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Top Gun
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This article is about the film. For other uses, see Top Gun (disambiguation).

Top Gun
Top Gun Movie.jpg
Theatrical release poster

Directed by
Tony Scott
Produced by
Don Simpson
Jerry Bruckheimer
Written by
Jim Cash
Jack Epps, Jr.
Starring
Tom Cruise
Kelly McGillis
Val Kilmer
Anthony Edwards
Tom Skerritt
Music by
Harold Faltermeyer
Cinematography
Jeffrey L. Kimball
Editing by
Chris Lebenzon
Billy Weber
Studio
Simpson/Bruckheimer
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release dates
May 16, 1986

Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15,000,000
Box office
$356,830,601[1]
Top Gun is a 1986 American action drama film directed by Tony Scott, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, in association with Paramount Pictures. The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., and was inspired by the article "Top Guns" written by Ehud Yonay for California magazine.
The film stars Tom Cruise, Kelly McGillis, Val Kilmer, Anthony Edwards, and Tom Skerritt. Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, a young Naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. He and his Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) Nick "Goose" Bradshaw (Edwards) are given the chance to train at the Navy's Fighter Weapons School.


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Background
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Release 4.1 Home media
4.2 IMAX 3D re-release
5 Reception 5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Awards
5.4 Effect on military recruiting
5.5 Legacy
6 Sequel
7 Video games
8 References
9 External links

Plot[edit]
United States Naval Aviator Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (Tom Cruise) flies a F-14A Tomcat off USS Enterprise (CVN-65), with Nick "Goose" Bradshaw (Anthony Edwards) as his Radar Intercept Officer (RIO). At the start of the film, Maverick and his wingman "Cougar" (John Stockwell), intercept (fictional) MiG-28s over the Indian Ocean. During the standoff, one of the MiGs manages to get a missile lock on Cougar. Maverick realizes that the MiG is only trying to intimidate Cougar and drives it off, but Cougar is too shaken afterward to land. Maverick defies orders and shepherds Cougar back to the carrier as both planes run critically low on fuel. After they land, Cougar retires ("turns in his wings"), stating that he has been holding on "too tight" and has lost "the edge", almost orphaning his newborn child, whom he has never seen. Although disapproving of Maverick's reckless flying and repeated violations of rules, the Enterprise's CAG "Stinger" (James Tolkan) sends Maverick and Goose—now his top crew—to attend the Navy's Fighter Weapons School, known as "Top Gun", at NAS Miramar.
It is revealed that Maverick's recklessness is partly due to his father, Duke Mitchell, who served with the VF-51 squadron aboard the USS Oriskany (CV-34) during the Vietnam War, and was killed in action when his Phantom was shot down. The official story, which Maverick refuses to believe, is that Duke made a mistake. Goose is much more cautious and devoted to his wife, Carole (Meg Ryan), and child. The two officers are nonetheless close friends and effective partners, with Maverick considering Goose as his only family. At a bar the day before the Top Gun program starts, Maverick, assisted by Goose, unsuccessfully approaches a woman named Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood (Kelly McGillis), who he later learns is a civilian contractor with a Ph.D. in astrophysics serving as a Top Gun instructor.
Maverick's reckless flying both annoys and impresses Lieutenant Commander Rick "Jester" Heatherly (Michael Ironside) and other instructors. He defeats Jester in exercises, but violates two rules of engagement in the process and is strongly reprimanded by the chief instructor, Commander Mike "Viper" Metcalf (Tom Skerritt). Maverick continues to pursue Charlie and becomes a rival to top student Lieutenant Tom "Iceman" Kazansky (Val Kilmer)—who considers Maverick's methods dangerous and unsafe. Although outwardly critical of Maverick's tactics, Charlie eventually admits that she admires his flying but was critical because she was afraid for her credibility. They begin a romantic relationship.
During one flight, Maverick breaks off from his wingman "Hollywood" to go one-on-one with Viper, described as "the finest fighter pilot in the world". Although Maverick matches the older pilot move for move, Viper lasts long enough for Jester—who has defeated Hollywood off-screen—to maneuver around and "shoot" Maverick down, demonstrating the value of teamwork over individual ability.
Near the end of the program, Maverick and Iceman both chase Jester, the latter attempting to gain a missile lock on the target. Under intense pressure from Maverick, Iceman breaks off. Maverick's F-14 flies through the jet wash of Iceman's aircraft and suffers a flameout of both engines, entering a flat spin from which he cannot recover, forcing both Maverick and Goose to eject. Goose ejects directly into the jettisoned aircraft canopy, which breaks his neck, killing him.
