tutor for her sister Lipa. Lara spends more than three years working as a governess for the Kologrivovs. Lara admires the Kologrivovs, and they love her as if she were their own child. In her fourth year with the Kologrivovs, Lara is visited by her brother Rodya. He needs 700 rubles to cover a debt. Lara says she will try to get the money, and in exchange demands Rodya's cadet revolver along with some cartridges. She obtains the money from Kologrivov, but, rather than give it to her brother, uses it to help support her boyfriend Pasha Antipov (see above) and his father (who lives in exile), without Pasha's knowledge.
We move forward to 1911. Lara visits the Kologrivovs' country estate with them for the last time. She is becoming discontent with her situation, but she enjoys the pastimes of the estate anyway, and she becomes an excellent shot with Rodya's revolver. When she and the family return to Moscow, her discontent grows. Around Christmas time, she resolves to part from the Kologrivovs, and to ask Komarovsky for the money necessary to do that. She plans to kill him with Rodya's revolver should he refuse her. On 27 December, the date of the Sventitsky's Christmas party, she goes to Komarovsky's home but is informed that he is at a Christmas party. She gets the address of the party and starts toward it, but relents and pays Pasha a visit instead. She tells him that they should get married right away, and he agrees. At the same moment that Lara and Pasha are having this discussion, Yuri and Tonya are passing by Pasha's apartment in the street, on their way to the Sventitskys. They arrive at the party and enjoy the festivities. Later, Lara arrives at the party. She knows noone there other than Komarovsky, and is not dressed for a ball. She tries to get Komarovsky to notice her, but he is playing cards and either does not notice her or pretends not to. Through some quick inferences, she realizes that one of the men playing cards with Komarovsky is Kornakov, a prosecutor of the Moscow court. He prosecuted a group of railway workers that included Kiprian Tiverzin, Pasha's foster father.[5] Later, while Yuri and Tonya are dancing, a shot rings out. There is a great commotion and it is discovered that Lara has shot Kornakov (not Komarovsky) and Kornakov has received only a minor wound. Lara has fainted and is being dragged by some guests to a chair; Yuri recognizes her with amazement. Yuri goes to render medical attention to Lara, but then changes course to Kornakov because he is the nominal victim. He pronounces Kornakov's wound to be "a trifle", and is about to tend to Lara when Mrs. Sventitsky and Tonya urgently tell him that he must return home because something had gone wrong with Anna Ivanovna. When Yuri and Tonya return home, they find that Anna Ivanovna has died.
Part 4[edit]
Komarovksy uses his political connections to shield Lara from prosecution. Lara and Pasha marry, graduate from university, and depart by train for Yuriatin.
The narrative moves to the second autumn of the First World War. Yuri has married Tonya and is working as a doctor at a hospital in Moscow. Tonya gives birth to their first child, a son. Back in Yuriatin, the Antipovs also have their first child, a girl named Katenka. Although he loves Lara deeply, Pasha feels increasingly stifled by her love for him. In order to escape, he volunteers for the Imperial Russian Army. Lara starts to work as a nurse in Yuriatin. Some time later, she leaves Yuriatin and goes to a town in Galicia, to look for Pasha. The town happens to be where Yuri is now working as a military doctor. Elsewhere, Lt. Antipov is taken prisoner by the Austro-Hungarian Army, but is erroneously declared missing in action. Wounded by artillery fire, Yuri is sent to a battlefield hospital in the town of Meliuzeevo, where Lara is his nurse. Galiullin (the apprentice who was beaten in Part 2) is also in Lara's ward, recovering from injuries. He is now a lieutenant in Pasha's unit; he informs Lara that Pasha is alive, but she doubts him. Lara gets to know Yuri better but is not impressed with him. At the very end of this Part, it is announced in the hospital that there has been a revolution.
Part 5[edit]
After his recovery, Zhivago stays on at the hospital as a physician. This puts him at close quarters with Lara. They are both (along with Galiullin) trying to get permission to leave and return to their homes.
In Meliuzeevo, a newly arrived commissar for the Provisional Government, whose name is Gintz, is informed that a local military unit has deserted and is camped in a nearby cleared forest. Gintz decides to accompany a troop of Cossacks who have been summoned to surround and disarm the deserters. He believes he can appeal to the deserters' pride as "soldiers in the world's first revolutionary army." A train of mounted Cossacks arrives and the Cossacks quickly surround the deserters. Gintz enters the circle of horsemen and makes a speech to the deserters. His speech backfires so badly that the Cossacks who are there to support him gradually sheath their sabres, dismount and start to fraternize with the deserters. The Cossack officers advise Gintz to flee; he does; but he is pursued by the deserters and brutally murdered by them at the railroad station.
Shortly before he leaves, Yuri says goodbye to Lara. He starts by expressing his excitement over the fact that "the roof over the whole of Russia has been torn off, and we and all the people find ourselves under the open sky" with true freedom for the first time. Despite himself, he then starts to clumsily tell Lara that he has feelings for her. Lara stops him and they part. A week later, they leave by different trains, she to Yuriatin and he to Moscow. On the train to Moscow, Yuri reflects on how different the world has become, and on his "honest trying with all his might not to love [Lara]."
Parts 6 to 9[edit]
Following the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War, Yuri and his family decide to flee by train to Tonya's family's former estate (called Varykino), located near the town of Yuryatin in the Ural Mountains. During the journey, he meets with General Strelnikov ("The Shooter"), a fearsome commander who summarily executes both captured Whites and many civilians, who informs him that he is Lara's husband and Lara has returned to their daughter in Yuriatin. Yuri and his family settle in an abandoned house on the estate. Over the Winter, they read books to each other and Yuri writes poetry and journal entries. Spring comes and the family prepares for farm work. Yuri visits Yuriatin to use the public library, and during one of these visits sees Lara at the library. He decides to talk with her, but finishes up some work first, and when he looks up she is gone. He gets her home address from a request slip she had given the librarian. On another visit to town, he visits her at her apartment (which she shares with her daughter). She informs him that Strelnikov is indeed Pasha, her husband. During one of Yuri's subsequent visits to Yuriatin they consummate their relationship. They meet at her apartment regularly for more than two months, but then Yuri, while returning from one of their trysts to his house on the estate, is abducted by men loyal to Liberius, commander of the "Forest Brotherhood", the Bolshevik guerilla band.
Parts 10 to 13[edit]
Liberius is a dedicated Old Bolshevik and highly effective leader of his men. However, Liberius is also a cocaine addict, loud-mouthed and narcissistic. He repeatedly bores Yuri with his long-winded lectures about the glories of socialism and the inevitability of its victory. Yuri spends more than two years with Liberius and his partisans, then finally manages to escape. After a grueling journey back to Yuryatin, made largely on foot, Yuri goes into town to see Lara first, rather than to Varykino to see his family. In town, he learns that his wife, children, and father-in-law fled the estate and returned to Moscow. From Lara, he learns that Tonya delivered a daughter after he left. Lara assisted at the birth and she and Tonya became close friends. Yuri gets a job and stays with Lara and her daughter for a few months. Eventually, a townsperson delivers a letter to Yuri from Tonya, which Tonya wrote five months before and which has passed through innumerable hands to reach Yuri. In the letter, Tonya informs him that she, the children, and her father are being deported, probably to Paris. She says "The whole trouble is that I love you and you do not love me," and "We will never, ever see each other again." When Yuri finishes reading the letter, he has chest pains and faints.
Part 14[edit]
Komarovsky reappears. Having used his influence within the CPSU, Komarovsky has been appointed Minister of Justice of the Far Eastern Republic, a Soviet puppet state in Siberia. He offers to smuggle Yuri and Lara outside Soviet soil. They initially refuse, but Komarovsky states that Pasha Antipov is dead, having fallen from favor with the Party. Stating that this will place Lara in the Cheka's crosshairs, he persuades Yuri that it is in her best interests to leave for the West. Yuri convinces Lara to go with Komarovsky, telling her that he will follow her shortly. Meanwhile, the hunted General Strelnikov returns for Lara. Lara, however, has already left with Komarovsky. After expressing regret over the pain he has caused his country and loved ones, Pasha commits suicide. Yuri finds his body the following morning.
Part 15[edit]
After returning to Moscow, Zhivago's health declines; he cohabits with another woman and fathers two children with her. He also plans numerous writing projects which he never finishes. Yuri leaves his new family and his friends to live alone in Moscow and work on his writing. However, after living on his own for a short time, he dies of a heart attack while riding the tram. Meanwhile, Lara returns to Russia to learn of her dead husband and ends up attending Yuri Zhivago's funeral. She persuades Yuri's half-brother, NKVD General Yevgraf Zhivago, to assist her in her search for a daughter that she had conceived with Yuri, but had abandoned in the Urals. Ultimately, however, Lara is arrested during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and dies in the Gulag.
Epilogue[edit]
During World War II, Zhivago's old friends Nika Dudorov and Misha Gordon meet up. One of their discussions revolves around a local laundress named Tanya, a bezprizornaya, or war orphan, and her resemblance to both Yuri and Lara. Tanya tells both men of the difficult childhood she has had due to her mother abandoning her in order to marry Komarovsky. Much later, the two men meet over the first edition of Yuri Zhivago's poems.
Background[edit]



