Harry Potter wikipedia pages on influences and translations

Harry Potter influences and analogues

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Contents
  [hide] 1 Influences 1.1 British folklore and mythology
1.2 The Iliad
1.3 The Bible
1.4 Aeschylus
1.5 The Pardoner's Tale
1.6 Macbeth
1.7 William Penn
1.8 Emma
1.9 The Story of the Treasure Seekers
1.10 The Wind in the Willows
1.11 Dorothy L. Sayers
1.12 The Chronicles of Narnia
1.13 The Little White Horse
1.14 The Sword in the Stone
1.15 Manxmouse
1.16 Jessica Mitford
2 Other favourites
3 Analogues 3.1 The Pilgrim's Progress
3.2 Wuthering Heights
3.3 Tom Brown's Schooldays
3.4 Kaytek the Wizard
3.5 The Lord of the Rings
3.6 Roald Dahl
3.7 X-Men
3.8 The Chronicles of Prydain
3.9 The Dark Is Rising
3.10 A Wizard of Earthsea
3.11 The Worst Witch
3.12 Charmed Life
3.13 Discworld
3.14 Ender's Game
3.15 Young Sherlock Holmes
3.16 Troll
3.17 Groosham Grange
3.18 The Books of Magic
3.19 Spellcasting series
3.20 Wizard's Hall
3.21 The Secret of Platform 13
4 References 4.1 Bibliography
5 External links
Writer J. K. Rowling cites several writers as influences in her creation of her bestselling Harry Potter series. Writers, journalists and critics have noted that the books also have a number of analogues; a wide range of literature, both classical and modern, which Rowling has not openly cited as influences.
This article is divided into three sections. The first section lists those authors and books which Rowling has suggested as possible influences on Harry Potter. The second section deals with those books which Rowling has cited as favourites without mentioning possible influences. The third section deals with those analogues which Rowling has not cited either as influences or as favourites but which others have claimed bear comparison with Harry Potter.
Influences[edit]
J.K. Rowling has never openly credited any single author with inspiration, saying, "I haven't got the faintest idea where my ideas come from, or how my imagination works. I'm just grateful that it does, because it gives me more entertainment than it gives anyone else."[1] However, she has mentioned a number of favourite authors as probable influences in her creation of Harry Potter. The works are listed roughly in order of publication.
British folklore and mythology[edit]
Rowling has said, "I've taken horrible liberties with folklore and mythology, but I'm quite unashamed about that, because British folklore and British mythology is a totally bastard mythology. You know, we've been invaded by people, we've appropriated their gods, we've taken their mythical creatures, and we've soldered them all together to make, what I would say, is one of the richest folklores in the world, because it's so varied. So I feel no compunction about borrowing from that freely, but adding a few things of my own."[2]
The Iliad[edit]
When an interviewer said that saving Cedric's body resembled the Iliad and the actions of Hector, Achilles, and Patroclus, Rowling said, "That's where it came from. That really, really, really moved me when I read that when I was 19. The idea of the desecration of a body, a very ancient idea... I was thinking of that when Harry saved Cedric's body."[3]
The Bible[edit]
A number of commentators have drawn attention to the Biblical themes and references in J. K. Rowling's final Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. In an August 2007 issue of Newsweek, Lisa Miller commented that Harry dies and then comes back to life to save humankind, like Christ. She points out the title of the chapter in which this occurs—"King's Cross"—a possible allusion to Christ's cross. Also, she outlines the scene in which Harry is temporarily dead, pointing out that it places Harry in a very heaven-like setting where he talks to a father figure "whose supernatural powers are accompanied by a profound message of love."[4] Jeffrey Weiss adds, in the Dallas Morning News, that the biblical quotation "And the last enemy that shall be destroyed is death", (I Corinthians 15:26), featured on the tombstones of Harry's parents, refers to Christ's resurrection.[5] The quotation on Dumbledore's family tomb, "Where your treasure is, your heart will be also", is from Matthew 6:21, and refers to knowing which things in life are of true value.[6] "They're very British books", Rowling revealed to an Open Book conference in October 2007, "So on a very practical note Harry was going to find biblical quotations on tombstones, [but] I think those two particular quotations he finds on the tombstones at Godric's Hollow, they (...) almost epitomize the whole series."[7]
Aeschylus[edit]
Deathly Hallows begins with a pair of epigraphs, one from Quaker leader William Penn's More Fruits of Solitude and one from Aeschylus' The Libation Bearers. "I really enjoyed choosing those two quotations because one is pagan, of course, and one is from a Christian tradition", Rowling said. "I'd known it was going to be those two passages since 'Chamber' was published. I always knew [that] if I could use them at the beginning of book seven then I'd queued up the ending perfectly. If they were relevant, then I went where I needed to go. They just say it all to me, they really do."[7]
The Pardoner's Tale[edit]
In a July 2007 webchat hosted by her publisher Bloomsbury, Rowling stated that The Pardoner's Tale of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was an inspiration for a folktale retold by Xenophilius Lovegood in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[8] In the tale, three brothers outwit Death by magicking a bridge to cross a dangerous river. Death, angry at being cheated, offers to give them three gifts, the Deathly Hallows, as a reward for evading him. The first two die as a result of the gifts granted to them, but the third uses his gift wisely and dies in his bed an old man. In The Pardoner's Tale, three rogues are told that if they look under a tree, they can find a means to defeat Death. Instead they find gold, and, overcome with greed, eventually kill each other to possess it.[9]
Macbeth[edit]
Rowling has cited Shakespeare's Macbeth as an influence. In an interview with The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet, when asked, "What if [Voldemort] never heard the prophecy?", she said, "It's the Macbeth idea. I absolutely adore Macbeth. It is possibly my favourite Shakespeare play. And that's the question isn't it? If Macbeth hadn't met the witches, would he have killed Duncan? Would any of it have happened? Is it fated or did he make it happen? I believe he made it happen."[10] On her website, she referred to Macbeth again in discussing the prophecy: "the prophecy (like the one the witches make to Macbeth, if anyone has read the play of the same name) becomes the catalyst for a situation that would never have occurred if it had not been made."[11]
William Penn[edit]
See: Aeschylus
Emma[edit]
Rowling cites Jane Austen as her favourite author and a major influence. "My attitude to Jane Austen is accurately summed up by that wonderful line from Cold Comfort Farm: 'One of the disadvantages of almost universal education was that all kinds of people gained a familiarity with one's favourite books. It gave one a curious feeling; like seeing a drunken stranger wrapped in one's dressing gown.'"[1] The Harry Potter series is known for its twist endings, and Rowling has stated that, "I have never set up a surprise ending in a Harry Potter book without knowing I can never, and will never, do it anywhere near as well as Austen did in Emma."[1]
The Story of the Treasure Seekers[edit]
Rowling frequently mentions E. Nesbit in interview, citing her "very real" child characters.[12] In 2000, she said, "I think I identify with E Nesbit more than any other writer", and described Nesbit's The Story of the Treasure Seekers' as, "Exhibit A for prohibition of all children's literature by anyone who cannot remember exactly how it felt to be a child."[1]
The Wind in the Willows[edit]



The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame
In a 2007 reading for students in New Orleans, Rowling said that the first book to inspire her was Kenneth Grahame's children's fantasy The Wind in the Willows, read to her when she had the measles at age 4.[13]
Dorothy L. Sayers[edit]
Rowling has also cited the work of Christian essayist and mystery writer Dorothy L. Sayers as an influence on her work, saying "There's a theory — this applies to detective novels, and then Harry, which is not really a detective novel, but it feels like one sometimes — that you should not have romantic intrigue in a detective book. Dorothy L. Sayers, who is queen of the genre said — and then broke her own rule, but said — that there is no place for romance in a detective story except that it can be useful to camouflage other people's motives. That's true; it is a very useful trick. I've used that on Percy and I've used that to a degree on Tonks in this book, as a red herring. But having said that, I disagree inasmuch as mine are very character-driven books, and it's so important, therefore, that we see these characters fall in love, which is a necessary part of life."[14]
The Chronicles of Narnia[edit]
Rowling has said she was a fan of the works of C. S. Lewis as a child, and cites the influence of his Narnia chronicles on her work: "I found myself thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry is told he has to hurl himself at a barrier in Kings Cross Station - it dissolves and he's on platform Nine and Three-Quarters, and there's the train for Hogwarts."[15]
She is, however, at pains to stress the differences between Narnia and her world: "Narnia is literally a different world", she says, "whereas in the Harry books you go into a world within a world that you can see if you happen to belong. A lot of the humour comes from collisions between the magic and the everyday worlds. Generally there isn't much humour in the Narnia books, although I adored them when I was a child. I got so caught up I didn't think CS Lewis was especially preachy. Reading them now I find that his subliminal message isn't very subliminal."[15] New York Times writer Charles McGrath notes the similarity between Dudley Dursley, the obnoxious son of Harry's neglectful guardians, and Eustace Scrubb, the spoiled brat who torments the main characters until converted by Aslan.[16]
The Little White Horse[edit]
In an interview in The Scotsman in 2002, Rowling described Elizabeth Goudge's The Little White Horse as having, "perhaps more than any other book . . . a direct influence on the Harry Potter books. The author always included details of what her characters were eating and I remember liking that. You may have noticed that I always list the food being eaten at Hogwarts."[17] Rowling said in O that "Goudge was the only [author] whose influence I was conscious of. She always described exactly what the children were eating, and I really liked knowing what they had in their sandwiches."[18]
The Sword in the Stone[edit]
Rowling also cites the work of T. H. White, a grammar school teacher, and the author of the well-known children's classic saga, The Once and Future King, which tells the story of King Arthur of Britain, from childhood to grave. Perhaps the best-known book from this saga is The Sword in the Stone (the first book) which was made into an animated movie by Disney Studios. Arthur (called Wart) is a small scruffy-haired orphan, who meets the wizard Merlin (who has an owl, Archimedes, and acts, much like Dumbledore, in the manner of an "absent-minded professor"[19]) who takes him to a castle to educate him. As writer Phyllis Morris notes, "The parallels between Dumbledore and Merlin do not end with the protection of the hero in danger . . . In addition to both characters sporting long, flowing beards (and blue eyes, according to T.H. White), Merlin was King Arthur's mentor and guide, as Dumbledore has been Harry's guide and mentor."[20] Rowling describes Wart as "Harry's spiritual ancestor."[21]
Manxmouse[edit]
Rowling is also a fan of Paul Gallico, "especially Manxmouse. That's a great book. Gallico manages the fine line between magic and reality so skilfully, to the point where the most fantastic events feel plausible."[15]
Jessica Mitford[edit]
In the Scotsman interview, Rowling described civil rights activist Jessica Mitford as "my most influential writer", saying, "I love the way she never outgrew some of her adolescent traits, remaining true to her politics - she was a self-taught socialist - throughout her life."[17] In a review of Decca—The letters of Jessica Mitford, she went further saying, "Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target."[22]
Other favourites[edit]



A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
In 1999, while Rowling was on a tour of the United States, a bookseller handed her a copy of I Capture the Castle by Dodie Smith, saying she would love it. The book became one of her all time favourites. Rowling says that, "it is the voice of the narrator, in this case 17-year- old Cassandra Mortmain, which makes a masterpiece out of an old plot."[1][23]
Also in 1999, Rowling said in interview that she was a great fan of Grimble, by Clement Freud, saying, "Grimble is one of funniest books I've ever read, and Grimble himself, who is a small boy, is a fabulous character. I'd love to see a Grimble film. As far as I know, these last two fine pieces of literature are out of print, so if any publishers ever read this, could you please dust them off and put them back in print so other people can read them?"[24]
On a number of occasions, Rowling has cited her admiration for French novelist Colette.[25]
Rowling said that the death of Sydney Carton in Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities, and the novel's final line, "It is a far, far better thing that I do than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known", had a profound impact on her.[26]
In a 2000 interview with BBC Radio 4, Rowling revealed a deep love of Vladimir Nabokov's controversial book Lolita, saying, "There just isn't enough time to discuss how a plot that could have been the most worthless pornography becomes, in Nabokov's hands, a great and tragic love story, and I could exhaust my reservoir of superlatives trying to describe the quality of the writing."[27]
In an interview with O: The Oprah Magazine, Rowling described Irish author Roddy Doyle as her favourite living writer, saying, "I love all his books. I often talk about him and Jane Austen in the same breath. I think people are slightly mystified by that because superficially they're such different writers. But they both have a very unsentimental approach to human nature. They can be profoundly moving without ever becoming mawkish."[28]
Many of Rowling's named favorites decorate the links section of her personal webpage. The section is designed to look like a bookcase, and includes I Capture the Castle, The Little White Horse and Manxmouse, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility and Emma, a book of fairy tales by E. Nesbit, The Commitments and The Van by Roddy Doyle, two books by Dorothy L. Sayers and a book by Katherine Mansfield.[29]
In January 2006, Rowling was asked by the Royal Society of Literature to nominate her top ten books every child should read. Included in her list were Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Animal Farm by George Orwell, The Tale of Two Bad Mice by Beatrix Potter, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger and Catch-22 by Joseph Heller.[30]
Analogues[edit]
There are a number of authors to which Rowling has been repeatedly compared in the media. Some of these she has herself mentioned, others have been mentioned by Internet sites, journalists, critics or other authors. The works are listed roughly in order of publication.
The Pilgrim's Progress[edit]