Although the board of inquiry clears Maverick of responsibility, he feels guilty for Goose's death, losing his aggressiveness when flying. Charlie and others attempt to console him, but Maverick considers leaving the Navy. Unsure of his future, he seeks Viper's advice. Viper reveals that he served with Maverick's father and discloses classified details over his last mission, explaining how Duke stayed in the fight after his Phantom was hit and saved three planes before he died. Information about the dogfight was classified to avoid revealing that the American planes were not where they should have been.
During the graduation party, Iceman, Hollywood, and Maverick are ordered to immediately report to the Enterprise to deal with a "crisis situation", providing air support for the rescue of a stricken communications ship, the SS Layton, that has drifted into hostile waters. Maverick and Merlin are assigned to one of two F-14s as back-up for those flown by Iceman and Hollywood, despite Iceman's reservations over Maverick's state of mind. In the subsequent hostile engagement with six MiGs, Hollywood is shot down but he and his RIO, Wolfman, manage to eject safely. Maverick is sortied alone due to catapult failure and nearly retreats after encountering circumstances similar to those that caused Goose's death. Upon rejoining Iceman, they shoot down four MiGs and force the others to flee, and return to the Enterprise, where the two men, with newfound respect for each other, finally become friends. Offered any assignment he chooses, Maverick decides to return to Top Gun as an instructor, to which Stinger jokingly expresses horror. Later, he is seen tossing Goose's dogtags into the ocean, suggesting that he is finally free of his guilt over Goose's death.
Sitting alone in a restaurant in downtown San Diego, Maverick hears "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" playing on the jukebox and recalls meeting Charlie. She reveals that she is in the bar and the two reunite.
Cast[edit]
Tom Cruise as LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell
Kelly McGillis as Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood
Val Kilmer as LT Tom "Iceman" Kazansky
Anthony Edwards as LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw
Tom Skerritt as CDR Mike "Viper" Metcalf
Michael Ironside as LCDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly
John Stockwell as LT Bill "Cougar" Cortell
Barry Tubb as Ensign Leonard "Wolfman" Wolfe
Rick Rossovich as LTJG Ron "Slider" Kerner
Tim Robbins as LT Sam "Merlin" Wells
Clarence Gilyard, Jr. as LTJG Marcus "Sundown" Williams
Whip Hubley as LT Rick "Hollywood" Neven
James Tolkan as CDR Tom "Stinger" Jordan
Meg Ryan as Carol Bradshaw
Adrian Pasdar as LT Charles "Chipper" Piper
Duke Stroud as Air Boss Johnson
Linda Rae Jurgens as Mary Metcalf
Production[edit]
Background[edit]
The primary inspiration for the film was the article "Top Guns", by Ehud Yonay, from the May 1983 issue of California magazine, which also featured aerial photography by then-Lieutenant Commander Charles "Heater" Heatley.[2] The article detailed the fighter pilots at the Miramar Naval Air Station, located in San Diego, self-nicknamed as "Fightertown USA". Numerous screenwriters allegedly turned down the project.[2] Bruckheimer and Simpson went on to hire Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., to write the first draft. The research methods, by Epps, included an attendance at several declassified Top Gun classes at Miramar and gaining experience by being flown in an F-14. The first draft failed to impress Bruckheimer and Simpson, and is considered to be very different from the final product in numerous ways.[3]
The producers wanted the assistance of the United States Navy in production of the film. The Navy was influential in relation to script approval, which resulting in changes being made. The opening dogfight was moved to international waters as opposed to Cuba, the language was toned down, and a scene that involved a crash on the deck of an aircraft carrier was also scrapped.[4] Maverick's love interest was also changed from a female enlisted member of the Navy to a civilian contractor with the Navy, due to the US military's prohibition of fraternization between officers and enlisted personnel.[2] The "Charlie" character also replaced an aerobics instructor from an early draft as a love interest for Maverick after producers were introduced to Christine "Legs" Fox, a civilian mathematician employed by the Center for Naval Analyses as a specialist in Maritime Air Superiority (MAS), developing tactics for aircraft carrier defense.[5] Rear Admiral Pete "Viper" Pettigrew, a former Navy aviator, Vietnam War veteran, and Top Gun instructor served as a technical advisor on the film, and also made a cameo appearance in the film as a colleague of Charlie's.
Former Top Gun instructor pilot Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham claimed to have been the inspiration for Pete Mitchell, although the film's producers have denied that the character was based on any specific Naval aviator.[6]
Filming[edit]



