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12 Years a Slave (film)
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12 Years a Slave
12 Years a Slave film poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster

Directed by
Steve McQueen
Produced by
Brad Pitt
Dede Gardner
 Jeremy Kleiner
Bill Pohlad
 Steve McQueen
Arnon Milchan
 Anthony Katagas
Screenplay by
John Ridley
Based on
Twelve Years a Slave
 by Solomon Northup
Starring
Chiwetel Ejiofor
Michael Fassbender
Benedict Cumberbatch
Paul Dano
Paul Giamatti
Lupita Nyong'o
Sarah Paulson
Brad Pitt
Alfre Woodard
Music by
Hans Zimmer
Cinematography
Sean Bobbitt
Editing by
Joe Walker
Studio
Regency Enterprises
 River Road Entertainment
Plan B
 New Regency
Film4
Distributed by
Fox Searchlight Pictures (US)
Entertainment One (UK)
Release dates
August 30, 2013 (Telluride Film Festival)
November 8, 2013 (United States)
January 10, 2014 (United Kingdom)

Running time
134 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
 United States
Language
English
Budget
$20 million[1]
Box office
$96,963,600[2]
12 Years a Slave is a 2013 British-American historical drama film and an adaptation of the 1853 memoir of the same name by Solomon Northup, a New York State-born free negro who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C. in 1841 and sold into slavery. He worked on plantations in the state of Louisiana for twelve years before his release. The first scholarly edition of Northup's memoir, co-edited in 1968 by Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, carefully retraced and validated the account and concluded it to be accurate.
This third feature film directed by Steve McQueen was written by John Ridley. Chiwetel Ejiofor starred in the leading role of Northup. Michael Fassbender, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Dano, Paul Giamatti, Lupita Nyong'o, Sarah Paulson, Brad Pitt and Alfre Woodard featured in supporting roles. Principal photography took place in New Orleans, Louisiana, from June 27 to August 13, 2012, on a production budget of $20 million. The locations used were four historic antebellum plantations: Felicity, Magnolia, Bocage, and Destrehan. Of the four, Magnolia is nearest to the actual plantation where Northup was held.
12 Years a Slave received critical acclaim, and was named the best film of the year by several media outlets. The following year, the film was awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, and received nine Academy Award nominations including Best Picture, Best Director for McQueen, Best Actor for Ejiofor, Best Supporting Actor for Fassbender, and Best Supporting Actress for Nyong'o.


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Design
3.4 Music
4 Historical accuracy
5 Distribution 5.1 Release
5.2 Marketing
6 Reception 6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response 6.2.1 Top ten lists
6.3 Accolades
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Plot[edit]
In 1841, Solomon Northup (Chiwetel Ejiofor) is a free negro working as a skilled carpenter and fiddle player, and living with his wife and two children in Saratoga Springs, New York. Two men (Scoot McNairy and Taran Killam) offer him a two-week job as a musician, but they drug Northup and he wakes up in chains, about to be sold into slavery.
Northup is shipped to New Orleans, and is re-named "Platt", the identity of a runaway slave from Georgia. Beaten repeatedly, he is ultimately sold by upscale, unrepentantly callous ("My sentimentality stretches the length of a coin") slave-trader Theophilus Freeman (Paul Giamatti) to plantation owner William Ford (Benedict Cumberbatch). Northup manages to stay on good terms with Ford, a relatively benevolent master. Northup engineers a waterway for transporting logs swiftly and cost-effectively downstream, and Ford presents him with a violin in gratitude. Racist carpenter John Tibeats (Paul Dano) resents Northup, and begins verbally harassing him.
The tensions between Tibeats and Northup escalate; Tibeats attacks Northup, and Northup fights back. In retaliation, Tibeats and his friends attempt to lynch Northup, but are driven away by the plantation's foreman who leaves Northup to suffer in the noose. Northup is eventually cut down by Ford and he later wakes up on the floor of Ford's house, being protected from Tibeats and his friends by Ford with a gun. Ford explains that in order to save Northup's life he must be sold to Edwin Epps (Michael Fassbender). Northup attempts to reason with Ford, explaining that he is actually a free man. Ford states that he "cannot hear this" and responds "he has a debt to pay" on Northup's purchase price.
Epps believes his right to abuse his slaves is biblically sanctioned, and encourages the slaves to accept their allegedly predestined, divinely-sanctioned fate by frequently reading to them various pro-slavery Bible verses, both real and fraudulent. Epps also requires each slave to pick at least 200 pounds of cotton every day, or be beaten. A young female slave named Patsey (Lupita Nyong'o) daily picks over 500 pounds and is praised lavishly, and coveted lustfully, by Epps. His wife (Sarah Paulson) is envious of the attention her husband pays to Patsey and violently abuses the girl at every opportunity after Epps publicly declares that he'd choose the slave-girl over his wife, if forced. Epps repeatedly rapes Patsey, who asks for Northup's help in committing suicide, but he refuses.
Epps decides that the new slaves have caused an outbreak of cotton worm, a plague sent by God. He leases them to a neighboring sugar plantation for the season. While there, Northup gains the favor of the plantation's owner, who allows him to play the fiddle at a wedding anniversary celebration and keep what he earns.
When Northup returns to Epps, he attempts to use the money to pay a white field hand and former overseer (Garret Dillahunt) to mail a letter to Northup's friends in New York. The field hand agrees to deliver the letter and takes the money, but betrays Northup. Northup is narrowly able to convince Epps that the story is a lie. Northup tearfully burns the letter, his only hope of freedom.
One day, Epps becomes enraged after discovering Patsey missing from his plantation. When she returns, she reveals she was gone to get soap because Epps' wife refuses to give her soap to clean herself. Epps orders her stripped and tied to a post; encouraged by his wife. Epps forces Northup to whip Patsey. Northup reluctantly obeys but Epps eventually takes the whip away from Northup, savagely lashing her.
As Patsey heals, Northup begins working on the construction of a gazebo with a Canadian carpenter named Bass (Brad Pitt). Bass earns Epps' displeasure by expressing his opposition to slavery, but this convinces Northup to confide in Bass about his kidnapping. Once again, Northup asks for help in getting a letter to Saratoga Springs. Bass, risking his life, agrees to do that.
One day Northup is called over by the local sheriff, who arrives in a carriage with another man. The sheriff asks Northup a series of questions to match him with the facts of his life in New York. Northup recognizes the sheriff's companion as a shopkeeper he knows from Saratoga. The man has come to free him, and the two embrace. Though Epps resists and Patsey is distraught, Northup leaves immediately, but not before giving Patsey one last hug.
After being enslaved for 12 years, Northup is restored to freedom and returned to his family. Concluding credits recount the inability of Northup and his legal counsel to prosecute or have convicted the men responsible for his being sold into slavery. Details surrounding Northup's death and burial remain a mystery as well.
Cast[edit]



Alfre Woodard at the premiere of 12 Years a Slave
Chiwetel Ejiofor as Solomon Northup
Michael Fassbender as Edwin Epps
Lupita Nyong'o as Patsey
Sarah Paulson as Mary Epps
Benedict Cumberbatch as William Ford
Brad Pitt as Samuel Bass
Paul Dano as John Tibeats
Adepero Oduye as Eliza
Paul Giamatti as Theophilus Freeman
Garret Dillahunt as Armsby
Scoot McNairy as Brown
Taran Killam as Hamilton
Chris Chalk as Clemens Ray
Michael K. Williams as Robert
Kelsey Scott as Anne Northup
Alfre Woodard as Mistress Harriet Shaw
Quvenzhané Wallis as Margaret Northup Devyn A. Tyler as Adult Margaret Northup
Cameron Zeigler as Alonzo Northup
Rob Steinberg as Parker
Jay Huguley as Sheriff Villiere
Christopher Berry as James Burch
Bryan Batt as Judge Turner
Bill Camp as Radburn
Dwight Henry as Uncle Abram
Ruth Negga as Celeste
Production[edit]
Development[edit]