 First Italian edition cover
Although it contains passages written in the 1910s and 1920s, Doctor Zhivago was not completed until 1956. The novel was submitted to the literary journal Novy Mir ("Новый Мир"). However, the editors rejected Pasternak's novel because of its implicit rejection of socialist realism.[6] The author, like Zhivago, showed more concern for the welfare of individuals than for the welfare of society. Soviet censors construed some passages as anti-Soviet.[citation needed] They were also enraged by Pasternak's subtle criticisms of Stalinism, Collectivization, the Great Purge, and the Gulag.[citation needed]



 Copy of the original Russian-language edition of Doctor Zhivago, covertly published by the CIA. The front cover and the binding identify the book in Russian; the back of the book states that it was printed in France.
Pasternak sent several copies of the manuscript in Russian to friends in the West.[7] In 1957, Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli arranged for the novel to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union by Sergio D'angelo.[8] Upon handing his manuscript over, Pasternak quipped, "You are hereby invited to watch me face the firing squad."[citation needed] Despite desperate efforts by the Union of Soviet Writers to prevent its publication, Feltrinelli published an Italian translation of the book in November 1957.[9] So great was the demand for Doctor Zhivago that Feltrinelli was able to license translation rights into eighteen different languages well in advance of the novel's publication. The Communist Party of Italy expelled Feltrinelli from their membership in retaliation for his role in the publication of a novel they felt was critical of communism.[10]
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency quickly realized that the novel presented an opportunity to embarrass the Soviet government. An internal memo lauded the book's "great propaganda value": not only did the text have a central humanist message, but the Soviet government's having suppressed a great work of literature could make ordinary citizens "wonder what is wrong with their government". The CIA set out to publish a Russian-language edition and arranged for it to be distributed at the Vatican pavilion at the 1958 Brussels world's fair.[11]
Soon English and French translations were also printed. A small run of 1000 copies of an adulterated Russian-language version which included typos and truncated story lines was printed by Mouton, a publisher in the Netherlands, in August 1958, before Feltrinelli came out with their own Russian version.[12][13]
Author Ivan Tolstoi claims that the CIA lent a hand to ensure that Doctor Zhivago was submitted to the Nobel Committee in its original language, in order for Pasternak to win the Nobel prize and further harm the international credibility of the Soviet Union. He repeats and adds additional details to Fetrinelli's claims that CIA operatives intercepted and photographed a manuscript of the novel and secretly printed a small number of books in the Russian language.[7][13][14] Recently released CIA documents do not show that the agency's efforts in publishing a Russian-language edition were intended to help Pasternak win the Nobel, however.[11]
More recently, Anna Sergeyeva-Klyatis wrote that following the publication of Lazar Fleishman’s book Russian Emigration Discovers "Doctor Zhivago", the only possible conclusion is that the pirated edition of Doctor Zhivago was initiated by one of the biggest émigré organizations in Europe: the Central Association of Postwar Émigrées. While CAPE was known to engage in anti-Soviet activities, the printing of this edition was not an imposition of its own political will but rather a response to the spiritual demands of the Russian emigration that was greatly stirred by the release of Pasternak's novel in Italian without an original Russian edition.[12][15]
In 1958 Pasternak wrote to Renate Schweitzer,

Some people believe the Nobel Prize may be awarded to me this year. I am firmly convinced that I shall be passed over and that it will go to Alberto Moravia. You cannot imagine all the difficulties, torments, and anxieties which arise to confront me at the mere prospect, however unlikely, of such a possibility... One step out of place—and the people closest to you will be condemned to suffer from all the jealousy, resentment, wounded pride and disappointment of others, and old scars on the heart will be reopened...[16]
On 23 October 1958, Boris Pasternak was announced as the winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize for Literature. The citation credited Pasternak's contribution to Russian lyric poetry and for his role in, "continuing the great Russian epic tradition". On 25 October, Pasternak sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy:

Infinitely grateful, touched, proud, surprised, overwhelmed.[17]
On 26 October, the Literary Gazette ran an article by David Zaslavski entitled, "Reactionary Propaganda Uproar over a Literary Weed".[18]
Acting on direct orders from the Politburo, the KGB surrounded Pasternak's dacha in Peredelkino.[citation needed] Pasternak was not only threatened with arrest, but the KGB also vowed to send his mistress Olga Ivinskaya back to the gulag, where she had been imprisoned under Stalin. It was further hinted that, if Pasternak traveled to Stockholm to collect his Nobel Medal, he would be refused re-entry to the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
As a result, Pasternak sent a second telegram to the Nobel Committee:

In view of the meaning given the award by the society in which I live, I must renounce this undeserved distinction which has been conferred on me. Please do not take my voluntary renunciation amiss.[19]
The Swedish Academy announced:

This refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award. There remains only for the Academy, however, to announce with regret that the presentation of the Prize cannot take place.[20]
Despite his decision to decline the award, the Soviet Union of Writers continued to denounce Pasternak in the Soviet press. Furthermore, he was threatened at the very least with formal exile to the West. In response, Pasternak wrote directly to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, "Leaving the motherland will equal death for me. I am tied to Russia by birth, by life and work."[21][22]
As a result of this and the intercession of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Pasternak was not expelled from his homeland.[citation needed]
Ultimately, Bill Mauldin produced a political cartoon lampooning the Soviet State's campaign against Boris Pasternak. The cartoon depicts Pasternak and another convict splitting trees in the snow. In the caption, Pasternak says, "I won the Nobel Prize for literature. What was your crime?" The cartoon won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1959.[23]
Pasternak died of lung cancer in his dacha in Peredelkino on the evening of 30 May 1960. He first summoned his sons, and in their presence said, "Who will suffer most because of my death? Who will suffer most? Only Oliusha will, and I haven't had time to do anything for her. The worst thing is that she will suffer."[24] Pasternak's last words were, "I can't hear very well. And there's a mist in front of my eyes. But it will go away, won't it? Don't forget to open the window tomorrow."[24]
Shortly before his death, a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church had given Pasternak the last rites. Later, in the strictest secrecy, an Orthodox funeral liturgy, or Panikhida, was offered in the family's dacha.
Despite only a small notice appearing in the Literary Gazette,[24] handwritten notices carrying the date and time of the funeral were posted throughout the Moscow subway system.[24] As a result, thousands of admirers traveled from Moscow to Pasternak's civil funeral in Peredelkino. According to Jon Stallworthy, "Volunteers carried his open coffin to his burial place and those who were present (including the poet Andrey Voznesensky) recited from memory the banned poem 'Hamlet'."[22]
One of the dissident speakers at the graveside service said, "God marks the path of the elect with thorns, and Pasternak was picked out and marked by God. He believed in eternity and he will belong to it... We excommunicated Tolstoy, we disowned Dostoyevsky, and now we disown Pasternak. Everything that brings us glory we try to banish to the West... But we cannot allow this. We love Pasternak and we revere him as a poet... Glory to Pasternak!"[25]
Until the 1980s, Pasternak's poetry was only published in heavily censored form. Furthermore, his reputation continued to be pilloried in State propaganda until Mikhail Gorbachev proclaimed perestroika.
In 1988, after decades of circulating in samizdat, Doctor Zhivago was finally serialized in the pages of Novy Mir, which had changed to a more anti-communist position than in Pasternak's lifetime. The following year, Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak was at last permitted to travel to Stockholm to collect his father's Nobel Medal. At the ceremony, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich performed a Bach composition in honor of his fellow Soviet dissident.
Themes[edit]
Loneliness[edit]
In the shadow of all this grand political change we see that everything is governed by the basic human longing for companionship. Zhivago and Pasha, in love with the same woman, both traverse Russia in these volatile times in search of such stability. They are both involved on nearly every level of the tumultuous times that Russia faced in the first half of the 20th century, yet the common theme and the motivating force behind all their movement is a want of a steady home life. When we first meet Zhivago he is being torn away from everything he knows. He is sobbing and standing on the grave of his mother. We bear witness to the moment all stability is destroyed in his life and the rest of the novel is his attempts to recreate the security stolen from him at such a young age. After the loss of his mother, Zhivago develops a longing for what Freud called the "maternal object" (feminine love and affection), in his later romantic relationships with women.[26] His first marriage, to Tonya, is not one born of passion but from friendship. In a way, Tonya takes on the role of the mother-figure that Zhivago always sought but lacked. This, however, was not a romantic tie; while he feels loyal to her throughout his life, he never could find true happiness with her, for their relationship lacks the fervor that was integral to his relationship to Lara.[27]
Individuality[edit]
The Russian Revolution was at its core an ideological struggle, forcing young and old alike to align themselves or risk extermination. Its uncompromising nature put great strain on the ideals of individual thought and choice, represented in Yuri Zhivago's constant attempts to come to terms with the Revolution. Yuri is the ultimate individual, expressing himself through poetry and recognizing beauty in all aspects of life. He is frequently overcome by emotion, and is deeply introspective. His affair with Lara was primarily fueled by passion and romanticism. However, he gradually realizes that his commitment to his own unique philosophy is rapidly becoming untenable in the face of a crystallizing Soviet ideology. His attempts to exert control over his own individual self end in futility: in one pivotal scene, he wounds and possibly kills several White soldiers despite his best efforts to avoid doing so. The taking of lives is a betrayal of his personal core beliefs, and Yuri is horrified and demoralized by the incident. Ultimately, the revolution's refusal to acknowledge the fundamental nature of the individual ensured that regardless of which faction Yuri sided with, he would not be able to survive in the new Soviet era as a true individual.
Corrupted and misdirected revolution[edit]
When he was younger, Zhivago enjoyed having political discussions with educated people, like his uncle Nikolay. Zhivago's views were relatively neutral—though not a revolutionary zealot, he recognized that Russia needed serious reform. As the story progresses, however, Zhivago realizes that many political activists simply parrot the ideas they have heard, reciting their memorized lines in order to seem intellectual. Still others actively seek power for themselves, taking advantage of the people's thirst for betterment by promising more than they intended to deliver. Pasternak shows what he thought went wrong in the revolution: that initially, revolutionary leaders had good ideas, but because of human failings these ideas were warped or even forgotten as the revolution transformed itself into a full-scale civil war. Pasternak's strategy to convey this point is to introduce seemingly obvious villains into the plot, but show that in the context of the entire novel, the results of their bad behavior pale in comparison to the harm caused by the corrupted revolutionary effort. Komarovsky and Strelnikov are both antagonists in the sense that they cause harm to other characters in the book, but Pasternak cleverly uses them to show that their damage was temporary and relatively minor, whereas the trauma and suffering caused by the misled train wreck of the revolution was more permanent, often fatal, and certainly more devastating to Russian society.
Literary Criticism[edit]
Some literary critics "found that there was no real plot to the novel, that its chronology was confused, that the main characters were oddly effaced, that the author relied far too much on contrived coincidences."[28] Vladimir Nabokov said it was "a sorry thing, clumsy, trite and melodramatic, with stock situations, voluptuous lawyers, unbelievable girls, romantic robbers and trite coincidences."[29] On the other hand, some critics praised it for being things that, in the opinion of translator Richard Pevear, it was never meant to be: a moving love story, or a lyrical biography of a poet in which the individual is set against the grim realities of Soviet life.[28] Pasternak defended the numerous coincidences in the plot, saying that they are "traits to characterize that somewhat willful, free, fanciful flow of reality."[30]
Names and places[edit]



 Pushkin Library, PermZhivago (Живаго): the Russian root zhiv is similar to "life".[31]
Larissa: a Greek name suggesting "bright, cheerful".
Komarovsky (Комаровский): komar (комар) is the Russian for "mosquito".
Pasha (Паша): the diminutive form of "Pavel" (Павел), the Russian rendering of the name Paul.
Strelnikov (Стрельников): Pasha/Pavel Antipov's pseudonym, strelok means "the shooter"; he is also called Rasstrelnikov (Расстрельников), which means "executioner".
Yuriatin (Юрятин): the fictional town was based upon Perm, near by which Pasternak had lived for several months in 1916. Note that this can be understood in Russian as "Yuri's town".
The public reading room at Yuriatin was based on the Pushkin Library, Perm.
CIA use[edit]
In 2014 declassified documents show that the United States Central Intelligence Agency used Doctor Zhivago as a tool to provoke dissent in the USSR.[32] A CIA memo from April 1958 described the "great propaganda value" and discussed providing support for having the novel printed in Russian, and distributing Western translations within the Soviet Union.[33] The memo stated that the book was "a passive but piercing exposition of the effect of the Soviet system on the life of a sensitive intelligent citizen." The CIA memo noted that the book is valuable "not only for its intrinsic message and thought-provoking nature, but also for the circumstances of its publication: we have the opportunity to make Soviet citizens wonder what is wrong with their government, when a fine literary work by the man acknowledged to be the greatest living Russian writer is not even available in his own country in his own language for his own people to read". The documents describing the program were requested by Peter Finn and Petra Couvée as a part of their research for their 2014 book, The Zhivago Affair.[34]
Adaptations[edit]
Film and stage adaptations[edit]
A 1959 Brazilian television series (currently unavailable) was the first screen adaptation.[35]
The most famous adaptation is the 1965 film adaptation by David Lean, featuring the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif as Zhivago and English actress Julie Christie as Lara, with Geraldine Chaplin as Tonya and Alec Guinness as Yevgraf. The film was commercially successful and won five Oscars. Currently, it is widely considered to be a classic popular film. Maurice Jarre's score, featuring the romantic "Lara's Theme", enhances the film's appeal. Though faithful to the novel's plot, depictions of several characters and events are noticeably different.
A 2002 British television serial stars Hans Matheson, Keira Knightley, Alexandra Maria Lara, and Sam Neill. It was broadcast by ITV in the UK in November 2002 and on Masterpiece Theatre in the US in November 2003.
A 2006 Russian mini-series produced by Mosfilm. Its total running time is over 500 minutes (8 hours and 26 minutes).
A musical called Doktor Zhivago was scheduled to premiere in the city of Perm in the Urals on 22 March 2007, and to remain in the repertoire of Perm Drama Theatre throughout the 50th Anniversary year [4] [5].[36]
Doctor Zhivago is a musical adaptation of Pasternak’s novel rather than Lean’s film. It originally premiered as Zhivago at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2006. Ivan Hernandez played the title role.[37] It was revised and premiered as Doctor Zhivago at the Lyric Theatre, Sydney in February 2011, starring Anthony Warlow and produced by John Frost. The musical features a score by Lucy Simon (The Secret Garden), a book by Michael Weller (Hair, Ragtime screenplays), lyrics by Michael Korie (Doll and the Harvey Milk opera libretto) and Amy Powers (Lizzie Borden and songs for Sunset Boulevard). Both the 2006 and the 2011 productions were directed by Des McAnuff.[38]
Boy band 98 Degrees alludes to the novel in their hit song "The Hardest Thing".
The musical Zjivago in Swedish had premiere on Malmö Opera in Sweden on August 29, 2014.[39]
Translations into English[edit]
Max Hayward and Manya Harari (1958)
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (2010)