 F-14A Tomcats of Fighter Squadrons VF-51 Screaming Eagles and VF-111 Sundowners, and F-5E/F Tiger IIs of the Navy Fighter Weapons School
The Navy made available several aircraft from F-14 fighter squadron VF-51 Screaming Eagles (which Tom Skerritt mentions in the scene at his home) for the film. Paramount paid as much as $7,800 per hour for fuel and other operating costs whenever aircraft were flown outside of their normal duties. Shots of the aircraft carrier sequences were filmed aboard the USS Enterprise (CVN-65), showing aircraft from F-14 squadrons VF-114 Aardvarks and VF-213 Black Lions.[7] The majority of the carrier flight deck shots were of normal aircraft operations and the film crew had to take what they could get, save for the occasional flyby which the film crew would request. During filming, director Tony Scott wanted to shoot aircraft landing and taking off, back-lit by the sun. During one particular filming sequence, the ship's commanding officer changed the ship's course, thus changing the light. When Scott asked if they could continue on their previous course and speed, he was informed by the commander that it cost $25,000 to turn the ship, and to continue on course. Scott wrote the carrier's captain a $25,000 check so that the ship could be turned and he could continue shooting for another five minutes.[8]
Other ships and squadrons also supported the filming. Scenes that took place in the aircraft carrier command center were filmed aboard the USS Ranger (CV-61) while it was pierside at Naval Air Station North Island. A frame-by-frame examination of scenes where F-14s launched missiles shows that the F-14s belonged to squadrons VF-114 and VF-213, and were filmed during actual training missile launch exercises.[citation needed]
Most of the sequences of the aircraft maneuvering over land were shot at NAS Fallon, in Nevada, using ground-mounted cameras. Air-to-air shots were filmed using a Learjet. Grumman, manufacturer of the F-14, was commissioned by Paramount Pictures to create camera pods to be placed upon the aircraft that could be pointed toward either the front or rear of the aircraft providing outside shots at high altitude. Hand-held cameras were used for some of the interior cabin shots. Navy F-14 pilots flew the planes, changing helmets as needed. The aircraft used for the fictional MiG-28s are Northrop F-5E (single seat) and F-5F (two seat) Tiger IIs, flown by pilots and RIOs who were instructors at the Navy Fighter Weapons School, the real-world squadron known as Top Gun.[citation needed]
Many of the scenes were shot in and around the actual facilities at NAS Miramar (now MCAS Miramar) and the (since decommissioned) Naval Training Center, which was located adjacent to San Diego's Lindbergh Field international airport. The filming was primarily conducted in late 1985.[citation needed]
Renowned aerobatic pilot Art Scholl was hired to do in-flight camera work for the film. The original script called for a flat spin, which Scholl was to perform and capture on a camera on the aircraft. The aircraft was observed to spin through its recovery altitude, at which time Scholl radioed "I have a problem... I have a real problem". He was unable to recover from the spin and crashed his Pitts S-2 into the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast near Carlsbad on September 16, 1985. Neither Scholl's body nor his aircraft were recovered, leaving the official cause of the accident unknown.[9] Top Gun was dedicated to the memory of Art Scholl.[citation needed]
Music[edit]
Further information: Top Gun (soundtrack)
The Top Gun soundtrack is one of the most popular soundtracks to date, reaching 9× Platinum certification[10] and #1 on the Billboard Hot 200 albums chart for five nonconsecutive weeks in the summer and fall of 1986.[11][verification needed] Harold Faltermeyer, who previously worked with both Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson on the films Flashdance and Beverly Hills Cop, was sent the script of Top Gun by Bruckheimer before filming began. Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock worked on numerous songs including the Oscar winning "Take My Breath Away" and "Danger Zone". Kenny Loggins performed two songs on the soundtrack, "Playing with the Boys", and "Danger Zone". Berlin recorded the song "Take My Breath Away", which would later win numerous awards, sending the band to international acclaim. After the release of Loggins's single "Danger Zone", sales of the album exploded, selling 7 million in the United States alone. On the re-release of the soundtrack in 2000, two songs that had been omitted from the original album (and had been released many years before the film was made), "Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis and "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" by The Righteous Brothers, were added. The soundtrack also includes "Top Gun Anthem" and "Memories" by Steve Stevens/Faltermeyer and Faltermeyer. However, no soundtrack release to date has included the full Faltermeyer score.[citation needed]
Other artists were considered for the soundtrack project but did not participate. Bryan Adams was considered as a potential candidate but refused to participate because he felt the film glorified war.[12] Likewise, REO Speedwagon was considered but backed down because they would not be allowed to record their own composition.[citation needed] The band Toto was originally meant to record "Danger Zone", and had also written and recorded a song "Only You" for the soundtrack. However, there was a dispute between Toto's lawyers and the producers of the film, paving the way for Loggins to record "Danger Zone" and "Only You" being omitted from the film entirely.[13]
Release[edit]
Home media[edit]
In addition to its box office success, Top Gun went on to break further records in the then still-developing home video market. Backed by a massive $8 million marketing campaign including a Top Gun-themed Diet Pepsi commercial,[14] the advance demand was such that the film became the best-selling videocassette in the industry's history on pre-orders alone. It was also one of the first video cassette releases in the $20 price range.[15] Top Gun's home video success was again reflected by strong DVD sales, which were furthered by a special-edition release in 2004. Bomber jacket sales increased and Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses jumped 40%, due to their use by characters in the film.[16] The film also boosted Air Force and Navy recruitment. The Navy had recruitment booths in some theaters to attract enthusiastic patrons.[17]
IMAX 3D re-release[edit]
Top Gun was re-released in IMAX 3D on February 8, 2013, for six days.[18] A four-minute preview of the conversion, featuring the "Danger Zone" flight sequence, was screened at the 2012 International Broadcasting Convention in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[19] Subsequently, the film was released in Blu-ray 3D on February 19, 2013.[20]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film opened in the United States in 1,028 theaters on May 16, 1986. It quickly became a success and was the highest grossing film of 1986. It was number one on its first weekend with a $8,193,052 gross, and went on to a total domestic figure of $176,786,701. Internationally it took in an estimated $177,030,000 for a worldwide box office total of $353,816,701.[21]
Critical response[edit]
Upon the film's original release, critical response was mixed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 55% of 46 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10 and the critical consensus states: "Though it features some of the most memorable and electrifying aerial footage shot with an expert eye for action, Top Gun offers too little for non-adolescent viewers to chew on when its characters aren't in the air".[22]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, pointing out that "movies like Top Gun are hard to review because the good parts are so good and the bad parts are so relentless."[23]
Awards[edit]
The film was nominated for and won many awards, most prominently for its sound and effects. The film won the following awards:

