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PROFISH

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PROFISH is a global program on sustainable fisheries established by the World Bank in 2005. It has been set up in conjunction with key donors and stakeholders to meet the challenge of a growing crisis in the world fisheries sector.
The World Bank characterises this crisis in the following way:

"Increasing population pressures, growing demand for fish and failures of governance are leading to unsustainable levels of exploitation of living aquatic resources and destruction of aquatic ecosystems. In many developing countries the sustainable benefits are in decline, perpetuating a spiral into poverty for many small-scale fishers and communities dependent on fishing."[1]
PROFISH is a programming and funding partnership between key fishery sector donors, international financial institutions, developing countries, stakeholder organizations, and international agencies. PROFISH currently receives financial and in-kind support from Iceland, France, Norway, Finland, Japan, FAO, World Bank, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and WorldFish Center.
Objectives[edit]
The overall objective of PROFISH is "to improve sustainable livelihoods in the fisheries sector and to make concrete progress towards meeting the goals of the WSSD's goals in fisheries[2]".[1]
The specific objectives are to strengthen governance of the world’s marine fisheries by: (i) improving the quality of investments made by both public and private sectors; (ii) assisting countries and regions to establish roadmaps to achieve effective sector governance and reform using improved fisheries management tools; and (iii) aligning donor interventions
It is intended that PROFISH would improve sustainable livelihoods in the fisheries sector and to make concrete progress towards meeting the 2002 fisheries goals of the World Summit on Sustainable Development through three complementary activities: (i) ensuring sustainable fisheries initiatives are included in national plans and poverty reduction strategies; (ii) building national and regional consensus on pro-poor sustainable fisheries initiatives and priority activities to implement the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries; and (iii) aligning and enhancing international assistance on fisheries and sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems and catalyzing implementation of agreed initiatives.
Recent Studies[edit]
A recent joint publication by the World Bank and the FAO, entitled The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform, concludes that global marine capture fisheries are an underperforming global asset and shows that the difference between the potential and actual net economic benefits from marine fisheries is in the order of $50 billion per year.[3] This is equivalent to more than half the value of the global seafood trade. The cumulative economic loss to the global economy over the last three decades is estimated to be in the order of two trillion dollars. In many countries the catching operations are buoyed up by subsidies, so that the global fishery economy to the point of landing (the harvest sub-sector), is in deficit.[3]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Global Program on Fisheries (PROFISH) – World Bank.
2.Jump up ^ WSSD's goals in fisheries
3.^ Jump up to: a b The Sunken Billions - The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform – joint publication by the World Bank and the FAO




[show] 
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Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
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 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
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Sustainability
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 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
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 End of the Line
 

Conservation
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Organisations
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 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
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List of fishing topics by subject ·
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROFISH















PROFISH

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

PROFISH is a global program on sustainable fisheries established by the World Bank in 2005. It has been set up in conjunction with key donors and stakeholders to meet the challenge of a growing crisis in the world fisheries sector.
The World Bank characterises this crisis in the following way:

"Increasing population pressures, growing demand for fish and failures of governance are leading to unsustainable levels of exploitation of living aquatic resources and destruction of aquatic ecosystems. In many developing countries the sustainable benefits are in decline, perpetuating a spiral into poverty for many small-scale fishers and communities dependent on fishing."[1]
PROFISH is a programming and funding partnership between key fishery sector donors, international financial institutions, developing countries, stakeholder organizations, and international agencies. PROFISH currently receives financial and in-kind support from Iceland, France, Norway, Finland, Japan, FAO, World Bank, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and WorldFish Center.
Objectives[edit]
The overall objective of PROFISH is "to improve sustainable livelihoods in the fisheries sector and to make concrete progress towards meeting the goals of the WSSD's goals in fisheries[2]".[1]
The specific objectives are to strengthen governance of the world’s marine fisheries by: (i) improving the quality of investments made by both public and private sectors; (ii) assisting countries and regions to establish roadmaps to achieve effective sector governance and reform using improved fisheries management tools; and (iii) aligning donor interventions
It is intended that PROFISH would improve sustainable livelihoods in the fisheries sector and to make concrete progress towards meeting the 2002 fisheries goals of the World Summit on Sustainable Development through three complementary activities: (i) ensuring sustainable fisheries initiatives are included in national plans and poverty reduction strategies; (ii) building national and regional consensus on pro-poor sustainable fisheries initiatives and priority activities to implement the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries; and (iii) aligning and enhancing international assistance on fisheries and sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems and catalyzing implementation of agreed initiatives.
Recent Studies[edit]
A recent joint publication by the World Bank and the FAO, entitled The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform, concludes that global marine capture fisheries are an underperforming global asset and shows that the difference between the potential and actual net economic benefits from marine fisheries is in the order of $50 billion per year.[3] This is equivalent to more than half the value of the global seafood trade. The cumulative economic loss to the global economy over the last three decades is estimated to be in the order of two trillion dollars. In many countries the catching operations are buoyed up by subsidies, so that the global fishery economy to the point of landing (the harvest sub-sector), is in deficit.[3]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Global Program on Fisheries (PROFISH) – World Bank.
2.Jump up ^ WSSD's goals in fisheries
3.^ Jump up to: a b The Sunken Billions - The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform – joint publication by the World Bank and the FAO




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: International environmental organizations
Fisheries organizations
World Bank


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROFISH













Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

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Jump to: navigation, search

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.png
 Logo
SSCS Flag.jpg
 Flag
Founded
1977
Founder
Paul Watson
Type
Public charity (USA); registered charity (UK)
Focus
Marine conservation
Location
Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia


Area served
 Global
Method
Direct action
Website
seashepherd.org
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is a non-profit, marine conservation organization based in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, Washington, in the United States.[1]
Sea Shepherd uses direct action tactics to protect marine life. The organization was founded in 1977 under the name Earth Force Society by Paul Watson, a former member of Greenpeace, after a dispute with that organization over what Watson saw as its lack of more aggressive intervention.[2] The group has a strong focus on public relations to spread its message via the media. In 2008, Animal Planet began filming the weekly series Whale Wars based on the group's encounters with the Japanese whaling fleet in the Southern Ocean, a development which brought the group much publicity.
Sea Shepherd currently operates the vessels MY Steve Irwin, the MY Bob Barker, the MY Sam Simon (donated and named after Sam Simon, co-founder of The Simpsons) and the MV Brigitte Bardot. Operations have included scuttling and disabling whaling vessels at harbor, intervening in Canadian and Namibian seal hunts,[3] shining laser light into the eyes of whalers,[4][5] throwing bottles of foul-smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea,[5] boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd claims that their aggressive actions are necessary as the international community has shown itself unwilling or unable to stop species-endangering whaling and fishing practices.[6]
Sea Shepherd has received support for its tactics against fishing, whaling, and seal hunting from many celebrities, such as musicians and TV personalities. The violent tactics of Sea Shepherd have been opposed, even by those who denounce whaling, such as Greenpeace[7] and the governments of Australia and New Zealand.[8] A FBI section chief,[9] the Premier of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador,[10] and the Japanese government[11] have called them eco-terrorists. Paul Watson and American members of Sea Shepherd are currently prohibited by US courts from approaching or harassing Japanese whalers.[12]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Organization
3 Activism
4 Public relations
5 Governmental response
6 Vessels
7 Books written by members
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

History[edit]
Main article: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations
The predecessor organization of Sea Shepherd, the "Earth Force Society", was formed in 1977, after its founder, Paul Watson was ousted from the board of Greenpeace for disagreements over his direct action activism which clashed with their pacifist ethos.[13] Watson soon left Greenpeace. Initially without funding and with only a small group of supporters, in 1978 Watson managed to convince Cleveland Amory, head of the Fund for Animals to fund Watson's first vessel, the Sea Shepherd.[6]
The first direct action undertaken by Sea Shepherd was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in March 1979.[14][15] Also in 1979, the group made headlines when, for the first time, they rammed a whaling vessel,[16] the notorious pirate whaling vessel Sierra.[17] Such acts continued with Sea Shepherd claiming responsibility for damaging or sinking multiple whaling vessels through sabotage or ramming. The group has attempted to intervene against Russian, Spanish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Makah, Faroese, and Japanese whalers in multiple campaigns around the globe.[2][6] Setting a pattern that the group would keep up in later years, the group managed to scuttle a Portuguese whaling vessel, though the first Sea Shepherd was impounded and lost. Watson says that he used the money gained from selling the story rights to fund his next vessel.[6]
After having spent the 1980s undertaking a variety of controversial and dangerous operations in support of various marine conservation aims, in the 1990s the group has been described as having undertaken a shift in their public attitude.[6] Having previously argued primarily from an ethical viewpoint, from the 1990s, Watson's group now also started ascribing themselves law enforcement powers, using its interpretation of maritime and conservation law, to describe themselves as an anti-poaching agency.[6][18] In some cases in the 2000s, they cooperated with official government efforts against maritime poaching, such as in Costa Rican waters, though the agreements often did not last long before conflict ensued.[19]
Starting in September 2010, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has positioned a crew in Taiji, Japan to monitor and report their annual dolphin drive hunt.[citation needed]
Organization[edit]



 A wildlife advocate during an education session on board RV Farley Mowat.
Sea Shepherd is a non-government and non-profit environmental organization and in the United States has a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. 83.2% of the organization's revenue is spent on its programs, while 16.7% of revenue is spent on administrative and fundraising.[20] It is supported by private and corporate donations, lectures by Watson, internet advertising,[6] and grants. The group is operated by volunteers and a small paid staff.[6] Watson says he is committed to keeping his organization small, and does not believe in spending money on fund-raising or recruitment.[6]
Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors, including Watson. The organization has several boards of advisers, each addressing an area of expertise. The Scientific, Technical, and Conservation Advisory Board includes Earth First! founder Dave Foreman and Horst Klienschmidt, a former Deputy Chair of the International Whaling Commission (2006). The Legal and Law Enforcement Advisory Board includes Ian Campbell, a former Australian Minister of the Environment and Heritage (2004–07) whom whaling groups had accused of having inappropriate and close ties with the organization.[21][22] The Animal Welfare, Humane and Animal Rights Advisory Board includes animal rights philosopher Tom Regan. The Media and Arts Advisory Board includes several major Hollywood stars. There is a Photography Advisory Board and a Financial and Management Advisory Board.[23]
Activism[edit]
Main article: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations
Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife. Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting, and whaling.[2][24] The group has been active in intervening against fishing and poaching in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, and in waters around the Galapagos Islands.
According to its mission statement, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society "uses innovative direct-action tactics to investigate, document, and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas".[25] Those actions have included scuttling and disabling commercial whaling vessels at harbor, using limpet mines to blow holes in ship hulls,[26] ramming other vessels, throwing glass bottles of butyric acid on the decks of vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. As of 2009, Paul Watson has said that the organization has sunk ten whaling ships while also destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment.[27] Their practice of attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries to other sailors as well as the Sea Shepherd crew, including concussions and complications from chemical attacks.[28][29]
Watson considers the actions of Sea Shepherd to be against criminal operations and has called the group an anti-poaching organization.[18] Critics claim that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law,[30] while Watson has stated that Sea Shepherd believes that their actions constitute an attempt to enforce international conservation laws and international maritime law under the World Charter for Nature adopted by the United Nations.[31][32] Australia has declared Japan's hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal, and federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated "there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced".[33] The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted the Society to adopt, without official sanction, what it sees as a law enforcement mission. A 2008 academic paper by researchers at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria concluded that the group "may be best categorized as a vigilante group, because they say they are seeking to enforce a legal status quo because of states' and the international community's inabilities or unwillingness to do so".[17]
Watson left Greenpeace in 1977 after being expelled from the board of directors due to his confrontational methods.[34] Since then, Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics,[35] particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea. The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers.[36][37] Greenpeace has called Watson a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities.[11] Greenpeace is also critical of the group on its website and state: "By making it easy to paint anti-whaling forces as dangerous, piratical terrorists, Sea Shepherd could undermine the forces within Japan which could actually bring whaling to an end".[7] Both groups protest the Japanese whale hunts in the Southern Ocean but Greenpeace has a policy to not assist Sea Shepherd in finding the whalers. In his 2009 book, Whaling in Japan, Jun Morikawa states that Sea Shepherd's confrontational tactics have actually strengthened Japan's resolve to continue with its whaling program. According to Morikawa, Sea Shepherd's activities against Japan's whaling ships have allowed the Japanese government to rally domestic support for the program from Japanese who were otherwise ambivalent about the practice of hunting and eating whales.[38]
Sea Shepherd has been criticized and sometimes physically attacked by people in several of the countries they protest against. In March 1995, a mob of Canadian seal hunters stormed the hotel where members were staying. They fled while the mob ransacked their room.[39] In November 1998, Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd's Sirenian in response to protests over their whale hunt.[40] In 2005, 11 Sea Shepherd crew were involved in an altercation with sealers while on the ice. The sealers were not charged with any crime, but the activists were arrested and later convicted for approaching too close to the hunt.[41][42][43] In 2008, fishermen in the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon cut the mooring lines of the Farley Mowat after hearing Watson make disparaging comments about the deaths of four seal hunters.[44] In February 2010, pro-whaling demonstrators gathered outside the Australian Embassy in Tokyo to protest the group. A political activist said that Sea Shepherd's actions were "absolutely racial discrimination against Japanese people".[45] In response, Sea Shepherd stated that they also oppose whaling in the Faroe Islands, sealing in Canada, etc. In response to the events of the sinking of the Ady Gil in January 2010, Glenn Inwood, whose firm handles public relations on behalf of the Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research, accused Sea Shepherd of being "hostile eco-terrorists".[5]
Public relations[edit]



 A $5 million donation from Bob Barker facilitated the purchase of the MY Bob Barker, pictured here docked in Hobart, Tasmania.
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called "media savvy".[2][46] The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns.[47][48]
Watson's public relations savvy is shown in an episode of Whale Wars when he creates an international "media storm"[49] after two crewmembers are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel. In his book, Earthforce!, Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to, and to deliver them to reporters confidently.[6] He also states that the "truth is irrelevant" due to the nature of mass media.[50] In response to criticism that he manipulates the media, Watson has stated: "What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can't resist... and this is how we bring attention to what's happening to the whales, the seals, the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we're involved in."[11]
Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks, webcams, and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean, and has invited the media to ride along.[51] In 2006, representatives from Seven network and National Geographic magazine, along with documentary filmmakers, accompanied the group.[2] In a television series entitled Whale Wars, Discovery Communications, Inc. documented Sea Shepherd's 2008/09 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers, following events on the Steve Irwin.[11] The program premiered on November 7, 2008, on Discovery's Animal Planet network.
Sea Shepherd has received financial contributions from celebrities and businessmen such as entrepreneur Steve Wynn, television personality Bob Barker, and John Paul DeJoria, as well as other celebrities.[6][6][18] Martin Sheen, Daryl Hannah, and Richard Dean Anderson have joined the group during protests. Actors including Edward Norton, Pierce Brosnan, Christian Bale, and Emily Deschanel have supported the group through contributions,[11] while William Shatner has also been mentioned as supporting the group.[52] In 2007, actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of the Modest Mouse song "King Rat", intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia. Although Ledger died before the video could be completed, others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009. Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd.[53][54]
From the music industry, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Leona Lewis, Rick Rubin, and the groups Hawkwind, The Red Paintings, Propagandhi, and Gojira have financially supported Sea Shepherd.[18] In 2009, professional surfer Kelly Slater joined a Quiksilver Australia/Sea Shepherd partnership featuring a fund-raising clothing line, including board shorts designed by Slater.[55] In 2013 alt-metal band Klogr started supporting Sea Shepherd in Europe through the videos "Guinea Pigs" (2013) and "Zero Tolerance" (2014), featuring images from Sea Shepherd documentaries filmed in Taiji and other missions.
The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008. Lush produced 'Shark Fin Soap' (punning on 'shark fin soup'); all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd.[56] To launch the soap and awareness campaign a performance artist suspended herself, using hooks in her flesh, in a Lush shopfront window in London.[57]
Governmental response[edit]



MY Steve Irwin approaching Melbourne, Victoria
In testimony on "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" given to the a US congressional subcommittee in 2002, Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets.[9] An earlier Canadian intelligence report on "single issue terrorism" stated that "Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting, driftnet fishing, seal hunting and other related issues" and mentions "activities against logging operations in Canada".[58] In 2007, Ian Campbell, then the Australian Environment Minister and a vigorous critic of Japan's whaling, once opposed Sea Shepherd's tactics, saying that it really put the cause of conservation backwards.[8] Due to the 2008 operations against Canadian seal hunters, Danny Williams, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, called Watson a terrorist and said that Sea Shepherd was not welcome in the province.[10] The group has been accused of eco-terrorism by the Japanese government.[11]
Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas.[59] Tasmanian Greens and the former Greens Senator Bob Brown, have endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group.[60] However, Nationals Party Senator Barnaby Joyce has opposed granting Sea Shepherd tax-exempt status stating that "Criminals should not get tax concessions – if you break the law, then donations to your organisation should not be tax deductible".[61]
When the Steve Irwin returned to Hobart, Tasmania in February 2009, Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship's logs, reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan.[62][63] Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, order their immediate return, but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter.[64]



 A variation of the flag used by the group.
In October 2009, The Australian Immigration Department ruled that Watson and his First Officer, Peter Hammarstedt, must satisfy new good-character requirements to obtain business visas, requiring them to provide police references from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway. Watson criticized what he considered a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government.[59] The Australian government responded by rejecting the idea that it was in some way delaying Watson, and on October 20, 2009 issued visas to Watson and Hammarstedt.[65]
Paul Watson said to Discovery Channel the Dalai Lama sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd's volunteers accompanied by a wrathful, scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva,[11] which expresses compassion and determination in overcoming obstacles. In 2010 during a visit to Japan, the Dalai Lama said that while he agrees with the goal of stopping Japan from hunting whales, they should stop using violent methods to achieve that goal.[66]
The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of different nations and the opinion of several governments that the vessels are engaged in inappropriate activities has several times led to registration issues for Sea Shepherd vessels.[67][68] Canada, Belize, UK and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels.[69][70][71] Both the Steve Irwin and Bob Barker ships now sail under Dutch flag leading to direct complaints by the Japanese government towards Dutch ambassadors. The Netherlands consequently considered revoking the registrations for both vessels but finally decided not to do so.[72]
Officials in Japan have discussed revoking the group's tax exempt status with their counterparts in the United States.[73][74][75]
In December 2011, the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR) and Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, the two Japanese organizations which operate Japan's whaling program, sued Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) in U.S. federal district court in Seattle. The suit requested an injunction to stop Sea Shepherd's operations against Japanese whalers. The suit was filed in Seattle because Sea Shepherd is based in the state of Washington.[76] The federal court denied the ICR's preliminary injunction against SSCS.[77] The ICR and Kyodo Senpaku appealed and, on December 17, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an injunction against Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and any party acting in concert with them from physically attacking any person or vessel of the ICR and requiring them to stay at least 500 yd (457 m) from their vessels.[78][79] After the court ruling, Paul Watson stepped down and Bob Brown succeeded his role as the leader of SSCS.[80][81] Sea Shepherd appealed to the US Supreme Court to have the injunction set aside, but the appeal was rejected.[82] On February 26, 2013, the Court of Appeals maintained the injunction, stating that SSCS's activities were "the very embodiment of piracy".[83][84] This reversed a previous decision by Richard A. Jones, who was removed as trial judge for abuse of discretion.[85][86]
In 2013, Julie Bishop, the Foreign Minister of Australia, told the press club of Japan, "We do not, and will never, condone reckless, dangerous, unlawful behaviour. And where it occurs on the high seas, we will unreservedly condemn it. The fact that the Sea Shepherd visits Australian ports or some of the Sea Shepherd fleet might be registered in Australia is not indicative in any way of the Australian government’s support for the organisation. And we will continue to comply fully with our international legal obligations with regard to safety at sea".[87]
In March 2012, reacting to Paul Watson's allegation that Maltese politicians were bribed by the Bluefin tuna industry, Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi announced that the government would initiate libel proceedings against the Sea Shepherd founder.[88]
In May 2012, Watson was detained by German authorities after he arrived at the Frankfurt Airport based on a request from the government of Costa Rica. The charge stemmed from an altercation in 2002 in which Sea Shepherd contends that the other vessel was shark finning in Guatemalan waters. Members of the other involved ship said that Sea Shepherd was trying to kill them.[89] Watson was charged with violating navigational regulations.[90] The conflict took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater.[91] Watson subsequently skipped bail and went into hiding at the end of July.[92] Watson's lawyer has confirmed that he has fled the country.[93] Upon the breach of the bail conditions, the Costa Rican government requested the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) to issue a Red Notice (an arrest request to member countries), which was granted by Interpol.[94]
Vessels[edit]
Main article: Neptune's Navy



 The MY Steve Irwin in September 2011, sailing up river under Tower Bridge in London.