John Ridley at the 2013 San Diego Film Festival
After meeting screenwriter John Ridley at a Creative Artists Agency screening of Hunger in 2008, director Steve McQueen got in touch with Ridley about his interest in making a film about "the slave era in America" with "a character that was not obvious in terms of their trade in slavery."[3] Developing the idea back and forth, the two did not strike a chord until McQueen's wife found Solomon Northup's 1853 memoir Twelve Years a Slave. He said about Northup's memoir:

"I read this book, and I was totally stunned. At the same time I was pretty upset with myself that I didn't know this book. I live in Amsterdam where Anne Frank is a national hero, and for me this book read like Anne Frank's diary but written 97 years before — a firsthand account of slavery. I basically made it my passion to make this book into a film."[4]
After being in development for some time, the film was officially announced in August 2011 with McQueen to direct and Chiwetel Ejiofor to star as Solomon Northup, a free negro who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the Deep South.[5] McQueen compared Ejiofor's conduct "of class and dignity" to that of Sidney Poitier and Harry Belafonte.[6] In October 2011, Michael Fassbender (who starred in McQueen's previous films Hunger and Shame) joined the cast.[7] In early 2012, the rest of the roles were cast, and filming was scheduled to begin at the end of June 2012.[8][9]
To capture the language and dialects of the era and regions in which the film takes place, dialect coach Michael Buster was brought in to assist the cast in altering their speech. The language has a literary quality related to the style of writing of the day and the strong influence of the King James Bible.[10] Buster explained:

"We don't know what slaves sounded like in the 1840s, so I just used rural samples from Mississippi and Louisiana [for actors Ejiofor and Fassbender]. Then for Benedict [Cumberbatch], I found some real upper-class New Orleanians from the '30s. And then I also worked with Lupita Nyong'o, who's Kenyan but she did her training at Yale. So she really shifted her speech so she could do American speech."[11]
Filming[edit]



 Director Steve McQueen at the premiere of 12 Years a Slave at the 2013 Toronto Film Festival
With a production budget of $20 million,[1] principal photography began in New Orleans, Louisiana on June 27, 2012. After seven weeks,[12] filming concluded on August 13, 2012.[13] As a way to keep down production costs, a bulk of the filming took place around the greater New Orleans area — mostly south of the Red River country in the north of the state, where the historic Northup was enslaved.[14] Among locations used were four historic antebellum plantations: Felicity, Magnolia, Bocage, and Destrehan.[15] Magnolia, a plantation in Natchitoches, Louisiana, is just a few miles from one of the historic sites where Northup was held. "To know that we were right there in the place where these things occurred was so powerful and emotional," said actor Chiwetel Ejiofor. "That feeling of dancing with ghosts — it's palpable."[16] Filming also took place at the Columns Hotel and Madame John's Legacy in the French Quarter of New Orleans.[17]
Cinematographer Sean Bobbitt, the film's primary camera operator,[18] shot 12 Years a Slave on 35 mm film with a 2.35:1 widescreen aspect ratio using both an Arricam LT and ST. "Particularly for a period piece, film gives the audience a definite sense of period and quality," said Bobbitt. "And because of the story's epic nature, widescreen clearly made the most sense. Widescreen means a big film, an epic tale – in this case an epic tale of human endurance."[19]
The filmmakers avoided the desaturated visual style that is typical of a more gritty documentary aesthetic.[20] Deliberately drawing visual comparisons in the filming to the works of Spanish painter Francisco Goya, McQueen explained,

"When you think about Goya, who painted the most horrendous pictures of violence and torture and so forth, and they're amazing, exquisite paintings, one of the reasons they're such wonderful paintings is because what he's saying is, 'Look – look at this.' So if you paint it badly or put it in the sort of wrong perspective, you draw more attention to what's wrong with the image rather than looking at the image."[21]
Design[edit]
To accurately depict the time period of the film, the filmmakers conducted extensive research that included studying artwork from the era.[22] With eight weeks to create the wardrobe, costume designer Patricia Norris collaborated with Western Costume to compile costumes that would illustrate the passage of time while also being historically accurate.[23] Using an earth tone color palette, Norris created nearly 1,000 costumes for the film. "She [Norris] took earth samples from all three of the plantations to match the clothes," McQueen said, "and she had the conservation with Sean [Bobbitt] to deal with the character temperature on each plantation, there was a lot of that minute detail."[24] The filmmakers also used some pieces of clothing discovered on set that were worn by slaves.[25]
Music[edit]
Main articles: 12 Years a Slave (score) and 12 Years a Slave (soundtrack)
The musical score to 12 Years a Slave was composed by Hans Zimmer, with original on-screen violin music written and arranged by Nicholas Britell and performed by Tim Fain.[26] The film also features a few pieces of western classical and American folk music such as Franz Schubert's "Trio in B-flat, D471" and John and Alan Lomax's arrangement of "Run Nigger Run".[27] A soundtrack album, Music from and Inspired by 12 Years a Slave, was released digitally on November 5 and received a physical format release on November 11, 2013 by Columbia Records.[28] In addition to Zimmer's score, the album features music inspired by the film by artists such as John Legend, Laura Mvula, Alicia Keys, Chris Cornell, and Alabama Shakes.[29] Legend's cover of "Roll Jordan Roll" debuted online three weeks prior to the soundtrack's release.[30]
Historical accuracy[edit]
African American history and culture scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. was a consultant on the film, and researcher David Fiske, co-author of Solomon Northup: The Complete Story of the Author of Twelve Years a Slave, provided some material used to market the film.[31] Nevertheless, news and magazine articles around the time of the film's release described a scholar alleging some license that Northup could have taken with his book, and liberties that McQueen definitely took with Northup's original, for dramatic, modernizing, or other reasons.
Scott Feinberg wrote in the The Hollywood Reporter about a September 22 New York Times article that "dredged up and highlighted a 1985 essay by another scholar, James Olney, that questioned the 'literal truth' of specific incidents in Northup's account and suggested that David Wilson, the white 'amanuensis' to whom Northup had dictated his story, had taken the liberty of sprucing it up to make it even more effective at rallying public opinion against slavery."[32] According to Olney, when abolitionists invited an ex-slave to share his experience in slavery at an antislavery convention, and when they subsequently funded the appearance of that story in print, "they had certain clear expectations, well understood by themselves and well understood by the ex-slave, too."[31]
Noah Berlatsky wrote in the The Atlantic about a scene in McQueen's movie version, shortly after Northup is kidnapped, when he is on a ship bound south, when a sailor who has entered the hold is about to rape a slave woman when a male slave intervenes. "The sailor unhesitatingly stabs and kills him," he wrote, and "this seems unlikely on its face—slaves are valuable, and the sailor is not the owner. And, sure enough, the scene is not in the book."[33]
Forrest Wickman of Slate wrote of Northup's book giving a more favorable account of the author's onetime master, William Ford, than the McQueen film. In Northup's own words, "There never was a more kind, noble, candid, Christian man than William Ford," adding that Ford's circumstances "blinded [Ford] to the inherent wrong at the bottom of the system of Slavery." The movie, however, according to Wickham, "frequently undermines Ford."[34] McQueen also undercuts Christianity itself as well, in an effort to update the ethical lessons from Northup's story for the 21st century, by holding the institutions of Christianity up to the light for their ability to justify slavery at the time.[35] Northup was a Christian of his time, writing of his former master being "blinded" by "circumstances"[34] that in retrospect meant a racist acceptance of slavery despite being a Christian, a position untenable to contemporary Christians[36] but not contradictory to Northup himself. Valerie Elverton Dixon in the Washington Post characterized the Christianity depicted in the movie as "broken."[35]
Dr. Emily West, an associate professor of history at the University of Reading who specialises in the history of US slavery, said she had "never seen a film represent slavery so accurately".[37] Reviewing the film for History Extra, the website of BBC History Magazine, she said: "The film starkly and powerfully unveiled the sights and sounds of enslavement – from slaves picking cotton as they sang in the fields, to the crack of the lash down people’s backs. "We also heard a lot about the ideology behind enslavement. Masters such as William Ford and Edwin Epps, although very different characters, both used an interpretation of Christianity to justify their ownership of slaves. They believed the Bible sanctioned slavery, and that it was their ‘Christian duty’ to preach the scriptures to their slaves."[37]
Distribution[edit]
Release[edit]