Year
Award
Category – Recipient(s)
1987 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for the song "Take My Breath Away".
1987 Academy Awards Best Music, Original Song – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
1986 Apex Scroll Awards Achievement in Sound Effects
1987 BRIT Awards Best Soundtrack
1987 Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
1987 Golden Screen 
1987 Grammy Awards Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist) – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".
1987 Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing
Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects
1987 People's Choice Awards Favorite Motion Picture
1988 Award of the Japanese Academy Best Foreign Language Film
The film was nominated for the following awards:
Academy Awards (1987)[24] Best Effects, Sound Effects Editing – Cecelia Hall and George Watters II
Best Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Sound – Donald O. Mitchell, Kevin O'Connell, Rick Kline and William B. Kaplan
Best Music, Original Song Giorgio Moroder (music), Tom Whitlock (lyrics)
Apex Scroll Awards (1986) Actress in a Supporting Role – Meg Ryan
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Best Picture – Don Simpson, Jerry Bruckheimer
Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Achievement in Sound
Golden Globe Awards (1987) Best Original Score – Motion Picture – Harold Faltermeyer
Award of the Japanese Academy (1988) Best Foreign Language Film
Fennecus Awards (1986) Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Achievement in Sound
Achievement in Sound Effects

Effect on military recruiting[edit]
Motion picture producer John Davis claimed that "Top Gun was a recruiting video for the Navy, as people saw the movie and said, 'Wow! I want to be a pilot.'" After the release of the film, the United States Navy stated that the number of young men who enlisted wanting to be Naval Aviators went up by 500 percent.[25]
Paramount Pictures offered to place a 90 second Navy recruiting advertisement at the beginning of the videocassette for Top Gun, in exchange for $1 million in credit towards their debt to the Navy for production assistance. An internal memo to the Pentagon from an advertising agency rejected the offer, noting that "Both movies are already wonderful recruiting tools for the military, particularly the Navy, and to add a recruiting commercial onto the head of what is already a two-hour recruiting commercial is redundant."[25]
Legacy[edit]
Since its initial release, the film has made many top film lists and has been the subject of comedic interpretation. In 2008, the film was ranked at number 455 in Empire's list of the 500 greatest films of all time.[26] Yahoo! Movies recently ranked Top Gun #19 on their list of greatest action films of all-time.[27] The film has been nominated multiple times for various AFI lists, ranking only once. In 2005, the line "I feel the need...the need for speed!" was ranked 94 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list.
American Film Institute listsAFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[28]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains: Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell – Nominated Hero[29]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Take My Breath Away" – Nominated[30]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes: "I feel the need — the need for speed." – #94
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[31]
In the 2011 season opener, the Saturday Night Live crew did a sketch for the Top Gun 25th Anniversary DVD, featuring "never-before-seen screen tests". The SNL cast parodied Tony Danza, Alan Alda, Paula Abdul, Sinbad, and others.[32] The show had previously spoofed Top Gun in a 2000 episode hosted by Val Kilmer, doing a sketch in which Iceman had become a commercial airline pilot.[33]
The 1991 film Hot Shots! was a comedy spoof of Top Gun.
The 2013 computer-animated film Planes pays homage to Topgun, with Val Kilmer and Anthony Edwards as voice cast.
Sequel[edit]
On October 13, 2010, New York magazine reported that Paramount Pictures had made offers to Jerry Bruckheimer and Tony Scott to make a sequel to Top Gun. Christopher McQuarrie had also received an offer to write the sequel's screenplay, which was rumored to have Cruise's character Maverick in a smaller role.[34] When asked about his idea for a new Top Gun film, Scott replied, "This world fascinated me, because it's so different from what it was originally. But I don't want to do a remake. I don't want to do a reinvention. I want to do a new movie."[35]
In December 2011, Tom Cruise stated that the sequel was in the works, and that he was in talks to reprise his role.[36] In March 2012, it was revealed by Tom Burbage, Lockheed Martin F-35 program manager, that the F-35 Lightning II will be used and to be flown by Maverick as a test pilot in the sequel.[37]
On August 17, 2012, director Tony Scott and Tom Cruise met to scout locations in Fallon, Nevada for the sequel which was set to go into production in 2013 and expected for release in 2014. Jerry Bruckheimer would again produce and Peter Craig was in charge of writing script which is said to be nearly finished. According to reports, the plot of the movie would focus on the role of drones in modern aerial warfare.[38]
Since Scott's suicide, the sequel's future has remained in question. However, producer Jerry Bruckheimer has stated he "hasn't given up" on the sequel as all parties, including Tom Cruise and Val Kilmer, are still interested in making the film. Mentioning he has wanted to make a sequel happen since the film came out 27 years ago, Bruckheimer confirmed the interest is still strong. "It's just figuring out how to do it," Bruckheimer said, "which I think we have a good handle on, and losing Tony slowed us down. But hopefully, we can pick up speed again."[39]