The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan
John Granger sees Chamber of Secrets as similar to a morality play like John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress. He describes the climax, where Harry descends to the Chamber of Secrets to rescue Ginny Weasley as "the clearest Christian allegory of salvation history since Lewis's The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. ... Using only traditional symbols, from the ‘Ancient of Days’ figure as God the Father to the satanic serpent and Christ-like phoenix (‘the Resurrection Bird’), the drama takes us from the fall to eternal life without a hitch."[31]
Wuthering Heights[edit]
In 2006, Rowling recommended Emily Brontë's Gothic post-Romantic Wuthering Heights as number one of the top ten books every child should read. In her essay, "To Sir With Love" in the book Mapping the World of Harry Potter, Joyce Millman suggests that Severus Snape, Harry Potter's morally ambiguous potions master, is drawn from a tradition of Byronic heroes such as Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff[32] and that chapter two of Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince is reminiscent of the opening of Wuthering Heights when Heathcliff is coldly introduced and asks his servant Joseph to bring up wine for him and Lockwood. Snape commands the almost identical line to his servant Wormtail, with Snape described similarly to how Emily Brontë described Heathcliff.
Tom Brown's Schooldays[edit]
The Harry Potter series draws upon a long tradition of boarding school-set children's literature in English. This school story genre originated in the Victorian era with Tom Brown's Schooldays, by Thomas Hughes. Tom Brown's Schooldays laid down a basic structure which has been widely imitated, for example in Anthony Buckeridge's 1950s Jennings books.[33]
Both Tom Brown's Schooldays and Harry Potter involve an average eleven-year old, better at sport than academic study, who is sent to boarding school. Upon arrival, the boy gains a best friend (In Tom's case, East, in Harry's case, Ron Weasley) who helps him adjust to the new environment. They are set upon by an arrogant bully — in Tom Brown's case, Flashman, in Harry's case Draco Malfoy. Stephen Fry, who both narrates the British audio adaptations of the Harry Potter novels and has starred in a screen adaptation of Tom Brown, has commented many times about the similarities between the two books. "Harry Potter - a boy who arrives in this strange school to board for the first time and makes good, solid friends and also enemies who use bullying and unfair tactics", notes Fry, "then is ambiguous about whether or not he is going to be good or bad. His pluck and his endeavour, loyalty, good nature and bravery are the things that carry him through - and that is the story of Tom Brown's Schooldays".[34]
Kaytek the Wizard[edit]
Janusz Korczak's 1935 novel Kaytek the Wizard concerns a schoolboy named Kaytek who gains magical powers. According to some critics, Kaytek has a far more difficult path than Harry Potter: he has no Hogwarts-type School of Magic where he could be taught by expert mages, but must learn to use and control his powers all by himself – and most importantly, to learn his limitations.[35][36] In Korczak's worlds, a happy ending is not guaranteed, and the child-hero must learn about the limitations of power and the consequences of its abuse.[35][36] According to Polish sociologist and writer Kinga Dunin, Kaytek, in pedagogical terms, is a superior book to Harry Potter, as within one book, Kaytek experiences much more growth than Harry; furthermore, the world is more realistic, less black and white.[36] At the same time, Dunin notes the book's outdated attitudes to issues of gender and race.[36]
The Lord of the Rings[edit]
Fans of author J. R. R. Tolkien have drawn attention to the similarities between his novel The Lord of the Rings and the Harry Potter series; specifically Tolkien's Wormtongue and Rowling's Wormtail, Tolkien's Shelob and Rowling's Aragog, Tolkien's Gandalf and Rowling's Dumbledore, Tolkien's Nazgûl and Rowling's Dementors, Old Man Willow and the Whomping Willow and the similarities between both authors' antagonists, Tolkien's Dark Lord Sauron and Rowling's Lord Voldemort (both of whom are sometimes within their respective continuities unnamed due to intense fear surrounding their names; both often referred to as 'The Dark Lord'; and both of whom are, during the time when the main action takes place, seeking to recover their lost power after having been considered dead or at least no longer a threat).[37] Several reviews of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows noted that the locket used as a horcrux by Voldemort bore comparison to Tolkien's One Ring, as it negatively affects the personality of the wearer.[38] Rowling maintains that she hadn't read The Hobbit until after she completed the first Harry Potter novel (though she had read The Lord of the Rings as a teenager) and that any similarities between her books and Tolkien's are "Fairly superficial. Tolkien created a whole new mythology, which I would never claim to have done. On the other hand, I think I have better jokes."[39] Tolkienian scholar Tom Shippey has maintained that "no modern writer of epic fantasy has managed to escape the mark of Tolkien, no matter how hard many of them have tried".[40]
Roald Dahl[edit]
Many have drawn attention to the similarities between Rowling's works and those of Roald Dahl, particularly in the depiction of the Dursley family, which echoes the nightmarish guardians seen in many of Dahl's books, such as the Wormwoods from Matilda, Aunt Sponge and Aunt Spiker from James and the Giant Peach, and Grandma from George's Marvellous Medicine.[41] Rowling acknowledges that there are similarities, but believes that at a deeper level, her works are different from those of Dahl; in her words, more "moral".[42]
X-Men[edit]
The Marvel Comics superhero team the X-Men, created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in 1963, are similar to Harry Potter in their examination of prejudice and intolerance. Comic book historian Michael Mallory examined the original premise of the comic, in which teenage mutants study under Professor X to learn how to control their abilities, safe from fearful Homo sapiens, and also battle less benign mutants like Magneto. He argued, "Think about [the comic] clad in traditional British university robes and pointy hats, castles and trains, and the image that springs to mind is Hogwarts School for Witchcraft and Wizard[ry], with Dumbledore, Voldemort and the class struggle between wizards and muggles." He acknowledged that while the X-Men was for the longest time "a phenomenon that was largely contained in the realm of comic book readers as opposed to the wider public [such as Rowling]", he argued "nothing exists in a vacuum, least of all popular culture. Just as the creators of X-Men consciously or unconsciously tapped into the creative ether of their time for inspiration, so has the X-Men phenomenon had an effect on the books and films that has since followed."[43]
The Chronicles of Prydain[edit]
Lloyd Alexander's five-volume Prydain Chronicles, begun in 1964 with The Book of Three and concluding in 1968 with "The High King", features a young protagonist, an assistant pig keeper named Taran, who wishes to be a great hero in a world drawn from Welsh mythology. Entertainment Weekly cited Lloyd Alexander as a possible influence on Rowling when it named her its 2007 Entertainer of the Year.[44] When Alexander died in 2007, his obituary in New York Magazine drew many comparisons between Harry Potter and Prydain and said that "The High King is everything we desperately hope Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows will be."[45]
The Dark Is Rising[edit]
Susan Cooper's Dark Is Rising sequence (which commenced with Over Sea, Under Stone in 1965 and now more commonly bound in a single volume) have been compared to the Harry Potter series. The second novel, also called The Dark Is Rising, features a young boy named Will Stanton who discovers on his eleventh birthday that he is in fact imbued with magical power; in Will's case, that he is the last of the Old Ones, beings empowered by the Light to battle the Dark. The books open in much the same way, with Will finding that people are telling him strange things and that animals run from him.[46] John Hodge, who wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of The Dark Is Rising, made substantial changes to the novel's plot and tone to differentiate it from Harry Potter.[47]
A Wizard of Earthsea[edit]
The basic premise of Ursula K. Le Guin's A Wizard of Earthsea (1968), in which a boy with unusual aptitude for magic is recognised, and sent to a special school for wizards, resembles that of Harry Potter.[48] Le Guin has claimed that she doesn't feel Rowling "ripped her off", but that she felt that Rowling's books were overpraised for supposed originality, and that Rowling "could have been more gracious about her predecessors. My incredulity was at the critics who found the first book wonderfully original. She has many virtues, but originality isn't one of them. That hurt."[49]
The Worst Witch[edit]
Many critics have noted that Jill Murphy's The Worst Witch series (first published in 1974), is set in a school for girls, "Miss Cackle's Academy for Witches", reminiscent of Hogwarts.[50][51] The story concerns an awkward pupil at a boarding school for witches, who faces a scheming rival student. Her professors include a kindly and elderly headmistress and a bullying, raven-haired potions teacher.[52] Murphy has commented on her frustration at constant comparisons between her work and Harry Potter: "It's irritating … everyone asks the same question and I even get children writing to ask me whether I mind about the Hogwarts school of witchcraft and pointing out similarities. Even worse are reviewers who come across my books, or see the TV series, and, without taking the trouble to find out that it's now over quarter of a century since I wrote my first book, make pointed remarks about "clever timing" – or say things like "the Worst Witch stories are not a million miles from J K Rowling's books". The implications are really quite insulting!"[53]
Charmed Life[edit]
In Diana Wynne Jones' Charmed Life (1977), two orphaned children receive magical education while living in a castle. The setting is a world resembling early 1900s Britain, where magic is commonplace. Diana Wynne Jones has stated in answer to a question on her webpage: "I think Ms Rowling did get quite a few of her ideas from my books - though I have never met her, so I have never been able to ask her. My books were written many years before the Harry Potter books (Charmed Life was first published in 1977), so any similarities probably come from what she herself read as a child. Once a book is published, out in the world, it is sort of common property, for people to take ideas from and use, and I think this is what happened to my books."[54]
Discworld[edit]
Before the arrival of J. K. Rowling, Britain's bestselling author was comic fantasy writer Terry Pratchett. His Discworld books, beginning with The Colour of Magic in 1983, satirise and parody common fantasy literature conventions. Pratchett is repeatedly asked if he "got" his idea for his magic college, the Unseen University, from Harry Potter's Hogwarts, or if the young wizard Ponder Stibbons, who has dark hair and glasses, was inspired by Harry Potter. Both in fact predate Rowling's work by several years; Pratchett jokingly claims that yes he did steal them, though "I of course used a time machine."[55] The BBC and other British news agencies have emphasised a supposed rivalry between Pratchett and Rowling,[56] but Pratchett has said on record that, while he doesn't put Rowling on a pedestal, he doesn't consider her a bad writer, nor does he envy her success.[57] Claims of rivalry were due to a letter he wrote to The Sunday Times, about an article published declaring that fantasy "looks backward to an idealised, romanticised, pseudofeudal world, where knights and ladies morris-dance to Greensleeves".[58] Actually, he was protesting the ineptitude of journalists in that genre, many of whom did not research their work and, in this case, contradicted themselves in the same article.[59]
Ender's Game[edit]
Science fiction author Orson Scott Card, in a fierce editorial in response to Rowling's copyright lawsuit against the Harry Potter Lexicon, claimed that her assertion that she had had her "words stolen" was rendered moot by the fact that he could draw numerous comparisons between her books and his own 1985 novel Ender's Game; in his words, "A young kid growing up in an oppressive family situation suddenly learns that he is one of a special class of children with special abilities, who are to be educated in a remote training facility where student life is dominated by an intense game played by teams flying in midair, at which this kid turns out to be exceptionally talented and a natural leader. He trains other kids in unauthorised extra sessions, which enrages his enemies, who attack him with the intention of killing him; but he is protected by his loyal, brilliant friends and gains strength from the love of some of his family members. He is given special guidance by an older man of legendary accomplishments who previously kept the enemy at bay. He goes on to become the crucial figure in a struggle against an unseen enemy who threatens the whole world."[60]
Young Sherlock Holmes[edit]
Chris Columbus, who directed the first two Harry Potter film adaptations, has cited the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes, which he wrote, as an influence in his direction for those films. "That was sort of a predecessor to this movie, in a sense", he told the BBC in 2001, "It was about two young boys and a girl in a British boarding school who had to fight a supernatural force."[61] Scenes from Young Sherlock Holmes were subsequently used to cast the first Harry Potter film.[62] On 3 January 2010, Irish journalist Declan Lynch (writing in The Sunday Independent) stated that "there's more than a hint of young Sherlock evident in Harry".[63]
Troll[edit]
The 1986 Charles Band-produced low-budget horror/fantasy film Troll, directed by John Carl Buechler and starring Noah Hathaway, Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Sonny Bono, features a character named "Harry Potter Jr." In an interview with M. J. Simpson, Band claimed, "I've heard that J. K. Rowling has acknowledged that maybe she saw this low-budget movie and perhaps it inspired her."[64] However, a spokesman for Rowling, responding to the rumors of a planned remake of the film, has denied that Rowling ever saw it before writing her book.[65] Rowling has said on record multiple times that the name "Harry Potter" was derived in part from a childhood friend, Ian Potter, and in part from her favourite male name, Harry.[66] On 13 April 2008, The Mail on Sunday wrote a news article claiming that Warner Bros. had begun a legal action against Buechler; however, the story was denied and lawyers for Rowling demanded the article be removed.[67]
On 14 April 2008 John Buechler's partner in the Troll remake, Peter Davy, said about Harry Potter, "In John's opinion, he created the first Harry Potter. J.K. Rowling says the idea just came to her. John doesn't think so. There are a lot of similarities between the theme of her books and the original Troll. John was shocked when she came out with Harry Potter."[68]