 Michael Fassbender and Lupita Nyong'o at the 2013 New York Film Festival
12 Years a Slave premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2013,[38] before screening at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6,[39] the New York Film Festival on October 8,[40] and Philadelphia Film Festival on October 19, 2013.[41]
On November 15, 2011, Summit Entertainment announced it had secured a deal to distribute 12 Years a Slave to international markets.[42] In April 2012, a few weeks before principal photography, New Regency Productions agreed to co-finance the film.[43] Because of a distribution pact between 20th Century Fox and New Regency, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired the film's United States distribution rights.[44] However, instead of paying for the distribution rights, Fox Searchlight made a deal in which it would share box-office proceeds with the financiers of the independently financed film.[45] 12 Years a Slave was commercially released on October 18, 2013 in the United States for a limited release of 19 theaters, with a wide release in subsequent weeks.[46] The film was initially scheduled to be released in late December 2013, but "some exuberant test screenings" led to the decision to move up the release date.[47]
Marketing[edit]
Due to both the film's explicit nature and award contender status, 12 Years a Slave's financial success is being watched closely. Many analysts have compared the film's content to other epic drama films of a similar vein such as Schindler's List (1993) and The Passion of the Christ (2004), which became box office successes despite their respective subject matters.[16][45] "It may be a tough subject matter, but when handled well ... films that are tough to sit through can still be commercially successful," said Phil Contrino of Boxoffice Magazine.[48] Despite its content, the film's critical success has assisted its domestic distribution by Fox Searchlight that began with a limited released aimed primarily towards art house and African American patrons.[49] The film's release was gradually widened in subsequent weeks, similarly to how the studio had successfully done in years prior with films such as Black Swan and The Descendants.[50] International release dates for 12 Years a Slave were largely delayed to early 2014 in order to take advantage of the attention created by awards seasons.[51]
During its marketing campaign, 12 Years a Slave received unpaid endorsements by celebrities such as Kanye West and Sean Combs.[52] In a video posted by Revolt, Combs urged viewers to see 12 Years a Slave by stating: "This movie is very painful but very honest, and is a part of the healing process. I beg all of you to take your kids, everybody to see it. ... You have to see this so you can understand, so you can just start to understand."[53]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of February 5, 2014, 12 Years a Slave has earned a domestic total of $46,363,600 and $50,600,000 in foreign countries, for a worldwide gross of $96,963,600.[2] During its opening limited release in the US, 12 Years a Slave debuted with a weekend total of $923,715 on 19 screens for a $48,617 per-screen average.[54] The following weekend, the film entered the top ten after expanding to 123 theatres and grossing an additional $2.1 million.[55] It continued to improve into its third weekend, grossing $4.6 million at 410 locations. The film release was expanded to over 1,100 locations on November 8, 2013.[2][56]
Critical response[edit]



Brad Pitt at the premiere of 12 Years a Slave
12 Years a Slave received universal acclaim by critics and audiences, for its acting (particularly for Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael Fassbender, Sarah Paulson and Lupita Nyong'o), Steve McQueen's direction, screenplay, production values, and its faithfulness to Solomon Northup's account. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 96% of critics gave the film a "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 246 reviews with an average score of 9/10, with the site's consensus stating, "It's far from comfortable viewing, but 12 Years a Slave's unflinchingly brutal look at American slavery is also brilliant—and quite possibly essential—cinema."[57] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 97 (out of 100) based on 48 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "universal acclaim". It is currently one of the site's highest-rated films as well as the best reviewed film of 2013.[58] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an "A" grade.[59]
Richard Corliss of TIME heralded the film and its director, Steve McQueen, by stating: "Indeed, McQueen's film is closer in its storytelling particulars to such 1970s exploitation-exposés of slavery as Mandingo and Goodbye, Uncle Tom. Except that McQueen is not a schlockmeister sensationalist but a remorseless artist." Corliss draws parallels with Nazi Germany, saying, "McQueen shows that racism, aside from its barbarous inhumanity, is insanely inefficient. It can be argued that Nazi Germany lost the war both because it diverted so much manpower to the killing of Jews and because it did not exploit the brilliance of Jewish scientists in building smarter weapons. So the slave owners dilute the energy of their slaves by whipping them for sadistic sport and, as Epps does, waking them at night to dance for his wife's cruel pleasure."[60] Gregory Ellwood of HitFix gave the film an "A-" rating, stating, "12 Years is a powerful drama driven by McQueen's bold direction and the finest performance of Chiwetel Ejiofor's career." He continued by praising the performances of Fassbender and Nyong'o, citing Nyong'o as "the film's breakthrough performance [that] may find Nyong'o making her way to the Dolby Theater next March." He also admired the film's "gorgeous" cinematography and the musical score, as "one of Hans Zimmer's more moving scores in some time."[61] Paul MacInnes of The Guardian scored the film five out of five stars, writing, "Stark, visceral and unrelenting, 12 Years a Slave is not just a great film but a necessary one."[62] The reviewers of Spill.com gave it high acclaim as well, with two reviewers giving it a "Better Than Sex," their highest rating. However, the reviewers agreed that it was not a film they would watch again anytime soon. When comparing it to the miniseries version of Roots, reviewer Cyrus stated that "Roots is The Care Bears Movie in comparison to this."[63]