In June 2013, Bruckheimer stated that: "For 30 years we've been trying to make a sequel and we're not going to stop. We still want to do it with Tom [Cruise] and Paramount are still interested in making it. What Tom tells me is that no matter where he goes in the world, people refer to him as Maverick. It's something he is excited about so as long as he keeps his enthusiasm hopefully we'll get it made."[40]
Video games[edit]
Main article: Top Gun (video game)
Top Gun also spawned a number of video games for various platforms. The original game was released in 1987 under the same title as the film. It was released on five platforms in total: PC, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) (with an equivalent version for Nintendo's "VS." arcade cabinets). In the game, the player pilots an F-14 Tomcat fighter, and has to complete four missions. A sequel, Top Gun: The Second Mission, was released for the NES three years later.
Another game, Top Gun: Fire at Will, was released in 1996 for the PC and later for the Sony PlayStation platform. Top Gun: Hornet's Nest was released in 1998. Top Gun: Combat Zones was released for PlayStation 2 in 2001 and was ported to the Nintendo GameCube and Windows PCs a year later. Combat Zones was considerably longer and more complex than its predecessors, and also featured other aircraft besides the F-14. In late 2005, a fifth game, simply titled Top Gun, was released for the Nintendo DS. At E3 2011, it was announced that a new game, Top Gun: Hard Lock which was released in March 2012 for Xbox 360, PC, and PlayStation 3.
Mobile game publisher Hands-On Mobile (formerly known as Mforma) have published three mobile games based around Top Gun.[citation needed] The first two were top-down scrolling arcade shooters. The third game takes a different approach as a third-person perspective game, similar to Sega's After Burner games.[citation needed]
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Box Office Mojo, accessed August 29, 2011.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c Top Gun Movie -The 80s Rewind «
3.Jump up ^ Special Edition DVD, Interview with Jack Epps
4.Jump up ^ Special Edition DVD, Interview with the producers
5.Jump up ^ Richman, Alan (August 05, 1985). "Air Warfare Expert Christine Fox—Fighter Pilots Call Her "Legs"—Inspires the New Movie Top Gun". People Magazine. p. 115. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
6.Jump up ^ Roth, Alex (2006-01-15). "down Cunningham's legend". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. A-1. Retrieved 2006-02-19.
7.Jump up ^ Baranek, Dave "Bio", "Topgun Days", Skyhorse Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1-61608-005-1
8.Jump up ^ Special Edition DVD, Interview with Tony Scott and Pete Pettigrew
9.Jump up ^ Ashurst, Sam (November 4, 2008). Hollywood's deadliest stunts. Total Film.
10.Jump up ^ "RIAA Searchable Gold and Platinum Database". Retrieved July 6, 2012. (may have to press the Search button)
11.Jump up ^ August 2, August 9, September 20, and October 11
12.Jump up ^ www.tcm.com/this-month/article/21800%7C0/Top-Gun.html
13.Jump up ^ toto99.com - Official TOTO Website - Encyclopedia
14.Jump up ^ Taylor, Rod (March 1, 2005). High Flyer. Promo.
15.Jump up ^ Harmetz, Aljean (May 17, 1988). "Wearing Spielberg Down To Put 'E.T.' on Cassette".
16.Jump up ^ August, Melissa; Derrow, Michelle; Durham, Aisha; Levy, Daniel S.; Lofaro, Lina; Spitz, David; Taylor, Chris (July 12, 1999). "Through A Glass Darkly". Retrieved November 8, 2006.
17.Jump up ^ Top Gun versus Sergeant Bilko? No contest, says the Pentagon. The Guardian. August 29, 2001.
18.Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (2012-12-11). "Top Gun Gets IMAX Re-Release in February". Flash Film. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
19.Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (2011-09-12). "Top Gun Coming to Theaters in 3D". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
20.Jump up ^ "Top Gun 3D Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com.
21.Jump up ^ "boxofficemojo.com". Top Gun (box office). Retrieved November 8, 2006.
22.Jump up ^ "Top Gun - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
23.Jump up ^ Roger Ebert – Top Gun Review
24.Jump up ^ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
25.^ Jump up to: a b Robb, David (2004). Operation Hollywood: How the Pentagon Shapes and Censors the Movies. New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 180–182. ISBN 1-59102-182-0.
26.Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. Empire.
27.Jump up ^ Yahoo! Movies All-Time Greatest Action Movies
28.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees
29.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains Nominees
30.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees
31.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers Nominees
32.Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live - Top Gun 25th Anniversary DVD - Video - NBC.com
33.Jump up ^ http://snltranscripts.jt.org/00/00giceman.phtml
34.Jump up ^ Brodesser-Akner, Claude (2010-10-13). "Top Gun 2 is Heading to the Runway". New York magazine. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
35.Jump up ^ Ellwood, Gregory (2010-10-24). "Exclusive: Tony Scott Doesn't Want a Remake or Reinvention for Top Gun 2". HitFix. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
36.Jump up ^ "Tom Cruise in talks for Top Gun 2". CBC News. December 9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
37.Jump up ^ "Top Gun 2 will rock the F-35, Tom Burbage says". Flightglobal. March 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
38.Jump up ^ Tony Scott dead: Director was set for 'Top Gun 2' - latimes.com
39.Jump up ^ http://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-talk/top-gun-producer-jerry-bruckheimer-reveals-won-over-233712961.html
40.Jump up ^ http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2013/06/jerry-bruckheimer-says-top-gun-2-is.html
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Top Gun
Top Gun at the Internet Movie Database
Top Gun at the TCM Movie Database
Top Gun at allmovie
Top Gun at Rotten Tomatoes