References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ IMDb Russian miniseries release date
2.Jump up ^ Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.4, p.7 (Voskoboinikov lives in the steward's cottage).
3.Jump up ^ Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.23 (Tyshkevich is a cellist who lives next to the Guichards at the Montenegro); p.62 (Tyshkevich is one of the performers at the Gromekos); p.63 (Fadai Kazimirovich Tyshkevich is his full name).
4.Jump up ^ The room is Room 24, the room in which the Guichards lived, but it appears they no longer live there at the time of this incident. Pasternak has told us that the Guichards moved to Moscow before the end of the Russo-Japanese War, which means they arrive in Moscow no later than early September 1905. Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.22. He also has told us that the Guichards started to live at the Montenegro immediately upon their arrival in Moscow, and that they stayed there "about a month" before they moved into the apartment over the dress shop. Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.22. That means they vacated the Montenegro in October – November at the latest. But the suicide incident is in January. Perhaps this an oversight on Pasternak's part. Another explanation is that Komarovksy has retained the Montenegro room for his assignations with Lara, and Amalia has discovered them there together. Pasternak says that the commotion among the servants started before the suicide incident, and "before Komarovsky arrived" but this does not clarify whether Amalia's suicide attempt was before Komarovsky's arrival, or because of it. Note also that Pasternak, adopting the perspective of the servants, says "this foolish Guichard woman was being pumped full in number 24" not, for example, "... being pumped full in her room." Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.22.
5.Jump up ^ Pevear & Volokhonsky trans., p.96 (Kornakov prosecuted Tiverzin's case); p.34 (Tiverzin was put on trial for involvement in a railroad strike); p.37 (Patulya [i.e. Pavel or Pasha] Antipov came to live with the Tiverzins after his father was arrested in connection with the railroad strike).
6.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago": Letter to Boris Pasternak from the Editors of Novyi Mir. Daedalus, Vol. 89, No. 3, The Russian Intelligentsia (Summer, 1960), pp. 648–668
7.^ Jump up to: a b How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel
8.Jump up ^ [1]
9.Jump up ^ [2]
10.Jump up ^ Il caso Pasternak, Granzotto, 1985.
11.^ Jump up to: a b Finn, Peter, and Couvée, Petra, "CIA Turned 'Zhivago' into Cold Warrior", The Washington Post, April 6, 2014, p. A1.
12.^ Jump up to: a b Social sciences – A Quarterly Journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences: INTERNATIONAL PROVOCATION: ON BORIS PASTERNAK’S NOBEL PRIZE
13.^ Jump up to: a b Was Pasternak's Path To The Nobel Prize Paved By The CIA?
14.Jump up ^ The Plot Thickens A New Book Promises an Intriguing Twist to the Epic Tale of 'Doctor Zhivago'
15.Jump up ^ The book referred to by Sergeyeva-Klyatis is Fleishman, Lazar. Встреча русской эмиграции с "Доктором Живаго": Борис Пастернак и "холодная война." Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 2009. ISBN 9781572010819
16.Jump up ^ Olga Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak, (1978), page 220.
17.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), page 221.
18.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), page 224.
19.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), page 232.
20.Jump up ^ Frenz, Horst (ed.) (1969). Literature 1901–1967. Nobel Lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier. (Via "Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 – Announcement". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 May 2007.)
21.Jump up ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Pasternak.html
22.^ Jump up to: a b Pasternak, Boris (1983). Pasternak: Selected Poems. trans. Jon Stallworthy and Peter France. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-042245-5.
23.Jump up ^ Bill Mauldin Beyond Willie and Joe (Library of Congress)
24.^ Jump up to: a b c d Ivinskaya (1978), pp. 323–326
25.Jump up ^ Ivinskaya (1978), pp. 331–332.
26.Jump up ^ Dillon, Kathleen (Winter 1995). "Depression as Discourse in Doctor Zhivago". The Slavic and East European Journal 39 (4): 517–523. JSTOR 309103.
27.Jump up ^ Doctor Zhivago, Boris Pasternak, 1957, Pantheon Books
28.^ Jump up to: a b Richard Pevear, Introduction, Pevear & Volokhonsky trans.
29.Jump up ^ Michael Scammell, The CIA's 'Zhivago', The New York Review of Books, July 10, 2014, p.40 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/jul/10/cias-zhivago/?insrc=hpss
30.Jump up ^ Richard Pevear, Introduction, Pevear & Volokhonsky trans. (quoting Letter (in English) from Boris Pasternak to John Harris, Feb. 8, 1959).
31.Jump up ^ Rowland, Mary F. and Paul Rowland. Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago. Southern Illinois University Press: 1967. The Rowlands present an exhaustive analysis of most of the names in the novel.
32.Jump up ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/during-cold-war-cia-used-doctor-zhivago-as-a-tool-to-undermine-soviet-union/2014/04/05/2ef3d9c6-b9ee-11e3-9a05-c739f29ccb08_story.html
33.Jump up ^ http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/the-cia-and-doctor-zhivago-memo-from-april-24-1958/922/
34.Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/07/300144121/book-news-cia-tried-to-use-doctor-zhivago-to-weaken-the-ussr?utm_content=buffer8dea6&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer
35.Jump up ^ Doutor Jivago (TV series 1959) at the Internet Movie Database
36.Jump up ^ Perm features in the novel under the name "Yuriatin" (which is a city invented by Pasternak for the book) and many locations for events in the book can be accurately traced there, since Pasternak left the street names mostly unchanged. For example, the Public Reading-Room in which Yuri and Larissa have their chance meeting in "Yuriatin" is exactly where the book places it in contemporary Perm.
37.Jump up ^ "La Jolla Playhouse premieres stirring, haunting Zhivago" by Charlene Baldridge, San Diego News
38.Jump up ^ "Sydney to host World Premiere of Doctor Zhivago musical", AustralianStage.com (21 July 2010)
39.Jump up ^ [3]
External links[edit]
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doctor Zhivago (book).
Inside the Zhivago Storm, by Paolo Mancosu, the story of the first publication of Doctor Zhivago and of the subsequent Russian editions in the West, ISBN 9788807990687
Inside the Zhivago Storm, website accompanying Mancosu's book.
Homegrown Doctor Zhivago to Debut on Russian Television
"The 'Doctor Zhivago' caper" (editorial), The Boston Globe, 20 February 2007.
"The Wisest Book I Ever Read", by Robert Morgan from The Raleigh News & Observer.
'Pasternak – The Real Dr Zhivago A documentary in production'
'The Dr Zhivago Drawings' artist's rendering
"Doctor Zhivago – A New Musical"
'The Poems of Doctor Zhivago'


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Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

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Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 



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Doctor Zhivago (film)
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 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012)

Doctor Zhivago
DrZhivago Asheet.jpg
Theatrical release poster design by Tom Jung

Directed by
David Lean
Produced by
Carlo Ponti
Screenplay by
Robert Bolt
Based on
Doctor Zhivago
 by Boris Pasternak
Starring
Geraldine Chaplin
Julie Christie
Tom Courtenay
Alec Guinness
Omar Sharif
Rod Steiger
Music by
Maurice Jarre
Cinematography
Freddie Young
Nicolas Roeg (Uncredited)
Edited by
Norman Savage
Production
 company
Sostar S.A.

Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release dates
22 December 1965 (US)
26 April 1966 (UK)
10 December 1966 (Italy)
28 September 1999 (US re-release)

Running time
197 minutes
 193 minutes (UK)
 200 minutes (1992 re-release)
 192 minutes (1999 re-release)
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
 Russian
Budget
$11 million
Box office
$111,721,910[1]
Doctor Zhivago is a British 1965 epic drama–romance film directed by David Lean, starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie. It is set in Russia during World War I and the Revolution, and is loosely based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name, immensely popular in the west, but banned in Russia at the time. For this reason, the film could not be made there, but mostly in Spain.
The critics were generally disappointed, complaining of its length at over three hours, and claiming that it trivialised history, but acknowledging the intensity of the romantic drama and the treatment of human themes. The film won five Academy Awards, and as of 2014 is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Background
4 Production
5 Reception 5.1 American Film Institute recognition
6 Awards
7 Home video
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