Benedict Cumberbatch at the premiere of the film at TIFF, September 2013
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised it as "a new movie landmark of cruelty and transcendence" and as "a movie about a life that gets taken away, and that's why it lets us touch what life is." He also commented very positively about Ejiofor's performance, while further stating, "12 Years a Slave lets us stare at the primal sin of America with open eyes, and at moments it is hard to watch, yet it's a movie of such humanity and grace that at every moment, you feel you're seeing something essential. It is Chiwetel Ejiofor's extraordinary performance that holds the movie together, and that allows us to watch it without blinking. He plays Solomon with a powerful inner strength, yet he never soft-pedals the silent nightmare that is Solomon's daily existence."[64] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, gave the film a four-star rating and said: "you won't be able to tuck this powder keg in the corner of your mind and forget it. What we have here is a blistering, brilliant, straight-up classic." He later named the film the best movie of 2013.[65] Steve Pulaski of Influx Magazine stated, "12 Years a Slave is yet another McQueen masterpiece, unaffected by the rise in big-name actors, unharmed by a bigger budget and a larger scope, and simply unfazed by the presence of McQueen's meditative style of filmmaking."[66] Manohla Dargis wrote, in her review for The New York Times, "the genius of 12 Years a Slave is its insistence on banal evil, and on terror, that seeped into souls, bound bodies and reaped an enduring, terrible price."[67] The Daily Telegraph's Tim Robey granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating that "it's the nobility of this remarkable film that pierces the soul," whilst praising Ejiofor and Nyong'o's performances.[68] Tina Hassannia of Slant Magazine said that "using his signature visual composition and deafening sound design, Steve McQueen portrays the harrowing realism of Northup's experience and the complicated relationships between master and slave, master and master, slave and slave, and so on."[69] David Simon, the creator of the TV series The Wire, highly praised the movie, commenting that "it marks the first time in history that our entertainment industry, albeit with international creative input, has managed to stare directly at slavery and maintain that gaze".[70]
The film was not without its criticisms. Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice was more critical of the film. While praising Ejiofor's work, she stated: "It's a picture that stays more than a few safe steps away from anything so dangerous as raw feeling. Even when it depicts inhuman cruelty, as it often does, it never compromises its aesthetic purity."[71] Peter Malamud Smith of Slate criticized the story, saying, "12 Years a Slave is constructed as a story of a man trying to return to his family, offering every viewer a way into empathizing with its protagonist. Maybe we need a story framed on that individual scale in order to understand it. But it has a distorting effect all the same. We're more invested in one hero than in millions of victims; if we're forced to imagine ourselves enslaved, we want to imagine ourselves as Northup, a special person who miraculously escaped the system that attempted to crush him." Describing this as "the hero problem", Malamud Smith concluded his review explaining, "We can handle 12 Years a Slave. But don't expect 60 Years a Slave any time soon. And 200 Years, Millions of Slaves? Forget about it."[72] At The Guardian, black Canadian author Orville Lloyd Douglas said he would not be seeing 12 Years a Slave, explaining: "I'm convinced these black race films are created for a white, liberal film audience to engender white guilt and make them feel bad about themselves. Regardless of your race, these films are unlikely to teach you anything you don't already know."[73]
The film's producers, director McQueen, lead actor Ejiofor, supporting actors Fassbender and Nyong'o, and writer Ridley, were widely tipped for award season success. When commenting on the film's Oscar buzz, Ejiofor said: "I love the film. I think it's a really strong piece of work. But I also want people to come to it without all the buzz and the hype and this and that. It's a story of a man going through an extraordinary circumstance. And I do feel it needs to be engaged with in its own quiet, reflective way."[74]
Top ten lists[edit]
12 Years a Slave has been named as one of the best films of 2013 by various ongoing critics.[75]
1st – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
1st – Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly
1st – Tom Brook, BBC
1st – Ann Hornaday, Washington Post
1st – Eric Kohn, Indiewire
1st – Manohla Dargis, New York Times
1st – Bill Goodykoontz, Arizona Republic
1st – Scott MacDonald, The A.V. Club
1st – TV Guide
1st – Yahoo! Movies
1st – Jake Coyle, Associated Press
1st – Lisa Kennedy, Denver Post
1st – Brian D. Johnson, Maclean's
1st – Mike Scott, Times-Picayune
1st – Randy Myers, San Jose Mercury News
1st – Katey Rich, Variety
1st – Keith Phipps, The Dissolve
1st – Rafer Guzmán, Newsday
1st – Bob Fischbach, Omaha World-Herald
1st – Steve Persall, Tampa Bay Times
1st – Bruce R. Miller, Sioux City Journal
1st – Wesley Morris, Grantland
1st – Genevieve Valentine, Philadelphia Weekly
1st – David Chen, Slashfilm
2nd – A. O. Scott, New York Times
2nd – Lou Lumenick, New York Post
2nd – Peter Debruge, Variety
2nd – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News
2nd – Sasha Stone, Awards Daily
2nd – Glenn Sumi, NOW Magazine
2nd – Andrew O'Hehir, Salon
2nd – James Rocchi, Cinephiled
2nd – Stephen Schaefer, Boston Herald
2nd – Ty Burr, Boston Globe
2nd – Michael Phillips, Chicago Tribune
2nd – Christopher Orr, The Atlantic
2nd – Sam Adams, The A.V. Club
2nd – Barbara Vancheri, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2nd – David Ehrlich, Film.com
2nd – Film School Rejects
2nd – Connie Ogle, Miami Herald
2nd – Chris Vognar, Dallas Morning News
2nd – Joe Reid, The Wire
2nd - Andrew Saladino, NothingButFilm
3rd – Chris Nashawaty, Entertainment Weekly
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Steven Rea, Philadelphia Inquirer
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Stephen Whitty, The Star-Ledger
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Joe Williams, St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Calvin Wilson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – James Verniere, Boston Herald
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by 12 Years a Slave (film)
12 Years a Slave has received numerous awards and nominations. It was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards, winning the Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama.[76]
See also[edit]
List of films featuring slavery
Solomon Northup's Odyssey (1984), a PBS television film directed by Gordon Parks and starring Avery Brooks.
Frederick Douglass and the White Negro, a documentary film telling the story of Frederick Douglass and his relationship with Ireland.
References[edit]
1.^ Jump up to: a b Fuller, Graham (April 10, 2012). "Steve McQueen's 'Twelve Years a Slave' Set to Shine Light on Solomon Northup's Ordeal". Artinfo (Louise Blouin Media). Retrieved February 1, 2013.
2.^ Jump up to: a b c "12 Years a Slave (2013)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
3.Jump up ^ Thompson, Anne (October 16, 2013). "John Ridley Talks Writing '12 Years a Slave' and Directing Hendrix Biopic 'All Is By My Side'". IndieWire. Snagfilms. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
4.Jump up ^ "'12 Years A Slave' Was A Film That 'No One Was Making'". NPR. National Public Radio. October 24, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
5.Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (August 17, 2011). "McQueen tallying '12 Years' at Plan B". Variety.
6.Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (June 18, 2013). "First look: 'Twelve Years a Slave'". USA Today. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
7.Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (October 12, 2011). "Duo team on 'Slave'". Variety.
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9.Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 5, 2012). "Giamatti, Paulson join 'Slave'". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Scott, Mike (October 28, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave': Five cool things to know about the New Orleans-shot historical epic". The Times-Picayune. Advance Publications. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
11.Jump up ^ Lytal, Cristy (September 28, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' dialect coach Michael Buster speaks up". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
12.Jump up ^ Scott, Mike (May 3, 2012). "Brad Pitt to shoot '12 Years a Slave' adaptation in New Orleans". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
13.Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M. (August 13, 2012). "'Twelve Years a Slave' Star Paul Giamatti Hints at What to Expect From Steve McQueen's Next Project". indieWire. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
14.Jump up ^ Horn, John (October 18, 2013). "Steve McQueen films '12 Years a Slave' on familiar territory". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
15.Jump up ^ Scott, Mike (September 9, 2013). "Following in the real footsteps of '12 Years a Slave' figure Solomon Northup: Mike's Movie Mailbag". The Times-Picayune. Advance Publications. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
16.^ Jump up to: a b Sacks, Ethan (October 13, 2013). "No ordinary movie, '12 Years a Slave' is a brutal and honest depiction of America's gravest mistake". New York Daily News. Daily News, L.P. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
17.Jump up ^ Torbett, Melanie (October 20, 2013). "'Twelve Years a Slave' movie has Cenla roots". The Town Talk. Gannett Company. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
18.Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (October 17, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' Cinematographer Sean Bobbitt: Not Letting the Audience Off the Hook". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