 The MY Sam Simon in Hobart, Tasmania December 2012
Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune's Navy. The society operates four ships, the MY Steve Irwin, the MY Bob Barker, the MY Sam Simon, and the MV Brigitte Bardot as well as smaller vessels such as RHIBs.[95][96]
The Steve Irwin was obtained in 2007 and originally called the Robert Hunter. It was renamed in honor of The Crocodile Hunter star Steve Irwin.[97] His widow, Terri, gave her support to Sea Shepherd, saying: "Whales have always been in Steve's heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals."[98] The other ship, the 1200 ton Bob Barker, was named after famous television game-show host and animal activist Bob Barker, who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US$5 million.[99] In February 2010, the Bob Barker collided with the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 3, tearing a gash in the hull of the Bob Barker.[100]
The group also formerly operated the Farley Mowat (impounded by the Canadian government, with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel) and the Ady Gil, formerly known as the Earthrace (sunk after a collision with the MV Shōnan Maru 2 whaling security vessel in early 2010)[101] as well as a number of earlier vessels.
Sea Shepherd acquired the Ocean 7 Adventurer for its 2010/11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic.[102] In November 2010, mayor Brad Pettitt of Fremantle, Western Australia, christened the vessel Gojira with Fremantle as its home town, making this the first Sea Shepherd ship registered in Australia, with an Australian crew. The Gojira was renamed MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 after complaints of copyright infringement by the owners of the "Gojira" copyright.[103]
For the 2011/12 Antarctic campaign, the organization acquired non-weaponized drone aircraft to assist in their surveillance of the whaling ships.[104]
In July 2012 Sam Simon, a co-creator of The Simpsons, was reported to donate money to purchase the fourth vessel, a former German icebreaker.[105] The actual ship however turned out to be a former Japanese weather survey vessel, now called the MY Sam Simon.
On October 18, 2014, Martin Sheen, the actor, unveiled Sea Shepherd’s newest vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, named in his honor,[106] and captained by Oona Layolle of France. The name of this vessel carry the prefix of R/V because it will be engaged in direct action as a research vessel.
In January 2015 two decommissioned, 30 knot, Island-class Coast Guard cutters were spotted flying the Sea Shepherd flag in Annapolis Yacht Basin.[107]
Books written by members[edit]
David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1-59874-028-8
Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (Los Angeles: Chaco Press, 1993). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1-55013-599-2
Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1-55297-751-4
Raffaella Tolicetti, "Think! Eat! Act!: A Sea Shepherd Chef's Vegan Cookbook" (24 July 2014; Microcosm Publishing). ISBN 9781621066668
See also[edit]
Rod Coronado, animal rights activist who has been involved in direct actions with the group
Alex Pacheco, member of the advisory board who served on the Sea Shepherd
Peter James Bethune, skipper of the Ady Gil
References[edit]
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30.Jump up ^ Biggs, Stuart (March 4, 2008). "Japan Summons Australian, Dutch Ambassadors Over Whaling Clash". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
31.Jump up ^ Campbell, Duncan (June 3, 2002). "Champion of seas faces attempted murder case". The Guardian (London). Retrieved January 10, 2010.
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33.Jump up ^ Young, Emma (January 15, 2008). "Australia rules Japanese whaling illegal". New Scientist. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
34.Jump up ^ Summers, Chris (April 30, 2002). "Spotlight on Greenpeace rebel". BBC News. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
35.Jump up ^ Vidal, John (January 2, 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". London: The Guardian. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
36.Jump up ^ McKie, Robin (January 13, 2008). "Green ships in deadly duel with whalers". London: The Guardian. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
37.Jump up ^ Fraser, Doug (April 9, 2008). "Cape man fights whalers". Cape Cod Times. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
38.Jump up ^ Kingston, Jeff, "Whaling whoppers debunked", The Japan Times, April 25, 2010, p. 11.
39.Jump up ^ Sheridan, Dick (March 17, 1995). "Seal Fishermen Attack Group". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
40.Jump up ^ "National News Briefs; Whale Hunt Protesters Are Arrested by Police". The New York Times. November 2, 1998. p. 19. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
41.Jump up ^ "Seal defenders attacked". The New Zealand Herald. April 3, 2005. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
42.Jump up ^ "Sealers scuffle with protesters: 'I hit one guy with my fist to defend myself:' ship's captain". Edmonton Journal. April 1, 2005.
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47.Jump up ^ Lacitis, Erik (November 3, 1998). "Lead Stuntman In Anti-Whaling Drama Is One Seasoned Actor". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
48.Jump up ^ Strong, Geoff (January 14, 2006). "Sophisticated media machine blows whalers out of the water". The Age (Melbourne). Retrieved August 1, 2009.
49.Jump up ^ "International Incidents R Us". Whale Wars. Season 1. Episode 3. 2008-11-14. Animal Planet.
50.Jump up ^ Paul Watson. 1993. Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy. La Caňada, CA: Chaco Press, p. 42.
51.Jump up ^ The Australian Accessed 090810[dead link]
52.Jump up ^ Millar, Peter (January 10, 2010). "Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved January 10, 2010.
53.Jump up ^ "Modest Mouse "King Rat" Directed by Heath Ledger &#124". Wearethemasses.com. Retrieved January 9, 2010.[dead link]
54.Jump up ^ "Heath Ledger's graphic animation". Melbourne: The Age. Associated Press. August 5, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
55.Jump up ^ Bassett, Deborah. "Kelly Slater Teams Up With Sea Shepherd". Surfer magazine. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
56.Jump up ^ "Artist to be hung on shark hooks". BBC News. September 3, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
57.Jump up ^ "Shark protester hooked". The Sun (London). September 3, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
58.Jump up ^ "Commentary No. 74: Single Issue Terrorism". Canadian Security Intelligence Service. April 25, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
59.^ Jump up to: a b Darby, Andrew (May 10, 2009). "Whale activist hits visa hurdle". The Age (Hobart). Retrieved January 10, 2010.
60.Jump up ^ "Greens Welcome Steve Irwin's Safe Return to Hobart". The Tasmanian Greens. February 21, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
61.Jump up ^ Taylor, Lenore (January 12, 2012). "Joyce hails tax break bar on charity 'crims'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
62.Jump up ^ "Aust federal govt distances itself from raid". Perth Now. February 22, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ Thomas, Pete (October 5, 2009). "Whale wars saga begins with Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson under investigation". The Los Angeles Times, Outposts. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
64.Jump up ^ "Aust federal govt distances itself from raid". Television New Zealand. Australian Associated Press. February 22, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
65.Jump up ^ Clifford, Liam (October 19, 2009). "Australian immigration denies delaying Sea Shepherd's visa – Immigration News". Global Visas. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
66.Jump up ^ "Dalai Lama criticises anti-whaling protesters". Google News. AFP. June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
67.Jump up ^ Sea Shepherd kom med norsk flagg – Norsk rikskringkasting AS, published January 8, 2010. (Norwegian)
68.Jump up ^ Stuart, Myiow (February 13, 2009). "Five Nations Confederacy Flag Flying Proud on Earth's Oceans". Mohawk Traditional Council. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
69.Jump up ^ "Detained antiwhaling activist in good health: Okada". Kyodo News International. February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
70.Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew (January 6, 2007). "Buccaneer a badge of honour for whaling opponent". The Sydney Morning Herald.
71.Jump up ^ Britain to deregister anti-whaler after Japan pipes up, The Age, January 30, 2007
72.Jump up ^ "Dutch bill would hit Sea Shepherd". The Japan Times. February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
73.Jump up ^ Alabaster, Jay (January 3, 2011). "WikiLeaks: Sea Shepherd, Anti-Whaling Group, Tax Exempt Status Revocation Discussed By U.S., Japan Officials". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
74.Jump up ^ Maher, Sid (January 4, 2011). "WikiLeaks cables reveal Japan, US 'plot' to sink activists". The Australian. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
75.Jump up ^ Koh, Yoree (January 3, 2011). "WikiLeaks Japan: Whale Diplomacy". The Wallstreet Journal. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
76.Jump up ^ "Sea Shepherd sued in U.S. by whalers". Japan Times. Kyodo News. December 10, 2011. p. 2. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
77.Jump up ^ Jones, Richard (February 16, 2012). "Judge won't stop anti-whaling activists". UPI. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
78.Jump up ^ Dwyer, Molly (December 17, 2012). "Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
79.Jump up ^ "Group defiant over US ban on tackling Japan whalers". AFP. December 19, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
80.Jump up ^ Martinez, Michael (January 9, 2013). "'Whale Wars' TV star-activist resigns after court injunction". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
81.Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin (February 1, 2013). "Australia orders Japanese whalers to stay away". London: The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
82.Jump up ^ "US Supreme Court rejects Sea Shepherd bid". Special Broadcasting Service. February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
83.Jump up ^ "US court brands whale activists Sea Shepherd 'pirates'". BBC. February 26, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
84.Jump up ^ Yuhas, Alan (February 27, 2013). "Sea Shepherd conservation group declared 'pirates' in US court ruling". London: The Guardian. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
85.Jump up ^ "Court Orders Injunction Against ‘Piracy’ by Anti-Whaling Group". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. February 27, 2013.
86.Jump up ^ "‘We’re not pirates,’ anti-whaling sailor Paul Watson tells Seattle court". The Seattle Times. November 6, 2013.
87.Jump up ^ http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/18/greg-hunt-and-julie-bishop-at-odds-over-whaling-monitoring
88.Jump up ^ Balzan, Jurgen (March 6, 2012). "Government initiates libel proceedings against Sea Shepherd founder". Malta Today. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
89.Jump up ^ "Paul Watson Arrested: Sea Shepherd Says Founder Arrested In Germany". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. May 14, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
90.Jump up ^ Slivka, Kelly (May 16, 2012). "Germany Detains Activist 'Whale Wars' Captain". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
91.Jump up ^ The Associated Press (May 15, 2012). "Sea Shepherd appeals to German gov't over arrest". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
92.Jump up ^ Hopper, Tristin (July 25, 2012). "Canadian-born Sea Shepherd boss Paul Watson skips bail in Germany for 'unknown destination'". National Post. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
93.Jump up ^ Wallasch, Oliver. "Letter from Paul Watson's lawyer" (PDF). Retrieved August 17, 2012.
94.Jump up ^ "Interpol issues Watson Red Notice". The Japan Times. Jiji Press. August 10, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
95.Jump up ^ "Sea Shepherd eyes new ship". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. April 8, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
96.Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew (June 26, 2009). "'Spaceship' boosts anti-whaling force". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
97.Jump up ^ Wotherspoon, Sarah (December 5, 2007). "Protest ship renamed to honor Croc Hunter Steve Irwin". Herald Sun. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
98.Jump up ^ "Sea Shepherd vessel named in honor of Steve Irwin". Shipping Times. December 6, 2007. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
99.Jump up ^ "Rachel Maddow: Bob Barker on saving the whales". The Rachel Maddow Show. 2010-01-06. MSNBC.
100.Jump up ^ Violence Escalates in Southern Ocean Whaling Battle Environment News Service
101.Jump up ^ "The Crash That Made Headlines". Whale Wars. Animal Planet. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
102.Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew (November 18, 2010). "Ady Gil and whalers both at fault for collision: inquiry". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
103.Jump up ^ http://www.ecorazzi.com/2011/05/26/sea-shepherd-renames-vessel-after-actress-brigitte-bardot/
104.Jump up ^ Reuters. "Drones deployed against Japan's whaling fleet: inquiry".
105.Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew (July 2, 2012). "Simpsons co-creator backs anti-whaling bid". Brisbane Times. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
106.Jump up ^ "Martin Sheen Unveils Sea Shepherd’s Newest Vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, Named in his Honor". Sea Shepherd Press Release. October 18, 2014. Retrieved Jan 7, 2015.
107.Jump up ^ http://www.capitalgazette.com/news/ph-ac-cn-whaling-boats--0109-20150109,0,5731336.story
External links[edit]
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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.png
 Logo
SSCS Flag.jpg
 Flag
Founded
1977
Founder
Paul Watson
Type
Public charity (USA); registered charity (UK)
Focus
Marine conservation
Location
Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia


Area served
 Global
Method
Direct action
Website
seashepherd.org
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is a non-profit, marine conservation organization based in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, Washington, in the United States.[1]
Sea Shepherd uses direct action tactics to protect marine life. The organization was founded in 1977 under the name Earth Force Society by Paul Watson, a former member of Greenpeace, after a dispute with that organization over what Watson saw as its lack of more aggressive intervention.[2] The group has a strong focus on public relations to spread its message via the media. In 2008, Animal Planet began filming the weekly series Whale Wars based on the group's encounters with the Japanese whaling fleet in the Southern Ocean, a development which brought the group much publicity.
Sea Shepherd currently operates the vessels MY Steve Irwin, the MY Bob Barker, the MY Sam Simon (donated and named after Sam Simon, co-founder of The Simpsons) and the MV Brigitte Bardot. Operations have included scuttling and disabling whaling vessels at harbor, intervening in Canadian and Namibian seal hunts,[3] shining laser light into the eyes of whalers,[4][5] throwing bottles of foul-smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea,[5] boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd claims that their aggressive actions are necessary as the international community has shown itself unwilling or unable to stop species-endangering whaling and fishing practices.[6]
Sea Shepherd has received support for its tactics against fishing, whaling, and seal hunting from many celebrities, such as musicians and TV personalities. The violent tactics of Sea Shepherd have been opposed, even by those who denounce whaling, such as Greenpeace[7] and the governments of Australia and New Zealand.[8] A FBI section chief,[9] the Premier of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador,[10] and the Japanese government[11] have called them eco-terrorists. Paul Watson and American members of Sea Shepherd are currently prohibited by US courts from approaching or harassing Japanese whalers.[12]


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Organization
3 Activism
4 Public relations
5 Governmental response
6 Vessels
7 Books written by members
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

History[edit]
Main article: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations
The predecessor organization of Sea Shepherd, the "Earth Force Society", was formed in 1977, after its founder, Paul Watson was ousted from the board of Greenpeace for disagreements over his direct action activism which clashed with their pacifist ethos.[13] Watson soon left Greenpeace. Initially without funding and with only a small group of supporters, in 1978 Watson managed to convince Cleveland Amory, head of the Fund for Animals to fund Watson's first vessel, the Sea Shepherd.[6]
The first direct action undertaken by Sea Shepherd was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in March 1979.[14][15] Also in 1979, the group made headlines when, for the first time, they rammed a whaling vessel,[16] the notorious pirate whaling vessel Sierra.[17] Such acts continued with Sea Shepherd claiming responsibility for damaging or sinking multiple whaling vessels through sabotage or ramming. The group has attempted to intervene against Russian, Spanish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Makah, Faroese, and Japanese whalers in multiple campaigns around the globe.[2][6] Setting a pattern that the group would keep up in later years, the group managed to scuttle a Portuguese whaling vessel, though the first Sea Shepherd was impounded and lost. Watson says that he used the money gained from selling the story rights to fund his next vessel.[6]
After having spent the 1980s undertaking a variety of controversial and dangerous operations in support of various marine conservation aims, in the 1990s the group has been described as having undertaken a shift in their public attitude.[6] Having previously argued primarily from an ethical viewpoint, from the 1990s, Watson's group now also started ascribing themselves law enforcement powers, using its interpretation of maritime and conservation law, to describe themselves as an anti-poaching agency.[6][18] In some cases in the 2000s, they cooperated with official government efforts against maritime poaching, such as in Costa Rican waters, though the agreements often did not last long before conflict ensued.[19]
Starting in September 2010, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has positioned a crew in Taiji, Japan to monitor and report their annual dolphin drive hunt.[citation needed]
Organization[edit]



 A wildlife advocate during an education session on board RV Farley Mowat.
Sea Shepherd is a non-government and non-profit environmental organization and in the United States has a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. 83.2% of the organization's revenue is spent on its programs, while 16.7% of revenue is spent on administrative and fundraising.[20] It is supported by private and corporate donations, lectures by Watson, internet advertising,[6] and grants. The group is operated by volunteers and a small paid staff.[6] Watson says he is committed to keeping his organization small, and does not believe in spending money on fund-raising or recruitment.[6]
Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors, including Watson. The organization has several boards of advisers, each addressing an area of expertise. The Scientific, Technical, and Conservation Advisory Board includes Earth First! founder Dave Foreman and Horst Klienschmidt, a former Deputy Chair of the International Whaling Commission (2006). The Legal and Law Enforcement Advisory Board includes Ian Campbell, a former Australian Minister of the Environment and Heritage (2004–07) whom whaling groups had accused of having inappropriate and close ties with the organization.[21][22] The Animal Welfare, Humane and Animal Rights Advisory Board includes animal rights philosopher Tom Regan. The Media and Arts Advisory Board includes several major Hollywood stars. There is a Photography Advisory Board and a Financial and Management Advisory Board.[23]
Activism[edit]
Main article: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations
Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife. Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting, and whaling.[2][24] The group has been active in intervening against fishing and poaching in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, and in waters around the Galapagos Islands.
According to its mission statement, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society "uses innovative direct-action tactics to investigate, document, and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas".[25] Those actions have included scuttling and disabling commercial whaling vessels at harbor, using limpet mines to blow holes in ship hulls,[26] ramming other vessels, throwing glass bottles of butyric acid on the decks of vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. As of 2009, Paul Watson has said that the organization has sunk ten whaling ships while also destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment.[27] Their practice of attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries to other sailors as well as the Sea Shepherd crew, including concussions and complications from chemical attacks.[28][29]
Watson considers the actions of Sea Shepherd to be against criminal operations and has called the group an anti-poaching organization.[18] Critics claim that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law,[30] while Watson has stated that Sea Shepherd believes that their actions constitute an attempt to enforce international conservation laws and international maritime law under the World Charter for Nature adopted by the United Nations.[31][32] Australia has declared Japan's hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal, and federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated "there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced".[33] The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted the Society to adopt, without official sanction, what it sees as a law enforcement mission. A 2008 academic paper by researchers at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria concluded that the group "may be best categorized as a vigilante group, because they say they are seeking to enforce a legal status quo because of states' and the international community's inabilities or unwillingness to do so".[17]
Watson left Greenpeace in 1977 after being expelled from the board of directors due to his confrontational methods.[34] Since then, Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics,[35] particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea. The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers.[36][37] Greenpeace has called Watson a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities.[11] Greenpeace is also critical of the group on its website and state: "By making it easy to paint anti-whaling forces as dangerous, piratical terrorists, Sea Shepherd could undermine the forces within Japan which could actually bring whaling to an end".[7] Both groups protest the Japanese whale hunts in the Southern Ocean but Greenpeace has a policy to not assist Sea Shepherd in finding the whalers. In his 2009 book, Whaling in Japan, Jun Morikawa states that Sea Shepherd's confrontational tactics have actually strengthened Japan's resolve to continue with its whaling program. According to Morikawa, Sea Shepherd's activities against Japan's whaling ships have allowed the Japanese government to rally domestic support for the program from Japanese who were otherwise ambivalent about the practice of hunting and eating whales.[38]
Sea Shepherd has been criticized and sometimes physically attacked by people in several of the countries they protest against. In March 1995, a mob of Canadian seal hunters stormed the hotel where members were staying. They fled while the mob ransacked their room.[39] In November 1998, Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd's Sirenian in response to protests over their whale hunt.[40] In 2005, 11 Sea Shepherd crew were involved in an altercation with sealers while on the ice. The sealers were not charged with any crime, but the activists were arrested and later convicted for approaching too close to the hunt.[41][42][43] In 2008, fishermen in the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon cut the mooring lines of the Farley Mowat after hearing Watson make disparaging comments about the deaths of four seal hunters.[44] In February 2010, pro-whaling demonstrators gathered outside the Australian Embassy in Tokyo to protest the group. A political activist said that Sea Shepherd's actions were "absolutely racial discrimination against Japanese people".[45] In response, Sea Shepherd stated that they also oppose whaling in the Faroe Islands, sealing in Canada, etc. In response to the events of the sinking of the Ady Gil in January 2010, Glenn Inwood, whose firm handles public relations on behalf of the Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research, accused Sea Shepherd of being "hostile eco-terrorists".[5]
Public relations[edit]



 A $5 million donation from Bob Barker facilitated the purchase of the MY Bob Barker, pictured here docked in Hobart, Tasmania.
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called "media savvy".[2][46] The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns.[47][48]
Watson's public relations savvy is shown in an episode of Whale Wars when he creates an international "media storm"[49] after two crewmembers are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel. In his book, Earthforce!, Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to, and to deliver them to reporters confidently.[6] He also states that the "truth is irrelevant" due to the nature of mass media.[50] In response to criticism that he manipulates the media, Watson has stated: "What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can't resist... and this is how we bring attention to what's happening to the whales, the seals, the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we're involved in."[11]
Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks, webcams, and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean, and has invited the media to ride along.[51] In 2006, representatives from Seven network and National Geographic magazine, along with documentary filmmakers, accompanied the group.[2] In a television series entitled Whale Wars, Discovery Communications, Inc. documented Sea Shepherd's 2008/09 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers, following events on the Steve Irwin.[11] The program premiered on November 7, 2008, on Discovery's Animal Planet network.
Sea Shepherd has received financial contributions from celebrities and businessmen such as entrepreneur Steve Wynn, television personality Bob Barker, and John Paul DeJoria, as well as other celebrities.[6][6][18] Martin Sheen, Daryl Hannah, and Richard Dean Anderson have joined the group during protests. Actors including Edward Norton, Pierce Brosnan, Christian Bale, and Emily Deschanel have supported the group through contributions,[11] while William Shatner has also been mentioned as supporting the group.[52] In 2007, actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of the Modest Mouse song "King Rat", intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia. Although Ledger died before the video could be completed, others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009. Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd.[53][54]
From the music industry, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Leona Lewis, Rick Rubin, and the groups Hawkwind, The Red Paintings, Propagandhi, and Gojira have financially supported Sea Shepherd.[18] In 2009, professional surfer Kelly Slater joined a Quiksilver Australia/Sea Shepherd partnership featuring a fund-raising clothing line, including board shorts designed by Slater.[55] In 2013 alt-metal band Klogr started supporting Sea Shepherd in Europe through the videos "Guinea Pigs" (2013) and "Zero Tolerance" (2014), featuring images from Sea Shepherd documentaries filmed in Taiji and other missions.
The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008. Lush produced 'Shark Fin Soap' (punning on 'shark fin soup'); all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd.[56] To launch the soap and awareness campaign a performance artist suspended herself, using hooks in her flesh, in a Lush shopfront window in London.[57]
Governmental response[edit]



MY Steve Irwin approaching Melbourne, Victoria
In testimony on "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" given to the a US congressional subcommittee in 2002, Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets.[9] An earlier Canadian intelligence report on "single issue terrorism" stated that "Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting, driftnet fishing, seal hunting and other related issues" and mentions "activities against logging operations in Canada".[58] In 2007, Ian Campbell, then the Australian Environment Minister and a vigorous critic of Japan's whaling, once opposed Sea Shepherd's tactics, saying that it really put the cause of conservation backwards.[8] Due to the 2008 operations against Canadian seal hunters, Danny Williams, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, called Watson a terrorist and said that Sea Shepherd was not welcome in the province.[10] The group has been accused of eco-terrorism by the Japanese government.[11]
Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas.[59] Tasmanian Greens and the former Greens Senator Bob Brown, have endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group.[60] However, Nationals Party Senator Barnaby Joyce has opposed granting Sea Shepherd tax-exempt status stating that "Criminals should not get tax concessions – if you break the law, then donations to your organisation should not be tax deductible".[61]
When the Steve Irwin returned to Hobart, Tasmania in February 2009, Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship's logs, reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan.[62][63] Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, order their immediate return, but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter.[64]



 A variation of the flag used by the group.
In October 2009, The Australian Immigration Department ruled that Watson and his First Officer, Peter Hammarstedt, must satisfy new good-character requirements to obtain business visas, requiring them to provide police references from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway. Watson criticized what he considered a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government.[59] The Australian government responded by rejecting the idea that it was in some way delaying Watson, and on October 20, 2009 issued visas to Watson and Hammarstedt.[65]
Paul Watson said to Discovery Channel the Dalai Lama sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd's volunteers accompanied by a wrathful, scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva,[11] which expresses compassion and determination in overcoming obstacles. In 2010 during a visit to Japan, the Dalai Lama said that while he agrees with the goal of stopping Japan from hunting whales, they should stop using violent methods to achieve that goal.[66]
The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of different nations and the opinion of several governments that the vessels are engaged in inappropriate activities has several times led to registration issues for Sea Shepherd vessels.[67][68] Canada, Belize, UK and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels.[69][70][71] Both the Steve Irwin and Bob Barker ships now sail under Dutch flag leading to direct complaints by the Japanese government towards Dutch ambassadors. The Netherlands consequently considered revoking the registrations for both vessels but finally decided not to do so.[72]
Officials in Japan have discussed revoking the group's tax exempt status with their counterparts in the United States.[73][74][75]
In December 2011, the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR) and Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd, the two Japanese organizations which operate Japan's whaling program, sued Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) in U.S. federal district court in Seattle. The suit requested an injunction to stop Sea Shepherd's operations against Japanese whalers. The suit was filed in Seattle because Sea Shepherd is based in the state of Washington.[76] The federal court denied the ICR's preliminary injunction against SSCS.[77] The ICR and Kyodo Senpaku appealed and, on December 17, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued an injunction against Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and any party acting in concert with them from physically attacking any person or vessel of the ICR and requiring them to stay at least 500 yd (457 m) from their vessels.[78][79] After the court ruling, Paul Watson stepped down and Bob Brown succeeded his role as the leader of SSCS.[80][81] Sea Shepherd appealed to the US Supreme Court to have the injunction set aside, but the appeal was rejected.[82] On February 26, 2013, the Court of Appeals maintained the injunction, stating that SSCS's activities were "the very embodiment of piracy".[83][84] This reversed a previous decision by Richard A. Jones, who was removed as trial judge for abuse of discretion.[85][86]
In 2013, Julie Bishop, the Foreign Minister of Australia, told the press club of Japan, "We do not, and will never, condone reckless, dangerous, unlawful behaviour. And where it occurs on the high seas, we will unreservedly condemn it. The fact that the Sea Shepherd visits Australian ports or some of the Sea Shepherd fleet might be registered in Australia is not indicative in any way of the Australian government’s support for the organisation. And we will continue to comply fully with our international legal obligations with regard to safety at sea".[87]
In March 2012, reacting to Paul Watson's allegation that Maltese politicians were bribed by the Bluefin tuna industry, Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi announced that the government would initiate libel proceedings against the Sea Shepherd founder.[88]
In May 2012, Watson was detained by German authorities after he arrived at the Frankfurt Airport based on a request from the government of Costa Rica. The charge stemmed from an altercation in 2002 in which Sea Shepherd contends that the other vessel was shark finning in Guatemalan waters. Members of the other involved ship said that Sea Shepherd was trying to kill them.[89] Watson was charged with violating navigational regulations.[90] The conflict took place during filming for the documentary Sharkwater.[91] Watson subsequently skipped bail and went into hiding at the end of July.[92] Watson's lawyer has confirmed that he has fled the country.[93] Upon the breach of the bail conditions, the Costa Rican government requested the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) to issue a Red Notice (an arrest request to member countries), which was granted by Interpol.[94]
Vessels[edit]
Main article: Neptune's Navy



 The MY Steve Irwin in September 2011, sailing up river under Tower Bridge in London.