Groosham Grange[edit]
Groosham Grange (first published in 1988), a novel by best-selling British author Anthony Horowitz has been cited for its similarities with Harry Potter; the plot revolves around David Eliot, a young teenager mistreated by his parents who receive an unexpected call from an isolated boarding school, Groosham Grange, which reveals itself as a school for wizards and witches. Both books feature a teacher who is a ghost, a werewolf character named after the French word for "wolf" (Lupin/Leloup), and passage to the school via railway train.[69] Horowitz, however, while acknowledging the similarities, just thanked Rowling for her contribution to the development of the young adult fiction in the UK.[70]
The Books of Magic[edit]
Fans of the comic book series The Books of Magic, by Neil Gaiman (first published in 1990 by DC Comics) have cited similarities to the Harry Potter story. These include a dark-haired English boy with glasses, named Timothy Hunter, who discovers his potential as the most powerful wizard of the age upon being approached by magic-wielding individuals, the first of whom makes him a gift of a pet owl. Similarities led the British tabloid paper the Daily Mirror to claim Gaiman had made accusations of plagiarism against Rowling, which he went on the record denying, saying the similarities were either coincidence, or drawn from the same fantasy archetypes. "I thought we were both just stealing from T.H. White", he said in an interview, "very straightforward."[71] Dylan Horrocks, writer of the Books of Magic spin-off Hunter: The Age of Magic, has said they should be considered as similar works in the same genre and that both have parallels with earlier schoolboy wizards, like the 2000 AD character Luke Kirby.[72]
Spellcasting series[edit]
The text adventure game Spellcasting 101: Sorcerers Get All The Girls (1990) is the first installment of the Spellcasting series created by Steve Meretzky during his time at Legend Entertainment. All the three games in the series tell the story of young Ernie Eaglebeak, a bespectacled student at the prestigious Sorcerer University, as he progresses through his studies, learning the arcanes of magic, taking part in student life, occasionally saving the world as he knows it. Each separate game takes place during consecutive school years as well, much like the Harry Potter books.[73]
Wizard's Hall[edit]
In 1991, the author Jane Yolen released a book called Wizard's Hall, to which the Harry Potter series bears a resemblance. The main protagonist, Henry (also called Thornmallow), is a young boy who joins a magical school for young wizards.[74] At the school "he must fulfill an ancient prophecy and help overthrow a powerful, evil wizard."[75] Yolen has been very critical of Rowling's work, and has stated publicly that she believes Rowling stole her ideas. In an interview with the magazine Newsweek, Yolen said, "I always tell people that if Ms. Rowling would like to cut me a very large cheque, I would cash it."[76]
The Secret of Platform 13[edit]
Eva Ibbotson's The Secret of Platform 13 (first published in 1994) features a gateway to a magical world located on an underground railway platform. The protagonist belongs to the magical world but is raised in our world by a rich family who neglect him and treat him as a servant, while their fat and unpleasant biological son is pampered and spoiled. Amanda Craig is a journalist who has written about the similarities: "Ibbotson would seem to have at least as good a case for claiming plagiarism as the American author currently suing J. K. Rowling [i. e Nancy Stouffer], but unlike her, Ibbotson says she would 'like to shake her by the hand. I think we all borrow from each other as writers.'"[77]
References[edit]
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2.Jump up ^ Fry, Stephen Living with Harry Potter BBC Radio4, 10 December 2005.
3.Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen (2000-09-07). "Harry Up!". ew.com. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
4.Jump up ^ Miller, Lisa. "Christ-like." Newsweek. Published: 2007-08-06 Vol. 150 Iss. 6 pg. 12 ISSN: 00289604
5.Jump up ^ Jeffrey Weiss (2007). "Christian Themes Abound in the Harry Potter books". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
6.Jump up ^ Nancy Carpentier Brown (2007). "The Last Chapter". Our Sunday Visitor. Retrieved 2009-04-28. Kept at: OSV.com
7.^ Jump up to: a b Shawn Adler (2007). "'Harry Potter' Author J.K. Rowling Opens Up About Books' Christian Imagery". mtv.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
8.Jump up ^ "J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript". The Leaky Cauldron. 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
9.Jump up ^ Larry D. Benson, ed. (1987). The Riverside Chaucer. Oxford University Press.
10.Jump up ^ Melissa Anelli and Emerson Spartz (2005). "The Leaky Cauldron and Mugglenet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling: Part Three". Retrieved 2007-06-26.
11.Jump up ^ "What is the significance of Neville being the other boy to whom the prophecy might have referred?". J.K.Rowling Official Site. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
12.Jump up ^ J. K. Rowling. "J. K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival". Retrieved 2006-10-10.
13.Jump up ^ Susan Larson (2007). "New Orleans students give Rowling a rousing welcome.". Times-Picayune. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
14.Jump up ^ Peg Duthie. "Placetne, J. K. Rowling?" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-08-28.
15.^ Jump up to: a b c Renton, Jennie. "The story behind the Potter legend: JK Rowling talks about how she created the Harry Potter books and the magic of Harry Potter's world". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
16.Jump up ^ Charles McGrath (2005-11-13). "The Narnia Skirmishes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
17.^ Jump up to: a b "Fraser, Lindsay. "Harry Potter - Harry and me,"". The Scotsman. November 2002.
18.Jump up ^ "J.K. Rowling's bookshelf". oprah.com. 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
19.Jump up ^ "Real Wizards: The Search for Harry's Ancestors (archived copy)". Channel4.com. 2001. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
20.Jump up ^ Phyllis D. Morris. "Elements of the Arthurian Tradition in Harry Potter". Retrieved 2009-09-25.
21.Jump up ^ "JK (JOANNE KATHLEEN) ROWLING (1966-)". Guardian Unlimited (London). Retrieved 2007-10-08.
22.Jump up ^ J. K. Rowling (2006-11-26). "The first It Girl". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2007-06-27.
23.Jump up ^ Lindsey Fraser (2004). "J K Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival, Sunday, 15 August 2004". Retrieved 2007-05-10.
24.Jump up ^ "Magic, Mystery, and Mayhem: An Interview with J.K. Rowling". Amazon.com. 199. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
25.Jump up ^ Jennie Renton (2001). "Wild About Harry". Candis Magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
26.Jump up ^ Stephen Mcginty (2003). "The J.K. Rowling Story". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
27.Jump up ^ Sarah-Kate Templeton (2000). "How Lolita inspired Harry Potter". The Sunday Herald. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
28.Jump up ^ "JK Rowling: Favourite living author". O Magazine. 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
29.Jump up ^ "J. K. Rowling's Official Site". Retrieved 2007-06-10.
30.Jump up ^ Higgins, Charlotte (2006-01-31). "From Beatrix Potter to Ulysses ... what the top writers say every child should read". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2007-08-17.
31.Jump up ^ "Reconstructing Harry". Sydneyanglicans.net. 2003. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
32.Jump up ^ Mercedes Lackey, ed. (2006). Mapping the World of Harry Potter. BenBella Books, Inc. pp. 39–52. ISBN 978-1-932100-59-4. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
33.Jump up ^ Dr Jules Smith (2003). "J K Rowling". contemporarywriters.com. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
Nicholas Tucker (1991). "Happiest Days: The Public Schools in English Fiction by Jeffrey Richards; English Children and Their Magazines, 1751-1945 by Kirsten Drotner". History of Education Quarterly. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
34.Jump up ^ Ian Wylie. "Stephen Fry's Schooldays". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
35.^ Jump up to: a b ""Kajtuś Czarodziej" w Polskim w Bydgoszczy - pisze Anita Nowak - Teatr dla Was". Teatrdlawas.pl. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
36.^ Jump up to: a b c d Kinga Dunin (2006-12-31). "Epitafium dla Kajtusia". Czytelnia.onet.pl. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
37.Jump up ^ Monroe, Caroline. "How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien?". GreenBooks. TheOneRing.net. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
38.Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hand (2007). "Harry's Final Fantasy: Last Time's the Charm". Powell's Books. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
Gina Carbone (2007). "Book review: 'Deathly Hallows'". Seacoastonline. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
Laura Miller (2007). "Goodbye, Harry Potter". salon.com. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
39.Jump up ^ John Granger (2008). "Tolkien and Rowling: A Case for "Text Only"". Retrieved 2009-09-25.
40.Jump up ^ Thomas, Shippey (2000). J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century. Harper Collins.
41.Jump up ^ Sally Blakeney (1998). "The Golden Fairytale". The Australian. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
John Shirley (2001). "Review: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone". LocusOnline. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
42.Jump up ^ Feldman, Roxanne. "The Truth About Harry". School Library Journal. Retrieved 2009-09-25. (subscription required)
43.Jump up ^ Michael Mallory (2006). X-Men: The Characters and Their Universe. Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, Inc. p. 133. ISBN 0-88363-120-2.
44.Jump up ^ Mark Harris (2007). "2007 Entertainer of the Year: J.K. Rowling". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
45.Jump up ^ "Author Lloyd Alexander Dies at 83". New York Magazine. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
46.Jump up ^ Anne Pelrine. "The Christian Guide to Fantasy: The Dark Is Rising". Retrieved 2007-05-17.
"The Ottery: Rereading "The Dark Is Rising"". Retrieved 2007-05-17.
47.Jump up ^ Margot Adler (2007). "Author Uncertain About 'Dark' Leap to Big Screen". NPR. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
48.Jump up ^ Ben Patrick Johnson (2001). "Rowling's Magic Spell: Two Parts Fantasy, One Part Familiar?". CultureKiosque. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
49.Jump up ^ Maya Jaggi (2005-12-17). "The magician". Guardian Unlimited (London). Retrieved 2006-10-10.
50.Jump up ^ Polly Shulman (1999). "The Harry Potter series". slate.com. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
51.Jump up ^ David Aaronovitch (2003-06-22). "We've Been Muggled". The Observer (London). Retrieved 2007-05-10.
52.Jump up ^ "The Worst Witch". Minneapolis Star Tribune. January 11, 2002. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
53.Jump up ^ Joanna Carey (2002). "Jill Murphy interview". Books For Keeps. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
54.Jump up ^ Wynn Jones, Diana. "DIANA'S ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS". Diana Wynne Jones: Official Site. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
55.Jump up ^ "The Last Hero". The Annotatted Pratchett File. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
56.Jump up ^ KAREN MCVEIGH and LESLEY WALKER (2002-07-13). "Pratchett casts a bitter spell on rivals". TheScotsman (Edinburgh). Retrieved 2007-05-16.
"Pratchett wins first major award". BBC News. 2002-07-12. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
"Pratchett takes swipe at Rowling". BBC News. 2005-07-31. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
57.Jump up ^ "Mystery lord of the Discworld". The Age (Melbourne). 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
58.Jump up ^ Grossman, Lev (2005-07-17). "Rowling Hogwarts And All". Time. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
59.Jump up ^ "Terry Pratchett clarifies J.K. Rowling remarks". Wizard News. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
60.Jump up ^ Orson Scott Card (2008). "Rowling, Lexicon, and Oz". Uncle Orson Reviews Everything. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
61.Jump up ^ "Potter director's Brit passion". BBC news. 2001-11-13. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
62.Jump up ^ Brian Linder. "Trouble Brewing with Potter Casting?". Filmforce. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
63.Jump up ^ Declan Lynch (2010-01-03). "Curious case of Holmes versus Potter". The Sunday Independent. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
64.Jump up ^ MJ Simpson. "Charles Band (Part 2)". Retrieved 2007-05-06.
65.Jump up ^ Vanessa Thorpe (2007). "Second coming for first Harry Potter". The Observer. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
66.Jump up ^ Danielle Demetriou. "Harry Potter and the source of inspiration". Retrieved 2007-05-06.
J. K. Rowling. "J. K. Rowling: Autobiography". Retrieved 2007-05-06.
""J.K. Rowling Discusses the Surprising Success of 'Harry Potter'", Larry King Live". 2000. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
67.Jump up ^ "JK Rowling threatens to sue Political Gateway?". The Political Gateway (2008). "'Harry Potter' at center of legal battle". Retrieved 2008-04-25.
68.Jump up ^ "Legal battle over who first thought of Harry Potter". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
69.Jump up ^ Lana A. Whited (2002). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: perspectives on a literary phenomenon. University of Missouri. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
70.Jump up ^ Espinosa, Michael (October 2006). "Anthony Horowitz sur la Yozone". Retrieved December 27, 2010.
71.Jump up ^ Linda Richards. "Interview: Neil Gaiman". January Magazine. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
72.Jump up ^ Singh, Arune (August 6, 2002). "Wizard of Hicksville: Horrocks talks 'Hunter: Age of Magic'". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
73.Jump up ^ Huw Collingbourne (2005). "Huw Collingbourne's Rants and Raves June 2005". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
74.Jump up ^ Stephen Richmond (2005). "Before there was Harry Potter, there was Thornmallow!". Retrieved 2006-10-27.
75.Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly quoted on amazon.com
76.Jump up ^ Karen Springen (2005). "Writing Dynamo". Newsweek magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
77.Jump up ^ Amanda Craig. "Eva Ibbotson". Retrieved 2006-10-11.
Bibliography[edit]
1.Pat Pincent, "The Education of a Wizard: Harry Potter and His Predecessors" in The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives in a Literary Phenomenon. Edited with an Introduction by Lana A. Whited. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002.
2.Amanda Craig, "Harry Potter and the art of lifting ideas", The Sunday Times, 17 July 2005.
3.Heath Paul, Helmer says he invented Harry Potter", The Hollywood News 14 April 2008.
External links[edit]