Plot[edit]
The film takes place mostly against a backdrop of World War I and the Russian Revolution. A narrative framing device, set in the late 1940s to early 1950s, involves KGB Lieutenant General Yevgraf Andreyevich Zhivago (Alec Guinness) searching for the daughter of his half brother, Doctor Yuri Andreyevich Zhivago (Omar Sharif), and Larissa ("Lara") Antipova (Julie Christie). Yevgraf believes a young woman, Tonya Komarova (Rita Tushingham), may be his niece and tells her the story of her father's life.
When Yuri Zhivago is orphaned after his mother's death, he is taken in by his mother's friends, Alexander "Pasha" (Ralph Richardson) and Anna (Siobhán McKenna) Gromeko, and grows up with their daughter Tonya (Geraldine Chaplin).
In 1913, Zhivago, as a medical student in training, but a poet at heart, meets Tonya as she returns to Moscow after a long trip to Paris. Lara, meanwhile, is involved in an affair with the older and well-connected Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky (Rod Steiger), a friend of her mother's (Adrienne Corri). That night, the idealistic reformer Pavel Pavlovich ("Pasha") Antipov (Tom Courtenay) drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound. He asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration. Lara's mother discovers her affair with Komarovsky and attempts suicide. Komarovsky summons help from the physician. Zhivago arrives as the physician's assistant. When Komarovsky learns of Lara's intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, and then rapes her. In revenge, Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, wounding him. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out by Pasha. Zhivago tends Komarovsky's wound. Although enraged and devastated by Lara's affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya.
During World War I, Yevgraf Zhivago is sent by the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party to subvert the Imperial Russian Army for the Bolsheviks. Pasha is reported missing in action following a daring charge attack on German forces. Lara enlists as a nurse to search for him. Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor.
During the February Revolution, Zhivago enlists Lara's help to tend to the wounded. Together they run a field hospital for six months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia as Vladimir Lenin arrives in Moscow. Before their departure, Yuri and Lara fall in love, but Yuri remains loyal to Tonya, whom he already married.
After the war, Yuri returns to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government. Yevgraf, now a member of the CHEKA, informs him his poems have been condemned by Soviet censors as antagonistic to Communism. Yevgraf arranges for passes and documents in order for Yuri and his family to escape from the new political capital of Moscow to the far away Gromeko estate at Varykino, in the Ural Mountains. Zhivago, Tonya, Sasha and Alexander now board a heavily guarded cattle train, at which time they are informed that they will be travelling through contested territory, which is being secured by the infamous Bolshevik commander named Strelnikov.
While the train is stopped, Zhivago wanders away. He stumbles across the armoured train of Strelnikov himself sitting on a hidden siding. Yuri recognises Strelnikov as the former Pasha Antipov. After a tense interview, Strelnikov informs Yuri that Lara is now living in the town of Yuriatin, then occupied by anti-Communist White Army. He allows Zhivago to return to his family, although it is hinted by Strelnikov's right-hand man most people interrogated by Strelnikov end up being shot.
The family lives a peaceful life in Varykino until Zhivago finds Lara in nearby Yuriatin, at which point they surrender to their long-repressed feelings. When Tonya becomes pregnant, Yuri breaks off with Lara, only to be abducted and conscripted into service by Communist partisans.
After two years, Zhivago at last deserts and trudges through the deep snow to Yuriatin where he finds Lara. Lara tells Yuri that Tonya had found her while searching for him, and that his family is now in Moscow. She reveals a sealed letter Tonya had mailed to Lara 6 months ago to give to Yuri: Tonya, her father, and their children are being deported. Yuri and Lara renew their relationship.
One night, Komarovsky arrives and informs them they are being watched by the CHEKA due to Lara's marriage to Strelnikov and Yuri's "counter-revolutionary" poetry and desertion. Komarovsky offers Yuri and Lara his help in leaving Russia. They refuse. Instead, they go to the isolated Varykino estate, where Yuri begins writing the "Lara" poems, which will later make him famous but incur government displeasure. Komarovsky reappears and tells Yuri that Strelnikov was captured while returning to Lara and committed suicide enroute to his own execution. Therefore, Lara is in immediate danger, as the CHEKA had only left her free to lure Strelnikov into the open. Zhivago sends Lara away with Komarovsky, who has become an official in the Far East. Refusing to leave with a man he despises, Yuri remains behind.
Years later, Yevgraf finds a destitute Yuri in Moscow during the Stalinist era and gives him a new suit and a job. While riding a tram, Yuri spots a woman he surely thinks is Lara walking on a nearby street. Unable to call her from the tram, Yuri struggles to get off at the next stop. Yuri runs after her but suffers a fatal heart attack before he can even signal to her, and the woman walks away oblivious to Yuri's presence. Yuri's funeral is well attended, as his poetry is already being published openly due to shifts in politics. Lara informs Yevgraf she had given birth to Yuri's daughter, but lost her in the collapse of the White-controlled government in Mongolia. After vainly looking over hundreds of orphans with Yevgraf's help, Lara disappears during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, and "died or vanished somewhere...in one of the labour camps," according to Yevgraf.
While Yevgraf strongly believes that Tonya Komarova is Yuri's and Lara's daughter, he is still not convinced. Yevgraf notices that Tonya carries with her a balalaika, an instrument that Yuri's mother was renowned for playing. Finding Tonya learned to play the balalaika by herself, he smiles, "Ah, then, it's a gift," thereby implying she truly must be their daughter after all.
Cast[edit]
Omar Sharif – Dr. Yuri Zhivago
Julie Christie – Lara Antipov
Rod Steiger – Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky
Alec Guinness – General Yevgraf Zhivago
Geraldine Chaplin – Tonya Gromeko
Tom Courtenay – Pasha Antipov / "Strelnikov"
Ralph Richardson – Alexander Maximovich Gromeko
Siobhan McKenna – Anna Gromeko
Rita Tushingham – Tonya Komarova / "The Girl"
Adrienne Corri – Amelia
Bernard Kay – Kuril
Geoffrey Keen – Prof. Boris Kurt
Klaus Kinski – Kostoyed Amoursky
Jeffrey Rockland – Sasha
Gerard Tichy – Liberius
Noel Willman – Razin
Background[edit]
Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel was published in the West amidst celebration and controversy. Parts of Pasternak's book had been known in Samizdat since some time after World War II. However, the novel was not completed until 1956. The book had to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union by an Italian called D'angelo to whom Pasternak had entrusted the book to be delivered to Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, a left-wing Italian publisher who published it shortly thereafter. Helped by a Soviet campaign against the novel, it became a sensation throughout the non-communist world. It spent 26 weeks atop the New York Times best-seller list.
A great lyric poet, Pasternak was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Literature. While the citation noted his poetry, it was understood that the prize was mainly for Doctor Zhivago, which the Soviet government saw as an anti-Soviet work, thus interpreting the award of the Nobel Prize as a gesture hostile to the Soviet Union. A target of the Soviet government's fervent campaign to label him a traitor, Pasternak felt compelled to refuse the Prize. The situation became an international cause célèbre and made Pasternak a Cold War symbol of resistance to Soviet communism, a role the poet was ill-suited for.
The film, though faithful to the novel's plot, is noticeably different in the depictions of several characters and events. Many critics believed that the film's focus on the love story between Zhivago and Lara trivialized the events of the Russian Revolution and the resulting civil war.[2]
The sweeping multi-plotted story form used by Pasternak had a distinguished pedigree in Russian letters. The author of War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy, had used characters as symbols of classes and historical events in describing the events in the Russia of Napoleonic times. Pasternak's father, who was a painter, had produced illustrations for War and Peace. The name "Zhivago" is rooted in the Russian word "zhiv" ("alive") and zhivago is Church Slavonic for "the living".[3]
In the true manner of the Russian epic novel, characters constantly meet due to coincidence, though this is less apparent in the film.
Production[edit]
The film treatment by David Lean was proposed for various reasons. Pasternak's novel had been an international success, and producer Carlo Ponti was interested in adapting it as a vehicle for his wife, Sophia Loren. Lean, coming off the huge success of Lawrence of Arabia (1962), wanted to make a more intimate, romantic film to balance the action- and adventure-oriented tone of his previous film. One of the first actors signed onboard was Omar Sharif, who had played Lawrence's right-hand man Sherif Ali in Lawrence of Arabia. Sharif loved the novel, and when he heard Lean was making a film adaptation, he requested to be cast in the role of Pasha (which ultimately went to Tom Courtenay). Sharif was quite surprised when Lean suggested that he play Zhivago himself. Peter O'Toole, star of Lawrence of Arabia, was Lean's original choice for Zhivago, but turned the part down; Max von Sydow and Paul Newman were also considered. Michael Caine tells in his autobiography that he also read for Zhivago and participated in the screen shots with Christie, but (after watching the results with David Lean) was the one who suggested Omar Sharif.[4][5] Rod Steiger was cast as Komarovsky after Marlon Brando and James Mason turned the part down. Audrey Hepburn was considered for Tonya, while Robert Bolt lobbied for Albert Finney to play Pasha. Lean, however, was able to convince Ponti that Loren was not right for the role of Lara, saying she was "too tall" (and confiding in screenwriter Robert Bolt that he could not accept Loren as a virgin for the early parts of the film), and Yvette Mimieux, Sarah Miles and Jane Fonda were considered for the role. Ultimately, Julie Christie was cast based on her appearance in Billy Liar (1963), and the recommendation of John Ford, who directed her in Young Cassidy.