 The MY Sam Simon in Hobart, Tasmania December 2012
Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune's Navy. The society operates four ships, the MY Steve Irwin, the MY Bob Barker, the MY Sam Simon, and the MV Brigitte Bardot as well as smaller vessels such as RHIBs.[95][96]
The Steve Irwin was obtained in 2007 and originally called the Robert Hunter. It was renamed in honor of The Crocodile Hunter star Steve Irwin.[97] His widow, Terri, gave her support to Sea Shepherd, saying: "Whales have always been in Steve's heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals."[98] The other ship, the 1200 ton Bob Barker, was named after famous television game-show host and animal activist Bob Barker, who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US$5 million.[99] In February 2010, the Bob Barker collided with the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 3, tearing a gash in the hull of the Bob Barker.[100]
The group also formerly operated the Farley Mowat (impounded by the Canadian government, with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel) and the Ady Gil, formerly known as the Earthrace (sunk after a collision with the MV Shōnan Maru 2 whaling security vessel in early 2010)[101] as well as a number of earlier vessels.
Sea Shepherd acquired the Ocean 7 Adventurer for its 2010/11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic.[102] In November 2010, mayor Brad Pettitt of Fremantle, Western Australia, christened the vessel Gojira with Fremantle as its home town, making this the first Sea Shepherd ship registered in Australia, with an Australian crew. The Gojira was renamed MV Brigitte Bardot in May 2011 after complaints of copyright infringement by the owners of the "Gojira" copyright.[103]
For the 2011/12 Antarctic campaign, the organization acquired non-weaponized drone aircraft to assist in their surveillance of the whaling ships.[104]
In July 2012 Sam Simon, a co-creator of The Simpsons, was reported to donate money to purchase the fourth vessel, a former German icebreaker.[105] The actual ship however turned out to be a former Japanese weather survey vessel, now called the MY Sam Simon.
On October 18, 2014, Martin Sheen, the actor, unveiled Sea Shepherd’s newest vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, named in his honor,[106] and captained by Oona Layolle of France. The name of this vessel carry the prefix of R/V because it will be engaged in direct action as a research vessel.
In January 2015 two decommissioned, 30 knot, Island-class Coast Guard cutters were spotted flying the Sea Shepherd flag in Annapolis Yacht Basin.[107]
Books written by members[edit]
David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1-59874-028-8
Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (Los Angeles: Chaco Press, 1993). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1-55013-599-2
Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1-55297-751-4
Raffaella Tolicetti, "Think! Eat! Act!: A Sea Shepherd Chef's Vegan Cookbook" (24 July 2014; Microcosm Publishing). ISBN 9781621066668
See also[edit]
Rod Coronado, animal rights activist who has been involved in direct actions with the group
Alex Pacheco, member of the advisory board who served on the Sea Shepherd
Peter James Bethune, skipper of the Ady Gil
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96.Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew (June 26, 2009). "'Spaceship' boosts anti-whaling force". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
97.Jump up ^ Wotherspoon, Sarah (December 5, 2007). "Protest ship renamed to honor Croc Hunter Steve Irwin". Herald Sun. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
98.Jump up ^ "Sea Shepherd vessel named in honor of Steve Irwin". Shipping Times. December 6, 2007. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
99.Jump up ^ "Rachel Maddow: Bob Barker on saving the whales". The Rachel Maddow Show. 2010-01-06. MSNBC.
100.Jump up ^ Violence Escalates in Southern Ocean Whaling Battle Environment News Service
101.Jump up ^ "The Crash That Made Headlines". Whale Wars. Animal Planet. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
102.Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew (November 18, 2010). "Ady Gil and whalers both at fault for collision: inquiry". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
103.Jump up ^ http://www.ecorazzi.com/2011/05/26/sea-shepherd-renames-vessel-after-actress-brigitte-bardot/
104.Jump up ^ Reuters. "Drones deployed against Japan's whaling fleet: inquiry".
105.Jump up ^ Darby, Andrew (July 2, 2012). "Simpsons co-creator backs anti-whaling bid". Brisbane Times. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
106.Jump up ^ "Martin Sheen Unveils Sea Shepherd’s Newest Vessel, R/V Martin Sheen, Named in his Honor". Sea Shepherd Press Release. October 18, 2014. Retrieved Jan 7, 2015.
107.Jump up ^ http://www.capitalgazette.com/news/ph-ac-cn-whaling-boats--0109-20150109,0,5731336.story
External links[edit]
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Defying Ocean's End

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Defying Ocean's End (DOE) is a global agenda for action in marine conservation compiled in a 2004 Island Press book. It is also the title of a 2003 Los Cabos (Mexico) conference, where the agenda was formulated.
The DOE website describes itself as "a practical agenda of action to safeguard the ocean for future generations to come. This dynamic strategy-including costs and recommendations-is a collective voice for those seeking to reverse the disturbing trends we are witnessing in the ocean today. As never again, we have an opportunity now to respond to this crisis, by moving beyond localized and ad hoc initiatives - however good they might be - to coordinated global action."[1]
The website also lists a "DOE Office" charged with distributing the agenda. The office is composed of Dr. Sylvia Earle, Arlo Hemphill, Tim Noviello and Linda K. Glover:.[2]


Contents  [hide]
1 Defying Ocean's End book
2 Los Cabos conference 2.1 Results
2.2 Participants
3 References
4 External links

Defying Ocean's End book[edit]
Published in 2004 by Island Press, Defying Ocean's End is now used as a university textbook for marine conservation. The book is a collaboration of over 70 authors and was edited by Linda K. Glover and Dr. Sylvia Earle, along with assistant editor Arlo Hemphill and maps created by Debra Fischman.[3] The book also includes a forward by Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority founding director, Graeme Kelleher.
Photographers for the book include: Paul Arena, Haroldo Castro, David Doubilet, Sylvia Earle, Peter Etnoyer, Greg Foster, Neil Hammerschlag, Arlo Hemphill, Wolcott Henry, Jennifer Jeffers, Lance Jordan, Roderic Mast, Cristina Mittermeier, Russell Mittermeier, NASA, NOAA Office of Exploration, Roger Steene, Patricio Robles Gil, Timothy Werner and Sterling Zumbrunn.
A photograph of Pearl Jam rhythm guitarist Stone Gossard is included in the book, along with a note of appreciation.
Chapters of the book are:
1. The Caribbean
2. Seamount Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation
3. The Southern Ocean: A Model System for Conserving Resources?
4. Coral Triangle
5. The Gulf of California: Natural Resource Concerns and the Pursuit of a Vision
6. Lines on the Water: Ocean-Use Planning in Large Marine Ecosystem
7. Rationality or Chaos? Global Fisheries at the Crossroads
8. A Global Network for Sustained Governance of Coastal Ecosystems
9. Restoring and Maintaining Marine Ecosystem Function
10. Defying Ocean’s End through the Power of Communications
11. Ocean Governance: A New Ethos through a World Ocean Public Trust
12. The Unknown Ocean
13. Business Plan
14. Technology Support to Conservation
Los Cabos conference[edit]
Defying Ocean's End was launched at a conference held in Los Cabos, Mexico on May 29 to June 3, 2003. The conference was organized by Conservation International; convened by American oceanographer, Dr. Sylvia Earle, and Intel Corporation co-founder, Gordon Moore; and chaired by Graeme Kelleher. It included the participation of nearly 150 experts from more than 20 countries, representing the fields of ocean science, finance, and conservation. A select group of senior representatives from world governments, corporations and the media were also in attendance. In addition to Conservation International, a number of large, international conservation organizations collaborated on the conference. These included The Nature Conservancy, Natural Resources Defense Council, The Ocean Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the World Wildlife Fund.[4] The Conference was sponsored by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, BP, ESRI, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines and the Alexander Henry Foundation.
The conference was structured into 5 regional case studies, 7 thematic working groups, and a business team focused on developing Action Plans which addressed specific issues and outcomes - with priorities, and costs identified—for 1-year, 3-year, and 10-year timeframes. Five case studies were presented to all Conference participants, which addressed lessons learned and recommendations in very different regions: The Caribbean, Seamounts, Antarctic Waters, The Coral Triangle and the Gulf of California.
Break-out discussions were divided into seven Thematic Working Groups on widely ranging science, conservation, social, economic and legal topics:
Ocean-Use Planning and Marine Protected Areas
Economic Incentives and Disincentives
Land-Ocean Interface
Maintaining/Restoring Functional Marine Ecosystems
Communication
Ocean Governance
The Unknown Ocean
A Business Team led by Larry Linden of Goldman Sachs worked with all groups to identify key cost drivers and estimate reasonable total solution costs.
Results[edit]
The DOE website lists the following "high level" results:[5]
Global Governance: Treat the 60% of the world ocean outside of national Exclusive Economic Zones as a World Ocean Public Trust. Establish legal and implementation approaches concerning ocean uses in the high seas - including fisheries - under coordinated, international multi-use zoning regimes.
Fisheries Reform: Use market-based mechanisms and changes to subsidies to reform fisheries through development of sustainable fishing projects, and the establishment of a global fund to provide incentives for the adoption of sustainable practices.
Communications: Implement global and regional communications plans; focus on educating the general public worldwide to ocean problems. Initiate global all-media campaigns on major issues. In developing nations, tailor the message to local cultural concerns, understanding and information networks (e.g., tribal elders), and build local capacity for disseminating the message.
Marine Protected Areas/Large Marine Ecosystems: Create, consolidate, and strengthen marine protected areas (MPAs) into a globally representative network. Develop/implement coordinated, global large marine ecosystem (LME) programs in identified priority regions. Provide more robust multi-use zoning and enforcement mechanisms to protect these LMEs. Establish LME/MPA protections over 5% of the world ocean within the next 10 years (0.7% currently).
Global Science: Develop an expanded applied research program focused on top priority marine environments high in endemism and biodiversity - seamounts, shallow- and deep-water reefs, continental slopes, caves and blue holes.
Participants[edit]
Of the many notable attendees of the Defying Ocean's End conference,[6] those with their own Wikipedia pages include Chris Anderson, Dr. Farooq Azam, Jean-Michel Cousteau, Dr. Sylvia Earle, Cristina Mittermeier, Dr. Russell Mittermeier, Gordon Moore, Dr. Ransom A. Myers, Dr. Callum Roberts and David Sandalow.
Additional participating organizations included:
Agrupacion Sierra Madre, Unidos Para la Conservacion
American University
Boston University
British Antarctic Survey
Cabot-Wellington LLC
California Academy of Sciences
Charles Darwin Research Station
Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
CORDIO
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
Dalhousie University
David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Duke University
Environmental Defense Fund
Environmental Solutions International
Florida Institute of Oceanography
Foundation Patagonia Natural
GE Capital Mexico
George Mason University
GloverWorks Consulting
Goldman Sachs
Green Team Advertising, Inc.
Government of Baja California Sur
Hauslein & Company, Inc.
IFREMER
Instituto Nacional de Ecologia (Mexico)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
International Community Foundation
International Institute for Environmental Communication
International Seakeepers Society
IUCN Species Survival Commission
Marine Conservation Biology Institute
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Meridian Strategy Group, LLC
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
National Geographic Society
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
New England Aquarium
Ocean Futures Society
Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station
Rowan Companies
Rutgers University
The Sapling Foundation
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
SeaWeb
Sinar Harian Daily
Texas A&M University
Universidade Federal da Bahia
University of California, Davis
University of Cape Town
University of Iceland
University of Maryland
University of Miami
University of Minnesota
University of North Carolina
University of Otago
University of the Philippines
University of Rhode Island
University of Washington
University of York
WildAid
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
World Resources Institute
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End website
2.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End Office Biographies
3.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End book
4.Jump up ^ DOE Partners
5.Jump up ^ About DOE
6.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End Executive Summary
External links[edit]
Defying Ocean's End website
Defying Ocean's End book
Defying Ocean's End executive summary




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Marine biology
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Fishing and the environment


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End














Defying Ocean's End

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Defying Ocean's End (DOE) is a global agenda for action in marine conservation compiled in a 2004 Island Press book. It is also the title of a 2003 Los Cabos (Mexico) conference, where the agenda was formulated.
The DOE website describes itself as "a practical agenda of action to safeguard the ocean for future generations to come. This dynamic strategy-including costs and recommendations-is a collective voice for those seeking to reverse the disturbing trends we are witnessing in the ocean today. As never again, we have an opportunity now to respond to this crisis, by moving beyond localized and ad hoc initiatives - however good they might be - to coordinated global action."[1]
The website also lists a "DOE Office" charged with distributing the agenda. The office is composed of Dr. Sylvia Earle, Arlo Hemphill, Tim Noviello and Linda K. Glover:.[2]


Contents  [hide]
1 Defying Ocean's End book
2 Los Cabos conference 2.1 Results
2.2 Participants
3 References
4 External links

Defying Ocean's End book[edit]
Published in 2004 by Island Press, Defying Ocean's End is now used as a university textbook for marine conservation. The book is a collaboration of over 70 authors and was edited by Linda K. Glover and Dr. Sylvia Earle, along with assistant editor Arlo Hemphill and maps created by Debra Fischman.[3] The book also includes a forward by Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority founding director, Graeme Kelleher.
Photographers for the book include: Paul Arena, Haroldo Castro, David Doubilet, Sylvia Earle, Peter Etnoyer, Greg Foster, Neil Hammerschlag, Arlo Hemphill, Wolcott Henry, Jennifer Jeffers, Lance Jordan, Roderic Mast, Cristina Mittermeier, Russell Mittermeier, NASA, NOAA Office of Exploration, Roger Steene, Patricio Robles Gil, Timothy Werner and Sterling Zumbrunn.
A photograph of Pearl Jam rhythm guitarist Stone Gossard is included in the book, along with a note of appreciation.
Chapters of the book are:
1. The Caribbean
2. Seamount Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation
3. The Southern Ocean: A Model System for Conserving Resources?
4. Coral Triangle
5. The Gulf of California: Natural Resource Concerns and the Pursuit of a Vision
6. Lines on the Water: Ocean-Use Planning in Large Marine Ecosystem
7. Rationality or Chaos? Global Fisheries at the Crossroads
8. A Global Network for Sustained Governance of Coastal Ecosystems
9. Restoring and Maintaining Marine Ecosystem Function
10. Defying Ocean’s End through the Power of Communications
11. Ocean Governance: A New Ethos through a World Ocean Public Trust
12. The Unknown Ocean
13. Business Plan
14. Technology Support to Conservation
Los Cabos conference[edit]
Defying Ocean's End was launched at a conference held in Los Cabos, Mexico on May 29 to June 3, 2003. The conference was organized by Conservation International; convened by American oceanographer, Dr. Sylvia Earle, and Intel Corporation co-founder, Gordon Moore; and chaired by Graeme Kelleher. It included the participation of nearly 150 experts from more than 20 countries, representing the fields of ocean science, finance, and conservation. A select group of senior representatives from world governments, corporations and the media were also in attendance. In addition to Conservation International, a number of large, international conservation organizations collaborated on the conference. These included The Nature Conservancy, Natural Resources Defense Council, The Ocean Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the World Wildlife Fund.[4] The Conference was sponsored by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, BP, ESRI, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines and the Alexander Henry Foundation.
The conference was structured into 5 regional case studies, 7 thematic working groups, and a business team focused on developing Action Plans which addressed specific issues and outcomes - with priorities, and costs identified—for 1-year, 3-year, and 10-year timeframes. Five case studies were presented to all Conference participants, which addressed lessons learned and recommendations in very different regions: The Caribbean, Seamounts, Antarctic Waters, The Coral Triangle and the Gulf of California.
Break-out discussions were divided into seven Thematic Working Groups on widely ranging science, conservation, social, economic and legal topics:
Ocean-Use Planning and Marine Protected Areas
Economic Incentives and Disincentives
Land-Ocean Interface
Maintaining/Restoring Functional Marine Ecosystems
Communication
Ocean Governance
The Unknown Ocean
A Business Team led by Larry Linden of Goldman Sachs worked with all groups to identify key cost drivers and estimate reasonable total solution costs.
Results[edit]
The DOE website lists the following "high level" results:[5]
Global Governance: Treat the 60% of the world ocean outside of national Exclusive Economic Zones as a World Ocean Public Trust. Establish legal and implementation approaches concerning ocean uses in the high seas - including fisheries - under coordinated, international multi-use zoning regimes.
Fisheries Reform: Use market-based mechanisms and changes to subsidies to reform fisheries through development of sustainable fishing projects, and the establishment of a global fund to provide incentives for the adoption of sustainable practices.
Communications: Implement global and regional communications plans; focus on educating the general public worldwide to ocean problems. Initiate global all-media campaigns on major issues. In developing nations, tailor the message to local cultural concerns, understanding and information networks (e.g., tribal elders), and build local capacity for disseminating the message.
Marine Protected Areas/Large Marine Ecosystems: Create, consolidate, and strengthen marine protected areas (MPAs) into a globally representative network. Develop/implement coordinated, global large marine ecosystem (LME) programs in identified priority regions. Provide more robust multi-use zoning and enforcement mechanisms to protect these LMEs. Establish LME/MPA protections over 5% of the world ocean within the next 10 years (0.7% currently).
Global Science: Develop an expanded applied research program focused on top priority marine environments high in endemism and biodiversity - seamounts, shallow- and deep-water reefs, continental slopes, caves and blue holes.
Participants[edit]
Of the many notable attendees of the Defying Ocean's End conference,[6] those with their own Wikipedia pages include Chris Anderson, Dr. Farooq Azam, Jean-Michel Cousteau, Dr. Sylvia Earle, Cristina Mittermeier, Dr. Russell Mittermeier, Gordon Moore, Dr. Ransom A. Myers, Dr. Callum Roberts and David Sandalow.
Additional participating organizations included:
Agrupacion Sierra Madre, Unidos Para la Conservacion
American University
Boston University
British Antarctic Survey
Cabot-Wellington LLC
California Academy of Sciences
Charles Darwin Research Station
Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
CORDIO
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
Dalhousie University
David and Lucile Packard Foundation
Duke University
Environmental Defense Fund
Environmental Solutions International
Florida Institute of Oceanography
Foundation Patagonia Natural
GE Capital Mexico
George Mason University
GloverWorks Consulting
Goldman Sachs
Green Team Advertising, Inc.
Government of Baja California Sur
Hauslein & Company, Inc.
IFREMER
Instituto Nacional de Ecologia (Mexico)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
International Community Foundation
International Institute for Environmental Communication
International Seakeepers Society
IUCN Species Survival Commission
Marine Conservation Biology Institute
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Meridian Strategy Group, LLC
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
National Geographic Society
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
New England Aquarium
Ocean Futures Society
Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station
Rowan Companies
Rutgers University
The Sapling Foundation
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
SeaWeb
Sinar Harian Daily
Texas A&M University
Universidade Federal da Bahia
University of California, Davis
University of Cape Town
University of Iceland
University of Maryland
University of Miami
University of Minnesota
University of North Carolina
University of Otago
University of the Philippines
University of Rhode Island
University of Washington
University of York
WildAid
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
World Resources Institute
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End website
2.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End Office Biographies
3.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End book
4.Jump up ^ DOE Partners
5.Jump up ^ About DOE
6.Jump up ^ Defying Ocean's End Executive Summary
External links[edit]
Defying Ocean's End website
Defying Ocean's End book
Defying Ocean's End executive summary




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: 2004 books
Marine biology
Biological oceanography
Marine conservation
Fishing and the environment


Navigation menu



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Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















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This page was last modified on 6 February 2013, at 12:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End















Sea Around Us Project

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Sea Around Us Project

Formation
July 1999
Headquarters
Vancouver, Canada

Official language
 English, French

Principal Investigator
 Daniel Pauly
Website
[1]
The Sea Around Us Project (SAUP) is an international research group based at the University of British Columbia UBC Fisheries Centre that is devoted to studying the impacts of fisheries on the world's marine ecosystems. To achieve this, project staff have used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to map global fisheries catches from 1950 to the present, under explicit consideration of coral reefs, seamounts, estuaries and other critical habitats of fish, marine invertebrates, marine mammals and other components of marine biodiversity. The data presented, which are all freely available, are meant to support studies of global fisheries trends and the development of sustainable, ecosystem-based fisheries policies.
Members of the Sea Around Us Project uncovered that China was overestimating its catches and showed that, when such distortions were removed from overall fisheries catches, global fisheries were actually declining since the late 1980s. The Project also showed that the biomass of large fish in the North Atlantic is one tenth of what it was only a century ago. Aquaculture, according to another study with members from the Project, cannot be expected to compensate for overfishing but is instead likely to exacerbate the problem due to the reliance on wild fish for fishmeal. In other words, without serious long-term planning, the oceans might get a lot worse before they get better.
Initiated and mainly funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts in Philadelphia, the Sea Around Us Project documents human impacts and proposes policies to mitigate them. The Project contributes to global initiatives such as the Convention of Biological Diversity (through the development of the Marine Trophic Index) and the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The Sea Around Us Project also communicates to broad audiences to convey the urgency of reducing excess fishing capacity, the need to eliminate subsidies and create extensive networks of marine protected areas, and reconsider the current model of carnivorous aquaculture.
See also[edit]
Rachel Carson, author of The Sea Around Us (1951) from which the project takes its name
Daniel Pauly
UBC Fisheries Centre
The Pew Charitable Trusts
References[edit]
Watson R and Pauly D (2001) "Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends" Nature, 414: 534-536.
Christensen V, Guénette S, Heymans JJ, Walters CJ, Watson R, Zeller, D and Pauly D (2003) "Hundred-year decline of North Atlantic Predatory Fishes" Fish and Fisheries, 4 (1): 1-24.
Pauly D, Christensen V, Guénette S, Pitcher TJ, Sumaila UR, Walters CJ, Watson R and Zeller D (2002) "Toward sustainability in world fisheries" Nature, 418: 689-695.
Pauly D, Alder J, Bennett E, Christensen V, Tyedmers P and Watson R (2003) "The future for fisheries" Science, 302: 1359-1361.
Pauly D (2007) "The Sea Around Us Project: Documenting and Communicating Global Fisheries Impacts on Marine Ecosystems" AMBIO: a Journal of the Human Environment, 34(4): 290-295.
External links[edit]
Sea Around Us Project website.