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Harry Potter in translation

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 The Harry Potter logo used in first the American and other non-English editions of the novel series, and then in film series
The Harry Potter series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling have become some of the most widely read works of children's literature in history, with readers of all ages and in many countries. In April 2011 worldwide sales of Harry Potter books were estimated to be about 450 million copies,[1] and the books have been translated from the original English into at least 67 other languages. However, there are two separate Portuguese translations (one into European Portuguese and one into Brazilian Portuguese) as well as two separate Chinese translations (one using Traditional Chinese characters and the other Simplified Chinese characters). Therefore, editions of the books have been published in at least 70 distinct language versions. (This does not include the separate American English edition, nor the Valencian adaptation of the Catalan edition, nor the separate Serbian edition published in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.)[2][3]

Contents
  [hide] 1 Translation process
2 List of translations by language
3 Unauthorised translations
4 Fake translations
5 Americanisation as translation
6 Issues in translation 6.1 Translation strategies
6.2 Culture and language
6.3 Rhymes, anagrams, and acronyms
6.4 Invented words, proper nouns, and names
6.5 Plot points
6.6 Character gender
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Translation process[edit]
For an authorised translation, the publisher must first negotiate and sign a contract with the author's agents, The Blair Partnership.[4] A list of authorised publishers can be read on J. K. Rowling’s website. The publishers select translators locally.
Translators were not granted access to the books before their official release date in English; hence, translation could start only after the English editions had been published, creating a lag of several months before the translations were made available. This necessary delay has boosted the sales of English language editions of the books to impatient fans, in countries where English is not the first language. Such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English edition became the first English-language book ever to top the bookseller list in France.[5] In Italy, impatient Potter fans organised "Operation Feather", deluging the publisher Salani with feathers (reminiscent of Hogwarts' messenger owls) to demand expedited publication for the Italian translation of the seventh and final book in the series.[6] This has also caused unauthorised translations and fake versions of the books to appear in many countries.
The high profile and demand for a high-quality local translation means that a great deal of care is often taken in the task. In some countries, such as Italy, the first book was revised by the publishers and issued in an updated edition in response to readers who complained about the quality of the first translation. In countries such as China and Portugal, the translation is conducted by a group of translators working together to save time. Some of the translators hired to work on the books were quite well known before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. Golyshev was previously best known for having translated William Faulkner and George Orwell,[7] and was known to snub the Harry Potter books in interviews and refer to them as inferior literature. The Turkish translation of books two to five was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator.[8]
List of translations by language[edit]
The original British English versions of the book were published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. There is no complete official list of authorised translations currently available. Editions exist in the following languages (including the original):
Translations of the Harry Potter series

Language
Country
Publisher(s) and distributor(s)
Translator(s)
Title(s)

1.
Afrikaans
South Africa Human & Rousseau (pty) Ltd.[9] 1.Janie Oosthuysen[10] (I-V)
2.Kobus Geldenhuys[11] (VI-VII)
 1.Harry Potter en die Towenaar se Steen
2.Harry Potter en die Kamer van Geheimenisse
3.Harry Potter en die Gevangene van Azkaban
4.Harry Potter en die Beker Vol Vuur
5.Harry Potter en die Orde van die Feniks
6.Harry Potter en die Halfbloed Prins
7.Harry Potter en die Skatte van die Dood

2.
Albanian
Albania Publishing House Dituria[12] Amik Kasoruho 1.Harry Potter dhe guri filozofal
2.Harry Potter dhe Dhoma e të fshehtave
3.Harry Potter dhe i burgosuri i Azkabanit
4.Harry Potter dhe kupa e zjarrit
5.Harry Potter dhe urdhri i Feniksit
6.Harry Potter dhe Princi Gjakpërzier
7.Harry Potter dhe Dhuratat e Vdekjes

3.
Arabic
Arab world Nahdet Misr[13] Muhammad Ibrahim 1.هاري بوتر وحجر الفيلسوف
2.هاري بوتر وحجرة الأسرار
3.هاري بوتر وسجين أزكابان
4.هاري بوتر وكأس النار
5.هاري بوتر وجماعة العنقاء
6.هاري بوتر والأمير الهجين
7.هاري بوتر ومقدسات الموت

4.
Armenian
Armenia Gasprint Publishing House[14]  1.Հարի Պոտերը և Փիլիսոփայական քարը

5.
Asturian
Spain (Asturias) Trabe[15] Xesús González Rato 1.Harry Potter y la piedra filosofal

6.
Basque
Spain (Basque Country) Elkarlanean[16] Iñaki Mendiguren (I-VII) 1.Harry Potter eta Sorgin Harria
2.Harry Potter eta Sekretuen Ganbera
3.Harry Potter eta Azkabango presoa
4.Harry Potter eta Suaren Kopa
5.Harry Potter eta Fenixaren Ordena
6.Harry Potter eta Odol Nahasiko Printzea
7.Harry Potter eta Herioaren Erlikiak

7.
Bengali
India
Bangladesh
 Ankur Prakashani[17] 1.Sohrab Hasan (I)
2.Muniruzzaman (II-III)
3.Asim Chowdhury (IV-VI)
4.Mohsin Habib (VII)
 1.হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দ্য ফিলোসফার্স স্টোন
2.হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দ্য চেম্বার অব সিক্রেটস
3.হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দ্য প্রিজনার অব আজকাবান
4.হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দ্য গবলেট অব ফায়ার
5.হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দ্য অর্ডার অব দ্য ফিনিক্স
6.হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দ্য হাফ ব্লাড প্রিন্স
7.হ্যারি পটার এন্ড দ্য ডেথলি হ্যালোজ

8.
Bosnian
Bosnia and Herzegovina Buybook[18][19]  1.Harry Potter i kamen mudrosti
2.Harry Potter i odaja tajni

9.
Breton
France (Brittany) An Amzer[20][21] 1.Mark Kerrain[20]
 1.Harry Potter ha Maen ar Furien

10.
Bulgarian
Bulgaria Egmont Bulgaria[22] 1.Teodora Dzhebarova (I)
2.Mariana Melnishka[23] (II-IV)
3.Emiliya L. Maslarova (V-VII)
 1.Хари Потър и Философският камък
2.Хари Потър и Стаята на тайните
3.Хари Потър и Затворникът от Азкабан
4.Хари Потър и Огненият бокал
5.Хари Потър и Орденът на феникса
6.Хари Потър и Нечистокръвния принц
7.Хари Потър и Даровете на Смъртта

11.
Catalan
Andorra
Spain (Balearic Islands, Catalonia)
 Editorial Empúries;[24] Valencian adaptation published by Tàndem Edicions, S.L.[25] 1.Laura Escorihuela (I-IV) [ Valencian adaptation of Escorihuela's translation by Salvador Company, (I-II)[26][27]]
2.Marc Alcega (IV)
3.Xavier Pàmies (V-VII)
 1.Harry Potter i la pedra filosofal
2.Harry Potter i la cambra secreta
3.Harry Potter i el pres d'Azkaban
4.Harry Potter i el calze de foc
5.Harry Potter i l'orde del Fènix
6.Harry Potter i el Misteri del Príncep
7.Harry Potter i les relíquies de la Mort

12.
Chinese
Simplified:PRC
Traditional:ROC on Taiwan
Hong Kong
Macau
 Simplified:People's Literature Publishing House (人民文学出版社);Traditional:Crown Publishing Company Ltd (皇冠出版社)[28] Simplified:1.Su Nong (苏农) (I)
2.Ma Aixin (马爱新) (II, IV, V)
3.Zheng Xumi (郑须弥) (III)
4.Ma Ainong (马爱农) (V)
5.Cai Wen (蔡文) (V)
Traditional:1.Peng Chien-Wen (彭倩文; Peng Qianwen) (I-IV)
2.Crown Editor and Translator Group (皇冠編譯組; Huangguan Bianyi Zu) (V-VII)
 Simplified:1.哈利·波特与魔法石
2.哈利·波特与密室
3.哈利·波特与阿兹卡班的囚徒
4.哈利·波特与火焰杯
5.哈利·波特与凤凰社
6.哈利·波特与混血王子
7.哈利·波特与死亡圣器
Traditional:1.哈利波特—神秘的魔法石
2.哈利波特—消失的密室
3.哈利波特—阿茲卡班的逃犯
4.哈利波特—火盃的考驗
5.哈利波特—鳳凰會的密令
6.哈利波特—混血王子的背叛
7.哈利波特—死神的聖物