 The initial and final scenes were shot at the Aldeadávila Dam between Spain and Portugal.
Since the book was banned in the Soviet Union, the movie was filmed largely in Spain over ten months,[6] with the entire Moscow set being built from scratch outside of Madrid. Most of the scenes covering Zhivago and Lara's service in World War I were filmed in Soria, as was the Varykino estate. Some of the winter sequences, mostly landscape scenes and Yuri's escape from the Partisans, were filmed in Finland. Winter scenes of the family travelling to Yuriatin by rail were filmed in Canada. All the trains used in the film were Spanish trains like RENFE 240 ex 1400 MZA and Strelnikov's armoured train towed by the Renfe 2–8–2 class Mikado. The "ice-palace" at Varykino was filmed in Soria as well, a house filled with frozen beeswax. The charge of the Partisans across the frozen lake was filmed in Spain, too; a cast iron sheet was placed over a dried river-bed, and fake snow (mostly marble dust) was added on top. Some of the winter scenes were filmed in summer with warm temperatures, sometimes of up to 25 °C (86 °F).Other locations include the Estación de Madrid-Delicias in Madrid and El Moncayo. The initial and final scenes were shot at the Aldeadávila Dam between Spain and Portugal. Although uncredited, most of the scenes were actually shot on the Portugal side of the river, overlooking the Spanish side.
Reception[edit]
The film was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival.[7]
Despite being a spectacular box office hit, Doctor Zhivago received mixed reviews at the time of its release. It was criticised for its length and overly romantic depiction of the affair between Zhivago and Lara. Film critic Roger Ebert, while liking the film, said of Doctor Zhivago that "it lumbers noisily from nowhere to nowhere", and that Omar Sharif's performance was "soulful but bewildered". In general, the film's critics have found Doctor Zhivago too overly romantic and almost at the level of soap opera, with the (in their view) syrupy Lara's Theme at the top of their complaints. (The song was a major hit when it was released on record.)
Bosley Crowther of the New York Times said that Zhivago and Lara are "possessed by a strange passivity".[2] Sometimes those same critics who found the length of the film overbearing also found the depiction of historical events too facile.
The final scene, in which a rainbow appears over a dam as the final credits were rolled onscreen, was criticized as being "pro-Soviet" by more conservative critics, who felt it was signifying that the Soviet Union had a bright future. Screenwriter Robert Bolt, who adapted the novel, was a one-time member of the British Communist Party (leaving the Party in 1947[8] ) and well-known leftist who was prominent in the nuclear disarmament campaign, itself seen as a surrogate of the Cold War struggle between the West and the Soviet Bloc.[9] Since director David Lean was apolitical, the shot likely was created due to the beauty of its image, not as political symbolism. (Director of Photography Freddie Young won an Academy Award for his color cinematography.)[10]
On the plus side, most critics acknowledge that film addresses such grand themes as a dramatic period in world history, the ascendance of life over death, the struggle of the individual against the state, the triumph of the heart over the mind, and the way good intentions can go terribly wrong. One of the strongest points of Doctor Zhivago is the startling visuals, with Bosley Crowther calling the photography "brilliant, tasteful, and exquisite as any ever put on the screen.[2] Rod Steiger's role as Victor Komarovski is a memorable acting tour de force.
Since the film takes the viewpoint of the dreamy poet Zhivago, the physician side of Zhivago is rarely in evidence. Critics also carped that the film, unlike the book, was shorn of the actual poetry that was in a supplement at the end of the novel, and that showing a writer at work was inherently boring. Zhivago writes poems for Lara near the end of their relationship, but the poems are never heard by the audience.
The film left an indelible mark on popular culture and fashion, and to this day remains an extremely popular film: Maurice Jarre's score—particularly "Lara's Theme"—became one of the most famous in cinematic history. Over the years, the film's critical reputation has gained in stature, and today Doctor Zhivago is considered to be one of Lean's finest works and is highly critically acclaimed, along with Lawrence of Arabia, Brief Encounter, The Bridge on the River Kwai, and A Passage to India.
As with the novel itself, the film was banned in the Soviet Union. It was not shown in Russia until 1994.
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 85% 'Fresh' rating.[11]
American Film Institute recognition[edit]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – No. 39
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions – No. 7
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[12]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[13]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film[14]
Awards[edit]
The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for five more:[15][16]
WonBest Art Direction (John Box, Terence Marsh, Dario Simoni)
Best Cinematography (Freddie Young)
Best Adapted Screenplay (Robert Bolt)
Best Costume Design
Best Original Score (Maurice Jarre)
NominatedBest Picture (Carlo Ponti)
Best Supporting Actor (Tom Courtenay)
Best Director (David Lean)
Best Editing
Best Sound (A. W. Watkins, Franklin Milton, MGM Sound Department)
The film was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, and won in every category. It is tied with Love Story, The Godfather, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and A Star Is Born for the most wins by a film
WonGolden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture (David Lean)
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama (Omar Sharif)
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay (Robert Bolt)
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (Maurice Jarre)
Home video[edit]
On 4 May 2002, Warner Bros. released the 35th Anniversary version of Doctor Zhivago on DVD (two disc set), and another Anniversary Edition in 2010 on Blu-ray (a three-disc set that includes a book).[17] The two-disc set consists of a double-sided DVD for the main film (wherein the DVD has to be flipped for part 2 of the film), and a one-sided DVD for the extras. The digital restoration of the film was done by Warner Bros. motion Picture imaging. The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts, restoring the film's original look.
See also[edit]
BFI Top 100 British films
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "All Time Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c Crowther, Bosley (23 December 1965). "Movie Review, Doctor Zhivago (1965)". The New York Times. "...has reduced the vast upheaval of the Russian Revolution to the banalities of a doomed romance."
3.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago". Orthodox England: Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Diocese of Great Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
4.Jump up ^ Caine, Michael (1994). What's It All About? (1st U.S. Ballantine Books ed. Feb., 1994. ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345386809.
5.Jump up ^ Murray, Rebecca (2010). "Michael Caine Discusses 'Journey 2: The Mysterious Island'". About.com: Hollywood Movies. Oahu, HI. Retrieved 4 March 2014. "...I did all the back heads for the screen tests for Dr. Zhivago. Julie Christie, who's a friend of mine, went up to play the part and she said, 'You come and play I did all the back heads for the screen tests for Dr. Zhivago. Julie Christie, who's a friend of mine, went up to play the part and she said, 'You come and play the other part with me,’ so I went."
6.Jump up ^ Geraldine Chaplin appearance on the What's My Line?, episode 814. Originally aired 2 January 1966 on CBS. Viewed on 10 September 2007.
7.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago". Festival de Cannes. 1966. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
8.Jump up ^ Chambers, Colin. "Bolt, Robert Oxton [Bob] (1924–1995)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
9.Jump up ^ Calder, John (23 February 1995). "OBITUARY : Robert Bolt". The Independent (London). Retrieved 14 September 2013.
10.Jump up ^ "Awards for Doctor Zhivago (1965): Academy Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
11.Jump up ^ Doctor Zhivago at Rotten Tomatoes
12.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees
13.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
14.Jump up ^ AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot
15.Jump up ^ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
16.Jump up ^ "NY Times: Doctor Zhivago". NY Times. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
17.Jump up ^ "DVD & Blu-ray cover art release calendar- May 2010". dvdtown.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: Doctor Zhivago (film)
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doctor Zhivago (film).
Doctor Zhivago at the Internet Movie Database
Doctor Zhivago at the TCM Movie Database
Doctor Zhivago at AllMovie
Doctor Zhivago at Rotten Tomatoes
Doctor Zhivago at the British Film Institute's Screenonline


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Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


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Doctor Zhivago (film)
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Doctor Zhivago
DrZhivago Asheet.jpg
Theatrical release poster design by Tom Jung

Directed by
David Lean
Produced by
Carlo Ponti
Screenplay by
Robert Bolt
Based on
Doctor Zhivago
 by Boris Pasternak
Starring
Geraldine Chaplin
Julie Christie
Tom Courtenay
Alec Guinness
Omar Sharif
Rod Steiger
Music by
Maurice Jarre
Cinematography
Freddie Young
Nicolas Roeg (Uncredited)
Edited by
Norman Savage
Production
 company
Sostar S.A.

Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release dates
22 December 1965 (US)
26 April 1966 (UK)
10 December 1966 (Italy)
28 September 1999 (US re-release)

Running time
197 minutes
 193 minutes (UK)
 200 minutes (1992 re-release)
 192 minutes (1999 re-release)
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
 Russian
Budget
$11 million
Box office
$111,721,910[1]
Doctor Zhivago is a British 1965 epic drama–romance film directed by David Lean, starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie. It is set in Russia during World War I and the Revolution, and is loosely based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name, immensely popular in the west, but banned in Russia at the time. For this reason, the film could not be made there, but mostly in Spain.
The critics were generally disappointed, complaining of its length at over three hours, and claiming that it trivialised history, but acknowledging the intensity of the romantic drama and the treatment of human themes. The film won five Academy Awards, and as of 2014 is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation.[1]


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Background
4 Production
5 Reception 5.1 American Film Institute recognition
6 Awards
7 Home video
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