[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


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Sea Around Us Project

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Sea Around Us Project

Formation
July 1999
Headquarters
Vancouver, Canada

Official language
 English, French

Principal Investigator
 Daniel Pauly
Website
[1]
The Sea Around Us Project (SAUP) is an international research group based at the University of British Columbia UBC Fisheries Centre that is devoted to studying the impacts of fisheries on the world's marine ecosystems. To achieve this, project staff have used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to map global fisheries catches from 1950 to the present, under explicit consideration of coral reefs, seamounts, estuaries and other critical habitats of fish, marine invertebrates, marine mammals and other components of marine biodiversity. The data presented, which are all freely available, are meant to support studies of global fisheries trends and the development of sustainable, ecosystem-based fisheries policies.
Members of the Sea Around Us Project uncovered that China was overestimating its catches and showed that, when such distortions were removed from overall fisheries catches, global fisheries were actually declining since the late 1980s. The Project also showed that the biomass of large fish in the North Atlantic is one tenth of what it was only a century ago. Aquaculture, according to another study with members from the Project, cannot be expected to compensate for overfishing but is instead likely to exacerbate the problem due to the reliance on wild fish for fishmeal. In other words, without serious long-term planning, the oceans might get a lot worse before they get better.
Initiated and mainly funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts in Philadelphia, the Sea Around Us Project documents human impacts and proposes policies to mitigate them. The Project contributes to global initiatives such as the Convention of Biological Diversity (through the development of the Marine Trophic Index) and the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The Sea Around Us Project also communicates to broad audiences to convey the urgency of reducing excess fishing capacity, the need to eliminate subsidies and create extensive networks of marine protected areas, and reconsider the current model of carnivorous aquaculture.
See also[edit]
Rachel Carson, author of The Sea Around Us (1951) from which the project takes its name
Daniel Pauly
UBC Fisheries Centre
The Pew Charitable Trusts
References[edit]
Watson R and Pauly D (2001) "Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends" Nature, 414: 534-536.
Christensen V, Guénette S, Heymans JJ, Walters CJ, Watson R, Zeller, D and Pauly D (2003) "Hundred-year decline of North Atlantic Predatory Fishes" Fish and Fisheries, 4 (1): 1-24.
Pauly D, Christensen V, Guénette S, Pitcher TJ, Sumaila UR, Walters CJ, Watson R and Zeller D (2002) "Toward sustainability in world fisheries" Nature, 418: 689-695.
Pauly D, Alder J, Bennett E, Christensen V, Tyedmers P and Watson R (2003) "The future for fisheries" Science, 302: 1359-1361.
Pauly D (2007) "The Sea Around Us Project: Documenting and Communicating Global Fisheries Impacts on Marine Ecosystems" AMBIO: a Journal of the Human Environment, 34(4): 290-295.
External links[edit]
Sea Around Us Project website.







[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes
Fisheries databases


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



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Read

Edit

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This page was last modified on 23 February 2015, at 05:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Oceana (non-profit group)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search




[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines.  (August 2014)




This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations.  (March 2012)


Oceana
Oceana logo.png
Founded
2001
Focus
Oceans, overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution
Location
Washington, D.C., United States


Area served
 Global
Method
Campaigns

Key people
 Andrew Sharpless, CEO
 James Simon, Executive Vice President and General Counsel
 Michael Hirshfield, Senior Vice President, North America and Chief Scientist
 Dr. Kristian Parker, Chair
Ted Danson, Founding Board Member
 Xavier Pastor, Vice President, Europe
 Susan Murray, Director, Pacific
 Alex Muñoz, Vice President, South America
Slogan
Protecting the World's Oceans
Website
Oceana.org
Oceana is the largest international ocean conservation and advocacy organization. Oceana works to protect and restore the world’s oceans through targeted policy campaigns.
Oceana bases its policy campaign goals on science to achieve concrete and measurable results through targeted campaigns that combine policy, advocacy, science, law, media, and public pressure to prevent collapse of fish populations, marine mammals and other sea life caused by industrial fishing and pollution. Campaigns are designed to produce clear, identifiable policy changes within a 3–5 year timeframe.
Oceana is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has North American offices in New York City; Juneau, Alaska; Anchorage, Alaska; Portland, Oregon; Monterey, California; Boston; and Los Angeles. In Europe, Oceana has offices in Brussels, Belgium and Madrid, Spain. The South American office is in Santiago, Chile and the Central American office is in Belize City, Belize.


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Campaigns
3 Past Campaign Work and Victories 3.1 North America
3.2 South America
3.3 Europe
4 Ocean Hero Awards
5 Notable supporters
6 Board of directors
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links

History[edit]
Oceana was established in 2001 by a group of leading foundations—The Pew Charitable Trusts, Oak Foundation, Marisla Foundation (formerly Homeland Foundation), and the Turner Foundation. Those foundations had discovered through a study commissioned in 1999 that less than one-half of one percent of all resources spent by environmental non-profit groups in the United States went to ocean advocacy. Thus Oceana was created to identify practical solutions to the problems facing the oceans and to make those solutions happen.
The organization was not started from scratch, as the Ocean Law Project—also initiated by The Pew Charitable Trusts—was absorbed into Oceana in 2001 as the Oceana’s legal arm. In 2002, Oceana merged with American Oceans Campaign, founded by actor/environmentalist Ted Danson, to more effectively address their common mission of protecting and restoring the world’s oceans. Danson remains a committed and active member of Oceana’s Board of Directors.
Campaigns[edit]
The Ocean Pollution campaign is working to stop major sources of ocean pollution including oil, mercury, aquaculture and shipping emissions.
The Responsible Fishing campaign is working to promote sustainable fishing practices, which includes stopping destructive bottom trawling and illegal fishing gear, limiting bycatch, ending fishing subsidies and protecting overfished species such as bluefin tuna and krill.
The Sharks campaign works to protect sharks through policy, science and legal work. Oceana is pushing for true shark finning bans, species-specific shark management and reduced shark bycatch.
The Sea Turtles campaign works to protect sea turtles from extinction by reducing sea turtle bycatch, protecting habitat and develop legislation to protect sea turtles.
The Climate and Energy campaign works to stop ocean acidification, promote clean alternative energy such as offshore wind, and end offshore drilling.
Oceana also campaigns to protect vulnerable places in the world’s oceans, including the Arctic, the Aleutian Islands, Chile’s Juan Fernandez Islands, Punta de Choros and Patagonia, and the Mediterranean.
Every year since 2005, the organization has led an on-the-water expedition in the Mediterranean to document vulnerable marine habitats. In 2010, Oceana spent two months on the water in the Gulf of Mexico investigating the long-term effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill..
Past Campaign Work and Victories[edit]
North America[edit]
Protecting Sea Turtles: In March 2010, in response to two petitions submitted in 2007 by Oceana and others, the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service issued a proposed rule to change the status of North Pacific and Northwest Atlantic loggerhead sea turtles from “threatened” to “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act.
Freezing the Footprint in the Arctic: In 2008, the National Marine Fisheries Service closed nearly 115 million acres (470,000 km2) of the Bering Sea to destructive bottom trawling. The closure adopted Oceana’s approach of freezing the current “footprint” already trawled and prevents future expansion of this damaging fishing technique. Worldwide, Oceana has protected more than 640 million acres (2,600,000 km2) of seafloor from bottom trawling.
In addition, after work by Oceana, in February 2009, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council voted to prevent the expansion of industrial fishing into all U.S. waters north of the Bering Strait for the foreseeable future to limit stress on ocean ecosystems in light of the dramatic impacts of global climate change in the Arctic.
Getting the Word out About Mercury: Oceana has convinced major grocery retailers including Costco, Kroger, Whole Foods, Trader Joe's, Safeway, Wild Oats, Harris Teeter and others to post the Food and Drug Administration's warning regarding mercury in certain kinds of fish at their seafood counters. As a part of this campaign, Oceana also targeted outdated chlorine manufacturing plants that the organization believes to be polluting the environment with mercury.
Oceana is also known for their involvement in campaigning Royal Caribbean to engage in environmentally friendly waste management. After a year of campaigning by Oceana, Royal Caribbean agreed to install advanced wastewater treatment facilities on all of its ships.
South America[edit]
Preserving Punta de Choros: In August 2010, Oceana helped convince Chilean President Sebastiàn Piñera to request the relocation of a coal-fired power plant scheduled to be constructed in a vulnerable region of Chile’s northern coast, Punta de Choros.
Regulating Salmon Aquaculture: In March 2010, as a direct result of Oceana’s campaign work to reform the Chilean salmon aquaculture industry, the Chilean Congress passed legislation to prevent the escape of farmed salmon and further regulate the use of antibiotics in salmon aquaculture.
Europe[edit]
Saving Sharks: In January 2009, the Spanish government, after campaigning and consulting with Oceana, committed to advancing new shark legislation that would ban the catch of threatened hammerhead and thresher sharks, put in place catch limits for blue sharks and shortfin mako sharks and evaluate the viability of landing sharks “whole” with their fins attached. Spain is one of the largest shark catching and exporting countries in the world.
Banning Mediterranean Driftnetting: In February 2008, the European Court of Justice rejected any further requests by the French government for exemptions from the EU ban on driftnetting in the Mediterranean Sea. This ruling will spare 25,000 juvenile bluefin tuna annually, along with 10,000 non-targeted marine species caught annually in the driftnets.
Limiting Destructive Trawling: After two years of intensive lobbying by Oceana staff in Brussels and Madrid, in 2005 the European Union prohibited destructive fishing practices, including bottom trawling, in over 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 km2) around the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.
Preventing Oil Pollution: In May 2005, a new law was passed by the European Union that imposes criminal sanctions on the owners, operators and financiers of boats that illegally dump oily waters and residues into the sea. The law could prevent as much as 20,000,000 tons of polluting substances from getting into the ocean every year.
Ocean Hero Awards[edit]
Main article: Ocean_Heroes_Award
Oceana created the Ocean Heroes Award in 2009 to recognize the efforts of individuals who have demonstrated exceptional dedication to ocean conservation. Recipients of the award are announced annually on World Oceans Day, June 8. The Ocean Hero Awards recognized one individual its inaugural year, but the award has since expanded to honor both an adult and a youth Ocean Hero.
Notable supporters[edit]
Actors Ted Danson and Sam Waterston are both on Oceana’s board of directors, but a variety of notable celebrities are supporters of the organization. Mad Men actress January Jones is the face of Oceana's "Scared for Sharks" campaign, and Private Practice star Kate Walsh filmed a PSA about sea turtles for Oceana. In 2010, Entourage actor Adrian Grenier swam with Atlantic bluefin tuna[1][2] and filmed a PSA about the endangered fish. 'Glee' actress Jenna Ushkowitz has also worked closely with Oceana. On her birthday in 2011, she asked for donations to be made towards the organization instead of birthday gifts. Most recently, she teamed up with Closets for Causes and donated several pieces from her personal closet to raise money for the organization
In addition, U.S. swimmer Aaron Peirsol has led an open-water swim event for Oceana since 2007 called “The Race For the Oceans.” Other Oceana supporters include Ben Harper, Morgan Freeman, and End of the Line author Charles Clover.
In 2014, the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation gave a $3 million grant (to be spent over the course of 3 years) to the organization for its work with marine conservation.[3][4]
Board of directors[edit]



Ted Danson founded the American Oceans Campaign in 1987.Simon Sidamon-Eristoff, Chair, Kalbian Hagerty LLP
Valarie Van Cleave, Vice Chair, Ocean Advocate
María Eugenia Girón, Treasurer, Business Leader
James Sandler, Secretary, Sandler Foundation
Keith Addis, President, Industry Entertainment Partners
Herbert M. Bedolfe, III, Marisla Foundation
Ricardo Cisneros, Cisneros Corporation
Ted Danson, Actor/Activist
Sydney Davis, Designer/Activist
César Gaviria, The Otun Group
Loic Gouzer, Christie’s Auction House
Stephen P. McAllister, Cherrywood Development LLC
Michael Northrop, Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Dr. Kristian Parker, Oak Philanthropy Limited
Dr. Daniel Pauly, The University of British Columbia
Susan Rockefeller, Documentary Filmmaker
Heather Stevens, Waterloo Foundation
Diana Thomson, The Nikita Foundation
Rogier van Vliet, Adessium Foundation
Sam Waterston, Actor/Activist
See also[edit]

Portal icon Sustainable development portal
Portal icon Environment portal
Portal icon Ecology portal
Portal icon Earth_sciences portal
Sustainability
Marine Conservation
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Adrian Grenier Fights to Save Bluefin Tuna". Tonic. June 30, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
2.Jump up ^ "Bluefin Tuna: Overview". Oceana. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
3.Jump up ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio gives $3M to Oceana". Montreal Gazette. February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
4.Jump up ^ Kirby, Brandon (February 20, 2014). "Leonardo DiCaprio's Foundation Grants $3 Million to Ocean Conservation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
External links[edit]
Oceana's Charity Navigator page
Morgan Freeman joins Oceana group in Gulfport
Oceana Ship Aims Study Effect of Oil on Sea Life
Adrian Grenier Fights to Save Bluefin Tuna
Stop killing the world's oceans
Chile’s Antibiotics Use on Salmon Farms Dwarfs That of a Top Rival's
Why Waxman-Markey Matters to the Oceans
Commentary: World's biggest fish are dying
Overfishing Means Marine Animals Are Starving: Report
Commercial Fishing Is Barred in Parts of Arctic
Official Website
on YouTube




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: Fisheries conservation organizations
Organizations established in 2001
Environmental organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Marine conservation organizations







Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

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This page was last modified on 18 December 2014, at 23:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)












Oceana (non-profit group)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search




[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines.  (August 2014)




This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations.  (March 2012)


Oceana
Oceana logo.png
Founded
2001
Focus
Oceans, overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution
Location
Washington, D.C., United States


Area served
 Global
Method
Campaigns

Key people
 Andrew Sharpless, CEO
 James Simon, Executive Vice President and General Counsel
 Michael Hirshfield, Senior Vice President, North America and Chief Scientist
 Dr. Kristian Parker, Chair
Ted Danson, Founding Board Member
 Xavier Pastor, Vice President, Europe
 Susan Murray, Director, Pacific
 Alex Muñoz, Vice President, South America
Slogan
Protecting the World's Oceans
Website
Oceana.org
Oceana is the largest international ocean conservation and advocacy organization. Oceana works to protect and restore the world’s oceans through targeted policy campaigns.
Oceana bases its policy campaign goals on science to achieve concrete and measurable results through targeted campaigns that combine policy, advocacy, science, law, media, and public pressure to prevent collapse of fish populations, marine mammals and other sea life caused by industrial fishing and pollution. Campaigns are designed to produce clear, identifiable policy changes within a 3–5 year timeframe.
Oceana is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has North American offices in New York City; Juneau, Alaska; Anchorage, Alaska; Portland, Oregon; Monterey, California; Boston; and Los Angeles. In Europe, Oceana has offices in Brussels, Belgium and Madrid, Spain. The South American office is in Santiago, Chile and the Central American office is in Belize City, Belize.


Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Campaigns
3 Past Campaign Work and Victories 3.1 North America
3.2 South America
3.3 Europe
4 Ocean Hero Awards
5 Notable supporters
6 Board of directors
7 See also
8 Notes
9 External links

History[edit]
Oceana was established in 2001 by a group of leading foundations—The Pew Charitable Trusts, Oak Foundation, Marisla Foundation (formerly Homeland Foundation), and the Turner Foundation. Those foundations had discovered through a study commissioned in 1999 that less than one-half of one percent of all resources spent by environmental non-profit groups in the United States went to ocean advocacy. Thus Oceana was created to identify practical solutions to the problems facing the oceans and to make those solutions happen.
The organization was not started from scratch, as the Ocean Law Project—also initiated by The Pew Charitable Trusts—was absorbed into Oceana in 2001 as the Oceana’s legal arm. In 2002, Oceana merged with American Oceans Campaign, founded by actor/environmentalist Ted Danson, to more effectively address their common mission of protecting and restoring the world’s oceans. Danson remains a committed and active member of Oceana’s Board of Directors.
Campaigns[edit]
The Ocean Pollution campaign is working to stop major sources of ocean pollution including oil, mercury, aquaculture and shipping emissions.
The Responsible Fishing campaign is working to promote sustainable fishing practices, which includes stopping destructive bottom trawling and illegal fishing gear, limiting bycatch, ending fishing subsidies and protecting overfished species such as bluefin tuna and krill.
The Sharks campaign works to protect sharks through policy, science and legal work. Oceana is pushing for true shark finning bans, species-specific shark management and reduced shark bycatch.
The Sea Turtles campaign works to protect sea turtles from extinction by reducing sea turtle bycatch, protecting habitat and develop legislation to protect sea turtles.
The Climate and Energy campaign works to stop ocean acidification, promote clean alternative energy such as offshore wind, and end offshore drilling.
Oceana also campaigns to protect vulnerable places in the world’s oceans, including the Arctic, the Aleutian Islands, Chile’s Juan Fernandez Islands, Punta de Choros and Patagonia, and the Mediterranean.
Every year since 2005, the organization has led an on-the-water expedition in the Mediterranean to document vulnerable marine habitats. In 2010, Oceana spent two months on the water in the Gulf of Mexico investigating the long-term effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill..
Past Campaign Work and Victories[edit]
North America[edit]
Protecting Sea Turtles: In March 2010, in response to two petitions submitted in 2007 by Oceana and others, the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service issued a proposed rule to change the status of North Pacific and Northwest Atlantic loggerhead sea turtles from “threatened” to “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act.
Freezing the Footprint in the Arctic: In 2008, the National Marine Fisheries Service closed nearly 115 million acres (470,000 km2) of the Bering Sea to destructive bottom trawling. The closure adopted Oceana’s approach of freezing the current “footprint” already trawled and prevents future expansion of this damaging fishing technique. Worldwide, Oceana has protected more than 640 million acres (2,600,000 km2) of seafloor from bottom trawling.
In addition, after work by Oceana, in February 2009, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council voted to prevent the expansion of industrial fishing into all U.S. waters north of the Bering Strait for the foreseeable future to limit stress on ocean ecosystems in light of the dramatic impacts of global climate change in the Arctic.
Getting the Word out About Mercury: Oceana has convinced major grocery retailers including Costco, Kroger, Whole Foods, Trader Joe's, Safeway, Wild Oats, Harris Teeter and others to post the Food and Drug Administration's warning regarding mercury in certain kinds of fish at their seafood counters. As a part of this campaign, Oceana also targeted outdated chlorine manufacturing plants that the organization believes to be polluting the environment with mercury.
Oceana is also known for their involvement in campaigning Royal Caribbean to engage in environmentally friendly waste management. After a year of campaigning by Oceana, Royal Caribbean agreed to install advanced wastewater treatment facilities on all of its ships.
South America[edit]
Preserving Punta de Choros: In August 2010, Oceana helped convince Chilean President Sebastiàn Piñera to request the relocation of a coal-fired power plant scheduled to be constructed in a vulnerable region of Chile’s northern coast, Punta de Choros.
Regulating Salmon Aquaculture: In March 2010, as a direct result of Oceana’s campaign work to reform the Chilean salmon aquaculture industry, the Chilean Congress passed legislation to prevent the escape of farmed salmon and further regulate the use of antibiotics in salmon aquaculture.
Europe[edit]
Saving Sharks: In January 2009, the Spanish government, after campaigning and consulting with Oceana, committed to advancing new shark legislation that would ban the catch of threatened hammerhead and thresher sharks, put in place catch limits for blue sharks and shortfin mako sharks and evaluate the viability of landing sharks “whole” with their fins attached. Spain is one of the largest shark catching and exporting countries in the world.
Banning Mediterranean Driftnetting: In February 2008, the European Court of Justice rejected any further requests by the French government for exemptions from the EU ban on driftnetting in the Mediterranean Sea. This ruling will spare 25,000 juvenile bluefin tuna annually, along with 10,000 non-targeted marine species caught annually in the driftnets.
Limiting Destructive Trawling: After two years of intensive lobbying by Oceana staff in Brussels and Madrid, in 2005 the European Union prohibited destructive fishing practices, including bottom trawling, in over 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 km2) around the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.
Preventing Oil Pollution: In May 2005, a new law was passed by the European Union that imposes criminal sanctions on the owners, operators and financiers of boats that illegally dump oily waters and residues into the sea. The law could prevent as much as 20,000,000 tons of polluting substances from getting into the ocean every year.
Ocean Hero Awards[edit]
Main article: Ocean_Heroes_Award
Oceana created the Ocean Heroes Award in 2009 to recognize the efforts of individuals who have demonstrated exceptional dedication to ocean conservation. Recipients of the award are announced annually on World Oceans Day, June 8. The Ocean Hero Awards recognized one individual its inaugural year, but the award has since expanded to honor both an adult and a youth Ocean Hero.
Notable supporters[edit]
Actors Ted Danson and Sam Waterston are both on Oceana’s board of directors, but a variety of notable celebrities are supporters of the organization. Mad Men actress January Jones is the face of Oceana's "Scared for Sharks" campaign, and Private Practice star Kate Walsh filmed a PSA about sea turtles for Oceana. In 2010, Entourage actor Adrian Grenier swam with Atlantic bluefin tuna[1][2] and filmed a PSA about the endangered fish. 'Glee' actress Jenna Ushkowitz has also worked closely with Oceana. On her birthday in 2011, she asked for donations to be made towards the organization instead of birthday gifts. Most recently, she teamed up with Closets for Causes and donated several pieces from her personal closet to raise money for the organization
In addition, U.S. swimmer Aaron Peirsol has led an open-water swim event for Oceana since 2007 called “The Race For the Oceans.” Other Oceana supporters include Ben Harper, Morgan Freeman, and End of the Line author Charles Clover.
In 2014, the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation gave a $3 million grant (to be spent over the course of 3 years) to the organization for its work with marine conservation.[3][4]
Board of directors[edit]



Ted Danson founded the American Oceans Campaign in 1987.Simon Sidamon-Eristoff, Chair, Kalbian Hagerty LLP
Valarie Van Cleave, Vice Chair, Ocean Advocate
María Eugenia Girón, Treasurer, Business Leader
James Sandler, Secretary, Sandler Foundation
Keith Addis, President, Industry Entertainment Partners
Herbert M. Bedolfe, III, Marisla Foundation
Ricardo Cisneros, Cisneros Corporation
Ted Danson, Actor/Activist
Sydney Davis, Designer/Activist
César Gaviria, The Otun Group
Loic Gouzer, Christie’s Auction House
Stephen P. McAllister, Cherrywood Development LLC
Michael Northrop, Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Dr. Kristian Parker, Oak Philanthropy Limited
Dr. Daniel Pauly, The University of British Columbia
Susan Rockefeller, Documentary Filmmaker
Heather Stevens, Waterloo Foundation
Diana Thomson, The Nikita Foundation
Rogier van Vliet, Adessium Foundation
Sam Waterston, Actor/Activist
See also[edit]

Portal icon Sustainable development portal
Portal icon Environment portal
Portal icon Ecology portal
Portal icon Earth_sciences portal
Sustainability
Marine Conservation
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "Adrian Grenier Fights to Save Bluefin Tuna". Tonic. June 30, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
2.Jump up ^ "Bluefin Tuna: Overview". Oceana. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
3.Jump up ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio gives $3M to Oceana". Montreal Gazette. February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
4.Jump up ^ Kirby, Brandon (February 20, 2014). "Leonardo DiCaprio's Foundation Grants $3 Million to Ocean Conservation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
External links[edit]
Oceana's Charity Navigator page
Morgan Freeman joins Oceana group in Gulfport
Oceana Ship Aims Study Effect of Oil on Sea Life
Adrian Grenier Fights to Save Bluefin Tuna
Stop killing the world's oceans
Chile’s Antibiotics Use on Salmon Farms Dwarfs That of a Top Rival's
Why Waxman-Markey Matters to the Oceans
Commentary: World's biggest fish are dying
Overfishing Means Marine Animals Are Starving: Report
Commercial Fishing Is Barred in Parts of Arctic
Official Website
on YouTube




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Ocean Conservancy

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Question book-new.svg
 This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (November 2010)
The Ocean Conservancy
Ocean Conservancy logo.png
Predecessor
Bill Kardash, Tom Grooms, Roger McManus, Vice Admiral Roger Rufe (USCG Retired)
Type
non-profit organization environmental organization
Focus
Arctic, Aquaculture, Marine conservation activism, Trash-Free Seas, Gulf Restoration an Fisheries, Marine Protected Area, Coast and Marine Spatial Planning
Location
Washington, D.C., United States

Origins
The Center for Environmental Education

Volunteers
 900,000+ volunteers & members[1]
Slogan
"Start a sea change"
Website
http://www.oceanconservancy.org
Ocean Conservancy (founded as The Delta Corporation) is a nonprofit environmental advocacy group based in Washington, D.C., United States. The organization helps formulate ocean policy at the federal and state government levels based on peer reviewed science.