19.Jump up ^ Goldrich, Robert (October 18, 2013). "The Road To Oscar, Part 1: Backstories On 12 Years A Slave And Nebraska". Shoot Online. DCA Business Media LLC. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
20.Jump up ^ Desowitz, Bill (October 18, 2013). "Immersed in Movies: Cinematographer Sean Bobbitt Talks '12 Years a Slave'". IndieWire. Snagfilms. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
21.Jump up ^ Goodsell, Luke (October 17, 2013). "Interview: Steve McQueen and Chiwetel Ejiofor talk 12 Years a Slave". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
22.Jump up ^ Cooper, Jennifer (October 20, 2013). "Oscar Watch: 5 Things to Know About 12 Years a Slave". E!. NBCUniversal Cable. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
23.Jump up ^ "Pick of the Week: "12 Years A Slave"". Costume Designers Guild. October 18, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
24.Jump up ^ Abrams, Bryan (October 8, 2013). "The U.S. Premiere of 12 Years a Slave at the New York Film Festival". The Credits. Motion Picture Association of America. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
25.Jump up ^ Marsh, Calum (October 16, 2013). "Director's Cut: Steve McQueen ('12 Years a Slave')". RealNetworks. Viacom Media Networks. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
26.Jump up ^ "Columbia Records to Release '12 Years a Slave' Soundtrack". Film Music Reporter. October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
27.Jump up ^ "12 Years a Slave (2013) – Soundtrack.Net". Soundtrack.net. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
28.Jump up ^ "'12 Years a Slave' Soundtrack Details". Film Music Reporter. October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
29.Jump up ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (October 22, 2013). "Inspired By '12 Years A Slave' Soundtrack Features John Legend, Cody Chestnutt, Chris Cornell & More". IndieWire. Snagfilms. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
30.Jump up ^ "John Legend's 'Roll Jordan Roll' Debuts From '12 Years A Slave'". The Huffington Post. AOL. October 24, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
31.^ Jump up to: a b Cieply, Michael (September 22, 2013). "An Escape From Slavery, Now a Movie, Has Long Intrigued Historians". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
32.Jump up ^ Feinberg, Scott (October 23, 2013). "Oscar Whisper Campaigns: The Slurs Against '12 Years,' 'Captain Phillips,' 'Gravity' and 'The Butler'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
33.Jump up ^ Berlatsky, Noah (October 28, 2013). "How 12 Years a Slave Gets History Right: By Getting It Wrong". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
34.^ Jump up to: a b Wickman, Forrest (October 17, 2013). "How Accurate Is 12 Years a Slave?". Slate Magazine. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
35.^ Jump up to: a b Dixon, Valerie Elverton (November 15, 2013). "In 12 Years a Slave, a broken Christianity". The Washington Post.
36.Jump up ^ "Movies & TV: 12 Years a Slave". Christianity Today. October 18, 2013.
37.^ Jump up to: a b "Historian at the Movies: 12 Years a Slave reviewed". History Extra. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
38.Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (August 31, 2013). "Telluride: '12 Years A Slave' Ignites The Festival, But Fox Searchlight Plans To Take It Slow". Deadline.com. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
39.Jump up ^ Bailey, Cameron. "12 Years a Slave | tiff.net". Toronto International Film Festival. Toronto International Film Festival Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
40.Jump up ^ Brooks, Brian (August 30, 2013). "McQueen's "12 Years A Slave" Will Have U.S. Debut at NYFF51". Film Society of Lincoln Center. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
41.Jump up ^ "22nd Philadelphia Film Festival Announces Film Additions and Scheduling Changes". Philadelphia Film Society. October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
42.Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (November 15, 2011). "Summit inks int'l deals on 2 pics". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
43.Jump up ^ Masters, Kim (October 27, 2013). "Paramount, Brad Pitt Company Feuding Over '12 Years a Slave' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
44.Jump up ^ Weston, Hillary (March 28, 2013). "Steve McQueen's 'Twelve Years a Slave' to be Released by Fox Searchlight This December". BlackBook. McCarthy, LLC. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
45.^ Jump up to: a b Horn, John (October 25, 2013). "Unflinching '12 Years a Slave' poses monumental marketing challenge". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
46.Jump up ^ "Where to see 12 YEARS A SLAVE". Fox Searchlight Pictures. October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
47.Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (June 27, 2013). "New Regency Moves '12 Years A Slave' Up To An October 18 Platform Bow". Deadline.com (Penske Media Corporation).
48.Jump up ^ Ryan, Joal (October 18, 2013). "12 Years a Slave Could Win Best Picture, but About the Box Office ...". E!. NBCUniversal Cable. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
49.Jump up ^ Horn, John (October 29, 2013). "In first wider weekend, '12 Years a Slave' reaches key audiences". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
50.Jump up ^ Cunningham, Todd (October 17, 2013). "Can '12 Years a Slave' Translate Oscar Buzz Into Box Office?". The Wrap. The Wrap News Inc. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
51.Jump up ^ Cieply, Michael (October 28, 2013). "The International Fate of '12 Years': Steve McQueen's Film Is a Box-Office Test Case". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
52.Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (October 23, 2013). "Like Kanye West, Sean 'Diddy' Combs backs '12 Years a Slave' [Video]". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
53.Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary (October 24, 2013). "Diddy Praises '12 Years a Slave': 'The Truth Has Finally Almost Been Told' (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
54.Jump up ^ Subers, Ray (October 20, 2013). "Weekend Report: 'Gravity' Wins Again, 'Carrie' Leads Weak Newcomers". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
55.Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (October 27, 2013). "Weekend Box Office: 'Jackass: Bad Grandpa' Tops With $32 Million". Forbes. Forbes publishing. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
56.Jump up ^ Subers, Ray (November 3, 2013). "Weekend Report: 'Ender' Wins Box Office 'Game,' 'Thor' Mighty Overseas". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
57.Jump up ^ "12 Years a Slave". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
58.Jump up ^ "12 Years a Slave". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
59.Jump up ^ "Specialty Box Office: '12 Years A Slave' Triumphs In Limited Debut; 'All Is Lost,' 'Kill Your Darlings' Open Solid". Deadline.com. Penske Media Corporation. October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
60.Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (September 9, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' and 'Mandela': Two Tales of Racism Survived". TIME Magazine. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
61.Jump up ^ Ellwood, Gregory (August 31, 2013). "Review: Powerful 12 Years a Slave won't turn away from the brutality of slavery". HitFix. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
62.Jump up ^ MacInnes, Paul (September 7, 2013). "12 Years a Slave: Toronto film festival - first look review". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
63.Jump up ^ PodFeed (October 23, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' - Audio Review". Spill.com (Podcast). Hollywood.com. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
64.Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (September 7, 2013). "Toronto 2013: '12 Years a Slave' is a landmark of cruelty and transcendence". Entertainment Weekly. CNN. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
65.Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (October 17, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' Review". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
66.Jump up ^ Pulaski, Steve. "12 years a slave". Influx Magazine.
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68.Jump up ^ Robey, Tim (October 17, 2013). "12 Years A Slave, first review". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
69.Jump up ^ Hassannia, Tina (September 9, 2013). "Toronto International Film Festival 2013: 12 Years a Slave Review". Slant Magazine. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
70.Jump up ^ "Slavery, a film narrative and the empty myth of original intent". DavidSimon.com. October 29, 2013.
71.Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (October 16, 2013). "12 Years a Slave Prizes Radiance Over Life". The Village Voice. Voice Media Group. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
72.Jump up ^ Malamud Smith, Peter (October 20, 2013). "We Can Be Heroes: 12 Years a Slave, Schindler's List, and the hero problem in American movies.". Slate Magazine. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
73.Jump up ^ Lloyd Douglas, Orville (September 12, 2013). "Why I won't be watching The Butler and 12 Years a Slave". The Guardian. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
74.Jump up ^ Mandell, Andrea (September 9, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' stars react to all that Oscar buzz". USA Today. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
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76.Jump up ^ "2014 Golden Globe Awards". http://www.goldenglobes.com/. The Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
External links[edit]
 Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: 12 Years a Slave (film)
Official website
12 Years a Slave at the Internet Movie Database
12 Years a Slave at History vs. Hollywood
12 Years a Slave at Box Office Mojo
12 Years a Slave at Rotten Tomatoes
12 Years a Slave at Metacritic
downloadable copies of the book https://archive.org/details/twelveyearsasla01nortgoog


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The Butler
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The Butler
The Butler poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster

Directed by
Lee Daniels
Produced by
Lee Daniels
Cassian Elwes
 Buddy Patrick
 Pamela Oas Williams
Laura Ziskin
Screenplay by
Danny Strong
Based on
"A Butler Well Served by This Election"
 by Wil Haygood
Starring
Forest Whitaker
Oprah Winfrey
Music by
Rodrigo Leão
Cinematography
Andrew Dunn
Editing by
Joe Klotz
Studio
Laura Ziskin Productions
 Windy Hill Pictures
 Follow Through Productions
 Salamander Pictures
 Pam Williams Productions
Distributed by
The Weinstein Company
Release dates
August 16, 2013

Running time
132 minutes[1][2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$30 million[2][3]
Box office
$167,723,341[2]
The Butler (full title Lee Daniels' The Butler)[4][5] is a 2013 American historical fiction drama film directed by Lee Daniels and written by Danny Strong.[6] Loosely based on the real life of Eugene Allen, the film stars Forest Whitaker as Cecil Gaines, an African-American who eyewitnesses notable events of the 20th century during his 34-year tenure serving as a White House butler.[7][8] It was the last film produced by Laura Ziskin,[9][10] who died in 2011.
The film was theatrically released by The Weinstein Company on August 16, 2013, to mostly positive reviews[11][12] and was a sleeper hit at the box office; grossing over $167 million worldwide against a budget of $30 million.[13]


Contents  [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production 3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Reception 4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
5 Accolades
6 Departures from the facts of Allen's life
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Plot[edit]
In 2009, an elderly Cecil Gaines recounts his life story, while waiting in the White House. Gaines was raised on a cotton plantation in 1926 Macon, Georgia, by his sharecropping parents. One day, the farm's owner, Thomas Westfall, rapes Cecil's mother, Hattie Pearl. Cecil's father confronts Westfall, and is shot dead. Cecil is taken in by Annabeth Westfall, the estate's caretaker, and trains Cecil as a house servant.
In his teens, he leaves the plantation and his mother, who has been mute since the incident. One night, Cecil breaks into a hotel pastry shop and is, unexpectedly, hired. He learns advanced skills from the master servant, Maynard, who, after several years, recommends Cecil for a position in a Washington D.C. hotel. While working at the D.C. hotel, Cecil meets and marries Gloria, and the couple have two children: Louis and Charlie. In 1957, Cecil is hired by the White House during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration. White House maître d' Freddie Fallows shows Cecil around, introducing him to head butler Carter Wilson and co-worker James Holloway. At the White House, Cecil witnesses Eisenhower's reluctance to use troops to enforce school desegregation in the South, then the President's resolve to uphold the law by racially integrating Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas.
The Gaines family celebrates Cecil's new occupation with their closest friends and neighbors, Howard and Gina. Louis, the elder son, becomes a first generation university student at Fisk University in Tennessee, although Cecil feels that the South is too volatile; he wanted Louis to enroll at Howard University instead. Louis joins a student program led by Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) activist James Lawson, which leads to a nonviolent sit-in at a segregated diner, where he is arrested. Furious, Cecil confronts Louis for disobeying him. Gloria, suffering from her husband's long working hours, descends into alcoholism and has an affair with the Gaineses' neighbor, Howard.
In 1961, after John F. Kennedy's election, Louis and a dozen others are attacked by the Ku Klux Klan while traveling on a bus in Alabama. Louis is shown participating in the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade, where dogs and water cannons were used to stop the marchers, one of the movement's actions which inspired Kennedy to deliver a national address proposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Several months after the speech, Kennedy is assassinated. His successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, enacts the transformative legislation into law. As a goodwill gesture, Jackie Kennedy gives Cecil one of the former president's neckties before she leaves the White House.
Louis is later shown participating in the 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement, which inspired President Johnson to demand that Congress enact the landmark Voting Rights Act of 1965.
In the late 1960s, after civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Louis visits and tells his family that he has joined the radical organization called the Black Panthers. Upset at his son's actions, Cecil orders Louis and his girlfriend, Carol, to leave his house. Louis is soon arrested and is bailed out by Carter Wilson. Cecil becomes aware of Richard Nixon's plans to suppress the movement.
The Gaineses' other son, Charlie, confides to Louis that he plans to join the Army in the war in Vietnam. Louis announces that he won't attend Charlie's funeral if he is killed there. A few months later, Charlie is killed and buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Louis does not attend, and his father is furious. However, when the Black Panthers resort to violence in response to racial confrontations, Louis leaves the organization and returns to college, earning his master's degree in political science and eventually running for a seat in Congress.
Meanwhile, Cecil confronts his supervisor at the White House over the unequal pay and career advancement provided the black White House staff. With President Reagan's support he prevails, and his professional reputation grows to the point that he and his wife are invited by President and Nancy Reagan to be guests at a state dinner. Yet at the dinner and afterwards, Cecil becomes increasingly uncomfortable with the class divisions in the White House. Finally, after witnessing Reagan's refusal to support economic sanctions against South Africa, he resigns.
Gloria, wanting Cecil to mend his estranged relationship with Louis, reveals to him that Louis has told her that he loves and respects them both. Realizing his son's actions are heroic, Cecil joins Louis at a Free South Africa Movement protest against South African apartheid, and they are arrested and jailed together.
The film then advances to Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. The elderly Gloria dies shortly before Obama is elected as the nation's first African-American president, a milestone which leaves Cecil and Louis in awe. The film ends with Cecil preparing to meet the newly inaugurated President at the White House.
Cast[edit]
Forest Whitaker as Cecil Gaines,[6] the film's main character, who dedicates his life to becoming a professional domestic worker. Aml Ameen portrays young Cecil.[14]
Gaines' private lifeOprah Winfrey as Gloria Gaines,[6] Cecil's wife.
David Oyelowo as Louis Gaines,[6] the Gaineses' elder son.
Elijah Kelley as Charlie Gaines,[14] the Gaineses' younger son.
David Banner as Earl Gaines,[14] Cecil's father.
Mariah Carey as Hattie Pearl,[15] Cecil's mother.
Terrence Howard as Howard,[6] the Gaineses' neighbor who romantically pursues Gloria.
Adriane Lenox as Gina.[14][16]
Yaya DaCosta as Carol Hammie, Louis's girlfriend.[17]
Alex Pettyfer as Thomas Westfall,[6] the brutal plantation owner who kills Earl after raping Cecil's mother.
Vanessa Redgrave as Annabeth Westfall,[6] matron of the plantation.
Clarence Williams III as Maynard,[14][16] an elderly man who mentors a young Cecil and introduces him to his profession.
White House co-workersCuba Gooding, Jr. as Carter Wilson,[6][14] the fast-talking head butler at the White House who becomes a longtime friend of Cecil's.
Lenny Kravitz as James Holloway,[6][14] a co-worker butler and friend of Cecil's at the White House.
Colman Domingo as Freddie Fallows,[14][17] the White House maitre d' who hires Cecil.
White House historical figuresRobin Williams as Dwight D. Eisenhower,[6][18] the 34th President of the United States.
James DuMont as Sherman Adams, Eisenhower's White House Chief of Staff.[16][19]
Robert Aberdeen as Herbert Brownell, Jr., Eisenhower's Attorney General.[16]
James Marsden as John F. Kennedy,[6][18] the 35th President.
Minka Kelly as First Lady Jackie Kennedy.[18]
Liev Schreiber as Lyndon B. Johnson,[6][18] the 36th President.
John Cusack as Richard Nixon,[6][18] the 37th President.
Alex Manette as H. R. Haldeman,[6] Nixon's White House Chief of Staff.
Colin Walker as John Ehrlichman, Nixon's White House Counsel.[16][20]
Alan Rickman as Ronald Reagan,[6][18] the 40th President.
Jane Fonda as First Lady Nancy Reagan.[16]
Stephen Rider as Stephen W. Rochon, Barack Obama's White House Chief Usher.[16]
Civil rights historical figuresNelsan Ellis as Martin Luther King, Jr..[6][18]
Jesse Williams as civil rights activist James Lawson.[17]
Danny Strong, the film's screenwriter, makes a cameo appearance as one of the Freedom Riders who are attacked in Alabama.
Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Barack Obama and civil rights leader Jesse Jackson are depicted in archival footage.[21][22]
Melissa Leo and Orlando Eric Street were cast as First Lady Mamie Eisenhower and Barack Obama, respectively, but did not appear in the finished film.[6][23][24][25]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Danny Strong's screenplay is inspired by a The Washington Post article "A Butler Well Served by This Election".[12][26][27] The project received initial backing in early 2011, when producers Laura Ziskin and Pam Williams approached Sheila Johnson for help in financing the film. After reading Danny Strong's screenplay, Johnson pitched in her own $2.7 million before getting in several African-American investors. However, Ziskin died from cancer in June 2011. This left director Daniels and producing partner Hilary Shor to look for further producers on their own. They started with Cassian Elwes, with whom they were working on The Paperboy. Elwes joined the list of producers, and started raising funding for the film. In spring 2012, Icon U.K., a British financing and production company, added a $6 million guarantee against foreign presales. Finally the film raised its needed $30 million budget through 41 producers and executive producers, including Earl W. Stafford, Harry I. Martin Jr., Brett Johnson, Michael Finley, and Buddy Patrick. Thereafter,as film production started Weinstein Co. picked up U.S. distribution rights for the film. David Glasser, Weinstein Co. COO, called fund raising as an independent film, "a story that's a movie within itself."[3][28]
The Weinstein Company acquired the distribution rights for the film after Columbia Pictures put the film in turnaround.[29][30]
The film's title was up for a possible rename due to a Motion Picture Association of America claim from Warner Bros., which had inherited from the defunct Lubin Company a now-lost 1916 silent short film with the same name.[9][31] The case was subsequently resolved with the MPAA granting the Weinstein Company permission to add Daniels' name in front of the title, under the condition that his name was "75% the size of The Butler".[32] On July 23, 2013, the distributor unveiled a revised poster, displaying the title as Lee Daniels' The Butler.[33]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography started in 2012 in New Orleans. Production was originally scheduled to wrap in early August 2012 but was delayed by the impact of Hurricane Isaac (2012).[34]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Butler received mostly positive reviews from critics, with a 73% rating on the film critic aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 164 reviews. The site's consensus says, "Gut-wrenching and emotionally affecting, Lee Daniels' The Butler overcomes an uneven narrative thanks to strong performances from an all-star cast."[35] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 66 based on 47 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews".[36]
Todd McCarthy praised the film saying, "Even with all contrivances and obvious point-making and familiar historical signposting, Daniels' The Butler is always engaging, often entertaining and certainly never dull."[37] Richard Roeper lauded the film's casting in particular, remarking that "Forest Whitaker gives the performance of his career".[38] Rolling Stone also spoke highly of Whitaker writing that his "reflective, powerfully understated performance...fills this flawed film with potency and purpose."[21] Variety wrote that "Daniels develops a strong sense of the inner complexities and contradictions of the civil-rights landscape."[39] USA Today gave the film three out of four stars and noted that "It's inspiring and filled with fine performances, but the insistently swelling musical score and melodramatic moments seem calculated and undercut a powerful story."[40]
Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times was more negative; "An ambitious and overdue attempt to create a Hollywood-style epic around the experience of black Americans in general and the civil rights movement in particular, it undercuts itself by hitting its points squarely on the nose with a 9-pound hammer."[41] Several critics compared the film's historical anecdotes and sentimentality to Forrest Gump.[42][43][44][45]
President Barack Obama said, "I teared up thinking about not just the butlers who worked here in the White House, but an entire generation of people who were talented and skilled. But because of Jim Crow and because of discrimination, there was only so far they could go."[46]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film debuted in first place with $24.6 million.[47][48] The film topped the North American box office in its first three consecutive weeks.[49][50] The film has grossed $116,608,365 in Canada and the United States, it earned $51,111,019 elsewhere, for a total of $167,719,384.[2]
Accolades[edit]

Awards

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Hollywood Film Awards Best Director Lee Daniels Won
Spotlight David Oyelowo Won
Critics Choice Awards Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Oprah Winfrey Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast Mariah Carey, John Cusack, Jane Fonda, Cuba Gooding Jr., Terrence Howard, Lenny Kravitz, James Marsden, David Oyelowo, Alex Pettyfer, Vanessa Redgrave, Alan Rickman, Liev Schreiber, Forest Whitaker, Robin Williams, and Oprah Winfrey Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Makeup  Nominated
People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie  Nominated
Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress Oprah Winfrey Nominated
Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Actress in a Supporting Role Oprah Winfrey Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Mariah Carey, John Cusack, Jane Fonda, Cuba Gooding Jr., Terrence Howard, Lenny Kravitz, James Marsden, David Oyelowo, Alex Pettyfer, Vanessa Redgrave, Alan Rickman, Liev Schreiber, Forest Whitaker, Robin Williams, and Oprah Winfrey Nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Forest Whitaker Nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Oprah Winfrey Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Motion Picture Forest Whitaker Pending
Best Actress in Supporting Role Oprah Winfrey Pending
Best Art Direction & Production Design Diane Lederman, Tim Galvin Pending
Departures from the facts of Allen's life[edit]
Regarding historical accuracy, Eliana Dockterman wrote in Time: "Allen was born on a Virginia plantation in 1919, not in Georgia.... In the movie, Cecil Gaines grows up on a cotton field in Macon, Ga., where his family comes into conflict with the white farmers for whom they work. What befalls his parents on the cotton field was added for dramatic effect.... Though tension between father and son over civil rights issues fuels most of the drama in the film, [Eugene Allen's son] Charles Allen was not the radical political activist that Gaines's son is in the movie."[51]
Particular criticism has been directed at the film's accuracy in portraying President Ronald Reagan. While actor Alan Rickman's performance generated positive reviews, the screenwriters of the film have been criticized for depicting Reagan as indifferent to civil rights and his reluctance to associate with the White House's black employees during his presidency. According to Michael Reagan, the former president's son, "The real story of the White House butler doesn't imply racism at all. It's simply Hollywood liberals wanting to believe something about my father that was never there."[52][53][54] Paul Kengor, one of President Reagan's biographers, also attacked the film, saying, "I've talked to many White House staff, cooks, housekeepers, doctors, and Secret Service over the years. They are universal in their love of Ronald Reagan." In regard to the president's initial opposition to sanctions against apartheid in South Africa, Kengor said, “Ronald Reagan was appalled by apartheid, but also wanted to ensure that if the apartheid regime collapsed in South Africa that it wasn't replaced by a Marxist-totalitarian regime allied with Moscow and Cuba that would take the South African people down the same road as Ethiopia, Mozambique, and, yes, Cuba. In the immediate years before Reagan became president, 11 countries from the Third World, from Asia to Africa to Latin America, went Communist. It was devastating. If the film refuses to deal with this issue with the necessary balance, it shouldn't deal with it at all."[55]
Conservative political commentator Ben Shapiro wrote: "There is no question that the film itself is full of historical inaccuracies. The Butler has virtually nothing in common with its source material, the life of White House butler Gene Allen, except for the fact that the main character of the film and Allen were both black butlers in the White House. The film's title character, Cecil Gaines, sees his father murdered and his mother raped by a white landowner; that never happened to Allen. The movie's title character has two children, one who goes to the Vietnam War, the other who becomes a Civil Rights pioneer; Allen actually had only one son."[56]
See also[edit]


United States film.svgFilm in the United States portal
 Iphone4sblacksideview1.png2010s portal
 AmericaAfrica.pngAfrican Americans portal
 Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svgGovernment of the United States portal
 

Backstairs at the White House, a 1979 miniseries with a similar theme
Eugene Allen
References[edit]
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2.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lee Daniels' The Butler (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
3.^ Jump up to: a b "Why 'Lee Daniels' The Butler' Has 41 Producers". Hollywood Reporter. August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
4.Jump up ^ Lee, Chris (July 20, 2013). "MPAA permits Weinstein Co. to use 'Lee Daniels' 'The Butler' title". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
5.Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (July 23, 2013). "'Lee Daniels' The Butler' Gets First Posters Following MPAA Ruling". Variety. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
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8.Jump up ^ Roberts, Roxanne; Amy Argetsinger (May 8, 2013). "Trailer for 'The Butler,' based on life of the White House's Eugene Allen". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
9.^ Jump up to: a b Fleming, Mike, Jr. (July 6, 2013). "UPDATE: David Boies Charges Extortion As He Returns Fire In 'The Butler' Spat Between Warner Bros And The Weinstein Company". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
10.Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher (May 9, 2013). "'The Butler' Trailer: Lee Daniels' 'Forrest Gump'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
11.Jump up ^ Williamson, Caroline (July 20, 2013). "The Butler to be re-titled – but only slightly – following dispute over name". Metro. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
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13.Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=butler.htm
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19.Jump up ^ Ingram, Bruce (August 16, 2013). "Fame comes second for Evanston actor starring in 'The Butler'". Sun-Times Media. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
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21.^ Jump up to: a b Travers, Peter (August 15, 2013). "Lee Daniels' The Butler". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
22.Jump up ^ Makarechi, Kia (August 1, 2013). "'Lee Daniels' The Butler' Celebrated By Oprah, Forest Whitaker, Gayle King & More In New York". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
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24.Jump up ^ Child, Ben (July 4, 2013). "Lee Daniels pleads with Warner Bros to retain title of The Butler". The Guardian. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
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26.Jump up ^ Haygood, Wil (November 7, 2008). "A Butler Well Served by This Election". The Washington Post.
27.Jump up ^ "No, President Obama isn't doing a cameo in 'The Butler'". The Washington Post. August 6, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
28.Jump up ^ "Lee Daniels' The Butler: The film with FORTY ONE producers: How a host of stars and entrepreneurs raised $30m to fund The Butler". Daily Mail. August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
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32.Jump up ^ "TOLDJA! Weinstein Co. Can Title Its Movie 'Lee Daniels' The Butler', If It Wants". Deadline.com. July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
33.Jump up ^ The Deadline Team (July 23, 2013). "Weinstein Co Unveils New Poster For 'Lee Daniels' The Butler' To Comply With MPAA". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
34.Jump up ^ Scott, Mike (August 27, 2012). "Tropical Storm Isaac chases 'The Butler' away, as film suspends production". The Times-Picayune.
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36.Jump up ^ "Lee Daniels' The Butler". Metacritic. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
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40.Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (August 15, 2013). "'The Butler' is mannered and moving". USA Today. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
41.Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth (August 15, 2013). "Review: 'Lee Daniels' The Butler' significant but often contrived". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
42.Jump up ^ Anderson, John (August 15, 2013). "'Lee Daniels' The Butler' movie review". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
43.Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Rene (August 15, 2013). "'Lee Daniels' The Butler' (PG-13)". Miami Herald. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
44.Jump up ^ Williams, Joe (August 15, 2013). "Forest Whitaker shines as 'The Butler'". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
45.Jump up ^ Burr, Ty (August 15, 2013). "'The Butler' examines civil rights history from a new perspective". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
46.Jump up ^ Child, Ben (August 28, 2013). "Barack Obama 'teared up' watching Oscar-tipped drama The Butler". The Guardian.
47.Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (August 18, 2013). "Box Office Report: 'The Butler' Tops the Field With $25 Million". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
48.Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (August 18, 2013). "Weekend Box Office: 'The Butler' Opens To $25m, 'Kick-Ass 2', 'Jobs', And 'Paranoia' Crash". Forbes. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
49.Jump up ^ Cunningham, Todd (September 2, 2013). "Oprah Winfrey's 'The Butler' Powers Past 'One Direction' for 3rd Straight Box-Office Win". The Wrap. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
50.Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (August 25, 2013). "Box Office Report: 'The Butler' Wins Again With $17 Million, Crosses $50 Million". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
51.Jump up ^ Dockterman, Eliana (August 16, 2013). "The True Story of The Butler: Fact vs. Fiction in Lee Daniels' The Butler". Time.
52.Jump up ^ Bond, Paul (August 26, 2013). "President Reagan's Son Attacks 'Lee Daniels' The Butler'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
53.Jump up ^ "The Butler falsely portrays Ronald Reagan as racist, says son". The Guardian. August 29, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
54.Jump up ^ Reagan, Michael (August 27, 2013). "The Butler from Another Planet". Newsmax. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
55.Jump up ^ "Lee Daniels' 'The Butler': Reagan Biographers Slam President's Portrayal". Hollywood Reporter.com. August 16, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
56.Jump up ^ Shapiro, Ben (August 18, 2013). "'The Butler' Filled with Historical Inaccuracies, Finishes #1". Breitbart.com. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Butler at the Internet Movie Database
The Butler at Box Office Mojo
The Butler at Rotten Tomatoes
The Butler at Metacritic


[hide]
v ·
 t ·
 e
 
Lee Daniels


Director
Shadowboxer (2005) ·
 Precious (2009) ·
 The Paperboy (2012) ·
 Lee Daniels' The Butler (2013)
 

Producer
Monster's Ball (2001) ·
 The Woodsman (2004) ·
 Shadowboxer (2005) ·
 Tennessee (2008) ·
 Precious (2009) ·
 The Paperboy (2012)
 

 


Categories: 2013 films
English-language films
2010s drama films
American films
American drama films
American political drama films
Films directed by Lee Daniels
African-American films
African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) in film
Films about politicians
Films about Presidents of the United States
Films about race and ethnicity
Films about racism
Films based on actual events
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Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in New Orleans, Louisiana
Historical films
United States presidential election, 2008 in popular culture
United States presidential succession in fiction
The Weinstein Company films
White House in fiction





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