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Platoon (film)
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Platoon
Platoon posters 86.jpg
Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold

Directed by
Oliver Stone
Produced by
Arnold Kopelson
Written by
Oliver Stone
Starring
Tom Berenger
Willem Dafoe
Charlie Sheen
Music by
Georges Delerue
Cinematography
Robert Richardson
Editing by
Claire Simpson
Studio
Hemdale Film Corporation
Distributed by
Orion Pictures
Release dates
December 19, 1986

Running time
120 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$6 million
Box office
$138,530,565[1]
Platoon is a 1986 American war film written and directed by Oliver Stone and stars Tom Berenger, Willem Dafoe and Charlie Sheen. It is the first film of a trilogy of Vietnam War films by Stone (followed by 1989's Born on the Fourth of July and 1993's Heaven & Earth). Stone wrote the story based upon his experiences as a U.S. infantryman in Vietnam to counter the vision of the war portrayed in John Wayne's The Green Berets.[2]
The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1986. It also won Best Director for Oliver Stone, as well as Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing. In 1998, the American Film Institute placed Platoon at #83 in their "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies" poll.


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Development
4 Production
5 Soundtrack
6 Release
7 Reception 7.1 Reviews
7.2 Awards and nominations
7.3 Honors
8 Adaptations 8.1 Video games
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Plot[edit]
In 1967, Chris Taylor has dropped out of college and volunteered for combat duty in Vietnam. Assigned to Bravo Company, 25th Infantry Division near the Cambodian border, he is worn down by the exhausting conditions and his enthusiasm for the war wanes. One night his unit is set upon by a group of North Vietnamese Army (NVA) soldiers, who retreat after a brief gunfight. New recruit Gardner is killed while another soldier, Tex, is maimed by friendly fire from a grenade thrown by Sergeant "Red" O'Neill, with Taylor being mistakenly reprimanded by the ruthless Staff Sergeant Barnes. Taylor eventually gains acceptance from a tight-knit group in his unit who socialize and use drugs in a cabin clubhouse. He finds a mentor in Sergeant Elias as well as the elder King and becomes friends with Gator, Lerner and Rhah.
During one patrol, a soldier named Manny is found mutilated and tied to a post while two others, Sal and Sandy, are killed by a booby-trap. As tension mounts, the platoon soon reaches a nearby village where a supply cache is discovered. Taylor finds a disabled young man and an elderly woman hiding in a spider hole. Taylor snaps, screaming and threatening the man but is shocked to see Bunny then bludgeon him to death. Using Lerner as a translator, Barnes interrogates the village chief to determine if they have been aiding the NVA. Despite the villagers' adamant denials, with Lerner also agreeing that they are telling the truth, Barnes shoots and kills the chief's wife due to her persistent arguing. Barnes then takes the child of the woman at gunpoint, threatening to shoot her if the villagers do not reveal information. Elias arrives, scolds Barnes and engages in a scuffle with him over the incident. Platoon commander Lieutenant Wolfe orders the men to leave with the villagers and burn the village. As they leave, Taylor stops a group of soldiers from raping two girls.
Upon returning to base, Captain Harris warns that if he finds out that an illegal killing took place, a court-martial will be ordered, which concerns Barnes as Elias might testify against him. On their next patrol, the platoon is ambushed and pinned down in a firefight, in which numerous soldiers, including Lerner and Big Harold are wounded. Lerner is taken back to the helicopter landing area while Wolfe calls in a mortar strike on incorrect coordinates, resulting in friendly fire casualties. Elias takes Taylor, Crawford and Rhah to intercept flanking enemy troops. Barnes orders the rest of the platoon to retreat, and goes back into the jungle to find Elias' group. Barnes finds Elias and shoots him, returning to tell the others that Elias was killed by the enemy. While they are leaving, a wounded Elias emerges from the jungle, running from a group of North Vietnamese soldiers. Taylor glances over at Barnes and reads the apprehension on his face as Elias dies. At the base, Taylor attempts to talk his group into retaliation when a drunken Barnes enters the room and taunts them. Taylor attacks him but is cut near his eye as a result.
The platoon is sent back into the combat area to maintain defensive positions. King is sent home and Taylor shares a foxhole with Francis. That night, an NVA assault occurs and the defensive lines are broken. Several soldiers in the platoon including Junior, Bunny and Wolfe, are killed, while O'Neill barely escapes death by hiding under a dead soldier. To make matters worse, an NVA sapper armed with explosives rushes into battalion headquarters, self-detonating and killing everyone inside. Meanwhile, Captain Harris orders his air support to expend all remaining ordnance inside his perimeter. During the chaos, Taylor encounters Barnes, but the wounded sergeant attacks him. Just before Barnes can pummel Taylor, both men are knocked unconscious by an air strike on the overrun base. Taylor regains consciousness the following morning, picks up an enemy Type 56, and finds an injured Barnes, who dares him to pull the trigger. Taylor shoots Barnes, killing him. Taylor then sits until reinforcements arrive and find him.
Francis, who survived the battle unharmed, deliberately stabs himself in the leg and reminds Taylor that because they have been twice wounded, they can return home. Taylor encounters his and Elias' old friend Rhah one last time, apparently unscathed and returning with American Armor Cavalry, Rhah then bids them farewell with a battle cry. O'Neill, who desperately wants to go home, is given a promotion to platoon leader and is told he will remain in duty and replace Lt. Wolfe. The helicopter flies away and Taylor weeps as he stares down at multiple craters full of corpses, friend and foe alike.