Contents  [hide]
1 About
2 Previous names
3 History
4 Fund allocation
5 Programs 5.1 Arctic
5.2 Trash Free Seas
5.3 Gulf Restoration and Fisheries
5.4 Marine Protected Areas
5.5 Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning
5.6 Aquaculture
6 Accomplishments 6.1 Fisheries
6.2 International Coastal Cleanup
6.3 Marine mammals
6.4 Sea turtles
6.5 Coral reef protection and Marine Sanctuaries programs
7 Criticisms
8 Board of Directors
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

About[edit]
Ocean Conservancy was founded in 1972 as the Delta Corporation to promote healthy and diverse ocean ecosystems, and to oppose practices that threaten oceanic and human life.[2]
Through several program areas,[3] Ocean Conservancy advocates for protecting of special marine habitats, restoring sustainable fisheries, reducing the human impact on ocean ecosystems and managing U.S. ocean resources.[4]
Ocean Conservancy efforts are guided by a 17-member volunteer board of directors.[5]
Previous names[edit]
Delta Corporation (1972 to mid-1970s)
Center for Environmental Education (mid-1970s to 1989)[6]
Center for Marine Conservation (1989–2001)[7]
Ocean Conservancy (2001–2008)[8]
History[edit]
Ocean Conservancy was founded in 1972, with goals to promote healthy and diverse ocean ecosystems, and to oppose practices that threaten oceanic and human life. The Conservancy's list of priorities include "Restore Sustainable American Fisheries," "Protect Wildlife From Human Impacts," "Conserve Special Ocean Places," and "Reform Government for Better Ocean Stewardship."[9] It started with goals to promote healthy and safe ocean ecosystems and to help prevent things that threaten oceanic and human life. The conservancy's main concern was to restore sustainable American fisheries and protect wildlife from human impact.
Ocean Conservancy is one of the few of the organizations that help protect wildlife in the ocean.
Fund allocation[edit]
Ocean Conservancy is a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.[10] It meets the Better Business Bureau's 20 Standards for Charity Accountability.[10]
The organization's allocation of funds for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2010 lists 68% of funds for program services, 20% for funding raising, and 12% for administration.[11]
Programs[edit]
The following are six examples of past and current program areas that have defined the scope of Ocean Conservancy’s efforts:
Arctic[edit]
Ocean Conservancy advocates for a time-out on expanding industrial uses in the Arctic to gather more comprehensive science and then develop a comprehensive plan to protect this fragile place.[12]
Trash Free Seas[edit]
In addition to hosting the International Coastal Cleanup every year, Ocean Conservancy partners with industry, government, nonprofits and academia to develop ocean trash solutions,[13] such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
Gulf Restoration and Fisheries[edit]
The organization advocates for science-based restoration plans that will end overfishing and create sustainable and productive fisheries.[14]
Marine Protected Areas[edit]
Ocean Conservancy works to preserve the ocean’s most extraordinary places for future generations to enjoy.[15]
Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning[edit]
Ocean Conservancy advocates for ocean health through the implementation of smart planning and legislative reform that will ensure the durability of the process.[16]
Aquaculture[edit]
The organization analyzes the environmental risks of ocean fish farming and advocates for a national regulatory framework and standards for safe aquaculture practices.[17]
Accomplishments[edit]
Fisheries[edit]
After a four-year advocacy effort, Ocean Conservancy helped enact a Congressional rewrite of the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1996,[18] which changed the way fisheries are managed. It remains the nation’s primary fisheries law.[19]
Prior to 1996 the law contained no provisions to stop overfishing or require the rebuilding of fish stocks.[20] There was no prohibition of bycatch, when fish and animals are caught unintentionally by fishing gear or nets targeting specific species. Nor was there a directive to protect fish habitat. Ocean Conservancy lobbied successfully to close these loopholes and establish more sustainable fishing practices.[20]
International Coastal Cleanup[edit]
Upset with litter on Texas beaches, Ocean Conservancy staff member Linda Maraniss helped launch the Texas Coastal Cleanup in 1986.[21] By 1989, the cleanup event had spread globally to become the International Coastal Cleanup.[22] According to the American Recycler magazine, it is the world’s largest all-volunteer event for the ocean.[23] Events are held around every major body of water in the world including streams, rivers, and lakes. Almost 600,000 volunteers have cleaned 9 millions of pounds of trash from thousands of miles of coastline and waterways, tallying every item found.[24]
Ocean Conservancy’s annual reports on the Cleanup with location-by-location, state-by-state and country-by-country data have informed national legislation and inspired countless new volunteers to join the event year after year.[25]
Marine mammals[edit]
Ocean Conservancy aims to protect marine mammals and their habitat. In 1979, the organization established the Seal Rescue Fund (SRF) to protect marine mammals from commercial exploitation.[26] Its efforts to ban whaling resulted in the International Whaling Commission adopting an international moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982.[26] In 1984, Ocean Conservancy led efforts against U.S.-sanctioned fur seal hunt by blocking renewal of the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty in the Pribilof Islands, as well as efforts to protect dolphins from the tuna industry.[27] Ocean Conservancy was also a key player in the creation of the dolphin-safe tuna-labeling program.[28]
Sea turtles[edit]
Ocean Conservancy’s effort for sea turtles, which resulted in the requirement for turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawl gear, saves thousands of turtles each year.[29] Ocean Conservancy’s Sea Turtle Rescue Fund appealed directly to shrimpers to voluntarily address the problem of sea turtles drowning in their nets.[29]
Ocean Conservancy played a major role in derailing proposals to reopen international trade in sea turtle products and in ending Japanese imports of Hawksbill sea turtle shells.[30]
Ocean Conservancy campaigned to regulate beachfront lighting and secure funding for the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge in Florida played a significant role in protecting sea turtle nesting sites.
Coral reef protection and Marine Sanctuaries programs[edit]
Ocean Conservancy helped establish four of the first six U.S. marine sanctuaries—Channel Islands, Gulf of the Farallones, Gray's Reef, and Looe Key.[31] By the early 1990s, Ocean Conservancy was the lead non-governmental organization winning the designation of 10 of the 13 sanctuaries. Ocean Conservancy helped establish several sanctuaries, including those in the Florida Keys and Stellwagen Bank. Under the Carter administration, Ocean Conservancy fought to prohibit oil and gas drilling in two proposed sanctuaries in California. In 1981, the Reagan administration tried to block the oil-drilling ban, but failed, largely due to the efforts of an Ocean Conservancy-led coalition. Along with other partners, Ocean Conservancy fought to save the program in the 1980s when it was nearly eliminated.
Ocean Conservancy is attempting to halt current and future coral reef damage in two key ways: through changing policy and by building resiliency.[32] The coral are very sensitive to changes in water temperature and quality caused by global warming, and many times these changes result in disease and death of the reef. The Ocean Conservancy informs the public of the problems plaguing reefs as well as other marine ecosystems through their website and a magazine that they publish. They also have a staff of senior scientists and policy experts who travel to Capitol Hill to share their expertise and to urge policymakers to encourage the implementation of policies regarding the mitigation, adaptation, and alternatives to damaging activities such as the use of carbon-based fuels.[33]
To help build resiliency for the reefs, marine protected areas(MPAs), sometimes called “undersea Yosemites,” have been designated through policies encouraged by Ocean Conservancy. These MPAs are areas where endangered marine species can be placed so that they can continue undisturbed by human activities, allowing the individuals to thrive and their population to rebound in numbers. Within the areas of the MPAs, reefs are protected from sediment, trash, and pollution resulting from human activity. They are also “no take” zones, meaning that humans are not allowed to extract any resources out of these areas – including fish, oil, gas, or minerals. This can help restore the resiliency of many reefs, as there is evidence that when undisturbed coral reefs can recover on their own. The Ocean Conservancy’s plans for promoting reef protection therefore include a comprehensive plan incorporating three goals: encouraging the establishment of more (and more protective) MPAs, improving reef management, and calling for immediate action to mitigate the ecological effects of global warming.[34]
The aftermath of the BP oil spill in 2010 produced a significant amount of damage to the coral reef systems present throughout the Gulf of Mexico. In response to the damage, Ocean Conservancy developed a Gulf Restoration Program, led by senior conservation biologists and ecologists to try to help reverse the damage. Through this program, scientists were able to discover “deep sea” coral damage that was initially overlooked in the original projections of the costs of restoration. These deep sea corals have been in some cases developing for thousands of years, implying that they have a very slow growth rate and are especially vulnerable to disturbances such as oil spills. Taking this damage into account, the Gulf Restoration Program pressed for more compensation from the liable parties (the oil company as well as the rig company) and the government to offset the additional costs of restoration. The program funds monitoring of the damages as well as gulf restoration efforts. The organization projects that full restoration of the Gulf to its former state will require decades of work.[35]
Criticisms[edit]
The Gloucester Times expressed concern that Ocean Conservancy worked too closely with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on policies that weaken the fishing industry.[36]
In 2012, a representative for Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal said that clean-up proposals in response to the 2010 BP oil spill, outlined in a report sponsored by the Ocean Conservancy, as well as Environmental Defense Fund, the National Audubon Society, the Nature Conservancy, Oxfam and the National Wildlife Federation, were “out of touch”. [37]
Ocean Conservancy was criticized[by whom?] for accepting funding from the Walton Family Foundation.[38]
The organization was one of the few[quantify] environmental or conservation organizations to take a neutral position on Florida's "Ban the Nets" amendment in 1994 that was passed with 72% of the vote.[citation needed]
Board of Directors[edit]
Mr. Curtis BohlenChairWashington, DCDr. David C. AldrichVice ChairVienna, VAMr. Patrick B. PurcellTreasurerPacific Palisades, CAMr. Steven MooreSecretaryLos Altos Hills, CAMr. Thomas H. AllenPortland, ME and Washington, DCMs. Laura Burton CappsWashington, DCMr. Philippe CousteauWashington, DCMs. Nicole LuskeyEnglewood, COMs. Cecily MajerusBerkeley, CAMr. Will MartinNashville, TNMr. Edward M. MillerCharlottesville, VAMs. Dane NicholsWatch Hill, RI and Washington, DCDr. Michael K. OrbachBeaufort, NCDr. Stephen PalumbiPacific Grove, CADr. Enric SalaWashington, DCMr. David ZachesMonterey, CA
See also[edit]

Portal icon Sustainable development portal
Portal icon Environment portal
Portal icon Ecology portal
Portal icon Earth_sciences portal
Sustainability
Biodiversity
Global warming
Ecology
Earth Science
Natural environment
Nature
Conservation Movement
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Ocean Conservancy". Charitywire.
2.Jump up ^ “Arctic”
3.Jump up ^ “A Resolution for Gulf Restoration: An Open Letter to President Obama and the Five Gulf State Governors ”
4.Jump up ^ "Marine Conservation Organizations". MarineBio.
5.Jump up ^ “Better Business Bureau Review”, October 2010
6.Jump up ^ "The International Coastal Cleanup". Scientific Advisory Council: Members. American Cetacean Society.
7.Jump up ^ "Name change certificate of amendment" (PDF). Government of the District of Columbia. Retrieved 25 June 2005.
8.Jump up ^ "Who We Are". Ocean Conservancy.
9.Jump up ^ The Ocean Conservancy: What We Do
10.^ Jump up to: a b "Ocean Conservancy". Better Business Bureau.
11.Jump up ^ "Audited Financial Statements: Ocean Conservancy, Inc.". ARGY, WILTSE & Robinson, P.C. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
12.Jump up ^ "A ‘Science-Based Policy’ on Arctic Ocean Oil Drilling in the United States". The Arctic Institute. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
13.Jump up ^ "International Coastal Cleanup". Englewood Sun. 15 September 2011.
14.Jump up ^ "Gaines, Richard "Tierney, others step up push for fishing reforms". Gloucester Times. 10 April 2012.
15.Jump up ^ "Two Cape Neddick teens honored for volunteerism". SeacoastOnline. 12 February 2012.
16.Jump up ^ "Securing a U.S. framework for Marine Spatial Planning Grant". Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
17.Jump up ^ "Grant Recipient 2009:Ocean Conservancy". Wait Foundation.
18.Jump up ^ [A New Course For America’s Fish and Fishermen: A Review of the Magnuson Stevens Reauthorization Act of 2006 and the Challenges Ahead.” Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN) Website. MFCN. September 2007. Web. Pg. 3. November 2, 2010 Sustainable Development 16, Dec. 2008]
19.Jump up ^ [ 16 U.S.C. §§ 1801-1884]
20.^ Jump up to: a b [“Implementing Annual Catch Limits: A Blueprint for Ending Overfishing in U.S. Fisheries.” Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN) Website. MFCN, April 2009. Web. Pg. 3. November 2, 2010]
21.Jump up ^ “Coastal Cleanups With Kids”, Narragansett Bay Journal, Winter 2011
22.Jump up ^ [1]
23.Jump up ^ “Data shows types of trash in ocean and waterways” American Recycler, May 2012
24.Jump up ^ “International Coastal Cleanup Day 2011 Collects 9 Million Pounds Of Garbage” Huffington Post, March 27, 2012
25.Jump up ^ “Environmental Management” Volusia County
26.^ Jump up to: a b Federal Register Vol. 50, No. 241 December 16, 1985
27.Jump up ^ [ "North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.]
28.Jump up ^ “The fairy tale of US “dolphin safe” labelling: False claims, unintended consequences” Robertson, Mark J, Bridges Trade BioRes Review, Volume 6 Number 1, May 2012
29.^ Jump up to: a b [ Lee, Scott (1999) (PDF). Ancient Sea Turtles: Stranded in a Modern World. USA: Sea Turtle Restoration Project.]
30.Jump up ^ [ Anne B. Meylan and Marydele Donnelly, “Status Justification for Listing the Hawksbill Turtle as Critically Endangered on the 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals,” Chelonian Conservation and Biology, April 1999, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 203]
31.Jump up ^ [2]
32.Jump up ^ “Politicians, scientists, environmental groups comment on BP oil spill anniversary” Schleifstein, Mark, The Times-Picayune April 23, 2012
33.Jump up ^ [ “Oceans in peril World's seas face myriad threats” Daytona Beach Daily Journal, June 8, 2009]
34.Jump up ^ “Everglades Offers Model for Massive Gulf Restoration, Says Senior Obama Admin Official ” QUINLAN, PAUL NYT June 17, 2010
35.Jump up ^ [3]
36.Jump up ^ "Green giants get time with NOAA". Gloucester Times. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
37.Jump up ^ "Coalition offers vision for gulf restoration". fuelfix.com. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
38.Jump up ^ "Walton Family Foundation gives millions to ocean privatization efforts". AlterNet. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
External links[edit]
25 June 2007 United States Government Takes Important Step in Protecting Critically Endangered North Atlantic Right Whales in the Southeast
22 June 2007 NOAA Releases Report to Congress on the Status of U.S. Fisheries; Fish Stocks Remain Depleted Due to Overfishing
11 June 2007 Endangered Sea Turtles Receive Vital Protection
25 March 2007 New Study Shows that Catch Shares Can Help Achieve Sustainable American Fisheries




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
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Ocean Conservancy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search


Question book-new.svg
 This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (November 2010)
The Ocean Conservancy
Ocean Conservancy logo.png
Predecessor
Bill Kardash, Tom Grooms, Roger McManus, Vice Admiral Roger Rufe (USCG Retired)
Type
non-profit organization environmental organization
Focus
Arctic, Aquaculture, Marine conservation activism, Trash-Free Seas, Gulf Restoration an Fisheries, Marine Protected Area, Coast and Marine Spatial Planning
Location
Washington, D.C., United States

Origins
The Center for Environmental Education

Volunteers
 900,000+ volunteers & members[1]
Slogan
"Start a sea change"
Website
http://www.oceanconservancy.org
Ocean Conservancy (founded as The Delta Corporation) is a nonprofit environmental advocacy group based in Washington, D.C., United States. The organization helps formulate ocean policy at the federal and state government levels based on peer reviewed science.


Contents  [hide]
1 About
2 Previous names
3 History
4 Fund allocation
5 Programs 5.1 Arctic
5.2 Trash Free Seas
5.3 Gulf Restoration and Fisheries
5.4 Marine Protected Areas
5.5 Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning
5.6 Aquaculture
6 Accomplishments 6.1 Fisheries
6.2 International Coastal Cleanup
6.3 Marine mammals
6.4 Sea turtles
6.5 Coral reef protection and Marine Sanctuaries programs
7 Criticisms
8 Board of Directors
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