Plot[edit]
The film takes place mostly against a backdrop of World War I and the Russian Revolution. A narrative framing device, set in the late 1940s to early 1950s, involves KGB Lieutenant General Yevgraf Andreyevich Zhivago (Alec Guinness) searching for the daughter of his half brother, Doctor Yuri Andreyevich Zhivago (Omar Sharif), and Larissa ("Lara") Antipova (Julie Christie). Yevgraf believes a young woman, Tonya Komarova (Rita Tushingham), may be his niece and tells her the story of her father's life.
When Yuri Zhivago is orphaned after his mother's death, he is taken in by his mother's friends, Alexander "Pasha" (Ralph Richardson) and Anna (Siobhán McKenna) Gromeko, and grows up with their daughter Tonya (Geraldine Chaplin).
In 1913, Zhivago, as a medical student in training, but a poet at heart, meets Tonya as she returns to Moscow after a long trip to Paris. Lara, meanwhile, is involved in an affair with the older and well-connected Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky (Rod Steiger), a friend of her mother's (Adrienne Corri). That night, the idealistic reformer Pavel Pavlovich ("Pasha") Antipov (Tom Courtenay) drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound. He asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration. Lara's mother discovers her affair with Komarovsky and attempts suicide. Komarovsky summons help from the physician. Zhivago arrives as the physician's assistant. When Komarovsky learns of Lara's intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, and then rapes her. In revenge, Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, wounding him. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out by Pasha. Zhivago tends Komarovsky's wound. Although enraged and devastated by Lara's affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya.
During World War I, Yevgraf Zhivago is sent by the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party to subvert the Imperial Russian Army for the Bolsheviks. Pasha is reported missing in action following a daring charge attack on German forces. Lara enlists as a nurse to search for him. Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor.
During the February Revolution, Zhivago enlists Lara's help to tend to the wounded. Together they run a field hospital for six months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia as Vladimir Lenin arrives in Moscow. Before their departure, Yuri and Lara fall in love, but Yuri remains loyal to Tonya, whom he already married.
After the war, Yuri returns to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government. Yevgraf, now a member of the CHEKA, informs him his poems have been condemned by Soviet censors as antagonistic to Communism. Yevgraf arranges for passes and documents in order for Yuri and his family to escape from the new political capital of Moscow to the far away Gromeko estate at Varykino, in the Ural Mountains. Zhivago, Tonya, Sasha and Alexander now board a heavily guarded cattle train, at which time they are informed that they will be travelling through contested territory, which is being secured by the infamous Bolshevik commander named Strelnikov.
While the train is stopped, Zhivago wanders away. He stumbles across the armoured train of Strelnikov himself sitting on a hidden siding. Yuri recognises Strelnikov as the former Pasha Antipov. After a tense interview, Strelnikov informs Yuri that Lara is now living in the town of Yuriatin, then occupied by anti-Communist White Army. He allows Zhivago to return to his family, although it is hinted by Strelnikov's right-hand man most people interrogated by Strelnikov end up being shot.
The family lives a peaceful life in Varykino until Zhivago finds Lara in nearby Yuriatin, at which point they surrender to their long-repressed feelings. When Tonya becomes pregnant, Yuri breaks off with Lara, only to be abducted and conscripted into service by Communist partisans.
After two years, Zhivago at last deserts and trudges through the deep snow to Yuriatin where he finds Lara. Lara tells Yuri that Tonya had found her while searching for him, and that his family is now in Moscow. She reveals a sealed letter Tonya had mailed to Lara 6 months ago to give to Yuri: Tonya, her father, and their children are being deported. Yuri and Lara renew their relationship.
One night, Komarovsky arrives and informs them they are being watched by the CHEKA due to Lara's marriage to Strelnikov and Yuri's "counter-revolutionary" poetry and desertion. Komarovsky offers Yuri and Lara his help in leaving Russia. They refuse. Instead, they go to the isolated Varykino estate, where Yuri begins writing the "Lara" poems, which will later make him famous but incur government displeasure. Komarovsky reappears and tells Yuri that Strelnikov was captured while returning to Lara and committed suicide enroute to his own execution. Therefore, Lara is in immediate danger, as the CHEKA had only left her free to lure Strelnikov into the open. Zhivago sends Lara away with Komarovsky, who has become an official in the Far East. Refusing to leave with a man he despises, Yuri remains behind.
Years later, Yevgraf finds a destitute Yuri in Moscow during the Stalinist era and gives him a new suit and a job. While riding a tram, Yuri spots a woman he surely thinks is Lara walking on a nearby street. Unable to call her from the tram, Yuri struggles to get off at the next stop. Yuri runs after her but suffers a fatal heart attack before he can even signal to her, and the woman walks away oblivious to Yuri's presence. Yuri's funeral is well attended, as his poetry is already being published openly due to shifts in politics. Lara informs Yevgraf she had given birth to Yuri's daughter, but lost her in the collapse of the White-controlled government in Mongolia. After vainly looking over hundreds of orphans with Yevgraf's help, Lara disappears during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, and "died or vanished somewhere...in one of the labour camps," according to Yevgraf.
While Yevgraf strongly believes that Tonya Komarova is Yuri's and Lara's daughter, he is still not convinced. Yevgraf notices that Tonya carries with her a balalaika, an instrument that Yuri's mother was renowned for playing. Finding Tonya learned to play the balalaika by herself, he smiles, "Ah, then, it's a gift," thereby implying she truly must be their daughter after all.
Cast[edit]
Omar Sharif – Dr. Yuri Zhivago
Julie Christie – Lara Antipov
Rod Steiger – Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky
Alec Guinness – General Yevgraf Zhivago
Geraldine Chaplin – Tonya Gromeko
Tom Courtenay – Pasha Antipov / "Strelnikov"
Ralph Richardson – Alexander Maximovich Gromeko
Siobhan McKenna – Anna Gromeko
Rita Tushingham – Tonya Komarova / "The Girl"
Adrienne Corri – Amelia
Bernard Kay – Kuril
Geoffrey Keen – Prof. Boris Kurt
Klaus Kinski – Kostoyed Amoursky
Jeffrey Rockland – Sasha
Gerard Tichy – Liberius
Noel Willman – Razin
Background[edit]
Boris Pasternak's 1957 novel was published in the West amidst celebration and controversy. Parts of Pasternak's book had been known in Samizdat since some time after World War II. However, the novel was not completed until 1956. The book had to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union by an Italian called D'angelo to whom Pasternak had entrusted the book to be delivered to Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, a left-wing Italian publisher who published it shortly thereafter. Helped by a Soviet campaign against the novel, it became a sensation throughout the non-communist world. It spent 26 weeks atop the New York Times best-seller list.
A great lyric poet, Pasternak was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Literature. While the citation noted his poetry, it was understood that the prize was mainly for Doctor Zhivago, which the Soviet government saw as an anti-Soviet work, thus interpreting the award of the Nobel Prize as a gesture hostile to the Soviet Union. A target of the Soviet government's fervent campaign to label him a traitor, Pasternak felt compelled to refuse the Prize. The situation became an international cause célèbre and made Pasternak a Cold War symbol of resistance to Soviet communism, a role the poet was ill-suited for.
The film, though faithful to the novel's plot, is noticeably different in the depictions of several characters and events. Many critics believed that the film's focus on the love story between Zhivago and Lara trivialized the events of the Russian Revolution and the resulting civil war.[2]
The sweeping multi-plotted story form used by Pasternak had a distinguished pedigree in Russian letters. The author of War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy, had used characters as symbols of classes and historical events in describing the events in the Russia of Napoleonic times. Pasternak's father, who was a painter, had produced illustrations for War and Peace. The name "Zhivago" is rooted in the Russian word "zhiv" ("alive") and zhivago is Church Slavonic for "the living".[3]
In the true manner of the Russian epic novel, characters constantly meet due to coincidence, though this is less apparent in the film.
Production[edit]
The film treatment by David Lean was proposed for various reasons. Pasternak's novel had been an international success, and producer Carlo Ponti was interested in adapting it as a vehicle for his wife, Sophia Loren. Lean, coming off the huge success of Lawrence of Arabia (1962), wanted to make a more intimate, romantic film to balance the action- and adventure-oriented tone of his previous film. One of the first actors signed onboard was Omar Sharif, who had played Lawrence's right-hand man Sherif Ali in Lawrence of Arabia. Sharif loved the novel, and when he heard Lean was making a film adaptation, he requested to be cast in the role of Pasha (which ultimately went to Tom Courtenay). Sharif was quite surprised when Lean suggested that he play Zhivago himself. Peter O'Toole, star of Lawrence of Arabia, was Lean's original choice for Zhivago, but turned the part down; Max von Sydow and Paul Newman were also considered. Michael Caine tells in his autobiography that he also read for Zhivago and participated in the screen shots with Christie, but (after watching the results with David Lean) was the one who suggested Omar Sharif.[4][5] Rod Steiger was cast as Komarovsky after Marlon Brando and James Mason turned the part down. Audrey Hepburn was considered for Tonya, while Robert Bolt lobbied for Albert Finney to play Pasha. Lean, however, was able to convince Ponti that Loren was not right for the role of Lara, saying she was "too tall" (and confiding in screenwriter Robert Bolt that he could not accept Loren as a virgin for the early parts of the film), and Yvette Mimieux, Sarah Miles and Jane Fonda were considered for the role. Ultimately, Julie Christie was cast based on her appearance in Billy Liar (1963), and the recommendation of John Ford, who directed her in Young Cassidy.