Cast[edit]
Charlie Sheen as Chris Taylor
Tom Berenger as Sergeant Barnes
Willem Dafoe as Sergeant Elias
Paul Sanchez as Doc
Bob Orwig as Gardner
Kevin Dillon as Bunny
Keith David as King
Andrew B. Clark as Tubbs
Richard Edson as Sal
Corey Glover as Francis
Johnny Depp as Lerner
David Neidorf as Tex
Reggie Johnson as Junior
Forest Whitaker as Big Harold
Chris Pedersen as Crawford
James Terry McIlvain as Ace
John C. McGinley as Sergeant O'Neill
Tony Todd as Sergeant Warren
Mark Moses as Lieutenant Wolfe
Basile Achara as Flash
Francesco Quinn as Rhah
Ivan Kane as Tony Hoyt
Steve Barredo as Fu Sheng
Chris Castillejo as Rodriquez
Peter Hicks as Parker
Corkey Ford as Manny
Kevin Eshelman as Morehouse
Mark K. Ebenhoch as Ebenhoch
Robert Galotti as Huffmeister
J. Adam Glover as Sanderson
Dale Dye as Captain Harris
Development[edit]
"Vietnam was really visceral, and I had come from a cerebral existence: study... working with a pen and paper, with ideas. I came back really visceral. And I think the camera is so much more ... that's your interpreter, as opposed to a pen." —Oliver Stone[3]
After his tour of duty in Vietnam ended in 1968, Oliver Stone wrote a screenplay called Break: a semi-autobiographical account detailing his experiences with his parents and his time in Vietnam. Stone's return from active duty in Vietnam resulted in a "big change" in how he viewed life and the war, and the unproduced screenplay Break was the result, and it eventually provided the basis for Platoon.[3]
In a 2010 interview with the Times, Stone discussed his killing of a Viet Cong soldier and how he blended this experience into his screenplay.[4] It featured several characters who were the seeds of those who would end up in Platoon. The script was set to music from The Doors; Stone sent the script to Jim Morrison in the hope he would play the lead (Morrison never responded but the script was returned to Oliver Stone by Morrison's manager shortly after Morrison's death - Morrison had the script with him when he died in Paris). Though Break went ultimately unproduced, it was the spur for him to attend film school.[3]
After penning several other produced screenplays in the early 1970s, Stone came to work with Robert Bolt on an unproduced screenplay, The Cover-up. Bolt's rigorous approach rubbed off on Stone, and he was inspired to use the characters from his Break screenplay (who in turn were based upon people Stone knew in Vietnam) as the basis for a new screenplay titled The Platoon. Producer Martin Bregman attempted to elicit studio interest in the project, but Hollywood was still apathetic about Vietnam. However, the strength of Stone's writing on The Platoon was enough to get him the job penning Midnight Express in 1978. Despite that film's critical and commercial success, and that of other Stone-penned films at the time, most studios were still reluctant to finance The Platoon, as they feared a film about the Vietnam War would not attract an audience. After the release of The Deer Hunter and Apocalypse Now, they then cited the perception that these films were considered the pinnacle of the Vietnam War film genre as reasons not to make The Platoon.[3]
Stone instead attempted to break into mainstream direction via the easier-to-finance horror genre, but The Hand failed at the box office, and Stone began to think that The Platoon would never be made. Stone wrote Year of the Dragon for a lower-than-usual fee of $200,000, on the condition from producer Dino De Laurentiis that he would then produce The Platoon. De Laurentiis secured financing for the film, but struggled to find a distributor. Because de Laurentiis had already spent money sending Stone to the Philippines to scout for locations, he decided to keep control of the film's script until he was repaid.[3] Then Stone's script for what would become Salvador was passed to John Daly of British production company Hemdale. Once again, this was a project that Stone had struggled to secure financing for, but Daly loved the script and was prepared to finance both Salvador and The Platoon off the back of it. Stone shot Salvador first, before turning his attention to what was by now called Platoon.[3]
Production[edit]
Platoon was filmed on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, starting in February 1986. The production of the film, on a scheduled date, was almost canceled because of the political upheaval in the country due to then-dictator Ferdinand Marcos, but with the help of well-known Asian producer Mark Hill, the shoot went on as scheduled. The shoot lasted 54 days and cost $6.5 million. The production made a deal with the Philippine military for the use of military equipment.[3] The film had real Vietnamese refugees acting in different roles in the film.[5] Filming was done chronologically.[6]
James Woods, who had starred in Stone's previous film, Salvador, was offered a part in Platoon. He turned the role down, later saying he "couldn't face going into another jungle with [Stone]". Upon arrival in the Philippines, the cast was sent on a two-week intensive training course, during which they had to dig foxholes and were subject to forced marches and nighttime "ambushes" which utilized special-effects explosions. Stone explained that he was trying to break them down, "to mess with their heads so we could get that dog-tired, don't give a damn attitude, the anger, the irritation... the casual approach to death".[3] Willem Dafoe said "the training was very important to the making of the film," including its authenticity and the camaraderie developed among the cast: "By the time you got through the training and through the film, you had a relationship to the weapon. It wasn’t going to kill people, but you felt comfortable with it."[7]
Stone makes a cameo appearance as the battalion commander of 3/22 Infantry in the final battle, which was based on the real-life New Year's Day Battle of 1968 that Stone took part in while in Vietnam. Dale Dye, who played Bravo company's commander Captain Harris, is a U.S. Marine Corps Vietnam veteran who also acted as the film's technical advisor.[8]
Soundtrack[edit]