About[edit]
Ocean Conservancy was founded in 1972 as the Delta Corporation to promote healthy and diverse ocean ecosystems, and to oppose practices that threaten oceanic and human life.[2]
Through several program areas,[3] Ocean Conservancy advocates for protecting of special marine habitats, restoring sustainable fisheries, reducing the human impact on ocean ecosystems and managing U.S. ocean resources.[4]
Ocean Conservancy efforts are guided by a 17-member volunteer board of directors.[5]
Previous names[edit]
Delta Corporation (1972 to mid-1970s)
Center for Environmental Education (mid-1970s to 1989)[6]
Center for Marine Conservation (1989–2001)[7]
Ocean Conservancy (2001–2008)[8]
History[edit]
Ocean Conservancy was founded in 1972, with goals to promote healthy and diverse ocean ecosystems, and to oppose practices that threaten oceanic and human life. The Conservancy's list of priorities include "Restore Sustainable American Fisheries," "Protect Wildlife From Human Impacts," "Conserve Special Ocean Places," and "Reform Government for Better Ocean Stewardship."[9] It started with goals to promote healthy and safe ocean ecosystems and to help prevent things that threaten oceanic and human life. The conservancy's main concern was to restore sustainable American fisheries and protect wildlife from human impact.
Ocean Conservancy is one of the few of the organizations that help protect wildlife in the ocean.
Fund allocation[edit]
Ocean Conservancy is a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.[10] It meets the Better Business Bureau's 20 Standards for Charity Accountability.[10]
The organization's allocation of funds for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2010 lists 68% of funds for program services, 20% for funding raising, and 12% for administration.[11]
Programs[edit]
The following are six examples of past and current program areas that have defined the scope of Ocean Conservancy’s efforts:
Arctic[edit]
Ocean Conservancy advocates for a time-out on expanding industrial uses in the Arctic to gather more comprehensive science and then develop a comprehensive plan to protect this fragile place.[12]
Trash Free Seas[edit]
In addition to hosting the International Coastal Cleanup every year, Ocean Conservancy partners with industry, government, nonprofits and academia to develop ocean trash solutions,[13] such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
Gulf Restoration and Fisheries[edit]
The organization advocates for science-based restoration plans that will end overfishing and create sustainable and productive fisheries.[14]
Marine Protected Areas[edit]
Ocean Conservancy works to preserve the ocean’s most extraordinary places for future generations to enjoy.[15]
Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning[edit]
Ocean Conservancy advocates for ocean health through the implementation of smart planning and legislative reform that will ensure the durability of the process.[16]
Aquaculture[edit]
The organization analyzes the environmental risks of ocean fish farming and advocates for a national regulatory framework and standards for safe aquaculture practices.[17]
Accomplishments[edit]
Fisheries[edit]
After a four-year advocacy effort, Ocean Conservancy helped enact a Congressional rewrite of the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1996,[18] which changed the way fisheries are managed. It remains the nation’s primary fisheries law.[19]
Prior to 1996 the law contained no provisions to stop overfishing or require the rebuilding of fish stocks.[20] There was no prohibition of bycatch, when fish and animals are caught unintentionally by fishing gear or nets targeting specific species. Nor was there a directive to protect fish habitat. Ocean Conservancy lobbied successfully to close these loopholes and establish more sustainable fishing practices.[20]
International Coastal Cleanup[edit]
Upset with litter on Texas beaches, Ocean Conservancy staff member Linda Maraniss helped launch the Texas Coastal Cleanup in 1986.[21] By 1989, the cleanup event had spread globally to become the International Coastal Cleanup.[22] According to the American Recycler magazine, it is the world’s largest all-volunteer event for the ocean.[23] Events are held around every major body of water in the world including streams, rivers, and lakes. Almost 600,000 volunteers have cleaned 9 millions of pounds of trash from thousands of miles of coastline and waterways, tallying every item found.[24]
Ocean Conservancy’s annual reports on the Cleanup with location-by-location, state-by-state and country-by-country data have informed national legislation and inspired countless new volunteers to join the event year after year.[25]
Marine mammals[edit]
Ocean Conservancy aims to protect marine mammals and their habitat. In 1979, the organization established the Seal Rescue Fund (SRF) to protect marine mammals from commercial exploitation.[26] Its efforts to ban whaling resulted in the International Whaling Commission adopting an international moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982.[26] In 1984, Ocean Conservancy led efforts against U.S.-sanctioned fur seal hunt by blocking renewal of the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty in the Pribilof Islands, as well as efforts to protect dolphins from the tuna industry.[27] Ocean Conservancy was also a key player in the creation of the dolphin-safe tuna-labeling program.[28]
Sea turtles[edit]
Ocean Conservancy’s effort for sea turtles, which resulted in the requirement for turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawl gear, saves thousands of turtles each year.[29] Ocean Conservancy’s Sea Turtle Rescue Fund appealed directly to shrimpers to voluntarily address the problem of sea turtles drowning in their nets.[29]
Ocean Conservancy played a major role in derailing proposals to reopen international trade in sea turtle products and in ending Japanese imports of Hawksbill sea turtle shells.[30]
Ocean Conservancy campaigned to regulate beachfront lighting and secure funding for the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge in Florida played a significant role in protecting sea turtle nesting sites.
Coral reef protection and Marine Sanctuaries programs[edit]
Ocean Conservancy helped establish four of the first six U.S. marine sanctuaries—Channel Islands, Gulf of the Farallones, Gray's Reef, and Looe Key.[31] By the early 1990s, Ocean Conservancy was the lead non-governmental organization winning the designation of 10 of the 13 sanctuaries. Ocean Conservancy helped establish several sanctuaries, including those in the Florida Keys and Stellwagen Bank. Under the Carter administration, Ocean Conservancy fought to prohibit oil and gas drilling in two proposed sanctuaries in California. In 1981, the Reagan administration tried to block the oil-drilling ban, but failed, largely due to the efforts of an Ocean Conservancy-led coalition. Along with other partners, Ocean Conservancy fought to save the program in the 1980s when it was nearly eliminated.
Ocean Conservancy is attempting to halt current and future coral reef damage in two key ways: through changing policy and by building resiliency.[32] The coral are very sensitive to changes in water temperature and quality caused by global warming, and many times these changes result in disease and death of the reef. The Ocean Conservancy informs the public of the problems plaguing reefs as well as other marine ecosystems through their website and a magazine that they publish. They also have a staff of senior scientists and policy experts who travel to Capitol Hill to share their expertise and to urge policymakers to encourage the implementation of policies regarding the mitigation, adaptation, and alternatives to damaging activities such as the use of carbon-based fuels.[33]
To help build resiliency for the reefs, marine protected areas(MPAs), sometimes called “undersea Yosemites,” have been designated through policies encouraged by Ocean Conservancy. These MPAs are areas where endangered marine species can be placed so that they can continue undisturbed by human activities, allowing the individuals to thrive and their population to rebound in numbers. Within the areas of the MPAs, reefs are protected from sediment, trash, and pollution resulting from human activity. They are also “no take” zones, meaning that humans are not allowed to extract any resources out of these areas – including fish, oil, gas, or minerals. This can help restore the resiliency of many reefs, as there is evidence that when undisturbed coral reefs can recover on their own. The Ocean Conservancy’s plans for promoting reef protection therefore include a comprehensive plan incorporating three goals: encouraging the establishment of more (and more protective) MPAs, improving reef management, and calling for immediate action to mitigate the ecological effects of global warming.[34]
The aftermath of the BP oil spill in 2010 produced a significant amount of damage to the coral reef systems present throughout the Gulf of Mexico. In response to the damage, Ocean Conservancy developed a Gulf Restoration Program, led by senior conservation biologists and ecologists to try to help reverse the damage. Through this program, scientists were able to discover “deep sea” coral damage that was initially overlooked in the original projections of the costs of restoration. These deep sea corals have been in some cases developing for thousands of years, implying that they have a very slow growth rate and are especially vulnerable to disturbances such as oil spills. Taking this damage into account, the Gulf Restoration Program pressed for more compensation from the liable parties (the oil company as well as the rig company) and the government to offset the additional costs of restoration. The program funds monitoring of the damages as well as gulf restoration efforts. The organization projects that full restoration of the Gulf to its former state will require decades of work.[35]
Criticisms[edit]
The Gloucester Times expressed concern that Ocean Conservancy worked too closely with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on policies that weaken the fishing industry.[36]
In 2012, a representative for Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal said that clean-up proposals in response to the 2010 BP oil spill, outlined in a report sponsored by the Ocean Conservancy, as well as Environmental Defense Fund, the National Audubon Society, the Nature Conservancy, Oxfam and the National Wildlife Federation, were “out of touch”. [37]
Ocean Conservancy was criticized[by whom?] for accepting funding from the Walton Family Foundation.[38]
The organization was one of the few[quantify] environmental or conservation organizations to take a neutral position on Florida's "Ban the Nets" amendment in 1994 that was passed with 72% of the vote.[citation needed]
Board of Directors[edit]
Mr. Curtis BohlenChairWashington, DCDr. David C. AldrichVice ChairVienna, VAMr. Patrick B. PurcellTreasurerPacific Palisades, CAMr. Steven MooreSecretaryLos Altos Hills, CAMr. Thomas H. AllenPortland, ME and Washington, DCMs. Laura Burton CappsWashington, DCMr. Philippe CousteauWashington, DCMs. Nicole LuskeyEnglewood, COMs. Cecily MajerusBerkeley, CAMr. Will MartinNashville, TNMr. Edward M. MillerCharlottesville, VAMs. Dane NicholsWatch Hill, RI and Washington, DCDr. Michael K. OrbachBeaufort, NCDr. Stephen PalumbiPacific Grove, CADr. Enric SalaWashington, DCMr. David ZachesMonterey, CA
See also[edit]

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Sustainability
Biodiversity
Global warming
Ecology
Earth Science
Natural environment
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References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ "The Ocean Conservancy". Charitywire.
2.Jump up ^ “Arctic”
3.Jump up ^ “A Resolution for Gulf Restoration: An Open Letter to President Obama and the Five Gulf State Governors ”
4.Jump up ^ "Marine Conservation Organizations". MarineBio.
5.Jump up ^ “Better Business Bureau Review”, October 2010
6.Jump up ^ "The International Coastal Cleanup". Scientific Advisory Council: Members. American Cetacean Society.
7.Jump up ^ "Name change certificate of amendment" (PDF). Government of the District of Columbia. Retrieved 25 June 2005.
8.Jump up ^ "Who We Are". Ocean Conservancy.
9.Jump up ^ The Ocean Conservancy: What We Do
10.^ Jump up to: a b "Ocean Conservancy". Better Business Bureau.
11.Jump up ^ "Audited Financial Statements: Ocean Conservancy, Inc.". ARGY, WILTSE & Robinson, P.C. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
12.Jump up ^ "A ‘Science-Based Policy’ on Arctic Ocean Oil Drilling in the United States". The Arctic Institute. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
13.Jump up ^ "International Coastal Cleanup". Englewood Sun. 15 September 2011.
14.Jump up ^ "Gaines, Richard "Tierney, others step up push for fishing reforms". Gloucester Times. 10 April 2012.
15.Jump up ^ "Two Cape Neddick teens honored for volunteerism". SeacoastOnline. 12 February 2012.
16.Jump up ^ "Securing a U.S. framework for Marine Spatial Planning Grant". Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
17.Jump up ^ "Grant Recipient 2009:Ocean Conservancy". Wait Foundation.
18.Jump up ^ [A New Course For America’s Fish and Fishermen: A Review of the Magnuson Stevens Reauthorization Act of 2006 and the Challenges Ahead.” Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN) Website. MFCN. September 2007. Web. Pg. 3. November 2, 2010 Sustainable Development 16, Dec. 2008]
19.Jump up ^ [ 16 U.S.C. §§ 1801-1884]
20.^ Jump up to: a b [“Implementing Annual Catch Limits: A Blueprint for Ending Overfishing in U.S. Fisheries.” Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN) Website. MFCN, April 2009. Web. Pg. 3. November 2, 2010]
21.Jump up ^ “Coastal Cleanups With Kids”, Narragansett Bay Journal, Winter 2011
22.Jump up ^ [1]
23.Jump up ^ “Data shows types of trash in ocean and waterways” American Recycler, May 2012
24.Jump up ^ “International Coastal Cleanup Day 2011 Collects 9 Million Pounds Of Garbage” Huffington Post, March 27, 2012
25.Jump up ^ “Environmental Management” Volusia County
26.^ Jump up to: a b Federal Register Vol. 50, No. 241 December 16, 1985
27.Jump up ^ [ "North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.]
28.Jump up ^ “The fairy tale of US “dolphin safe” labelling: False claims, unintended consequences” Robertson, Mark J, Bridges Trade BioRes Review, Volume 6 Number 1, May 2012
29.^ Jump up to: a b [ Lee, Scott (1999) (PDF). Ancient Sea Turtles: Stranded in a Modern World. USA: Sea Turtle Restoration Project.]
30.Jump up ^ [ Anne B. Meylan and Marydele Donnelly, “Status Justification for Listing the Hawksbill Turtle as Critically Endangered on the 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals,” Chelonian Conservation and Biology, April 1999, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 203]
31.Jump up ^ [2]
32.Jump up ^ “Politicians, scientists, environmental groups comment on BP oil spill anniversary” Schleifstein, Mark, The Times-Picayune April 23, 2012
33.Jump up ^ [ “Oceans in peril World's seas face myriad threats” Daytona Beach Daily Journal, June 8, 2009]
34.Jump up ^ “Everglades Offers Model for Massive Gulf Restoration, Says Senior Obama Admin Official ” QUINLAN, PAUL NYT June 17, 2010
35.Jump up ^ [3]
36.Jump up ^ "Green giants get time with NOAA". Gloucester Times. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
37.Jump up ^ "Coalition offers vision for gulf restoration". fuelfix.com. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
38.Jump up ^ "Walton Family Foundation gives millions to ocean privatization efforts". AlterNet. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
External links[edit]
25 June 2007 United States Government Takes Important Step in Protecting Critically Endangered North Atlantic Right Whales in the Southeast
22 June 2007 NOAA Releases Report to Congress on the Status of U.S. Fisheries; Fish Stocks Remain Depleted Due to Overfishing
11 June 2007 Endangered Sea Turtles Receive Vital Protection
25 March 2007 New Study Shows that Catch Shares Can Help Achieve Sustainable American Fisheries




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SeaChoice

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

SeaChoice is a program of Sustainable Seafood Canada that uses the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch recommendations to raise consumer awareness about the importance of buying seafood from sustainable sources. It is best known for publishing consumer guides for responsible seafood purchasing. SeaChoice evaluates fisheries based on habitat/ecosystem impacts, stock status, inherent vulnerability, bycatch, and management regimes.[1]
Sustainable Seafood Canada is a Canadian coalition of environmental organizations working together to raise awareness and deliver solutions for sustainable fisheries. The organization consists of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, the David Suzuki Foundation, the Ecology Action Centre, Living Oceans Society and British Columbia's chapter of the Sierra Club of Canada.[2] SeaChoice collaborates with the Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch program.


Contents  [hide]
1 Seafood list
2 Partnerships
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Seafood list[edit]

Hoplostethus atlanticus 02 Pengo.jpg


The group gives Canada-centric lists of recommendations for the best seafood choices, fish which have "some concerns" and fish to avoid. The "avoid" category is reserved for seafood which is overfished and/or fished or farmed in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. Health alerts for fish with high levels of contaminants (e.g. mercury, dioxins, PCBs) are also noted, although they may appear in any category.
The SeaChoice website includes both regional and country-wide guides for Canada. The organization also produces a guide for sushi.[3] Pocket guides are also available from the organization.[4]



 SeaChoice lists U.S. spiny lobster as one of the best seafood choices.
Recommended seafood from SeaChoice includes Alaska pollock, longline Pacific cod, land-based rainbow trout, troll or pole-caught albacore tuna, United States spiny lobster, farmed Arctic char, Pacific herring and sardines.
Partnerships[edit]
In March 2010, SeaChoice announced an agreement with Federated Co-operatives, an organization representing over 250 co-operatives. The agreement includes a sustainability plan for seafood sales and procurement.[5] SeaChoice has also partnered with Overwaitea Food Group, a supermarket chain in Western Canada, Canada Safeway, and Buy Low/Nestors Market.[6] Bento Nouveau, Canada's largest sushi company, partnered with SeaChoice in June 2010.[7]
See also[edit]
Conservation status
Mercury in fish
Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification
Seafood Choices Alliance
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Small Fisheries Cuts Could Conserve Large Coastal Ecosystems. Environment News Service. July 22, 2009.
2.Jump up ^ SeaChoice Launch: New SeaChoice program provides Canadians sustainable seafood information from coast to coast to coast. SeaChoice website. September 27, 2006.
3.Jump up ^ Sampson, Susan. Sushi seafood ranked for sustainability. Toronto Star. April 29, 2009.
4.Jump up ^ Ali, Carolyn. New wallet sized SeaChoice guide available for download. Straight.com April 23, 2009.
5.Jump up ^ Local Co-ops to provide SeaChoice products. Westerly News. March 25, 2010.
6.Jump up ^ SeaChoice, FCL Forge Sustainable Seafood Partnership. Progressive Grocer. March 23, 2010.
7.Jump up ^ Sustainable sushi is the industry’s future. SeaChoice website. June 18, 2010.
External links[edit]
Official website
Canada's Seafood Guide, a pocket guide from SeaChoice
Canada's Sustainable Sushi Guide, a pocket guide from SeaChoice




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
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 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
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 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
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 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
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 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
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 Fisheries glossary
 



  


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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaChoice














SeaChoice

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

SeaChoice is a program of Sustainable Seafood Canada that uses the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch recommendations to raise consumer awareness about the importance of buying seafood from sustainable sources. It is best known for publishing consumer guides for responsible seafood purchasing. SeaChoice evaluates fisheries based on habitat/ecosystem impacts, stock status, inherent vulnerability, bycatch, and management regimes.[1]
Sustainable Seafood Canada is a Canadian coalition of environmental organizations working together to raise awareness and deliver solutions for sustainable fisheries. The organization consists of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, the David Suzuki Foundation, the Ecology Action Centre, Living Oceans Society and British Columbia's chapter of the Sierra Club of Canada.[2] SeaChoice collaborates with the Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch program.


Contents  [hide]
1 Seafood list
2 Partnerships
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Seafood list[edit]

Hoplostethus atlanticus 02 Pengo.jpg


The group gives Canada-centric lists of recommendations for the best seafood choices, fish which have "some concerns" and fish to avoid. The "avoid" category is reserved for seafood which is overfished and/or fished or farmed in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. Health alerts for fish with high levels of contaminants (e.g. mercury, dioxins, PCBs) are also noted, although they may appear in any category.
The SeaChoice website includes both regional and country-wide guides for Canada. The organization also produces a guide for sushi.[3] Pocket guides are also available from the organization.[4]



 SeaChoice lists U.S. spiny lobster as one of the best seafood choices.
Recommended seafood from SeaChoice includes Alaska pollock, longline Pacific cod, land-based rainbow trout, troll or pole-caught albacore tuna, United States spiny lobster, farmed Arctic char, Pacific herring and sardines.
Partnerships[edit]
In March 2010, SeaChoice announced an agreement with Federated Co-operatives, an organization representing over 250 co-operatives. The agreement includes a sustainability plan for seafood sales and procurement.[5] SeaChoice has also partnered with Overwaitea Food Group, a supermarket chain in Western Canada, Canada Safeway, and Buy Low/Nestors Market.[6] Bento Nouveau, Canada's largest sushi company, partnered with SeaChoice in June 2010.[7]
See also[edit]
Conservation status
Mercury in fish
Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification
Seafood Choices Alliance
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Small Fisheries Cuts Could Conserve Large Coastal Ecosystems. Environment News Service. July 22, 2009.
2.Jump up ^ SeaChoice Launch: New SeaChoice program provides Canadians sustainable seafood information from coast to coast to coast. SeaChoice website. September 27, 2006.
3.Jump up ^ Sampson, Susan. Sushi seafood ranked for sustainability. Toronto Star. April 29, 2009.
4.Jump up ^ Ali, Carolyn. New wallet sized SeaChoice guide available for download. Straight.com April 23, 2009.
5.Jump up ^ Local Co-ops to provide SeaChoice products. Westerly News. March 25, 2010.
6.Jump up ^ SeaChoice, FCL Forge Sustainable Seafood Partnership. Progressive Grocer. March 23, 2010.
7.Jump up ^ Sustainable sushi is the industry’s future. SeaChoice website. June 18, 2010.
External links[edit]
Official website
Canada's Seafood Guide, a pocket guide from SeaChoice
Canada's Sustainable Sushi Guide, a pocket guide from SeaChoice




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: Fishing and the environment
Environmental organizations based in Canada
Sustainable food system
Consumer guides
Works about food and drink


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
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Friend of the Sea

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Friend of the Sea


Friendofthesealogo.jpg


Type
 Registered non-profit NGO
Industry
Sustainable seafood ecolabel programme
Founded
2006 by Dr Paolo Bray
Website
http://www.friendofthesea.org
Friend of the Sea is a project for the certification and promotion of seafood from sustainable fisheries[1] and sustainable aquaculture.[2][3] It is the only certification scheme which, with the same logo, certifies both wild and farmed seafood. Friend of the Sea started as a project of the Earth Island Institute, the NGO which operates the successful International Dolphin-Safe project.[4] Some of the main world retailers participate, such as Carrefour Italy, Coop Italia, Eroski, Manor and Finiper. Some important producers also have their products certified.


Contents  [hide]
1 Compliance and criteria
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links

Compliance and criteria[edit]
Friend of the Sea’s criteria compliance is verified by independent accredited certification bodies. Essential criteria for fisheries are:
the product should not originate from overexploited (nor depleted, data deficient or recovering) stocks
the fishing method should not impact the seabed
the fishing method should be selective (below the world average for discards, which in 2005 was about 8%).[5]
the fishery should respect all legal requirements.
Article 30 of the FAO Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Marine Fisheries Products [6] requires that ‘The “stock under consideration” is not overfished, and is maintained at a level which promotes the objective of optimal utilization and maintains its availability for present and future generations, taking into account that longer term changes in productivity can occur due to natural variability and/or impacts other than fishing. In the event that biomass drops well below such target levels, management measures (Code of Conduct Article 7.6) should allow for restoration within reasonable time frames of the stocks to such levels.’ The Friend of the Sea sustainable seafood certification scheme is currently compliant with this article.
See also[edit]
Ecolabel
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Friend of the Sea Sets Sustainable Standards The FishSite. Retrieved 20 Dec 2008.
2.Jump up ^ Friend of the Sea becomes Main Aquaculture Industry Standard for Sustainability in 2008 World Fishing Today.com. Retrieved 20 Dec 2008.
3.Jump up ^ Friend of the Sea becomes main aquaculture sustainability standard Aquahoy. Retrieved 20 Dec 2008.
4.Jump up ^ International Dolphin-Safe project
5.Jump up ^ FAO (2005)
6.Jump up ^ http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1119t/i1119t00.htm
References[edit]
FAO (2005) Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Marine Fisheries Products
FAO (2008) Review of Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Fish and Products from Capture Fisheries, and Recommended Minimum Substantive Requirements
External links[edit]
Friend of the Sea main website




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: Seafood
International environmental organizations
Fisheries conservation organizations
Ecolabelling
Sustainable fisheries


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea
















Friend of the Sea

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Friend of the Sea


Friendofthesealogo.jpg


Type
 Registered non-profit NGO
Industry
Sustainable seafood ecolabel programme
Founded
2006 by Dr Paolo Bray
Website
http://www.friendofthesea.org
Friend of the Sea is a project for the certification and promotion of seafood from sustainable fisheries[1] and sustainable aquaculture.[2][3] It is the only certification scheme which, with the same logo, certifies both wild and farmed seafood. Friend of the Sea started as a project of the Earth Island Institute, the NGO which operates the successful International Dolphin-Safe project.[4] Some of the main world retailers participate, such as Carrefour Italy, Coop Italia, Eroski, Manor and Finiper. Some important producers also have their products certified.