 The initial and final scenes were shot at the Aldeadávila Dam between Spain and Portugal.
Since the book was banned in the Soviet Union, the movie was filmed largely in Spain over ten months,[6] with the entire Moscow set being built from scratch outside of Madrid. Most of the scenes covering Zhivago and Lara's service in World War I were filmed in Soria, as was the Varykino estate. Some of the winter sequences, mostly landscape scenes and Yuri's escape from the Partisans, were filmed in Finland. Winter scenes of the family travelling to Yuriatin by rail were filmed in Canada. All the trains used in the film were Spanish trains like RENFE 240 ex 1400 MZA and Strelnikov's armoured train towed by the Renfe 2–8–2 class Mikado. The "ice-palace" at Varykino was filmed in Soria as well, a house filled with frozen beeswax. The charge of the Partisans across the frozen lake was filmed in Spain, too; a cast iron sheet was placed over a dried river-bed, and fake snow (mostly marble dust) was added on top. Some of the winter scenes were filmed in summer with warm temperatures, sometimes of up to 25 °C (86 °F).Other locations include the Estación de Madrid-Delicias in Madrid and El Moncayo. The initial and final scenes were shot at the Aldeadávila Dam between Spain and Portugal. Although uncredited, most of the scenes were actually shot on the Portugal side of the river, overlooking the Spanish side.
Reception[edit]
The film was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival.[7]
Despite being a spectacular box office hit, Doctor Zhivago received mixed reviews at the time of its release. It was criticised for its length and overly romantic depiction of the affair between Zhivago and Lara. Film critic Roger Ebert, while liking the film, said of Doctor Zhivago that "it lumbers noisily from nowhere to nowhere", and that Omar Sharif's performance was "soulful but bewildered". In general, the film's critics have found Doctor Zhivago too overly romantic and almost at the level of soap opera, with the (in their view) syrupy Lara's Theme at the top of their complaints. (The song was a major hit when it was released on record.)
Bosley Crowther of the New York Times said that Zhivago and Lara are "possessed by a strange passivity".[2] Sometimes those same critics who found the length of the film overbearing also found the depiction of historical events too facile.
The final scene, in which a rainbow appears over a dam as the final credits were rolled onscreen, was criticized as being "pro-Soviet" by more conservative critics, who felt it was signifying that the Soviet Union had a bright future. Screenwriter Robert Bolt, who adapted the novel, was a one-time member of the British Communist Party (leaving the Party in 1947[8] ) and well-known leftist who was prominent in the nuclear disarmament campaign, itself seen as a surrogate of the Cold War struggle between the West and the Soviet Bloc.[9] Since director David Lean was apolitical, the shot likely was created due to the beauty of its image, not as political symbolism. (Director of Photography Freddie Young won an Academy Award for his color cinematography.)[10]
On the plus side, most critics acknowledge that film addresses such grand themes as a dramatic period in world history, the ascendance of life over death, the struggle of the individual against the state, the triumph of the heart over the mind, and the way good intentions can go terribly wrong. One of the strongest points of Doctor Zhivago is the startling visuals, with Bosley Crowther calling the photography "brilliant, tasteful, and exquisite as any ever put on the screen.[2] Rod Steiger's role as Victor Komarovski is a memorable acting tour de force.
Since the film takes the viewpoint of the dreamy poet Zhivago, the physician side of Zhivago is rarely in evidence. Critics also carped that the film, unlike the book, was shorn of the actual poetry that was in a supplement at the end of the novel, and that showing a writer at work was inherently boring. Zhivago writes poems for Lara near the end of their relationship, but the poems are never heard by the audience.
The film left an indelible mark on popular culture and fashion, and to this day remains an extremely popular film: Maurice Jarre's score—particularly "Lara's Theme"—became one of the most famous in cinematic history. Over the years, the film's critical reputation has gained in stature, and today Doctor Zhivago is considered to be one of Lean's finest works and is highly critically acclaimed, along with Lawrence of Arabia, Brief Encounter, The Bridge on the River Kwai, and A Passage to India.
As with the novel itself, the film was banned in the Soviet Union. It was not shown in Russia until 1994.
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 85% 'Fresh' rating.[11]
American Film Institute recognition[edit]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – No. 39
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions – No. 7
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[12]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[13]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film[14]
Awards[edit]
The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for five more:[15][16]
WonBest Art Direction (John Box, Terence Marsh, Dario Simoni)
Best Cinematography (Freddie Young)
Best Adapted Screenplay (Robert Bolt)
Best Costume Design
Best Original Score (Maurice Jarre)
NominatedBest Picture (Carlo Ponti)
Best Supporting Actor (Tom Courtenay)
Best Director (David Lean)
Best Editing
Best Sound (A. W. Watkins, Franklin Milton, MGM Sound Department)
The film was nominated for five Golden Globe Awards, and won in every category. It is tied with Love Story, The Godfather, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and A Star Is Born for the most wins by a film
WonGolden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture (David Lean)
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama (Omar Sharif)
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay (Robert Bolt)
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (Maurice Jarre)
Home video[edit]
On 4 May 2002, Warner Bros. released the 35th Anniversary version of Doctor Zhivago on DVD (two disc set), and another Anniversary Edition in 2010 on Blu-ray (a three-disc set that includes a book).[17] The two-disc set consists of a double-sided DVD for the main film (wherein the DVD has to be flipped for part 2 of the film), and a one-sided DVD for the extras. The digital restoration of the film was done by Warner Bros. motion Picture imaging. The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts, restoring the film's original look.
See also[edit]
BFI Top 100 British films
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "All Time Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c Crowther, Bosley (23 December 1965). "Movie Review, Doctor Zhivago (1965)". The New York Times. "...has reduced the vast upheaval of the Russian Revolution to the banalities of a doomed romance."
3.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago". Orthodox England: Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia: Diocese of Great Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
4.Jump up ^ Caine, Michael (1994). What's It All About? (1st U.S. Ballantine Books ed. Feb., 1994. ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345386809.
5.Jump up ^ Murray, Rebecca (2010). "Michael Caine Discusses 'Journey 2: The Mysterious Island'". About.com: Hollywood Movies. Oahu, HI. Retrieved 4 March 2014. "...I did all the back heads for the screen tests for Dr. Zhivago. Julie Christie, who's a friend of mine, went up to play the part and she said, 'You come and play I did all the back heads for the screen tests for Dr. Zhivago. Julie Christie, who's a friend of mine, went up to play the part and she said, 'You come and play the other part with me,’ so I went."
6.Jump up ^ Geraldine Chaplin appearance on the What's My Line?, episode 814. Originally aired 2 January 1966 on CBS. Viewed on 10 September 2007.
7.Jump up ^ "Doctor Zhivago". Festival de Cannes. 1966. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
8.Jump up ^ Chambers, Colin. "Bolt, Robert Oxton [Bob] (1924–1995)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
9.Jump up ^ Calder, John (23 February 1995). "OBITUARY : Robert Bolt". The Independent (London). Retrieved 14 September 2013.
10.Jump up ^ "Awards for Doctor Zhivago (1965): Academy Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
11.Jump up ^ Doctor Zhivago at Rotten Tomatoes
12.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees
13.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
14.Jump up ^ AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot
15.Jump up ^ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
16.Jump up ^ "NY Times: Doctor Zhivago". NY Times. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
17.Jump up ^ "DVD & Blu-ray cover art release calendar- May 2010". dvdtown.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has quotations related to: Doctor Zhivago (film)
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doctor Zhivago (film).
Doctor Zhivago at the Internet Movie Database
Doctor Zhivago at the TCM Movie Database
Doctor Zhivago at AllMovie
Doctor Zhivago at Rotten Tomatoes
Doctor Zhivago at the British Film Institute's Screenonline


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Films directed by David Lean























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Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama




































































[hide]
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Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago


Characters
Yuri Zhivago
 

Adaptations
Doctor Zhivago (1965 film) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2002 TV miniseries) ·
 Doctor Zhivago (2011 musical)
 

Music
"Lara's Theme"
 

Related
"Torn Between Two Lovers"
 

 


Categories: 1965 films
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Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award
Italian films
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