13.
Croatian
Croatia Algoritam[29] 1.Zlatko Crnković (I-III)
2.Dubravka Petrović (IV-VI)
 1.Harry Potter i Kamen mudraca
2.Harry Potter i Odaja tajni
3.Harry Potter i Zatočenik Azkabana
4.Harry Potter i Plameni Pehar
5.Harry Potter i Red feniksa
6.Harry Potter i Princ miješane krvi
7.Harry Potter i Darovi smrti

14.
Czech
Czech Republic Albatros[30] 1.Vladimír Medek (I, II, IV)
2.Pavel Medek[31] (III, V, VI, VII)
 1.Harry Potter a kámen mudrců
2.Harry Potter a tajemná komnata
3.Harry Potter a vězeň z Azkabanu
4.Harry Potter a ohnivý pohár
5.Harry Potter a Fénixův řád
6.Harry Potter a princ dvojí krve
7.Harry Potter a relikvie smrti

15.
Danish
Denmark Gyldendal[32] Hanna Lützen 1.Harry Potter og De Vises Sten
2.Harry Potter og Hemmelighedernes Kammer
3.Harry Potter og Fangen fra Azkaban
4.Harry Potter og Flammernes Pokal
5.Harry Potter og Føniksordenen
6.Harry Potter og Halvblodsprinsen
7.Harry Potter og Dødsregalierne

16.
Dutch
Belgium
Netherlands
Suriname
 Standaard / Uitgeverij De Harmonie[33] Wiebe Buddingh' 1.Harry Potter en de Steen der Wijzen
2.Harry Potter en de Geheime Kamer
3.Harry Potter en de Gevangene van Azkaban
4.Harry Potter en de Vuurbeker
5.Harry Potter en de Orde van de Feniks
6.Harry Potter en de Halfbloed Prins
7.Harry Potter en de Relieken van de Dood

17.
English
United Kingdom
Republic of Ireland
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
South Africa
(Original editions; not translations)
United States
(edited for American readers)[34]
 UK/ROI: Bloomsbury Publishing:[35]Australia/New Zealand: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd (Distributor):[36]Canada: Bloomsbury/Raincoast (currently dist. through Penguin Books):[37]South Africa: Jonathan Ball Publishers[38]United States: Scholastic/Arthur A. Levine Books[39]  1.Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (USA: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone)
2.Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
3.Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
4.Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
5.Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
6.Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
7.Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

18.
Estonian
Estonia Varrak Publishers[40] 1.Kaisa Kaer
2.Krista Kaer
 1.Harry Potter ja tarkade kivi
2.Harry Potter ja saladuste kamber
3.Harry Potter ja Azkabani vang
4.Harry Potter ja tulepeeker
5.Harry Potter ja Fööniksi Ordu
6.Harry Potter ja segavereline prints
7.Harry Potter ja Surma vägised

19.
Faroese
Faroe Islands Bókadeild Føroya Lærarafelags[41] 1.Gunnar Hoydal (I-III)
2.Malan Háberg (IV)
3.Bergur Rasmussen (V-VI)
 1.Harry Potter og Vitramannasteinurin
2.Harry Potter og Kamarið Við Loynidómum
3.Harry Potter og Fangin Úr Azkaban
4.Harry Potter og Eldbikarið
5.Harry Potter og Føniksfylkingin
6.Harry Potter og Hálvblóðsprinsurin
7.Harry Potter og Arvalutir Deyðans

20.
Finnish
Finland Tammi Jaana Kapari-Jatta 1.Harry Potter ja viisasten kivi
2.Harry Potter ja salaisuuksien kammio
3.Harry Potter ja Azkabanin vanki
4.Harry Potter ja liekehtivä pikari
5.Harry Potter ja Feeniksin kilta
6.Harry Potter ja Puoliverinen prinssi
7.Harry Potter ja Kuoleman varjelukset

21.
French
Belgium
Canada
France
Switzerland
Luxembourg
 Éditions Gallimard Jean-François Ménard[42] (plus the school books[43]) 1.Harry Potter à l'école des sorciers
2.Harry Potter et la Chambre des secrets
3.Harry Potter et le Prisonnier d'Azkaban
4.Harry Potter et la Coupe de feu
5.Harry Potter et l'Ordre du phénix
6.Harry Potter et le Prince de sang-mêlé
7.Harry Potter et les Reliques de la Mort

22.
West Frisian
Netherlands (Friesland) Uitgeverij Bornmeer[44] Jetske Bilker 1.Harry Potter en de stien fan 'e wizen

23.
Galician
Spain (Galicia) Editorial Galaxia 1.Marilar Aleixandre (I)
2.Eva Almazán (II-IV)
3.Laura Sáez (V, VII)
4.Carlos Acevedo (VI)
 1.Harry Potter e a pedra filosofal
2.Harry Potter e a Cámara dos Segredos
3.Harry Potter e o preso de Azkaban
4.Harry Potter e o Cáliz de fogo
5.Harry Potter e a Orde do Fénix
6.Harry Potter e o misterio do príncipe
7.Harry Potter e as reliquias da morte

24.
Georgian
Georgia Bakur Sulakauri[45] Publishing 1.Manana Antadze (I)
2.Davit Gabunia (II, III)
3.Ketevan Kanchashvili (IV, VI)
4.I.Beriashvili (V)
5.Tsitso Khotsuashvili (VII)
 1.ჰარი პოტერი და ფილოსოფიური ქვა
2.ჰარი პოტერი და საიდუმლო ოთახი
3.ჰარი პოტერი და აზკაბანის ტყვე
4.ჰარი პოტერი და ცეცხლოვანი თასი
5.ჰარი პოტერი და ფენიქსის ორდენი
6.ჰარი პოტერი და ნახევარპრინცი
7.ჰარი პოტერი და სიკვდილის საჩუქრები

25.
German
Austria
Germany
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
Luxembourg
 Carlsen Verlag Klaus Fritz 1.Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen
2.Harry Potter und die Kammer des Schreckens
3.Harry Potter und der Gefangene von Askaban
4.Harry Potter und der Feuerkelch
5.Harry Potter und der Orden des Phönix
6.Harry Potter und der Halbblutprinz
7.Harry Potter und die Heiligtümer des Todes

26.
Low German
Germany Verlag Michael Jung 1.Hartmut Cyriacks
2.Peter Nissen
3.Luke Hedin
Et al.
 1.Harry Potter un de Wunnersteen
2.Harry Potter un de grulig Kamer

27.
Modern Greek
Greece Psichogios Publications[46] 1.Máia Roútsou (I)
2.Kaíti Oikonómou (II-V)
 1.Ο Χάρι Πότερ και η Φιλοσοφική Λίθος
2.Ο Χάρι Πότερ και η Κάμαρα με τα Μυστικά
3.Ο Χάρι Πότερ και ο Αιχμάλωτος του Αζκαμπάν
4.Ο Χάρι Πότερ και το Κύπελλο της Φωτιάς
5.Ο Χάρι Πότερ και το Τάγμα του Φοίνικα
6.Ο Χάρι Πότερ και ο Ημίαιμος Πρίγκηψ
7.Ο Χάρι Πότερ και οι Κλήροι του Θανάτου

28.
Ancient Greek
 Bloomsbury Andrew Wilson (I)[47][48] 1.Ἅρειος Ποτὴρ καὶ ἡ τοῦ φιλοσόφου λίθος

29.
Greenlandic
Greenland Atuakkiorfik Greenland Publishers[49] Stephen Hammeken 1.Harry Potter ujarallu inuunartoq[50]

30.
Gujarati
India (Gujarat) Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. [51] 1.Harish Nayak
2.Jagruti Trivedi
 1.હેરી પોટર અને પારસમણિ
2.હેરી પોટર અને રહસ્યમય ભોંયરુ
3.હેરી પોટર અને અઝકાબાનનો કેદી
4.હેરી પોટર અને આગનો પ્યાલો
5.હેરી પોટર અને ફિનિક્સની ફોજ
6.હેરી પોટર અને હાફ-બ્લડ પ્રીન્સ
7.હેરી પોટર અને મોતની સોગાદો

31.
Hebrew
Israel Miskal Ltd. (Yedioth Ahronoth and Sifrey Hemed)[52] / Books in the Attic Ltd.[53] Gili Bar-Hillel[54] 1.הארי פוטר ואבן החכמים
2.הארי פוטר וחדר הסודות
3.הארי פוטר והאסיר מאזקבאן
4.הארי פוטר וגביע האש
5.הארי פוטר ומסדר עוף החול
6.הארי פוטר והנסיך חצוי־הדם
7.הארי פוטר ואוצרות המוות

32.
Hindi
India Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[55] Sudhir Dixit[56] (I-VII) 1.हैरी पॉटर और पारस पत्थर
2.हैरी पॉटर और रहस्यमयी तहख़ाना
3.हैरी पॉटर और अज़्काबान का क़ैदी
4.हैरी पॉटर और आग का प्याला
5.हैरी पॉटर और मायापंछी का समूह
6.हैरी पॉटर और हाफ़-ब्लड प्रिंस
7.हैरी पॉटर और मौत के तोहफे

33.
Hungarian
Hungary Animus Publishing[57] Tóth Tamás Boldizsár 1.Harry Potter és a bölcsek köve
2.Harry Potter és a Titkok Kamrája
3.Harry Potter és az azkabani fogoly
4.Harry Potter és a Tűz Serlege
5.Harry Potter és a Főnix Rendje
6.Harry Potter és a Félvér Herceg
7.Harry Potter és a Halál ereklyéi

34.
Icelandic
Iceland Bjartur[58] 1.Helga Haraldsdóttir (I-VII)
2.Jón Hallur Stefánsson (V)
 1.Harry Potter og viskusteinninn
2.Harry Potter og leyniklefinn
3.Harry Potter og fanginn frá Azkaban
4.Harry Potter og eldbikarinn
5.Harry Potter og Fönixreglan
6.Harry Potter og Blendingsprinsinn
7.Harry Potter og Dauðadjásnin

35.
Indonesian
Indonesia Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama[59] Listiana Srisanti[60] (I-V) 1.Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah
2.Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia
3.Harry Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban
4.Harry Potter dan Piala Api
5.Harry Potter dan Orde Phoenix
6.Harry Potter dan Pangeran Berdarah-Campuran
7.Harry Potter dan Relikui Kematian

36.
Irish
Ireland
United Kingdom
 Bloomsbury Máire Nic Mhaoláin (I) 1.Harry Potter agus an Órchloch

37.
Italian
Italy
San Marino
Switzerland
 Adriano Salani Editore[61] 1.Marina Astrologo (I-II)
2.Beatrice Masini (III-VII)
Illustrated by Serena Riglietti
 1.Harry Potter e la Pietra Filosofale
2.Harry Potter e la Camera dei Segreti
3.Harry Potter e il Prigioniero di Azkaban
4.Harry Potter e il Calice di Fuoco
5.Harry Potter e l'Ordine della Fenice
6.Harry Potter e il Principe Mezzosangue
7.Harry Potter e i Doni della Morte

38.
Japanese
Japan Say-zan-sha Publications Ltd.[62] Yuko Matsuoka (松岡 佑子 Matsuoka Yūko?)[63] 1.ハリー・ポッターと賢者の石
2.ハリー・ポッターと秘密の部屋
3.ハリー・ポッターとアズカバンの囚人
4.ハリー・ポッターと炎のゴブレット
5.ハリー・ポッターと不死鳥の騎士団
6.ハリー・ポッターと謎のプリンス
7.ハリー・ポッターと死の秘宝

39.
Khmer
Cambodia University of Cambodia Press Un Tim 1.ហេរី ផោតធ័រ និង សិលាទេព
2.ហេរី ផោតធ័រ និង បន្ទប់ សម្ងាត់[64]

40.
Korean
South Korea Moonhak Soochup Publishing Co.[65] 1.Kim Hye-won (I-IV)
2.Inja Choe (V)
 1.해리 포터와 마법사의 돌
2.해리 포터와 비밀의 방
3.해리 포터와 아즈카반의 죄수
4.해리 포터와 불의 잔
5.해리 포터와 불사조 기사단
6.해리 포터와 혼혈 왕자
7.해리 포터와 죽음의 성물

41.
Latin
 Bloomsbury[66] Peter Needham[66] (I-II) 1.Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis
2.Harrius Potter et Camera Secretorum

42.
Latvian
Latvia Jumava[67] 1.Ingus Josts (I-VII)
2.Ieva Kolmane (IV-VII)
3.Sabīne Ozola (V,VII)
4.Māra Poļakova (V,VII)
 1.Harijs Poters un Filozofu akmens
2.Harijs Poters un Noslēpumu kambaris
3.Harijs Poters un Azkabanas gūsteknis
4.Harijs Poters un Uguns biķeris
5.Harijs Poters un Fēniksa Ordenis
6.Harijs Poters un Jauktasiņu princis
7.Harijs Poters un Nāves dāvesti

43.
Lithuanian
Lithuania Alma Littera Company Limited[68] Zita Marienė 1.Haris Poteris ir Išminties akmuo
2.Haris Poteris ir Paslapčių kambarys
3.Haris Poteris ir Azkabano kalinys
4.Haris Poteris ir Ugnies taurė
5.Haris Poteris ir Fenikso Brolija
6.Haris Poteris ir Netikras Princas
7.Haris Poteris ir Mirties relikvijos

44.
Luxembourgish
Luxembourg Kairos Edition[69] Florence Berg 1.Den Harry Potter an den Alchimistesteen

45.
Macedonian
Republic of Macedonia Publishing House Kultura (I-V)
 Mladinska kniga Skopje (VI-VII)[70] 1.Blagorodna Bogoeska-Anćevska (I-V)
2.Lavinija Shuvaka (VI-VII)
 1.Хари Потер и Каменот на мудроста
2.Хари Потер и Одајата на тајните
3.Хари Потер и Затвореникот од Азкабан
4.Хари Потер и Пламениот пехар
5.Хари Потер и Редот на фениксот
6.Хари Потер и Полукрвниот Принц
7.Хари Потер и Реликвиите на смртта

46.
Marathi
India Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[68] 1.Priyanka Kulkarni(III)
2.Manjusha Amdekar(II,IV,V,VI)
3.Bal Urdhwareshe(I)
 1.हॅरी पॉटर आणि परीस
2.हॅरी पॉटर आणि रहस्यमय तळघर
3.हॅरी पॉटर आणि अझ्कबानचा कैदी
4.हॅरी पॉटर आणि अग्निचषक
5.हॅरी पॉटर आणि फीनिक्स सेना
6.हॅरी पॉटर आणि हाफ-ब्लड प्रिन्स
7.हॅरी पॉटर अँड द डेथली हॅलोज

47.
Bahasa Malaysia
Malaysia Pelangi Books[68][71]  1.Harry Potter dengan Batu Hikmat
2.Harry Potter dan Bilik Rahsia
3.Harry Potter dengan Banduan Azkaban
4.Harry Potter dalam Piala Api
5.Harry Potter dalam Kumpulan Phoenix
6.Harry Potter dengan Putera Berdarah Kacukan
7.Harry Potter dengan Azimat Maut

48.
Malayalam
India (Kerala) Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.[72] Radhika C. Nair[73] 1.ഹാരി പോട്ടര്‍ രസ്ആയനക്കലല്‍ [rasāyanakkall]
2.ഹാരി പോട്ടര്‍ നിഗൂഢ നിലവറ

49.
Mongolian
Mongolia Nepko Publishing Д.Аюуш & Д.Батбаяр 1.Харри Поттер ба Шидэт Чулуу
2.Харри Поттер ба Нууц Өрөө
3.Харри Поттер ба Азкабаны Хоригдол
4.Харри Поттер ба Галт Хундага
5.Харри Поттер ба Фениксийн Бүлгэм
6.Харри Поттер ба Эрлийз Хунтайж
7.Харри Поттер ба Үхлийн Өлгүүд

50.
Nepali
Nepal Sunbird Publishing House [74][75] 1.Shlesha Thapaliya
2.Bijaya Adhikari
 1.ह्यारी पोटर र पारसमणि

51.
Norwegian
Norway N.W. Damm & Søn A.S.[76] Torstein Bugge Høverstad 1.Harry Potter og de vises stein
2.Harry Potter og Mysteriekammeret
3.Harry Potter og fangen fra Azkaban
4.Harry Potter og ildbegeret
5.Harry Potter og Føniksordenen
6.Harry Potter og Halvblodsprinsen
7.Harry Potter og dødstalismanene

52.
Occitan
France (Occitania) Per Noste Edicions[77][78] 1.Karina Richard Bòrdanava (I)
2.Patric Guilhemjoan (II)
 1.Harry Potter e la pèira filosofau
2.Harry Potter e la crampa deus secrets

53.
Persian
Iran Tandis Books[68][79] Vida Eslamiyeh 1.هری پاتر و سنگ جادو
2.هری پاتر و تالار اسرار
3.هری پاتر و زندانی آزکابان
4.هری پاتر و جام آتش
5.هری پاتر و محفل ققنوس
6.هری پاتر و شاهزاده دورگه
7.هری پاتر و یادگاران مرگ

54.
Polish
Poland Media Rodzina[80] Andrzej Polkowski 1.Harry Potter i Kamień Filozoficzny
2.Harry Potter i Komnata Tajemnic
3.Harry Potter i więzień Azkabanu
4.Harry Potter i Czara Ognia
5.Harry Potter i Zakon Feniksa
6.Harry Potter i Książę Półkrwi
7.Harry Potter i Insygnia Śmierci

55.
Portuguese
Brazilian Portuguese:Brazil
European Portuguese:Portugal
 Brazil:Editora Rocco Ltda.[81]Portugal:Editorial Presença[68] Brazil:Lia WylerPortugal:1.Isabel Fraga (I)
2.Isabel Nunes
3.Manuela Madureira
 Brazil:1.Harry Potter e a Pedra Filosofal
2.Harry Potter e a Câmara Secreta
3.Harry Potter e o Prisioneiro de Azkaban
4.Harry Potter e o Cálice de Fogo
5.Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix
6.Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe
7.Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte
Portugal:1.Harry Potter e a Pedra Filosofal
2.Harry Potter e a Câmara dos Segredos
3.Harry Potter e o Prisioneiro de Azkaban
4.Harry Potter e o Cálice de Fogo
5.Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fénix
6.Harry Potter e o Príncipe Misterioso
7.Harry Potter e os Talismãs da Morte

56.
Romanian
Romania
Moldova
 Egmont Romania[68] Ioana Iepureanu[82][83] 1.Harry Potter şi Piatra Filozofală
2.Harry Potter şi Camera Secretelor
3.Harry Potter şi Prizonierul din Azkaban
4.Harry Potter şi Pocalul de Foc
5.Harry Potter şi Ordinul Phoenix
6.Harry Potter şi Prinţul Semipur
7.Harry Potter şi Talismanele Morţii

57.
Russian
Russia Rosman Publishing[84] 1.Igor W. Oranskij (I)
2.Marina D. Litvinova (II-V)
3.Vladimir Babkov (V)
4.Viktor Golyshev (V)
5.Leonid Motylev (V)
6.Sergei Iljin (VI)
7.Maya Lahuti (VI)
 1.Гарри Поттер и философский камень
2.Гарри Поттер и тайная комната
3.Гарри Поттер и узник Азкабана
4.Гарри Поттер и кубок огня
5.Гарри Поттер и орден феникса
6.Гарри Поттер и принц-полукровка
7.Гарри Поттер и Дары Cмерти

58.
Serbian
Serbia
Montenegro
Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Alfa – Narodna Knjiga (withdrawn)
Evro Giunti[85]
 1.Draško Roganović & Vesna Stamenković Roganović (I-VII)
2.Ana Vukomanović (II)
 Latin alphabet:1.Hari Poter i Kamen mudrosti
2.Hari Poter i Dvorana tajni
3.Hari Poter i zatvorenik iz Askabana
4.Hari Poter i Vatreni Pehar
5.Hari Poter i Red feniksa
6.Hari Poter i Polukrvni Princ
7.Hari Poter i relikvije Smrti
Cyrillic alphabet: [86][87]1.Хари Потер и Камен мудрости
2.Хари Потер и Дворана тајни
3.Хари Потер и затвореник из Аскабана
4.Хари Потер и Ватрени пехар
5.Хари Потер и Ред феникса

59.
Sinhala
Sri Lanka Sarasavi Publishers (Pvt) Ltd [88] 1.Abhaya Hewawasam (I-V)
2.Thomson J Vendabona (VI)
 1.හැරී පොටර් සහ මායා ගල
2.හැරී පොටර් සහ රහස් කුටිය
3.හැරී පොටර් සහ අස්කබාන්හි සිරකරු
4.හැරී පොටර් සහ අග්නි කුසලානය
5.හැරී පොටර් සහ ෆීනික්ස් නිකාය
6.හැරී පොටර් සහ අඩ ලේ කුමාරයා

60.
Slovak
Slovakia IKAR [89] 1.Jana Petrikovičová (I-II)
2.Oľga Kralovičová (III-VI)
 1.Harry Potter a Kameň mudrcov
2.Harry Potter a tajomná komnata
3.Harry Potter a väzeň z Azkabanu
4.Harry Potter an Ohnivá čaša
5.Harry Potter a Fénixov rád
6.Harry Potter a polovičný princ
7.Harry Potter a Dary smrti

61.
Slovene
Slovenia
Mladinska knjiga[68]
 1.Jakob J. Kenda (I-VII)
2.Branko Gradišnik (VI)
 1.Harry Potter in Kamen modrosti
2.Harry Potter in Dvorana skrivnosti
3.Harry Potter in Jetnik iz Azkabana
4.Harry Potter in Ognjeni kelih
5.Harry Potter in Feniksov red
6.Harry Potter in Princ mešane krvi (2nd translation by Kenda), Harry Potter in Polkrvni princ (1st translation by Gradišnik)
7.Harry Potter in Svetinje smrti

62.
Spanish
Spain
Latin America
 Emece Editores / Salamandra[90] 1.Alicia Dellepiane Rawson (I)
2.Nieves Martín Azofra (II-IV)
3.Adolfo Muñoz García (II-IV)
4.Gemma Rovira Ortega (V-VII)
 1.Harry Potter y la Piedra Filosofal (film in Latin America: Harry Potter y la Piedra del Hechicero)
2.Harry Potter y la Cámara Secreta
3.Harry Potter y el Prisionero de Azkaban
4.Harry Potter y el Cáliz de Fuego
5.Harry Potter y la Orden del Fénix
6.Harry Potter y el Misterio del Príncipe
7.Harry Potter y las Reliquias de la Muerte

63.
Swedish
Sweden
Finland
 Tiden Young Books[91] / Raben & Sjögren[92] Lena Fries-Gedin[92] 1.Harry Potter och de vises sten
2.Harry Potter och Hemligheternas kammare
3.Harry Potter och fången från Azkaban
4.Harry Potter och den flammande bägaren
5.Harry Potter och Fenixorden
6.Harry Potter och Halvblodsprinsen
7.Harry Potter och dödsrelikerna

64.
Thai
Thailand Nanmee Books[93] 1.Sumalee Bumrungsuk (I-II, V-VII)
2.Waleephon Wangsukun (III)
3.Ngarmpun Vejjajiva (IV)
 1.แฮร์รี่ พอตเตอร์กับศิลาอาถรรพ์
2.แฮร์รี่ พอตเตอร์กับห้องแห่งความลับ
3.แฮร์รี่ พอตเตอร์กับนักโทษแห่งอัซคาบัน
4.แฮร์รี่ พอตเตอร์กับถ้วยอัคนี
5.แฮร์รี่ พอตเตอร์กับภาคีนกฟีนิกซ์
6.แฮร์รี่ พอตเตอร์กับเจ้าชายเลือดผสม
7.แฮร์รี่ พอตเตอร์กับเครื่องรางยมทูต

65.
Tibetan[94]
China (Tibet Autonomous Region) Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang 1.Nor dkyil Bu chung rgyal (I-II) [95] [Norkyil Buchung Gyal (ནོར་དཀྱིལ་བུཆུངརྒྱལ་) [96]]
 1.༄༅།།ཧ་རུའེ་ཕོད་ཐར་དང་ཚེ་རྡོ།།
2.༄༅།།ཧ་རུའེ་ཕོད་ཐར་དང་གསང་བའི་ཁང་པ།།

66.
Turkish
Turkey Dost Kitabevi (first novel only)
Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık[97]
 1.Mustafa Bayındır (I)
2.Ülkü Tamer (I)
3.Sevin Okyay[98] (II-VII)
4.Kutlukhan Kutlu[98] (II-VII, the school books[43])
 1.Harry Potter ve Felsefe Taşı
2.Harry Potter ve Sırlar Odası
3.Harry Potter ve Azkaban Tutsağı
4.Harry Potter ve Ateş Kadehi
5.Harry Potter ve Zümrüdüanka Yoldaşlığı
6.Harry Potter ve Melez Prens
7.Harry Potter ve Ölüm Yadigârları

67.
Ukrainian
Ukraine A-BA-BA-HA-LA-MA-HA[68] 1.Victor Morozov[42] (all 7 books)
2.Sofiia Andrukhovich (part of IV)
 1.Гаррі Поттер і філософський камінь
2.Гаррі Поттер і Таємна кімната
3.Гаррі Поттер і в'язень Азкабану *
4.Гаррі Поттер і Келих вогню *
5.Гаррі Поттер і Орден Фенікса *
6.Гаррі Поттер і Напівкровний Принц *
7.Гаррі Поттер і Смертельні Реліквії * * The Ukrainian movie titles use another variant of the word "and" (in Ukrainian, there are two variants of the word: "і" and "та"): "та" (ta)

68.
Urdu
Pakistan Oxford University Press[99] Darakhshanda Asghar Khokhar[99][100](I-IV) 1.هیرى پوٹر اور پارس پتهر
2.‏هیرى پوٹر اور رازوں کا کمرہ
3.هیرى پوٹر اور ازكبان كا قیدى
4.هیرى پوٹر اور آگ كا پیاله

69.
Vietnamese
Vietnam Youth Publishing House[101] Lý Lan 1.Harry Potter và Hòn Đá Phù Thủy
2.Harry Potter và Phòng Chứa Bí Mật
3.Harry Potter và Tên Tù Nhân Ngục Azkaban
4.Harry Potter và Chiếc Cốc Lửa
5.Harry Potter và Hội Phượng Hoàng
6.Harry Potter và Hoàng Tử Lai
7.Harry Potter và Bảo Bối Tử Thần

70.
Welsh
United Kingdom (Wales) Bloomsbury[68] Emily Huws[102] (I) 1.Harri Potter a Maen yr Athronydd


Not listed in this table is the long-planned translation into Scots Gaelic; initially scheduled for release in December 2006 but delayed indefinitely.[103][104]
The government of Kazakhstan has ordered a Kazakh translation of the Harry Potter novels to be made.[105]
Some translations, such as those to the dead Latin and Ancient Greek languages, were done as academic exercises, to stimulate interest in the languages and to provide students of those languages with modern reading texts. The Ancient Greek version, according to the translator, is the longest text written in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD, and took about a year to complete.[106]
Note that in some countries, such as Spain and India, the book has been translated into several local languages (see section on publishers); sometimes the book has been translated into two dialects of the same language in two countries (for example, separate Portuguese versions for Brazil and for Portugal).
Unauthorised translations[edit]
The impatience of the international Harry Potter fan community for translations of the books has led to the proliferation of unauthorised or pirate translations that are often hastily translated and posted on the internet chapter-by-chapter, or printed by small presses and sold illegally. The work may be done by multiple translators to speed the process. Such translations are often poorly written and filled with errors. Cases have occurred in many areas of the world, but China is one of the most common areas of the world for unauthorised translations and pirated editions to be sold.[107]
One notable case involved a French 16-year-old who published serialised translations of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows online. He was arrested and his site was later shut down; however, the wife of the official translator noted that these works do not necessarily hurt the official translation.[108]
Another example occurred in Venezuela in 2003, when an illegal translation of the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, appeared soon after the release of the English version and five months before the scheduled release of the Spanish translation. The pirate translation was apparently so bad that the translator added messages, including "Here comes something that I'm unable to translate, sorry," and "I'm sorry, I didn't understand what that meant" in some sections. Two people were arrested in connection with the pirated version.[109]
Another case involved the internet fan translation community, Harry auf Deutsch, formed to translate the Harry Potter books into German more rapidly.[110] The German publisher of the Harry Potter books, Carlsen Verlag, filed a cease and desist against the fan translators; they complied, taking down the translations.[111]
In some countries, there have been no authorised translations into the local language, but translations not sanctioned by J. K. Rowling have been prepared and published. Such was the case, for example, in Sri Lanka, where the books have been unofficially translated into Sinhala and possibly into Tamil.[112] However, the more recent translations into Sinhala published by Sarasavi Bookshop are authorised by J. K. Rowling.[68]
In Iran, several unauthorised translations of the Harry Potter books exist side by side. According to one source, there may be as many as 16 Persian translations in existence concurrently.[113] Iran is not a member of the Universal Copyright Convention, so publishers are not prosecuted for publishing foreign books without respecting copyright or paying royalties.[114]
A team consisting of seven Esperantist volunteers completed the translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone into Esperanto (under the title Hari Poter kaj la ŝtono de la saĝuloj) in 2004. Rowling's representatives did not respond to offers from Esperanto-USA to make the translation available for publication. An on-line petition aimed at raising interest in the Esperanto translation has obtained support from approximately 800 individuals.[115]
Agents representing J. K. Rowling have stated in the past that they cannot and do not intend to prevent individuals from translating Rowling's books for their own personal enjoyment, as long as the results are not made available to the general public.[116]
Fake translations[edit]
Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are published pastiches or fanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to pass off as the translation of the real book by Rowling. There have been several such books, the most famous of which is probably Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong which was written and published in China in 2002, before the release of the fifth book in Rowling's series, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
Other fake Harry Potter books written in Chinese include Harry Potter and the Porcelain Doll (哈利・波特与瓷娃娃 or Hālì Bōtè yǔ Cíwáwa), Harry Potter and the Golden Turtle, and Harry Potter and the Crystal Vase.[117] In August 2007, The New York Times noted that the publication of Rowling's Deathly Hallows had inspired "a surge of peculiarly Chinese imitations," and included plot synopses and excerpts from a number of derivative works, among them Harry Potter and the Chinese Overseas Students at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and Harry Potter and the Big Funnel. [118] In a period of time leading up to 2003, legal pressure from the licensors of Harry Potter led an Indian publisher to stop publication of Harry Potter in Calcutta, a work in which Harry meets figures from Bengali literature.[119]
Americanisation as translation[edit]
The differences between the British and American editions of the books have sometimes been referred to as "translation" into American English. The most noted example of this is the difference in the titles of the first book in the series: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in the United Kingdom, versus Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States. A comprehensive list of differences between the American and British editions of the books is collected at the Harry Potter Lexicon web site.[120] The changes are mostly simple lexical switches to reflect the different dialects and prevent American readers from stumbling over unfamiliar Briticisms. Changes of this sort are common when adapting any text from British to American editions[121] but in the case of the Harry Potter books, this standard practice has occasionally drawn criticism from readers who feel that the British English adds flavour to the series.[122] Rowling herself expressed regret after changing the first book's title, as the Philosopher's Stone has been an age-old legend.
In an Associated Press interview, Rowling described how the alterations to the American editions came about:

Rowling pretended to bang her head against the sofa in mock frustration. "SO much has been made of that," she groans, noting that it was only done where words had been used that really meant something very different to Americans. Her American editor pointed out that the word jumper — British for pullover sweater — means a kind of dress in American. She had had no idea. "He asked, 'Can we change it to sweater,' which is just as British?" That was fine with Rowling.[123]
Publisher Arthur Levine of Scholastic explained the changes in an interview in The New Yorker:

I wasn't trying to, quote, "Americanize" them... What I was trying to do is translate, which I think is different. I wanted to make sure that an American kid reading the book would have the same literary experience that a British kid would have."[124]
The same article, however, points out that some British dialect was retained in the books, and in some cases certain phrases were replaced with more stereotypical British phrases, such as "spanking good" for "cracking."
Issues in translation[edit]
The Harry Potter series presents many challenges to translators, such as rhymes, acronyms, dialects, culture, riddles, jokes, invented words, and plot points that revolve around spellings or initials. These have been dealt with by various translators with different degrees of modification to the meaning of the original text.
Translation strategies[edit]
The books carried a number of words that are considered loaded names by linguists and translators, meaning that they carry a semantic load, and that their morphology (structure) and phonology (sound) need to be adapted when translating them to a foreign language, for example the house names (Ravenclaw = raven + claw), or Voldemort's name ("flight of death" or "theft of death" in French).[125] These words were translated at different countries using several translation strategies, such as copying the names with no attempt to transmit the original English meaning, transliterating even if the name lost its original meaning, replacing the name with another given name from the target language, or translating the name using native words that conveyed the same meaning.[125][126] For example, in the Russian first book the transliterating strategy was used for some names because the "th" sound does not exist in Russian, so "Slytherin" was transliterated as "Slizerin". The translator of the second book chose the translating strategy instead, and he renamed the houses, "Hufflepuff" becoming "Puffendui" and "Ravenclaw" becoming "Kogtevran" (from the Russian word for claw, "kogot'").
Culture and language[edit]
Many of the nuances of British culture and language will be unfamiliar to international readers. Such things require careful and creative translating. Nonstandard English present in the book also had to be given careful consideration. The character Rubeus Hagrid's West Country dialect, for example, needed to be rendered in other languages to reflect the fact that he speaks with an accent and uses particular types of slang.[127] In the Japanese translation, he speaks in the Tōhoku dialect, which to a Japanese reader conveys a similar provincial feel.[128] For the Hebrew translation, some of the Christian references were changed, because Israelis have less familiarity with cultural Christianity than readers elsewhere: a scene in which Sirius Black sings a parody of "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" replaced the song with a parody of "Mi Y'malel," a Chanukah song.[129] In the French translation, explanations of certain features of British schools unfamiliar to French students were inserted in the dialogues (e.g., "Prefect" and "Head Boy"), but they were not distinguished from explanations in the original text of differences between ordinary British schools and wizarding schools. This could mislead readers into thinking that these features of the house and boarding systems didn't exist in real-world British schools.[130]
Rhymes, anagrams, and acronyms[edit]
The series involves many songs, poems, and rhymes, some of which proved difficult to translators.[131] One rhyme, a riddle told by a sphinx in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, posed a particular problem.[note 1] The riddle involves taking words from a poem and using them to form a longer word, "spider," in answer to the riddle. In the Taiwanese translation, the English words are simply put in parentheses.[132] In other translations, the riddle is changed to provide different words that can be put together to make up the translated version of "spider."
Some acronyms also proved difficult; the abbreviations O.W.L.s (Ordinary Wizarding Levels) and N.E.W.T.s (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) needed to be translated to reflect the fact that their abbreviations spelled out the names of animals associated with the wizarding world, which did not always work in other languages. N.E.W.T.s was translated into Swedish as F.U.T.T. (Fruktansvärt Utmattande Trollkarls-Test, Terribly Exhausting Wizard's Test). Futt means measly in Swedish.[127] Another issue was the translation of "The Mirror of Erised," since "Erised" is created by reading English desire backwards. In German the word desire is spelled Begehren, so the mirror was called "Der Spiegel Nerhegeb". The Finnish translation also follows this formula of reversing a word; the mirror is called Iseeviot-peili "iseeviot" being "toiveesi" (your wish) written backwards. In Polish the mirror is called Lustro Ain Eingarp (Mirror = Lustro; Pragnienia = Desire in genetivus). In Indonesian, The Mirror of Erised is called "Cermin Tarsah" (Mirror = Cermin; Desire = Hasrat), while D.A. (Dumbledore's Army) is changed to L.D. (Laskar Dumbledore; Laskar = Army).
Areas in which anagrams are present do not make the transition easily into other languages. The name "Tom Marvolo Riddle", first mentioned in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, is rearranged to spell "I am Lord Voldemort". This has required translators to alter Riddle's name to make the anagram work. Sometimes translators manage to alter only one part of the name. For example, Tom Riddle's middle name of Marvolo was changed to Marvolodemus in the Serbian second edition; the first edition had lacked the anagram and the original name Tom Marvolo Riddle had simply been copied. In the Bulgarian translation his middle name becomes "Mersvoluko" so the whole name forms an anagram for "And here I am, Lord Voldemort" (instead of "I am Lord Voldemort" as in the original English). Analogous alterations of the middle name Marvolo have been made in several other languages; for example; it became Servolo in Brazilian Portuguese, Vandrolo in Hebrew, Marvoldo in Turkish, Vorlost in German, Narvolo in Russian, Sorvolo in Spanish, Rojvol in Czech, Marvoloso in Slovak, and Orvoloson in Italian.
In other languages, translators replaced the entire name to preserve the anagram. In French, Riddle's full name becomes Tom Elvis Jedusor (i.e. phonetically "game of fate") which forms an anagram for "Je suis Voldemort" ("I am Voldemort"). In Norwegian, his name is Tom Dredolo Venster, an anagram of "Voldemort den store", which means "Voldemort the Great". In Greek, his name is "Anton Marvolo Hurt" (Άντον Μαρβόλο Χέρτ), anagram of "Άρχον Βόλντεμορτ" which means "Lord Voldemort". In Icelandic, his name is Trevor Delgome, which becomes "(Ég)Eg er Voldemort" ("I am Voldemort"), but his middle name is not used for the anagram and stays as Marvolo. In Finnish his name is "Tom Lomen Valedro"; the corresponding anagram is "Ma(ä) olen Voldemort", "I am Voldemort". In Dutch, his name is "Marten Asmodom Vilijn", an anagram of "Mijn naam is Voldemort", or "My name is Voldemort". In Swedish, his name is "Tom Gus Mervolo Dolder", an anagram of "Ego sum Lord Voldemort", where "ego sum" is Latin, not Swedish, for "I am".
In Slovenian, both names are completely changed. Tom Marvolo Riddle is Mark Neelstein and Lord Voldemort is translated as Lord Mrlakenstein. When the name Mark Neelstein is rearranged in the scene, it spells Mrlakenstein. Because the books in Slovenia were released with a three-year delay, the translation of Voldemort is consistent throughout the series. The film series corresponds with the book translation.
In Hungarian, Voldemort's name becomes "Tom Rowle Denem", which is an anagram of "Nevem Voldemort" ("My name is Voldemort"), with the "w" in the name becomes two "v"s. This caused a name collision with the character Thorfinn Rowle, who first appears in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, but who is not related to Voldemort. Because of this collision, in the Hungarian translation his family name was altered to Rovel. The Arabic version avoids the issue entirely by having Riddle directly write out, "I am Lord Voldemort" (أنا لورد فولدمورت). These changes to the name created problems in later books however; in the English edition, a line of dialogue mentions that Tom Riddle shares his given name with the bartender of the Leaky Cauldron, and this becomes a plot point. However, this is not the case in all translations. In the Latin version his name is Tom Musvox Ruddle, which is an anagram of "Sum Dux Voldemort", or "I am the leader Voldemort".
Invented words, proper nouns, and names[edit]
Rowling invented a great number of words and phrases for the books such as spells, incantations, magical words, items, and place names. Many of these words involve wordplay, rhyming, and historical references that are difficult to translate. A large number of spells are drawn from or inspired by Latin, and have a certain resonance with English speakers. For example, priori incantatem (a spell which causes the last spells performed by a wand to be reproduced in reverse order) would be familiar to many English-speaking readers as the words prior (previous) and incantation (spell, charm). To create a similar effect in the Hindi version, the Sanskrit, typical in mantras, has been used for the spells. Some translators have created new words themselves; others have resorted to transliteration.
Names that involve wordplay, such as Knockturn Alley and Pensieve are also difficult to translate. The former, an unsavoury area in London's magical market, is semi-homophonous with "nocturnally," suggesting darkness and evil. The latter is a magical bowl into which memories and thoughts can be placed and examined, and is a portmanteau of two words: pensive, meaning "musingly or dreamily thoughtful," and sieve, a type of bowl with perforations through which fine particles of a substance (such as flour) may be passed to separate them from coarser ones. Translators must creatively render such names. If the words are simply transliterated, the shades of meaning are lost; but, when new word-games are invented, they can end up sounding quite different from the original, and often reflect the translator's personal interpretation and preferences. For instance, the Turkish version of Pensieve is Düşünseli, which is a portmanteau of the words Düşünmek (to think, to imagine) and sel (a flood of water). The German version of Pensieve is Denkarium with denken, meaning "to think," and "aquarium." The Swedish version of Pensieve is Minnessåll which means memory's sieve. The Norwegian translation of Pensieve is tanketank which translates to Thought-tank. The Hebrew version achieves a similar effect to the English in its translation of Pensieve; Pensieve is הגיגית (Hagigit), which is a combination of the word הגיג (hagig) meaning thought, and the word גיגית (gigit) meaning tub. In the Czech translation, Pensieve is "Myslánka" (from "myslet" – think) and Knockturn Alley is Obrtlá ulice, a rather complex neologism with many meanings and associations, but based on the word "obrtlík" (swivel) and the phrase "otočit se na obrtlíku" (run away suddenly). The "Nocturnal" wordplay is not used in the Czech translation. The Vietnamese version of "Pensieve" is "Tưởng Ký", which is a combination word of "tư tưởng" ("thought" or "mind") and "ký" (literally means something to keep thoughts, like a diary.)
Often, names in Harry Potter have historical or linguistic significance in English, which may create problems if the translator does not recognise or misjudges it. Rowling commented on this phenomenon in Conversations with J.K. Rowling, in which she complained that the Italian translation of Professor Dumbledore's last name was "Silente"; rather than recognizing that "Dumbledore" was an old Devon word for "bumblebee," the translator took the word "dumb" and translated it as "silent".[133] In contrast, the Czech translator used the Old Czech word for bumblebee – Brumbál (in modern Czech čmelák).
Plot points[edit]
In some cases, English-speaking fans have sought clues to the story's mysteries by examining the way certain parts of the books have been translated in foreign editions. A case in point is the identity of a character mentioned by initials only in the book Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The English initials R.A.B. could have belonged to several minor characters from the books, but variations on the initials in other languages gave evidence to the true identity of the mystery character: in the Dutch edition of the book R.A.B. was translated into R.A.Z., 'zwart' being Dutch for 'black'; in the Norwegian edition, R.A.B. translates to 'R.A.S.', svart being Norwegian for 'black'; and in the Finnish edition the initials were R.A.M., 'musta' being Finnish for 'black'. Fans took this to mean that the character was Regulus Black, the brother of Sirius Black; when Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was published, this was revealed to be the case.
Similarly, the title for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix did not make it obvious whether the word "Order" referred to a group of people or to a directive. The information that it was a group of people was then determined by viewing the title in other languages.
Rowling released an alternative title for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows for use by translators finding difficulty translating its meaning. The alternative title (in English) is Harry Potter and the Relics of Death.[134]
Character gender[edit]
A few characters in the series are identified with a title and last name, or with a gender-neutral name. In some languages—for example, those where adjectives are gendered—it was necessary for the translator to guess the character's gender. The Hebrew translation initially made Blaise Zabini a girl, though the character was revealed to be a boy in later books.[129] To avoid this problem, Isabel Nunes, the Portuguese translator, asked Rowling about the gender of some of the characters—Zabini, Professor Sinistra, and "R.A.B."—while working on her translations.[135]
Notes[edit]
1.Jump up ^ The Sphinx's Song in 13 Languages
References[edit]
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26.Jump up ^ "Harry Potter i la pedra filosofal".
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28.Jump up ^ "哈利波特:::九又四分之三月台". Crown.com.tw. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
29.Jump up ^ "Algoritam Multimedia Bookshop". Algoritam.hr. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
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31.Jump up ^ "Pavel Medek – translating the adventures of Harry Potter into Czech". Radio Prague. 2003-08-26. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
32.Jump up ^ [dead link] "?".
33.Jump up ^ "Harry Potter – De Harmonie". Harrypotter.nl. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
34.Jump up ^ Whether adaptation into American English constitutes a translation is discussed.
35.Jump up ^ "Harry Potter at Bloomsbury Publishing". Bloomsbury.com. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
36.Jump up ^ "Harry Potter – Home". Allen and Unwin. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
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49.Jump up ^ "Akikillisat – Atuakkat kiilumut – Atuakkiorfik". Atuakkiorfik.gl. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
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82.Jump up ^ "Language student finds magic in translating". Archived from the original on 2006-02-14. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
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86.Jump up ^ "ANTIKVARNICA KOJU KNJIGE VOLE". Retrieved 2010-12-12.
87.Jump up ^ There seems to be no evidence that Books 6 and 7 were ever published in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.
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89.Jump up ^ "Joanne K. Rowlingová". Retrieved 2011-06-09.
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93.Jump up ^ "Microsite". Nanmeebooks.com. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
94.Jump up ^ This may be an unauthorised translation since one of the references cited here claims that the translation was made at least in part from the Chinese edition.
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96.Jump up ^ "Harry Potter Goes To Tibet". Retrieved 2010-12-11.
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102.Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS | Wales | Welsh Harri Potter makes debut". BBC News. 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
103.Jump up ^ "News: Potter translated to Scots Gaelic". Hpana.com. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
104.Jump up ^ "Gaelic Harry Potter wait". Edinburgh: Scotsman.com News. 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2008-12-12.[dead link]
105.Jump up ^ "Kazakhstan to translate Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter books into Kazakh language". Tengri News. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
106.Jump up ^ "Harry Potter in Greek". Playalicious.com. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
107.Jump up ^ "Online translations of "Harry Potter" draw fire". News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2008-12-12.also see Chinese literature, bookmarket
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111.Jump up ^ "BBC News | SCI/TECH | Harry Potter and the German pirates". BBC News. 2000-09-01. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
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113.Jump up ^ "Iranian translators should observe guild's rights: Vida Eslamieh". Payvand.com. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
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115.Jump up ^ Help us make an Esperanto Harry Potter!
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124.Jump up ^ Radosh, Daniel (20 September 1999). "Why American kids don't consider Harry Potter an insufferable prig". The New Yorker.
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128.Jump up ^ 'Potter' makes Tohokuites proud, Masayuki Aihara, Japan Times, 30 July 2003
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130.Jump up ^ Anne-Lise Feral (2006), "The Translator's "Magic" Wand: Harry Potter's Journey from English into French", Translators' Journal 51 (3): 459–481
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132.Jump up ^ Greg Pringle. "The Sphinx's Riddle in the CJV translations of Harry Potter (Book 4)". Cjvlang.com. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
133.Jump up ^ Conversations with J.K. Rowling, Lindsey Fraser, Arthur E. Levine Books, 2001
134.Jump up ^ Swedish Deathly Hallows translation may give clues, Mugglenet, 25 May 2007
135.Jump up ^ Rumor: Full name of R.A.B. revealed, David Haber, 8 October 2006
External links[edit]

Portal icon Children's literature portal
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Article from "Translorial", Part I, Part II
Collection of foreign editions of "Harry Potter" books
The Sphinx's Song in 13 Languages
International cover gallery
Harry Potter name and word equivalents in many different languages
The Intricacies of Onomastics in Harry Potter and its French Translation (La Clé des Langues)
Database of Harry Potter terms and chapter titles in different languages
Dictionary of Dutch Harry Potter terms
Dictionary of Norwegian Harry Potter terms and names
Harry Potter in Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese Translation
English – German Dictionary + Lexicon of Harry Potter terms and names
Platform 9¾: Crown Publishing (Taiwan) site containing lists of names, books, spells, quidditch terms, etc. in Chinese and English
Article about American English "translation"
Harry Potter terms in Japanese
Petition to help publish an Esperanto translation of Harry Potter
Interview with the Swedish translator of the series
Harry Potter books in Indian languages
Harry Potter's Polish Translation – Has Andrzej Polkowski Managed to Put it Into Polish Successfully?

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The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling



Philosopher's Stone
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Game Chamber of Secrets
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Game Prisoner of Azkaban
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Game Goblet of Fire
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Game Order of the Phoenix
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Game Half-Blood Prince
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Game Deathly Hallows
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