Contents  [hide]
1 Compliance and criteria
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links

Compliance and criteria[edit]
Friend of the Sea’s criteria compliance is verified by independent accredited certification bodies. Essential criteria for fisheries are:
the product should not originate from overexploited (nor depleted, data deficient or recovering) stocks
the fishing method should not impact the seabed
the fishing method should be selective (below the world average for discards, which in 2005 was about 8%).[5]
the fishery should respect all legal requirements.
Article 30 of the FAO Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Marine Fisheries Products [6] requires that ‘The “stock under consideration” is not overfished, and is maintained at a level which promotes the objective of optimal utilization and maintains its availability for present and future generations, taking into account that longer term changes in productivity can occur due to natural variability and/or impacts other than fishing. In the event that biomass drops well below such target levels, management measures (Code of Conduct Article 7.6) should allow for restoration within reasonable time frames of the stocks to such levels.’ The Friend of the Sea sustainable seafood certification scheme is currently compliant with this article.
See also[edit]
Ecolabel
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Friend of the Sea Sets Sustainable Standards The FishSite. Retrieved 20 Dec 2008.
2.Jump up ^ Friend of the Sea becomes Main Aquaculture Industry Standard for Sustainability in 2008 World Fishing Today.com. Retrieved 20 Dec 2008.
3.Jump up ^ Friend of the Sea becomes main aquaculture sustainability standard Aquahoy. Retrieved 20 Dec 2008.
4.Jump up ^ International Dolphin-Safe project
5.Jump up ^ FAO (2005)
6.Jump up ^ http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1119t/i1119t00.htm
References[edit]
FAO (2005) Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Marine Fisheries Products
FAO (2008) Review of Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Fish and Products from Capture Fisheries, and Recommended Minimum Substantive Requirements
External links[edit]
Friend of the Sea main website




[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: Seafood
International environmental organizations
Fisheries conservation organizations
Ecolabelling
Sustainable fisheries


Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
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Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
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Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
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Upload file
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Permanent link
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Cite this page

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Edit links
This page was last modified on 14 February 2015, at 13:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea

















Marine Stewardship Council

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Marine Stewardship Council
MSC ecolabel.png

Type
 Non-profit organization
Industry
Sustainable seafood ecolabel programme
Founded
London, England (1996)
[1]
Headquarters
Marine House, 1 Snow Hill, London, EC1A 2DH, United Kingdom

Key people

Rupert Howes (CEO)
Will Martin (Chair of the Board of Trustees)


Number of employees
 Circa 120
Slogan
Certified sustainable seafood
Website
www.msc.org
Footnotes / references
[2]
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent non-profit organization which sets a standard for sustainable fishing. Fisheries that wish to demonstrate they are well managed and sustainable compared to the science-based MSC standard are assessed by a team of experts who are independent of both the fishery and the MSC. Seafood products can display the blue MSC ecolabel only if that seafood can be traced back through the supply chain to a fishery that has been certified against the MSC standard.[3]
The MSC’s mission is to use its ecolabel and fishery certification program to contribute to the health of the world’s oceans by recognizing and rewarding sustainable fishing practices, influencing the choices people make when buying seafood, and working with partners to transform the seafood market to a sustainable basis.[4]


Contents  [hide]
1 How the MSC contributes to changes on the ocean
2 Environmental benefits of MSC certification
3 Key facts and figures
4 The MSC standard for sustainable fishing 4.1 MSC principles of sustainability
4.2 How sustainability is measured
4.3 Encouraging further improvement in fisheries
5 The MSC and aquaculture
6 Stakeholder input into fisheries assessments
7 Governance
8 Ensuring seafood purchased is from a sustainable fishery
9 Finances
10 Independent opinion and criticism
11 References
12 External links

How the MSC contributes to changes on the ocean[edit]
When buyers choose to purchase MSC certified fish, well-managed fisheries are rewarded for sustainable practices. In turn, the growing market for certified sustainable seafood generates a powerful incentive for other fisheries to demonstrate they are fishing sustainably or to improve their performance so that they too can be eligible for MSC certification. In this way, the MSC program helps to harness market forces to incentivise positive environmental change.[5]
Environmental benefits of MSC certification[edit]
A recent scientific study found that MSC certified fisheries show improvements that deliver benefits to the marine environment. Benefits included: increased stocks; improved management of stocks; reduced bycatch; expansion of environmentally protected areas; and increased knowledge about ecosystem impacts amongst fishers.[6] [7] A further study published in the scientific journal PLoS One (Ecolabel conveys reliable information on fish stock health to seafood consumers’, Gutierrez et al., 21 August 2012) found, following the first comprehensive analysis of global fish stocks targeted by MSC certified fisheries, that certified stocks are healthy and maintained above levels that ensure continuing sustainability.
Key facts and figures[edit]
The MSC was founded in 1996, inspired by the Grand Banks cod fishery collapse. In 1999 it became independent of its founding partners, the World Wide Fund for Nature and Unilever.[1] MSC has a staff of around 120 spread across the HQ in London, regional offices in London, Seattle, Singapore and Sydney, and local offices in Edinburgh, Berlin, The Hague, Paris, Cape Town, Tokyo, Reyjavik, and the Baltic region.[8]
The MSC program is open to all fisheries regardless of size, scale, location and intensity and runs a Developing World Program to ensure equal access to the program.
As of March 2013, there are over 18,000 seafood products available with the MSC ecolabel, sold in 100 countries around the world. Nearly 200 fisheries have been independently certified as meeting the MSC’s environmental standard for sustainable fishing and over 100 are currently undergoing assessment.[9] Over 2,000 companies have met the MSC Chain of Custody standard for seafood traceability (link to chain of custody section of site). The MSC works in partnership with a number of organisations, businesses and funders around the world but is fully independent of all.[2]
The MSC standard for sustainable fishing[edit]
The MSC environmental standard for sustainable fishing was developed over two years through a consultative process involving more than 300 expert organizations and individuals around the world. It is consistent with the ‘Guidelines for the Eco-labelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Wild Capture Fisheries’ adopted by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2005.[10]
MSC principles of sustainability[edit]
The MSC standard consists of three core principles that each fishery must demonstrate it meets:
Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks
The fishing activity must be at a level which is sustainable for the targeted fish population. Any certified fishery must operate so that fishing can continue indefinitely and is not overexploiting the resources.
Principle 2: Minimising environmental impact
Fishing operations should be managed to maintain the structure, productivity, function and diversity of the ecosystem on which the fishery depends.
Principle 3: Effective management
The fishery must meet all local, national and international laws and must have a management system in place to respond to changing circumstances and maintain sustainability.
How sustainability is measured[edit]
Under the three principles are a total of 31 performance indicators that a fishery is scored against by an independent team of experts. The minimum passing score for each of the 31 performance indicators is set at a level which gives a good level of assurance that the productivity of all key elements of the ecosystem on which the fishery has an impact are not compromised. The MSC system therefore not only takes into account the impact of the fishery on the target stock, but also other vital components of the wider ecosystem, such as habitat structure, productivity and biodiversity. This minimum level equates to a score of 60 and if the fishery scores below 60 on any one of the 31 Performance Indicators it is an automatic failure. However, achieving only the minimum, 60 performance level is not adequate to become certified against the MSC standard; average scores of at least 80 for the Performance Indicators under each of the three principles have to be achieved. As a result every fishery certified against the MSC standard is operating at a very high level of precaution. This means the fishery is more resilient to potential changes such as natural stock fluctuations, and better able to secure its long-term sustainability.[11]
Fisheries that want certification and to use the ecolabel pay US$20,000 to more than $100,000 to an independent, for-profit contractor that assesses the fishery against the MSC standard and determines whether to recommend certification.[12] The assessors are independently accredited to perform MSC assessments by Accreditation Services International (ASI). After certification, fisheries undergo annual audits costing $75,000 per audit and are recertified every five years.[12]
Encouraging further improvement in fisheries[edit]
Because a certified fishery must achieve average scores of at least 80 across the three principles it is possible for a fishery to be certified with a score of between 60 and 80 for a small number of performance indicators. In these cases it is called a conditional certification: conditions are placed on the fishery, which it must fulfil within a set period, in order to remain certified. Even though the fishery is operating sustainably, it must introduce a plan of action that will raise its performance to the more precautionary level demanded by the MSC standard by increasing any score of between 60 and 80 to at least 80 within a set period of time. In almost all cases, scores of 80 have to be achieved for all performance indicators by the end of the first certificate period (five years).
To remain certified, fisheries also have to undertake an annual surveillance to check that they continue to meet the MSC standard. After 5 years, the fishery must be reassessed in full if it wants to continue to be certified.
The MSC and aquaculture[edit]
The Marine Stewardship Council is a program for wild fisheries and does not include aquaculture production.
Some types of ‘enhanced fisheries’ can be certified but there is a well-defined type of enhancement to which the MSC standard for sustainability can be applied:
The fishery must rely on catching fish from the wild at some stage, either Catch and Grow or Hatch and Catch.
Species must be native to the geographic region of the fishery.
It is not possible to substantially augment the fishes’ food or give them medicines (except in the case of Hatch and Catch fisheries such as salmon hatcheries, where the fry are reared only to a small size prior to release to the wild).
Habitat can be modified but it must be possible to reverse the impact the enhanced fishery has on the habitats and wider ecosystem.[13]
Stakeholder input into fisheries assessments[edit]
To ensure a robust assessment and to ensure that the independent team of experts has all the available information on the fishery, the assessment process is open to a range of stakeholders to participate – this could be other fisheries, NGOs, governments, or other bodies.
Stakeholders are invited to participate in the process from the outset, and throughout the assessment, stakeholders are given the opportunity to submit information and comment on reports, all of which are made public and available for anyone to see on the MSC website.[14]
Governance[edit]
The MSC is governed by a Board of Trustees of up to 15 members. In addition a Technical Advisory Board and a Stakeholder Council advise the Board. The structure of these bodies involves a wide range of stakeholders with different views so that decisions reflect many sectors and interests.[15]
The Board sets the strategic direction of the MSC, monitors progress and ensures the MSC meets its objectives. The MSC Technical Advisory Board is made up of 15 experts in the fields of marine science, policy and seafood supply chains: it advises the MSC Board on technical and scientific matters. The MSC Stakeholder Council ensures that the opinions of all groups with a stake in sustainable fishing and seafood supply are heard by the MSC Board. It comprises 30-50 members that represent a broad range of sectors and geographical areas including fishing organisations, NGOs, consumer groups, retailers, and others.
Through these bodies, the MSC is continually improving its program, and stakeholders are invited to contribute to its development through regular meetings of the Stakeholder Council and public consultations.
Ensuring seafood purchased is from a sustainable fishery[edit]
The MSC manages a second standard called Chain of Custody for traceability. If seafood is to be sold with the MSC ecolabel, every business in the supply chain must be assessed and certified by an independent body against the MSC Chain of Custody standard. This ensures that only seafood from a certified sustainable fishery is sold with the MSC label.[16]
Finances[edit]
The MSC is a registered charity [17] and non-profit organisation [18] and depends on various sources of funding. From 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2012, the MSC’s total income was £15 million. Total expenditure for the same period was £12 million. The MSC Board recognises it as generally good practice to hold reserves as a protection against any financial difficulties in the future. A reserves target of 6 to 9 months’ cover is considered to be necessary, at least as an aspiration, given the MSC’s absence of a subscribing membership and uncertainty, as a market-based program, of its various income streams.[19]
Independent opinion and criticism[edit]
Jared Diamond's 2005 book Collapse discussed MSC and the similar Forest Stewardship Council as good examples of collaboration among environmentalists and businesses for a sustainable economy.[20]
Andrew Balmford’s book Wild Hope (Chicago University Press, 2012) devotes a chapter to the MSC as a successful strategy for achieving conservation goals through a collaborative, market-based solution.
Since 2009, the MSC has been criticized for certifying fisheries that have, in the view of some, questionable sustainability. The most controversial certification has been that of the Ross Sea Antarctic toothfish fishery.[21][22] Some scientists and stakeholders in the seafood industry consider the fishery "exploratory", since so little is known about it.[21][23] However toothfish has been fished commercially for over 30 years and the fishery has been closely managed by Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources since 1982.[24] Scientists had accused the assessor, which recommended the fishery for certification, of ignoring unfavorable data. The independent adjudicator later sent back the recommendation for certification to the assessor for reconsideration.[12] The fishery was certified with adjustments to the scoring on the contested indicators and additional requirements for providing scientific data to aid research on toothfish stocks.
The MSC received criticism from Greenpeace and the Pew Environment Group among others over its certification of Antarctic krill. Although the fishery may have been healthy, critics believed that "scientific data on the fishery’s impact [wa]s lacking, and that the council’s decision [wa]s thus based on guesswork". As a result, Whole Foods Market stated it would stop selling all krill oil supplements even with the ecolabel.[12]
As part of the MSC certification the krill fishery committed to further scientific research and 100% observer coverage, specifically addressing the concerns about risks posed to other species by krill fishing.[25] Fishing pressure on krill is very low – less than 1% of estimated biomass - and the management rules established by CCAMLR ensure fishing activities minimise risks to the krill population or other species.[26]
In early 2010, the MSC was criticised by environmental groups like the Sierra Club for certifying the British Columbia sockeye salmon fishery[27][28][29] when stocks in the Fraser River (a part of the fishery) had been in decline since the early 1990s.[30] The year before, the salmon run of the Fraser River (a part of the fishery) was only 1.4 million (M) of a predicted 11 M salmon and had prompted the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper to launch a judicial enquiry.[31] The 2010 run was 30 M and the 2011 run is estimated to be greater than 4 M.[32] The Fraser Sockeye 2010 think tank at Simon Fraser University stated that the large 2010 run was due mainly to the cyclical peak of fish from the Adams River and that returns were high only for a subset of tributaries.[33] However, it stated that "the large unresolved uncertainties […] highlight our collective uncertainty about the relative roles of climate change, aquaculture, and fisheries management in determining salmon returns".[33]
An appropriate management response to the decreased stocks was taken and the fishery was closed to allow the stocks to recover. The fishery is now operating successfully and has an ongoing commitment to protecting weak populations and decreasing bycatch. Catch level is set in-season in accordance with each year's run size.[34]
In February 2011, several European WWF chapters objected to certification of the Denmark North Sea plaice fishery.[35] The concerns raised were taken into account and the fishery concerned implemented a habitat strategy to ensure enhanced protection of vulnerable habitats through measures such as closed areas, gear modifications, technical developments and targeted research.[36]
However, in an independent study of seven different seafood ecolabelling and certification programs, commissioned by WWF International and carried out by Accenture Development Partnerships in 2010, the MSC ranked highest across all 103 criteria. The study was repeated in 2012 and the MSC again was determined ‘best in class’, scoring twice as highly as the next nearest certification program analysed.
Some scientists like Sidney Holt and Daniel Pauly have suggested that a system where assessments are carried out by commercial contractors paid by the fisheries creates a conflict of interest because assessors have an financial incentive in recommending fisheries and getting more work and profits from the resulting annual audits.[23] However, the practice of companies paying external auditors for assessments to independent standards (such as accounting or quality standards) is normal throughout all business and non-profit sectors. Third party assessment by accredited certifiers, independent of the standard setter, is also a key feature of the United Nations FAO guidelines on ecolabelling fisheries and fish products, and one of the criteria that the global community of MSC stakeholders value in the MSC program.[12]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "MSC history". Retrieved 2015-12-29. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
2.^ Jump up to: a b "MSC in numbers — MSC". Msc.org. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
3.Jump up ^ "MSC standards — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
4.Jump up ^ "Vision and mission — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
5.Jump up ^ "Our theory of change — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
6.Jump up ^ Erik Stokstad (2011-11-11). "Science | From AAAS". M.sciencemag.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
7.Jump up ^ "Environmental impacts of the MSC program — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
8.Jump up ^ "Offices and staff — MSC". Msc.org. 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
9.Jump up ^ "Certified fisheries on the map — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
10.Jump up ^ "Guidelines for the Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries. Revision 1. / Directives pour l'étiquetage écologique du poisson et des produits des pêches de capture marines. Révision 1. / Directrices para el ecoetiquetado de pescado y productos pesqueros de la pesca de captura marina. Revisión 1. /". Fao.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
11.Jump up ^ "MSC environmental standard for sustainable fishing — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jolly, David (23 June 2010). "Certification of Krill Harvest Upsets Conservationists". The New York Times. p. 6.
13.Jump up ^ "MSC Board statement on aquaculture — MSC". Msc.org. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
14.Jump up ^ "Have your say — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
15.Jump up ^ "Structure — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
16.Jump up ^ "MSC chain of custody standard for seafood traceability — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
17.Jump up ^ "Charity overview". Charity-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
18.Jump up ^ "Nonprofit Report for Marine Stewardship Council". .guidestar.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
19.Jump up ^ "Our finances — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
20.Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared (2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail Or Succeed. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-03337-5. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
21.^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Lewis (6 January 2011). "Sustainable fish customers 'duped' by Marine Stewardship Council". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 5 December 2011.
22.Jump up ^ Amélie Lescroël and Sylvain Angerand, Pêche durable : MSC, l'écolabel qui encourage le massacre / Durable fishing: MSC, the ecolabel that promotes the massacre, Rue89 Planète.
23.^ Jump up to: a b Jacquet, J.; Pauly, D.; Ainley, D.; Holt, S.; Dayton, P.; Jackson, J. (2010). "Seafood stewardship in crisis". Nature 467 (7311): 28–29. doi:10.1038/467028a. PMID 20811437. edit
24.Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
25.Jump up ^ "Sustainability notes — MSC". Msc.org. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
26.Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
27.Jump up ^ Hume, Mark (6 July 2010). "Sustainable sockeye ‘eco-fraud'". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved 5 December 2011.
28.Jump up ^ "MSC criticised for sockeye certification." Fish Information and Services
29.Jump up ^ "Response to Sockeye Certification by the Marine Stewardship Council" (PDF) (Press release). Sierra Club BC. 2010. Retrieved Dec 5, 2011.
30.Jump up ^ Casselman, Anne (May 5, 2011). "Upstream Battle: What Is Killing Off the Fraser River's Sockeye Salmon?". Scientific American. ISSN 0036-8733. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
31.Jump up ^ AFP (6 November 2009). "Missing salmon stocks to be probed: PM". Fish Info & Services. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
32.Jump up ^ Canadian Press (August 13, 2011). "Up to 4 million sockeye expected in run". CBC News (Toronto). Canadian Press. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
33.^ Jump up to: a b Steering Committee (December 6, 2010). Fraser Sockeye 2010: Findings of a Scientists' Think Tank (PDF). Fraser Sockeye 2010. Speaking for the Salmon Program at Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
34.Jump up ^ "British Columbia sockeye salmon: the fishers' story — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
35.Jump up ^ Holland, Richard (11 February 2011). "Objection: Denmark North Sea Plaice Trawl Fishery" (PDF). Memo to MSC. Marine Stewardship Council. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
36.Jump up ^ "Danish North Sea plaice trawl fishery receives MSC certificate — MSC". Msc.org. 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
External links[edit]
Marine Stewardship Council
MSC website for teachers and children
Where to buy MSC-labelled seafood
MSC profile on database of Market Governance Mechanisms







[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


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Environmental certification
Organizations established in 1997
Marine conservation organizations







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Marine Stewardship Council

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Marine Stewardship Council
MSC ecolabel.png

Type
 Non-profit organization
Industry
Sustainable seafood ecolabel programme
Founded
London, England (1996)
[1]
Headquarters
Marine House, 1 Snow Hill, London, EC1A 2DH, United Kingdom

Key people

Rupert Howes (CEO)
Will Martin (Chair of the Board of Trustees)


Number of employees
 Circa 120
Slogan
Certified sustainable seafood
Website
www.msc.org
Footnotes / references
[2]
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent non-profit organization which sets a standard for sustainable fishing. Fisheries that wish to demonstrate they are well managed and sustainable compared to the science-based MSC standard are assessed by a team of experts who are independent of both the fishery and the MSC. Seafood products can display the blue MSC ecolabel only if that seafood can be traced back through the supply chain to a fishery that has been certified against the MSC standard.[3]
The MSC’s mission is to use its ecolabel and fishery certification program to contribute to the health of the world’s oceans by recognizing and rewarding sustainable fishing practices, influencing the choices people make when buying seafood, and working with partners to transform the seafood market to a sustainable basis.[4]


Contents  [hide]
1 How the MSC contributes to changes on the ocean
2 Environmental benefits of MSC certification
3 Key facts and figures
4 The MSC standard for sustainable fishing 4.1 MSC principles of sustainability
4.2 How sustainability is measured
4.3 Encouraging further improvement in fisheries
5 The MSC and aquaculture
6 Stakeholder input into fisheries assessments
7 Governance
8 Ensuring seafood purchased is from a sustainable fishery
9 Finances
10 Independent opinion and criticism
11 References
12 External links