Adagio for Strings







The famous theme of Platoon, composed by Samuel Barber.

Problems playing this file? See media help.
Music used in the film includes Adagio for Strings by Samuel Barber, "White Rabbit" by Jefferson Airplane and "Okie From Muskogee" by Merle Haggard. During a scene in the "Underworld" the soldiers sing along to "The Tracks of My Tears" by Smokey Robinson and The Miracles, which also featured in the film's trailer. The soundtrack also includes "Ride of the Valkyries" (in reference to Apocalypse Now, an earlier Vietnam War film that had Charlie Sheen's father, Martin Sheen, billed in the starring role); "Groovin'" by The Rascals and "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding.

Release[edit]
[icon] This section requires expansion. (January 2013)
The film was marketed with the tag line, "The first casualty of war is innocence", an adaptation of Senator Hiram Johnson's assertion in 1917 that "The first casualty of war is the truth".[9] (C.f. Aeschylus (525–456 BC), "In war, truth is the first casualty.")
Reception[edit]
Reviews[edit]
[icon] This section requires expansion. (January 2013)
Roger Ebert gave it four out of four stars, calling it the best film of the year, and the ninth best of the 1980s.[citation needed] The film currently has an 87% rating at Rotten Tomatoes and a Metacritic score of 86%.[10] In his New York Times review, Vincent Canby described Platoon as "possibly the best work of any kind about the Vietnam War since Michael Herr's vigorous and hallucinatory book "Dispatches".[11]
Awards and nominations[edit]

Award
Category
Subject
Result
Academy Award Best Picture Arnold Kopelson Won
Best Director Oliver Stone Won
Best Original Screenplay Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Tom Berenger Nominated
Willem Dafoe Nominated
Best Sound John Wilkinson Won
Richard Rogers Won
Charles Grenzbach Won
Simon Kaye Won
Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated
Best Film Editing Claire Simpson Won
BAFTA Award Best Direction Oliver Stone Won
Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated
Best Editing Claire Simpson Won
Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing – Feature Film Oliver Stone Won
Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture – Drama Arnold Kopelson Won
Best Director Oliver Stone Won
Best Screenplay Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Tom Berenger Won
Silver Bear Best Director Oliver Stone Won
Independent Spirit Award Best Film Arnold Kopelson Won
Best Male Lead Willem Dafoe Nominated
Best Director Oliver Stone Won
Best Screenplay Won
Writers Guild of America Award Best Original Screenplay Won
Honors[edit]
American Film Institute lists:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies: #83
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills: #72
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains: Sergeant Barnes—Nominated Villain[12]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition): #86
British television channel Channel 4 voted[when?] Platoon as the 6th greatest war film ever made, behind Full Metal Jacket and ahead of A Bridge Too Far.[13]
Adaptations[edit]
A novelization of the film was written in 1986 by Dale Dye.[14]
A wargame was produced by in 1986 Avalon Hill as an introductory game to attract young people into the wargaming hobby.[15]
Video games[edit]
Main articles: Platoon (1987 video game) and Platoon (2002 video game)
A shooter video game was developed by Ocean Software and published by Data East for a variety of computer and console gaming systems in 1987-88. In 2002, Digital Reality developed and Strategy First published a real-time strategy game based on the film for Microsoft Windows.[16]



See also[edit]


United States film.svgFilm in the United States portal
 Map of Vietnam.pngVietnam portal
 Bluetank.pngWar portal
 Rubik's cube v3.svg1980s portal
 

Vietnam War in film
References[edit]
1.Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Platoon. Box Office Mojo. April 13, 2012.
2.Jump up ^ Stone, Oliver (2001). Platoon DVD commentary (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.
3.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Salewicz, Chris (1999-07-22) [1997]. Oliver Stone: The Making of His Movies (New Ed edition ed.). UK: Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7528-1820-1.
4.Jump up ^ http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/film/article2660321 (subscription required)
5.Jump up ^ Dye, Dale. Part 3 - Confronting Demons in "Platoon". Interview with Almar Haflidason. Movies. BBC. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
6.Jump up ^ "Mohr Stories 84: Charlie Sheen". Mohr Stories Podcast. Jay Mohr. Aug 27, 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
7.Jump up ^ Chua, Lawrence. "BOMB Magazine: Willem Dafoe by Louis Morra". Bombsite.com. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
8.Jump up ^ Stone, Oliver (2001). Platoon DVD commentary (DVD). MGM Home Entertainment.
9.Jump up ^ Mooallem, Jon (February 29, 2004). "How movie taglines are born". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
10.Jump up ^ "Platoon - Rotten Tomatoes". Uk.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
11.Jump up ^ "The Vietnam War in Stone's "Platoon" - New York Times". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 1986-12-19.
12.Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains Nominees
13.Jump up ^ "Channel 4's 100 Greatest War Movies of All Time". Retrieved 2011-08-13.
14.Jump up ^ "Platoon by Dale A. Dye". Goodreads. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
15.Jump up ^ "Platoon (1986)". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
16.Jump up ^ "Platoon: The 1st Airborne Cavalry Division in Vietnam". GameSpot.com. 2002-11-21. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Platoon (film)
Platoon at the Internet Movie Database
Platoon at allmovie
Platoon at Box Office Mojo
Platoon at Rotten Tomatoes
Entertainment Weekly interview with Stone
"Platoon Grapples With Vietnam"


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Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama


















































































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Films by Oliver Stone















































 


Categories: 1986 films
English-language films
1980s war films
American war films
Anti-war films about the Vietnam War
Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners
Best Picture Academy Award winners
Films directed by Oliver Stone
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in 1967
Films set in Vietnam
Films shot in the Philippines
Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Director Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award
Independent Spirit Award for Best Film winners
Orion Pictures films
Video games based on films directed by Oliver Stone
Vietnam War films










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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
 Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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