How the MSC contributes to changes on the ocean[edit]
When buyers choose to purchase MSC certified fish, well-managed fisheries are rewarded for sustainable practices. In turn, the growing market for certified sustainable seafood generates a powerful incentive for other fisheries to demonstrate they are fishing sustainably or to improve their performance so that they too can be eligible for MSC certification. In this way, the MSC program helps to harness market forces to incentivise positive environmental change.[5]
Environmental benefits of MSC certification[edit]
A recent scientific study found that MSC certified fisheries show improvements that deliver benefits to the marine environment. Benefits included: increased stocks; improved management of stocks; reduced bycatch; expansion of environmentally protected areas; and increased knowledge about ecosystem impacts amongst fishers.[6] [7] A further study published in the scientific journal PLoS One (Ecolabel conveys reliable information on fish stock health to seafood consumers’, Gutierrez et al., 21 August 2012) found, following the first comprehensive analysis of global fish stocks targeted by MSC certified fisheries, that certified stocks are healthy and maintained above levels that ensure continuing sustainability.
Key facts and figures[edit]
The MSC was founded in 1996, inspired by the Grand Banks cod fishery collapse. In 1999 it became independent of its founding partners, the World Wide Fund for Nature and Unilever.[1] MSC has a staff of around 120 spread across the HQ in London, regional offices in London, Seattle, Singapore and Sydney, and local offices in Edinburgh, Berlin, The Hague, Paris, Cape Town, Tokyo, Reyjavik, and the Baltic region.[8]
The MSC program is open to all fisheries regardless of size, scale, location and intensity and runs a Developing World Program to ensure equal access to the program.
As of March 2013, there are over 18,000 seafood products available with the MSC ecolabel, sold in 100 countries around the world. Nearly 200 fisheries have been independently certified as meeting the MSC’s environmental standard for sustainable fishing and over 100 are currently undergoing assessment.[9] Over 2,000 companies have met the MSC Chain of Custody standard for seafood traceability (link to chain of custody section of site). The MSC works in partnership with a number of organisations, businesses and funders around the world but is fully independent of all.[2]
The MSC standard for sustainable fishing[edit]
The MSC environmental standard for sustainable fishing was developed over two years through a consultative process involving more than 300 expert organizations and individuals around the world. It is consistent with the ‘Guidelines for the Eco-labelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Wild Capture Fisheries’ adopted by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2005.[10]
MSC principles of sustainability[edit]
The MSC standard consists of three core principles that each fishery must demonstrate it meets:
Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks
The fishing activity must be at a level which is sustainable for the targeted fish population. Any certified fishery must operate so that fishing can continue indefinitely and is not overexploiting the resources.
Principle 2: Minimising environmental impact
Fishing operations should be managed to maintain the structure, productivity, function and diversity of the ecosystem on which the fishery depends.
Principle 3: Effective management
The fishery must meet all local, national and international laws and must have a management system in place to respond to changing circumstances and maintain sustainability.
How sustainability is measured[edit]
Under the three principles are a total of 31 performance indicators that a fishery is scored against by an independent team of experts. The minimum passing score for each of the 31 performance indicators is set at a level which gives a good level of assurance that the productivity of all key elements of the ecosystem on which the fishery has an impact are not compromised. The MSC system therefore not only takes into account the impact of the fishery on the target stock, but also other vital components of the wider ecosystem, such as habitat structure, productivity and biodiversity. This minimum level equates to a score of 60 and if the fishery scores below 60 on any one of the 31 Performance Indicators it is an automatic failure. However, achieving only the minimum, 60 performance level is not adequate to become certified against the MSC standard; average scores of at least 80 for the Performance Indicators under each of the three principles have to be achieved. As a result every fishery certified against the MSC standard is operating at a very high level of precaution. This means the fishery is more resilient to potential changes such as natural stock fluctuations, and better able to secure its long-term sustainability.[11]
Fisheries that want certification and to use the ecolabel pay US$20,000 to more than $100,000 to an independent, for-profit contractor that assesses the fishery against the MSC standard and determines whether to recommend certification.[12] The assessors are independently accredited to perform MSC assessments by Accreditation Services International (ASI). After certification, fisheries undergo annual audits costing $75,000 per audit and are recertified every five years.[12]
Encouraging further improvement in fisheries[edit]
Because a certified fishery must achieve average scores of at least 80 across the three principles it is possible for a fishery to be certified with a score of between 60 and 80 for a small number of performance indicators. In these cases it is called a conditional certification: conditions are placed on the fishery, which it must fulfil within a set period, in order to remain certified. Even though the fishery is operating sustainably, it must introduce a plan of action that will raise its performance to the more precautionary level demanded by the MSC standard by increasing any score of between 60 and 80 to at least 80 within a set period of time. In almost all cases, scores of 80 have to be achieved for all performance indicators by the end of the first certificate period (five years).
To remain certified, fisheries also have to undertake an annual surveillance to check that they continue to meet the MSC standard. After 5 years, the fishery must be reassessed in full if it wants to continue to be certified.
The MSC and aquaculture[edit]
The Marine Stewardship Council is a program for wild fisheries and does not include aquaculture production.
Some types of ‘enhanced fisheries’ can be certified but there is a well-defined type of enhancement to which the MSC standard for sustainability can be applied:
The fishery must rely on catching fish from the wild at some stage, either Catch and Grow or Hatch and Catch.
Species must be native to the geographic region of the fishery.
It is not possible to substantially augment the fishes’ food or give them medicines (except in the case of Hatch and Catch fisheries such as salmon hatcheries, where the fry are reared only to a small size prior to release to the wild).
Habitat can be modified but it must be possible to reverse the impact the enhanced fishery has on the habitats and wider ecosystem.[13]
Stakeholder input into fisheries assessments[edit]
To ensure a robust assessment and to ensure that the independent team of experts has all the available information on the fishery, the assessment process is open to a range of stakeholders to participate – this could be other fisheries, NGOs, governments, or other bodies.
Stakeholders are invited to participate in the process from the outset, and throughout the assessment, stakeholders are given the opportunity to submit information and comment on reports, all of which are made public and available for anyone to see on the MSC website.[14]
Governance[edit]
The MSC is governed by a Board of Trustees of up to 15 members. In addition a Technical Advisory Board and a Stakeholder Council advise the Board. The structure of these bodies involves a wide range of stakeholders with different views so that decisions reflect many sectors and interests.[15]
The Board sets the strategic direction of the MSC, monitors progress and ensures the MSC meets its objectives. The MSC Technical Advisory Board is made up of 15 experts in the fields of marine science, policy and seafood supply chains: it advises the MSC Board on technical and scientific matters. The MSC Stakeholder Council ensures that the opinions of all groups with a stake in sustainable fishing and seafood supply are heard by the MSC Board. It comprises 30-50 members that represent a broad range of sectors and geographical areas including fishing organisations, NGOs, consumer groups, retailers, and others.
Through these bodies, the MSC is continually improving its program, and stakeholders are invited to contribute to its development through regular meetings of the Stakeholder Council and public consultations.
Ensuring seafood purchased is from a sustainable fishery[edit]
The MSC manages a second standard called Chain of Custody for traceability. If seafood is to be sold with the MSC ecolabel, every business in the supply chain must be assessed and certified by an independent body against the MSC Chain of Custody standard. This ensures that only seafood from a certified sustainable fishery is sold with the MSC label.[16]
Finances[edit]
The MSC is a registered charity [17] and non-profit organisation [18] and depends on various sources of funding. From 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2012, the MSC’s total income was £15 million. Total expenditure for the same period was £12 million. The MSC Board recognises it as generally good practice to hold reserves as a protection against any financial difficulties in the future. A reserves target of 6 to 9 months’ cover is considered to be necessary, at least as an aspiration, given the MSC’s absence of a subscribing membership and uncertainty, as a market-based program, of its various income streams.[19]
Independent opinion and criticism[edit]
Jared Diamond's 2005 book Collapse discussed MSC and the similar Forest Stewardship Council as good examples of collaboration among environmentalists and businesses for a sustainable economy.[20]
Andrew Balmford’s book Wild Hope (Chicago University Press, 2012) devotes a chapter to the MSC as a successful strategy for achieving conservation goals through a collaborative, market-based solution.
Since 2009, the MSC has been criticized for certifying fisheries that have, in the view of some, questionable sustainability. The most controversial certification has been that of the Ross Sea Antarctic toothfish fishery.[21][22] Some scientists and stakeholders in the seafood industry consider the fishery "exploratory", since so little is known about it.[21][23] However toothfish has been fished commercially for over 30 years and the fishery has been closely managed by Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources since 1982.[24] Scientists had accused the assessor, which recommended the fishery for certification, of ignoring unfavorable data. The independent adjudicator later sent back the recommendation for certification to the assessor for reconsideration.[12] The fishery was certified with adjustments to the scoring on the contested indicators and additional requirements for providing scientific data to aid research on toothfish stocks.
The MSC received criticism from Greenpeace and the Pew Environment Group among others over its certification of Antarctic krill. Although the fishery may have been healthy, critics believed that "scientific data on the fishery’s impact [wa]s lacking, and that the council’s decision [wa]s thus based on guesswork". As a result, Whole Foods Market stated it would stop selling all krill oil supplements even with the ecolabel.[12]
As part of the MSC certification the krill fishery committed to further scientific research and 100% observer coverage, specifically addressing the concerns about risks posed to other species by krill fishing.[25] Fishing pressure on krill is very low – less than 1% of estimated biomass - and the management rules established by CCAMLR ensure fishing activities minimise risks to the krill population or other species.[26]
In early 2010, the MSC was criticised by environmental groups like the Sierra Club for certifying the British Columbia sockeye salmon fishery[27][28][29] when stocks in the Fraser River (a part of the fishery) had been in decline since the early 1990s.[30] The year before, the salmon run of the Fraser River (a part of the fishery) was only 1.4 million (M) of a predicted 11 M salmon and had prompted the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper to launch a judicial enquiry.[31] The 2010 run was 30 M and the 2011 run is estimated to be greater than 4 M.[32] The Fraser Sockeye 2010 think tank at Simon Fraser University stated that the large 2010 run was due mainly to the cyclical peak of fish from the Adams River and that returns were high only for a subset of tributaries.[33] However, it stated that "the large unresolved uncertainties […] highlight our collective uncertainty about the relative roles of climate change, aquaculture, and fisheries management in determining salmon returns".[33]
An appropriate management response to the decreased stocks was taken and the fishery was closed to allow the stocks to recover. The fishery is now operating successfully and has an ongoing commitment to protecting weak populations and decreasing bycatch. Catch level is set in-season in accordance with each year's run size.[34]
In February 2011, several European WWF chapters objected to certification of the Denmark North Sea plaice fishery.[35] The concerns raised were taken into account and the fishery concerned implemented a habitat strategy to ensure enhanced protection of vulnerable habitats through measures such as closed areas, gear modifications, technical developments and targeted research.[36]
However, in an independent study of seven different seafood ecolabelling and certification programs, commissioned by WWF International and carried out by Accenture Development Partnerships in 2010, the MSC ranked highest across all 103 criteria. The study was repeated in 2012 and the MSC again was determined ‘best in class’, scoring twice as highly as the next nearest certification program analysed.
Some scientists like Sidney Holt and Daniel Pauly have suggested that a system where assessments are carried out by commercial contractors paid by the fisheries creates a conflict of interest because assessors have an financial incentive in recommending fisheries and getting more work and profits from the resulting annual audits.[23] However, the practice of companies paying external auditors for assessments to independent standards (such as accounting or quality standards) is normal throughout all business and non-profit sectors. Third party assessment by accredited certifiers, independent of the standard setter, is also a key feature of the United Nations FAO guidelines on ecolabelling fisheries and fish products, and one of the criteria that the global community of MSC stakeholders value in the MSC program.[12]
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b "MSC history". Retrieved 2015-12-29. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
2.^ Jump up to: a b "MSC in numbers — MSC". Msc.org. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
3.Jump up ^ "MSC standards — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
4.Jump up ^ "Vision and mission — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
5.Jump up ^ "Our theory of change — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
6.Jump up ^ Erik Stokstad (2011-11-11). "Science | From AAAS". M.sciencemag.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
7.Jump up ^ "Environmental impacts of the MSC program — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
8.Jump up ^ "Offices and staff — MSC". Msc.org. 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
9.Jump up ^ "Certified fisheries on the map — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
10.Jump up ^ "Guidelines for the Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries. Revision 1. / Directives pour l'étiquetage écologique du poisson et des produits des pêches de capture marines. Révision 1. / Directrices para el ecoetiquetado de pescado y productos pesqueros de la pesca de captura marina. Revisión 1. /". Fao.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
11.Jump up ^ "MSC environmental standard for sustainable fishing — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jolly, David (23 June 2010). "Certification of Krill Harvest Upsets Conservationists". The New York Times. p. 6.
13.Jump up ^ "MSC Board statement on aquaculture — MSC". Msc.org. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
14.Jump up ^ "Have your say — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
15.Jump up ^ "Structure — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
16.Jump up ^ "MSC chain of custody standard for seafood traceability — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
17.Jump up ^ "Charity overview". Charity-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
18.Jump up ^ "Nonprofit Report for Marine Stewardship Council". .guidestar.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
19.Jump up ^ "Our finances — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
20.Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared (2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail Or Succeed. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-03337-5. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
21.^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Lewis (6 January 2011). "Sustainable fish customers 'duped' by Marine Stewardship Council". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 5 December 2011.
22.Jump up ^ Amélie Lescroël and Sylvain Angerand, Pêche durable : MSC, l'écolabel qui encourage le massacre / Durable fishing: MSC, the ecolabel that promotes the massacre, Rue89 Planète.
23.^ Jump up to: a b Jacquet, J.; Pauly, D.; Ainley, D.; Holt, S.; Dayton, P.; Jackson, J. (2010). "Seafood stewardship in crisis". Nature 467 (7311): 28–29. doi:10.1038/467028a. PMID 20811437. edit
24.Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
25.Jump up ^ "Sustainability notes — MSC". Msc.org. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
26.Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
27.Jump up ^ Hume, Mark (6 July 2010). "Sustainable sockeye ‘eco-fraud'". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved 5 December 2011.
28.Jump up ^ "MSC criticised for sockeye certification." Fish Information and Services
29.Jump up ^ "Response to Sockeye Certification by the Marine Stewardship Council" (PDF) (Press release). Sierra Club BC. 2010. Retrieved Dec 5, 2011.
30.Jump up ^ Casselman, Anne (May 5, 2011). "Upstream Battle: What Is Killing Off the Fraser River's Sockeye Salmon?". Scientific American. ISSN 0036-8733. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
31.Jump up ^ AFP (6 November 2009). "Missing salmon stocks to be probed: PM". Fish Info & Services. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
32.Jump up ^ Canadian Press (August 13, 2011). "Up to 4 million sockeye expected in run". CBC News (Toronto). Canadian Press. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
33.^ Jump up to: a b Steering Committee (December 6, 2010). Fraser Sockeye 2010: Findings of a Scientists' Think Tank (PDF). Fraser Sockeye 2010. Speaking for the Salmon Program at Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
34.Jump up ^ "British Columbia sockeye salmon: the fishers' story — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
35.Jump up ^ Holland, Richard (11 February 2011). "Objection: Denmark North Sea Plaice Trawl Fishery" (PDF). Memo to MSC. Marine Stewardship Council. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
36.Jump up ^ "Danish North Sea plaice trawl fishery receives MSC certificate — MSC". Msc.org. 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
External links[edit]
Marine Stewardship Council
MSC website for teachers and children
Where to buy MSC-labelled seafood
MSC profile on database of Market Governance Mechanisms







[show] 
Fisheries science and wild fisheries










































3875 aquaimages.jpg







































[hide] 
Fisheries management, sustainability and conservation




Management
Fisheries management ·
 Fisheries law ·
 Monitoring control and surveillance ·
 Vessel monitoring system ·
 Fishery Resources Monitoring System ·
 Catch reporting ·
 Fisheries observer ·
 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ·
 Magnuson–Stevens Act ·
 Pulse fishing ·
 Fisheries organizations
 
Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg


Quotas
Catch share ·
 Individual fishing quota ·
 Minimum landing size ·
 Slot limit ·
 Bycatch ·
 Discards ·
 Incidental catch ·
 Cetacean bycatch ·
 Turtle excluder device ·
 Shrimp-Turtle case ·
 EU quotas ·
 EU MLS ·
 Exclusive economic zone
 

Sustainability
Sustainable fisheries ·
 Maximum sustainable yield ·
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight ·
 Sustainable seafood ·
 Overfishing ·
 Environmental effects of fishing ·
 Fishing down the food web ·
 Destructive fishing practices ·
 Future of Marine Animal Populations ·
 The Sunken Billions ·
 End of the Line
 

Conservation
Marine Protected Area ·
 Marine reserve ·
 Marine conservation ·
 Marine conservation activism ·
 Salmon conservation ·
 Grey nurse shark conservation ·
 Shark sanctuary
 

Organisations
Marine Stewardship Council ·
 Friend of the Sea ·
 SeaChoice ·
 Seafood Watch ·
 Ocean Conservancy ·
 Oceana ·
 Sea Around Us Project ·
 WorldFish Center ·
 Defying Ocean's End ·
 HERMIONE ·
 PROFISH ·
 International Seafood Sustainability Foundation ·
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ·
 Greenpeace
 

Related issues
CalCOFI ·
 Fish slaughter ·
 Marine pollution ·
 Mercury in fish ·
 Shark finning ·
 Threatened sharks ·
 Threatened rays
 

List of fishing topics by subject ·
 Index of fishing articles ·
 Fisheries glossary
 



  


Categories: Seafood
International environmental organizations
Fisheries conservation organizations
Environmental certification
Organizations established in 1997
Marine conservation organizations







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WorldFish

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from WorldFish Center)
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[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.




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WorldFish

Motto
"To reduce poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and aquaculture"
Formation
1975
Type
Nonprofit research organization
Purpose
Research
Headquarters
Penang, Malaysia

Region served
 Worldwide

Membership
 FishBase Consortium

Parent organization
 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Website
Worldfishcenter.org
Remarks
Formerly the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM).


Contents  [hide]
1 Overview
2 WorldFish Research
3 Impact and Innovation
4 References
5 External links

Overview[edit]
WorldFish is an international, nonprofit research organization with headquarters in Penang, Malaysia, and offices in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. WorldFish’s mission is to harness the potential of fisheries and aquaculture to reduce poverty and hunger in developing countries.[1]
WorldFish is a member of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR), a global agriculture research partnership for a food secure future.[2]
Working in partnership with private and public sectors and civil society, WorldFish uses its scientific expertise in fisheries and aquaculture to promote sustainable, evidence-based development solutions and policy recommendations[3] that support the Millennium Development Goals.[4] All services and solutions developed by the Center are international public goods that are made freely available to all.[5]
WorldFish has introduced innovative technologies and practices that are brought to scale through a network of partners. The Center works on a breeding program to develop the Abbassa strain of Nile Tilapia that helped increase aquaculture productivity and improve food security for millions of Egyptians.[6]
In Bangladesh, WorldFish trained and supported thousands of rural farmers by helping them improve the productivity of their homestead ponds and gardens.
WorldFish has been recognized with a Tech Museum Award,[7] several World Bank Development Marketplace Awards,[8] and the World Food Prize.[9]
WorldFish Research[edit]
WorldFish is committed to meeting two key development challenges: 1) Improving the livelihoods of those who are poor and vulnerable in places where fisheries and aquaculture can make a difference and 2) achieving large scale, environmentally sustainable, increases in supply and access to fish at affordable prices for poor consumers in developing countries.[10]
To meet these challenges WorldFish focuses its expertise and research in the following areas:
Building adaptive capacity to climate change in fisheries and aquaculture
Strengthening gender equality in fish-dependent communities
Increasing the benefits to poor people from fisheries and aquaculture value-chains
Improving nutrition and health through fisheries and aquaculture
Identifying and promoting policies and practices to increase the resilience of small-scale fisheries
Sustainably increasing the productivity of small-scale aquaculture
WorldFish is one of the 15 specialized research centers of the Consortium on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR),[11] and is also an implementing partner for the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS).[12] This research program aims to reduce poverty and improve food security for people whose livelihoods depend on aquatic agricultural systems.[13]
Impact and Innovation[edit]
WorldFish, with its partners, has raised incomes for millions of poor people (and reduced suffering of HIV/AIDS-affected families) by integrating aquaculture with agriculture and has empowered poor communities to participate in the sustainable co-management of their fisheries. It has helped countries cope with disaster and conflict by restoring fisheries, providing nations with tools to improve the planning and management of major river basins and developed widely-consulted global databases, and strengthening national capacities for fisheries management.
Three areas of work have generated particularly large impact:
The breeding of much higher-yielding tilapia fish varieties (GIFT), widely used in aquaculture across Asia, greatly raising productivity and incomes: $170 returned for each $100 invested per annum.[14][self-published source?]
Integrated aquaculture-agriculture in Malawi that has sharply increased incomes and reduced childhood malnutrition, and helping HIV/AIDS-affected families cope; $115 returned for each $100 invested per annum.[15][self-published source?]
Fisheries co-management in Bangladesh, which is increasing biodiversity, raising incomes by 100% and fish catches by 30%, particularly by empowering women. The Science Council commended co-management as an “eminently replicable model for contemporary rural development.”[16][self-published source?]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ WorldFish Center mission, The Tech Awards article.
2.Jump up ^ WorldFish Center as part of CGIAR, Institute of Development Studies, WorldFish Center article.
3.Jump up ^ WorldFish Center mission, GlobalGiving, WorldFish Center overview.
4.Jump up ^ How WorldFish supports U.N. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), worldfishcenter.org online pamphlet.
5.Jump up ^ CGIAR as a Provider of International Public Goods, cgiar.org pdf document
6.Jump up ^ Abbassa strain of Nile Tilapia, SciDevNet article.
7.Jump up ^ Tech Museum Award, Bio-Medicine, Biology Research Tools article.
8.Jump up ^ World Bank Global Development Marketplace awards, cgiar.org article.
9.Jump up ^ World Food Prize winner, Rediff India Abroad article.
10.Jump up ^ Welcome to WorldFish, Article, worldfishcenter.org
11.Jump up ^ SEAT Article, seatglobal.eu
12.Jump up ^ AAS Zambia, thefishsite.com, Article
13.Jump up ^ AAS food security, aas.cgiar.org, Article
14.Jump up ^ Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, Science Council Secretariat, CGIAR (October 2006). "Improved Tilapia Benefits Asia" (PDF). Science Council Brief (6). Rome: CGIAR. Retrieved 2012-10-24.[self-published source]
15.Jump up ^ Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, Science Council Secretariat, CGIAR (October 2006). "Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture–Agriculture Technologies in Malawi" (PDF). Science Council Brief (11). Rome: CGIAR. Retrieved 2012-10-24.[self-published source]
16.Jump up ^ Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, Science Council Secretariat, CGIAR (November 2008). "Community-Based Fisheries Management in Bangladesh" (PDF). Science Council Brief (30). Rome: CGIAR. Retrieved 2012-10-24.[self-published source]
External links[edit]
Official website
ReefBase - A Global Information System on Coral Reefs
FishBase
TrawlBase


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WorldFish

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WorldFish

Motto
"To reduce poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and aquaculture"
Formation
1975
Type
Nonprofit research organization
Purpose
Research
Headquarters
Penang, Malaysia

Region served
 Worldwide

Membership
 FishBase Consortium

Parent organization
 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Website
Worldfishcenter.org
Remarks
Formerly the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM).


Contents  [hide]
1 Overview
2 WorldFish Research
3 Impact and Innovation
4 References
5 External links

Overview[edit]
WorldFish is an international, nonprofit research organization with headquarters in Penang, Malaysia, and offices in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. WorldFish’s mission is to harness the potential of fisheries and aquaculture to reduce poverty and hunger in developing countries.[1]
WorldFish is a member of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR), a global agriculture research partnership for a food secure future.[2]
Working in partnership with private and public sectors and civil society, WorldFish uses its scientific expertise in fisheries and aquaculture to promote sustainable, evidence-based development solutions and policy recommendations[3] that support the Millennium Development Goals.[4] All services and solutions developed by the Center are international public goods that are made freely available to all.[5]
WorldFish has introduced innovative technologies and practices that are brought to scale through a network of partners. The Center works on a breeding program to develop the Abbassa strain of Nile Tilapia that helped increase aquaculture productivity and improve food security for millions of Egyptians.[6]
In Bangladesh, WorldFish trained and supported thousands of rural farmers by helping them improve the productivity of their homestead ponds and gardens.
WorldFish has been recognized with a Tech Museum Award,[7] several World Bank Development Marketplace Awards,[8] and the World Food Prize.[9]
WorldFish Research[edit]
WorldFish is committed to meeting two key development challenges: 1) Improving the livelihoods of those who are poor and vulnerable in places where fisheries and aquaculture can make a difference and 2) achieving large scale, environmentally sustainable, increases in supply and access to fish at affordable prices for poor consumers in developing countries.[10]
To meet these challenges WorldFish focuses its expertise and research in the following areas:
Building adaptive capacity to climate change in fisheries and aquaculture
Strengthening gender equality in fish-dependent communities
Increasing the benefits to poor people from fisheries and aquaculture value-chains
Improving nutrition and health through fisheries and aquaculture
Identifying and promoting policies and practices to increase the resilience of small-scale fisheries
Sustainably increasing the productivity of small-scale aquaculture
WorldFish is one of the 15 specialized research centers of the Consortium on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR),[11] and is also an implementing partner for the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS).[12] This research program aims to reduce poverty and improve food security for people whose livelihoods depend on aquatic agricultural systems.[13]
Impact and Innovation[edit]
WorldFish, with its partners, has raised incomes for millions of poor people (and reduced suffering of HIV/AIDS-affected families) by integrating aquaculture with agriculture and has empowered poor communities to participate in the sustainable co-management of their fisheries. It has helped countries cope with disaster and conflict by restoring fisheries, providing nations with tools to improve the planning and management of major river basins and developed widely-consulted global databases, and strengthening national capacities for fisheries management.
Three areas of work have generated particularly large impact:
The breeding of much higher-yielding tilapia fish varieties (GIFT), widely used in aquaculture across Asia, greatly raising productivity and incomes: $170 returned for each $100 invested per annum.[14][self-published source?]
Integrated aquaculture-agriculture in Malawi that has sharply increased incomes and reduced childhood malnutrition, and helping HIV/AIDS-affected families cope; $115 returned for each $100 invested per annum.[15][self-published source?]
Fisheries co-management in Bangladesh, which is increasing biodiversity, raising incomes by 100% and fish catches by 30%, particularly by empowering women. The Science Council commended co-management as an “eminently replicable model for contemporary rural development.”[16][self-published source?]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ WorldFish Center mission, The Tech Awards article.
2.Jump up ^ WorldFish Center as part of CGIAR, Institute of Development Studies, WorldFish Center article.
3.Jump up ^ WorldFish Center mission, GlobalGiving, WorldFish Center overview.
4.Jump up ^ How WorldFish supports U.N. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), worldfishcenter.org online pamphlet.
5.Jump up ^ CGIAR as a Provider of International Public Goods, cgiar.org pdf document
6.Jump up ^ Abbassa strain of Nile Tilapia, SciDevNet article.
7.Jump up ^ Tech Museum Award, Bio-Medicine, Biology Research Tools article.
8.Jump up ^ World Bank Global Development Marketplace awards, cgiar.org article.
9.Jump up ^ World Food Prize winner, Rediff India Abroad article.
10.Jump up ^ Welcome to WorldFish, Article, worldfishcenter.org
11.Jump up ^ SEAT Article, seatglobal.eu
12.Jump up ^ AAS Zambia, thefishsite.com, Article
13.Jump up ^ AAS food security, aas.cgiar.org, Article
14.Jump up ^ Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, Science Council Secretariat, CGIAR (October 2006). "Improved Tilapia Benefits Asia" (PDF). Science Council Brief (6). Rome: CGIAR. Retrieved 2012-10-24.[self-published source]
15.Jump up ^ Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, Science Council Secretariat, CGIAR (October 2006). "Development and Dissemination of Integrated Aquaculture–Agriculture Technologies in Malawi" (PDF). Science Council Brief (11). Rome: CGIAR. Retrieved 2012-10-24.[self-published source]
16.Jump up ^ Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, Science Council Secretariat, CGIAR (November 2008). "Community-Based Fisheries Management in Bangladesh" (PDF). Science Council Brief (30). Rome: CGIAR. Retrieved 2012-10-24.[self-published source]
External links[edit]
Official website
ReefBase - A Global Information System on Coral Reefs
FishBase
TrawlBase


[show]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers




















  


Categories: International research institutes
Research institutes in Malaysia
Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes












Navigation menu



Create account
Log in



Article

Talk









Read

Edit

View history

















Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store

Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page

Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
Deutsch
Français
Edit links
This page was last modified on 8 February 2015, at 05:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
   
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldFish